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Yu Y, Dong G, Niu Y. Construction of ferroptosis-related gene signatures for identifying potential biomarkers and immune cell infiltration in osteoarthritis. ARTIFICIAL CELLS, NANOMEDICINE, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 52:449-461. [PMID: 39258983 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2024.2402298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 08/31/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a comprehensive joint disorder. The specific genes that trigger OA and the strategies for its effective management are not fully understood. This study focuses on identifying key genes linked to iron metabolism that could influence both the diagnosis and therapeutic approaches for OA. Analysis of GEO microarray data and iron metabolism genes identified 15 ferroptosis-related DEGs, enriched in hypoxia and HIF-1 pathways. Ten key hub genes (ATM, GCLC, PSEN1, CYBB, ATG7, MAP1LC3B, PLIN2, GRN, APOC1, SIAH2) were identified. Through stepwise regression, we screened 4 out of the above 10 genes, namely, GCLC, GRN, APOC1, and SIAH2, to obtain the optimal model. AUROCs for diagnosis of OA for the four hub genes were 0.81 and 0.80 of training and validation sets, separately. According to immune infiltration results, OA was related to significantly increased memory B cells, M0 macrophages, regulatory T cells, and resting mast cells but decreased activated dendritic cells. The four hub genes showed a close relation to them. It is anticipated that this model will aid in diagnosing osteoarthritis by assessing the expression of specific genes in blood samples. Moreover, studying these hub genes may further elucidate the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhengzhou Orthopaedics Hospital, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Henan University Orthopedic Hospital, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guixiang Dong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhengzhou Orthopaedics Hospital, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Henan University Orthopedic Hospital, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanli Niu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, People's Republic of China
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2
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Kashyap SN, Fox SN, Wilson KI, Murchison CF, Ambaw YA, Walther TC, Farese RV, Arrant AE, Roberson ED. Carboxy-terminal blockade of sortilin binding enhances progranulin gene therapy, a potential treatment for frontotemporal dementia. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.09.15.613118. [PMID: 39345608 PMCID: PMC11430072 DOI: 10.1101/2024.09.15.613118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia is commonly caused by loss-of-function mutations in the progranulin gene. Potential therapies for this disorder have entered clinical trials, including progranulin gene therapy and drugs that reduce progranulin interactions with sortilin. Both approaches ameliorate functional and pathological abnormalities in mouse models of progranulin insufficiency. Here we investigated whether modifying the progranulin carboxy terminus to block sortilin interactions would improve the efficacy of progranulin gene therapy. We compared the effects of treating progranulin-deficient mice with gene therapy vectors expressing progranulin with intact sortilin interactions, progranulin with the carboxy terminus blocked to reduce sortilin interactions, or GFP control. We found that expressing carboxy-terminally blocked progranulin generated higher levels of progranulin both at the injection site and in more distant regions. Carboxy-terminally blocked progranulin was also more effective at ameliorating microgliosis, microglial lipofuscinosis, and lipid abnormalities including ganglioside accumulation and loss of bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate lipids. Finally, only carboxy-terminally blocked progranulin reduced plasma neurofilament light chain, a biomarker of neurodegeneration, in progranulin-deficient mice. These results demonstrate that modifying the progranulin cargo to block sortilin interactions may be important for increasing the effectiveness of progranulin gene therapy. One-sentence Summary The effectiveness of progranulin gene therapy in models of FTD is improved by blocking the protein's carboxy terminus, which prevents sortilin binding.
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Wallings RL, Gillett DA, Staley HA, Mahn S, Mark J, Neighbarger N, Kordasiewicz H, Hirst WD, Tansey MG. ASO-mediated knockdown of GPNMB in mutant- GRN and Grn -deficient peripheral myeloid cells disrupts lysosomal function and immune responses. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.22.604676. [PMID: 39211224 PMCID: PMC11361193 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.22.604676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Background Increases in GPNMB are detectable in FTD- GRN cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and post-mortem brain, and brains of aged Grn -deficient mice. Although no upregulation of GPNMB is observed in the brains of young Grn -deficient mice, peripheral immune cells of these mice do exhibit this increase in GPNMB. Importantly, the functional significance of GPNMB upregulation in progranulin-deficient states is currently unknown. Given that GPNMB has been discussed as a potential therapeutic target in GRN -mediated neurodegeneration, it is vital for the field to determine what the normal function of GPNMB is in the immune system, and whether targeting GPNMB will elicit beneficial or deleterious effects. Methods The effects of GPNMB knock-down via antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) were assessed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 25 neurologically healthy controls (NHCs) and age- and sex-matched FTD- GRN patients, as well as peritoneal macrophages (pMacs) from progranulin-deficient ( Grn -/- ) and B6 mice. Lysosomal function, antigen presentation and MHC-II processing and recycling were assessed, as well as cytokine release and transcription. Results We demonstrate here that ASO-mediated knockdown of GPNMB increases lysosomal burden and cytokine secretion in FTD-GRN carrier and neurologically healthy controls (NHCs) monocytes. ASO-mediated knockdown of GPNMB in Grn -deficient macrophages decreased lysosomal pan-cathepsin activity and protein degradation. In addition, ASO-mediated knockdown of GPNMB increased MHC-II surface expression, which was driven by decreased MHC-II uptake and recycling, in macrophages from Grn -deficient females. Finally, ASO-mediated knockdown of GPNMB dysregulated IFNγ-stimulated cytokine transcription and secretion by mouse macrophages due to the absence of regulatory actions of the GPNMB extracellular fragment (ECF). Conclusions Our data herein reveals that GPNMB has a regulatory effect on multiple immune effector functions, including capping inflammation and immune responses in myeloid cells via secretion of its ECF. Therefore, in progranulin-deficient states, the drastic upregulation in GPNMB transcript and protein may represent a compensatory mechanism to preserve lysosomal function in myeloid cells. These novel findings indicate that targeted depletion in FTD- GRN would not be a rational therapeutic strategy because it is likely to dysregulate important immune cell effector functions.
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Tesla R, Guhl C, Werthmann GC, Dixon D, Cenik B, Addepalli Y, Liang J, Fass DM, Rosenthal Z, Haggarty SJ, Williams NS, Posner BA, Ready JM, Herz J. Benzoxazole-derivatives enhance progranulin expression and reverse the aberrant lysosomal proteome caused by GRN haploinsufficiency. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6125. [PMID: 39033178 PMCID: PMC11271458 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50076-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in the GRN gene are a major cause of hereditary frontotemporal dementia. The mechanisms linking frontotemporal dementia pathogenesis to progranulin deficiency are not well understood, and there is currently no treatment. Our strategy to prevent the onset and progression of frontotemporal dementia in patients with GRN mutations is to utilize small molecule positive regulators of GRN expression to boost progranulin levels from the remaining functional GRN allele, thus restoring progranulin levels back to normal within the brain. This work describes a series of blood-brain-barrier-penetrant small molecules which significantly increase progranulin protein levels in human cellular models, correct progranulin protein deficiency in Grn+/- mouse brains, and reverse lysosomal proteome aberrations, a phenotypic hallmark of frontotemporal dementia, more efficiently than the previously described small molecule suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid. These molecules will allow further elucidation of the cellular functions of progranulin and its role in frontotemporal dementia and will also serve as lead structures for further drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Tesla
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Charlotte Guhl
- Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Gordon C Werthmann
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Danielle Dixon
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Basar Cenik
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yesu Addepalli
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jue Liang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Daniel M Fass
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Medicine, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zachary Rosenthal
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stephen J Haggarty
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Medicine, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Noelle S Williams
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Bruce A Posner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Joseph M Ready
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Joachim Herz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Clayton EL, Huggon L, Cousin MA, Mizielinska S. Synaptopathy: presynaptic convergence in frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Brain 2024; 147:2289-2307. [PMID: 38451707 PMCID: PMC11224618 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awae074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are common forms of neurodegenerative disease that share overlapping genetics and pathologies. Crucially, no significantly disease-modifying treatments are available for either disease. Identifying the earliest changes that initiate neuronal dysfunction is important for designing effective intervention therapeutics. The genes mutated in genetic forms of frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis have diverse cellular functions, and multiple disease mechanisms have been proposed for both. Identification of a convergent disease mechanism in frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis would focus research for a targetable pathway, which could potentially effectively treat all forms of frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (both familial and sporadic). Synaptopathies are diseases resulting from physiological dysfunction of synapses, and define the earliest stages in multiple neuronal diseases, with synapse loss a key feature in dementia. At the presynapse, the process of synaptic vesicle recruitment, fusion and recycling is necessary for activity-dependent neurotransmitter release. The unique distal location of the presynaptic terminal means the tight spatio-temporal control of presynaptic homeostasis is dependent on efficient local protein translation and degradation. Recently, numerous publications have shown that mutations associated with frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis present with synaptopathy characterized by presynaptic dysfunction. This review will describe the complex local signalling and membrane trafficking events that occur at the presynapse to facilitate neurotransmission and will summarize recent publications linking frontotemporal dementia/amyotrophic lateral sclerosis genetic mutations to presynaptic function. This evidence indicates that presynaptic synaptopathy is an early and convergent event in frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and illustrates the need for further research in this area, to identify potential therapeutic targets with the ability to impact this convergent pathomechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Clayton
- UK Dementia Research Institute at King’s College London, London SE5 9RT, UK
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London SE5 9RT, UK
| | - Laura Huggon
- UK Dementia Research Institute at King’s College London, London SE5 9RT, UK
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London SE5 9RT, UK
| | - Michael A Cousin
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
- Muir Maxwell Epilepsy Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Sarah Mizielinska
- UK Dementia Research Institute at King’s College London, London SE5 9RT, UK
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London SE5 9RT, UK
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6
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Colella P, Sayana R, Suarez-Nieto MV, Sarno J, Nyame K, Xiong J, Pimentel Vera LN, Arozqueta Basurto J, Corbo M, Limaye A, Davis KL, Abu-Remaileh M, Gomez-Ospina N. CNS-wide repopulation by hematopoietic-derived microglia-like cells corrects progranulin deficiency in mice. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5654. [PMID: 38969669 PMCID: PMC11226701 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49908-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation can deliver therapeutic proteins to the central nervous system (CNS) through transplant-derived microglia-like cells. However, current conditioning approaches result in low and slow engraftment of transplanted cells in the CNS. Here we optimized a brain conditioning regimen that leads to rapid, robust, and persistent microglia replacement without adverse effects on neurobehavior or hematopoiesis. This regimen combines busulfan myeloablation and six days of Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibitor PLX3397. Single-cell analyses revealed unappreciated heterogeneity of microglia-like cells with most cells expressing genes characteristic of homeostatic microglia, brain-border-associated macrophages, and unique markers. Cytokine analysis in the CNS showed transient inductions of myeloproliferative and chemoattractant cytokines that help repopulate the microglia niche. Bone marrow transplant of progranulin-deficient mice conditioned with busulfan and PLX3397 restored progranulin in the brain and eyes and normalized brain lipofuscin storage, proteostasis, and lipid metabolism. This study advances our understanding of CNS repopulation by hematopoietic-derived cells and demonstrates its therapeutic potential for treating progranulin-dependent neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasqualina Colella
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Ruhi Sayana
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | | | - Jolanda Sarno
- Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplant, and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Tettamanti Center, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, 20900, Monza, Italy
| | - Kwamina Nyame
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- The Institute for Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (Sarafan ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jian Xiong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- The Institute for Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (Sarafan ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | | | | | - Marco Corbo
- MedGenome, Inc, 348 Hatch Dr, Foster City, CA, 94404, USA
| | - Anay Limaye
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- MedGenome, Inc, 348 Hatch Dr, Foster City, CA, 94404, USA
| | - Kara L Davis
- Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplant, and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Monther Abu-Remaileh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- The Institute for Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (Sarafan ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Natalia Gomez-Ospina
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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7
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Tan LX, Oertel FC, Cheng A, Cobigo Y, Keihani A, Bennett DJ, Abdelhak A, Montes SC, Chapman M, Chen RY, Cordano C, Ward ME, Casaletto K, Kramer JH, Rosen HJ, Boxer A, Miller BL, Green AJ, Elahi FM, Lakkaraju A. Targeting complement C3a receptor resolves mitochondrial hyperfusion and subretinal microglial activation in progranulin-deficient frontotemporal dementia. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.29.595206. [PMID: 38854134 PMCID: PMC11160746 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.29.595206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Mutations in progranulin ( GRN ) cause frontotemporal dementia ( GRN -FTD) due to deficiency of the pleiotropic protein progranulin. GRN -FTD exhibits diverse pathologies including lysosome dysfunction, lipofuscinosis, microgliosis, and neuroinflammation. Yet, how progranulin loss causes disease remains unresolved. Here, we report that non-invasive retinal imaging of GRN -FTD patients revealed deficits in photoreceptors and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) that correlate with cognitive decline. Likewise, Grn -/- mice exhibit early RPE dysfunction, microglial activation, and subsequent photoreceptor loss. Super-resolution live imaging and transcriptomic analyses identified RPE mitochondria as an early driver of retinal dysfunction. Loss of mitochondrial fission protein 1 (MTFP1) in Grn -/- RPE causes mitochondrial hyperfusion and bioenergetic defects, leading to NF-kB-mediated activation of complement C3a-C3a receptor signaling, which drives further mitochondrial hyperfusion and retinal inflammation. C3aR antagonism restores RPE mitochondrial integrity and limits subretinal microglial activation. Our study identifies a previously unrecognized mechanism by which progranulin modulates mitochondrial integrity and complement-mediated neuroinflammation.
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Smith DM, Aggarwal G, Niehoff ML, Jones SA, Banerjee S, Farr SA, Nguyen AD. Biochemical, Biomarker, and Behavioral Characterization of the Grn R493X Mouse Model of Frontotemporal Dementia. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04190-9. [PMID: 38696065 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04190-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in the progranulin gene (GRN) are a major cause of frontotemporal dementia due to progranulin haploinsufficiency; complete deficiency of progranulin causes neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Several progranulin-deficient mouse models have been generated, including both knockout mice and knockin mice harboring a common patient mutation (R493X). However, the GrnR493X mouse model has not been characterized completely. Additionally, while homozygous GrnR493X and Grn knockout mice have been extensively studied, data from heterozygous mice is still limited. Here, we performed more in-depth characterization of heterozygous and homozygous GrnR493X knockin mice, which includes biochemical assessments, behavioral studies, and analysis of fluid biomarkers. In the brains of homozygous GrnR493X mice, we found increased phosphorylated TDP-43 along with increased expression of lysosomal genes, markers of microgliosis and astrogliosis, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and complement factors. Heterozygous GrnR493X mice did not have increased TDP-43 phosphorylation but did exhibit limited increases in lysosomal and inflammatory gene expression. Behavioral studies found social and emotional deficits in GrnR493X mice that mirror those observed in Grn knockout mouse models, as well as impairment in memory and executive function. Overall, the GrnR493X knockin mouse model closely phenocopies Grn knockout models. Lastly, in contrast to homozygous knockin mice, heterozygous GrnR493X mice do not have elevated levels of fluid biomarkers previously identified in humans, including neurofilament light chain (NfL) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in both plasma and CSF. These results may help to inform pre-clinical studies that use this Grn knockin mouse model and other Grn knockout models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise M Smith
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, USA
| | - Geetika Aggarwal
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, USA
| | - Michael L Niehoff
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St. Louis, USA
| | - Spencer A Jones
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, USA
| | - Subhashis Banerjee
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, USA
| | - Susan A Farr
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St. Louis, USA
| | - Andrew D Nguyen
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA.
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, USA.
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9
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Sevigny J, Uspenskaya O, Heckman LD, Wong LC, Hatch DA, Tewari A, Vandenberghe R, Irwin DJ, Saracino D, Le Ber I, Ahmed R, Rohrer JD, Boxer AL, Boland S, Sheehan P, Brandes A, Burstein SR, Shykind BM, Kamalakaran S, Daniels CW, David Litwack E, Mahoney E, Velaga J, McNamara I, Sondergaard P, Sajjad SA, Kobayashi YM, Abeliovich A, Hefti F. Progranulin AAV gene therapy for frontotemporal dementia: translational studies and phase 1/2 trial interim results. Nat Med 2024; 30:1406-1415. [PMID: 38745011 PMCID: PMC11108785 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-024-02973-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
GRN mutations cause progranulin haploinsufficiency, which eventually leads to frontotemporal dementia (FTD-GRN). PR006 is an investigational gene therapy delivering the granulin gene (GRN) using an adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9) vector. In non-clinical studies, PR006 transduced neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells of patients with FTD-GRN, resulted in progranulin expression and improvement of lipofuscin, lysosomal and neuroinflammation pathologies in Grn-knockout mice, and was well tolerated except for minimal, asymptomatic dorsal root ganglionopathy in non-human primates. We initiated a first-in-human phase 1/2 open-label trial. Here we report results of a pre-specified interim analysis triggered with the last treated patient of the low-dose cohort (n = 6) reaching the 12-month follow-up timepoint. We also include preliminary data from the mid-dose cohort (n = 7). Primary endpoints were safety, immunogenicity and change in progranulin levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood. Secondary endpoints were Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) plus National Alzheimer's Disease Coordinating Center (NACC) Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (FTLD) rating scale and levels of neurofilament light chain (NfL). One-time administration of PR006 into the cisterna magna was generally safe and well tolerated. All patients developed treatment-emergent anti-AAV9 antibodies in the CSF, but none developed anti-progranulin antibodies. CSF pleocytosis was the most common PR006-related adverse event. Twelve serious adverse events occurred, mostly unrelated to PR006. Deep vein thrombosis developed in three patients. There was one death (unrelated) occurring 18 months after treatment. CSF progranulin increased after PR006 treatment in all patients; blood progranulin increased in most patients but only transiently. NfL levels transiently increased after PR006 treatment, likely reflecting dorsal root ganglia toxicity. Progression rates, based on the CDR scale, were within the broad ranges reported for patients with FTD. These data provide preliminary insights into the safety and bioactivity of PR006. Longer follow-up and additional studies are needed to confirm the safety and potential efficacy of PR006. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04408625 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Sevigny
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Olga Uspenskaya
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura Dean Heckman
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Li Chin Wong
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel A Hatch
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ambika Tewari
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Neurology Service, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium and Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - David J Irwin
- Department of Neurology, Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dario Saracino
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau, ICM, Inserm, CNRS UMR 7225 APHP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Le Ber
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau, ICM, Inserm, CNRS UMR 7225 APHP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Rebekah Ahmed
- Department of Neurology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Center, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Adam L Boxer
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sebastian Boland
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Patricia Sheehan
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alissa Brandes
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Suzanne R Burstein
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin M Shykind
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sitharthan Kamalakaran
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carter W Daniels
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - E David Litwack
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erin Mahoney
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jenny Velaga
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ilan McNamara
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Patricia Sondergaard
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Syed A Sajjad
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yvonne M Kobayashi
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Asa Abeliovich
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
| | - Franz Hefti
- Prevail Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, USA
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10
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Gillett DA, Neighbarger NK, Cole C, Wallings RL, Tansey MG. Investigating the Role and Regulation of GPNMB in Progranulin-deficient Macrophages. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.12.584649. [PMID: 38558966 PMCID: PMC10980078 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.12.584649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Progranulin is a holoprotein that is critical for successful aging, and insufficient levels of progranulin are associated with increased risk for developing age-related neurodegenerative diseases like AD, PD, and FTD. Symptoms can vary widely, but a uniting feature among these different neurodegenerative diseases is prodromal peripheral immune cell phenotypes. However, there remains considerable gaps in the understanding of the function(s) of progranulin in immune cells, and recent work has identified a novel target candidate called GPNMB. We addressed this gap by investigating the peritoneal macrophages of 5-6-month-old Grn KO mice, and we discovered that GPNMB is actively increased as a result of insufficient progranulin and that MITF, a transcription factor, is also dysregulated in progranulin-deficient macrophages. These findings highlight the importance of early-stage disease mechanism(s) in peripheral cell populations that may lead to viable treatment strategies to delay disease progression at an early, prodromal timepoint and extend therapeutic windows.
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11
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Bowhay CR, Hanington PC. Animal granulins: In the GRN scheme of things. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 152:105115. [PMID: 38101714 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.105115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Granulins are conserved in nearly all metazoans, with an intriguing loss in insects. These pleiotropic peptides are involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes yet have been overwhelmingly examined in mammalian systems. While work in other animal models has been informative, a richer understanding of the proteins should be obtained by integrating knowledge from all available contexts. The main bodies of work described here include 1) the structure-function relationships of progranulin and its cleavage products, 2) the role of expanded granulin gene families and different isoforms in fish immunology, 3) the release of granulin peptides to promote host angiogenesis by parasitic worms, 4) a diversity of molluscan uses for granulins, including immune activation in intermediate hosts to trematodes, 5) knowledge gained on lysosomal functions from C. elegans and the stress-related activities of granulins. We provide an overview of functional reports across the Metazoa to inform much-needed future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina R Bowhay
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Patrick C Hanington
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada.
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12
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Sung W, Noh MY, Nahm M, Kim YS, Ki CS, Kim YE, Kim HJ, Kim SH. Progranulin haploinsufficiency mediates cytoplasmic TDP-43 aggregation with lysosomal abnormalities in human microglia. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:47. [PMID: 38347588 PMCID: PMC10863104 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03039-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progranulin (PGRN) haploinsufficiency due to progranulin gene (GRN) variants can cause frontotemporal dementia (FTD) with aberrant TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) accumulation. Despite microglial burden with TDP-43-related pathophysiology, direct microglial TDP-43 pathology has not been clarified yet, only emphasized in neuronal pathology. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate TDP-43 pathology in microglia of patients with PGRN haploinsufficiency. METHODS To design a human microglial cell model with PGRN haploinsufficiency, monocyte-derived microglia (iMGs) were generated from FTD-GRN patients carrying pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants (p.M1? and p.W147*) and three healthy controls. RESULTS iMGs from FTD-GRN patients with PGRN deficiency exhibited severe neuroinflammation phenotype and failure to maintain their homeostatic molecular signatures, along with impaired phagocytosis. In FTD-GRN patients-derived iMGs, significant cytoplasmic TDP-43 aggregation and accumulation of lipid droplets with profound lysosomal abnormalities were observed. These pathomechanisms were mediated by complement C1q activation and upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides considerable cellular and molecular evidence that loss-of-function variants of GRN in human microglia can cause microglial dysfunction with abnormal TDP-43 aggregation induced by inflammatory milieu as well as the impaired lysosome. Elucidating the role of microglial TDP-43 pathology in intensifying neuroinflammation in individuals with FTD due to PGRN deficiency and examining consequential effects on microglial dysfunction might yield novel insights into the mechanisms underlying FTD and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonjae Sung
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-Ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Young Noh
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-Ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Minyeop Nahm
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sung Kim
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-Ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Young-Eun Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Kim
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-Ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Kim
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-Ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Smith DM, Aggarwal G, Niehoff ML, Jones SA, Banerjee S, Farr SA, Nguyen AD. Biochemical, biomarker, and behavioral characterization of the GrnR493X mouse model of frontotemporal dementia. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.05.27.542495. [PMID: 37398305 PMCID: PMC10312473 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.27.542495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in the progranulin gene (GRN) are a major cause of frontotemporal dementia due to progranulin haploinsufficiency; complete deficiency of progranulin causes neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Several progranulin-deficient mouse models have been generated, including both knockout mice and knockin mice harboring a common patient mutation (R493X). However, the GrnR493X mouse model has not been characterized completely. Additionally, while homozygous GrnR493X and Grn knockout mice have been extensively studied, data from heterozygous mice is still limited. Here, we performed more in-depth characterization of heterozygous and homozygous GrnR493X knockin mice, which includes biochemical assessments, behavioral studies, and analysis of fluid biomarkers. In the brains of homozygous GrnR493X mice, we found increased phosphorylated TDP-43 along with increased expression of lysosomal genes, markers of microgliosis and astrogliosis, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and complement factors. Heterozygous GrnR493X mice did not have increased TDP-43 phosphorylation but did exhibit limited increases in lysosomal and inflammatory gene expression. Behavioral studies found social and emotional deficits in GrnR493X mice that mirror those observed in Grn knockout mouse models, as well as impairment in memory and executive function. Overall, the GrnR493X knockin mouse model closely phenocopies Grn knockout models. Lastly, in contrast to homozygous knockin mice, heterozygous GrnR493X mice do not have elevated levels of fluid biomarkers previously identified in humans, including neurofilament light chain (NfL) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in both plasma and CSF. These results may help to inform pre-clinical studies that use this Grn knockin mouse model and other Grn knockout models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise M. Smith
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, United States of America
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, United States of America
- Saint Louis University, Institute for Translational Neuroscience, United States of America
| | - Geetika Aggarwal
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, United States of America
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, United States of America
- Saint Louis University, Institute for Translational Neuroscience, United States of America
| | - Michael L. Niehoff
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, United States of America
| | - Spencer A. Jones
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, United States of America
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, United States of America
- Saint Louis University, Institute for Translational Neuroscience, United States of America
| | - Subhashis Banerjee
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, United States of America
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, United States of America
- Saint Louis University, Institute for Translational Neuroscience, United States of America
| | - Susan A. Farr
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, United States of America
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, United States of America
- Saint Louis University, Institute for Translational Neuroscience, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, United States of America
| | - Andrew D. Nguyen
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, United States of America
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, United States of America
- Saint Louis University, Institute for Translational Neuroscience, United States of America
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14
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Cooper O, Hallett P, Isacson O. Upstream lipid and metabolic systems are potential causes of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and dementias. FEBS J 2024; 291:632-645. [PMID: 36165619 PMCID: PMC10040476 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Brain health requires circuits, cells and molecular pathways to adapt when challenged and to promptly reset once the challenge has resolved. Neurodegeneration occurs when adaptability becomes confined, causing challenges to overwhelm neural circuitry. Studies of rare and common neurodegenerative diseases suggest that the accumulation of lipids can compromise circuit adaptability. Using microglia as an example, we review data that suggest increased lipid concentrations cause dysfunctional inflammatory responses to immune challenges, leading to Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and dementia. We highlight current approaches to treat lipid metabolic and clearance pathways and identify knowledge gaps towards restoring adaptive homeostasis in individuals who are at-risk of losing cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Cooper
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478
| | - Penny Hallett
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478
| | - Ole Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478
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15
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Gillett DA, Wallings RL, Uriarte Huarte O, Tansey MG. Progranulin and GPNMB: interactions in endo-lysosome function and inflammation in neurodegenerative disease. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:286. [PMID: 38037070 PMCID: PMC10688479 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02965-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alterations in progranulin (PGRN) expression are associated with multiple neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), including frontotemporal dementia (FTD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs). Recently, the loss of PGRN was shown to result in endo-lysosomal system dysfunction and an age-dependent increase in the expression of another protein associated with NDs, glycoprotein non-metastatic B (GPNMB). MAIN BODY It is unclear what role GPNMB plays in the context of PGRN insufficiency and how they interact and contribute to the development or progression of NDs. This review focuses on the interplay between these two critical proteins within the context of endo-lysosomal health, immune function, and inflammation in their contribution to NDs. SHORT CONCLUSION PGRN and GPNMB are interrelated proteins that regulate disease-relevant processes and may have value as therapeutic targets to delay disease progression or extend therapeutic windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew A Gillett
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease (CTRND), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rebecca L Wallings
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease (CTRND), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Oihane Uriarte Huarte
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease (CTRND), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Malú Gámez Tansey
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease (CTRND), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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16
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Dominguez SL, Laufer BI, Ghosh AS, Li Q, Ruggeri G, Emani MR, Phu L, Friedman BA, Sandoval W, Rose CM, Ngu H, Foreman O, Reichelt M, Juste Y, Lalehzadeh G, Hansen D, Nymark H, Mellal D, Gylling H, Kiełpiński ŁJ, Chih B, Bingol B, Hoogenraad CC, Meilandt WJ, Easton A. TMEM106B reduction does not rescue GRN deficiency in iPSC-derived human microglia and mouse models. iScience 2023; 26:108362. [PMID: 37965143 PMCID: PMC10641752 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous mutations in the granulin (GRN) gene are a leading cause of frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 aggregates (FTLD-TDP). Polymorphisms in TMEM106B have been associated with disease risk in GRN mutation carriers and protective TMEM106B variants associated with reduced levels of TMEM106B, suggesting that lowering TMEM106B might be therapeutic in the context of FTLD. Here, we tested the impact of full deletion and partial reduction of TMEM106B in mouse and iPSC-derived human cell models of GRN deficiency. TMEM106B deletion did not reverse transcriptomic or proteomic profiles in GRN-deficient microglia, with a few exceptions in immune signaling markers. Neither homozygous nor heterozygous Tmem106b deletion normalized disease-associated phenotypes in Grn -/-mice. Furthermore, Tmem106b reduction by antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) was poorly tolerated in Grn -/-mice. These data provide novel insight into TMEM106B and GRN function in microglia cells but do not support lowering TMEM106B levels as a viable therapeutic strategy for treating FTD-GRN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara L. Dominguez
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Benjamin I. Laufer
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
- Department of OMNI Bioinformatics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Qingling Li
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics, and Lipidomics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Gaia Ruggeri
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Maheswara Reddy Emani
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Lilian Phu
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics, and Lipidomics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Brad A. Friedman
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
- Department of OMNI Bioinformatics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Wendy Sandoval
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics, and Lipidomics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Christopher M. Rose
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics, and Lipidomics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Hai Ngu
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Oded Foreman
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Mike Reichelt
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Yves Juste
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Guita Lalehzadeh
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Dennis Hansen
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Therapeutic Modalities, Roche Innovation Center Copenhagen, 2970 Hørsholm, DK, Denmark
| | - Helle Nymark
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Therapeutic Modalities, Roche Innovation Center Copenhagen, 2970 Hørsholm, DK, Denmark
| | - Denia Mellal
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Therapeutic Modalities, Roche Innovation Center Copenhagen, 2970 Hørsholm, DK, Denmark
| | - Helene Gylling
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Therapeutic Modalities, Roche Innovation Center Copenhagen, 2970 Hørsholm, DK, Denmark
| | - Łukasz J. Kiełpiński
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Therapeutic Modalities, Roche Innovation Center Copenhagen, 2970 Hørsholm, DK, Denmark
| | - Ben Chih
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Baris Bingol
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | | | - Amy Easton
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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17
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Boylan MA, Pincetic A, Romano G, Tatton N, Kenkare-Mitra S, Rosenthal A. Targeting Progranulin as an Immuno-Neurology Therapeutic Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15946. [PMID: 37958929 PMCID: PMC10647331 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Immuno-neurology is an emerging therapeutic strategy for dementia and neurodegeneration designed to address immune surveillance failure in the brain. Microglia, as central nervous system (CNS)-resident myeloid cells, routinely perform surveillance of the brain and support neuronal function. Loss-of-function (LOF) mutations causing decreased levels of progranulin (PGRN), an immune regulatory protein, lead to dysfunctional microglia and are associated with multiple neurodegenerative diseases, including frontotemporal dementia caused by the progranulin gene (GRN) mutation (FTD-GRN), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), limbic-predominant age-related transactivation response deoxyribonucleic acid binding protein 43 (TDP-43) encephalopathy (LATE), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Immuno-neurology targets immune checkpoint-like proteins, offering the potential to convert aging and dysfunctional microglia into disease-fighting cells that counteract multiple disease pathologies, clear misfolded proteins and debris, promote myelin and synapse repair, optimize neuronal function, support astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, and maintain brain vasculature. Several clinical trials are underway to elevate PGRN levels as one strategy to modulate the function of microglia and counteract neurodegenerative changes associated with various disease states. If successful, these and other immuno-neurology drugs have the potential to revolutionize the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders by harnessing the brain's immune system and shifting it from an inflammatory/pathological state to an enhanced physiological/homeostatic state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Arnon Rosenthal
- Alector, Inc., 131 Oyster Point Blvd, Suite 600, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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18
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Ortiz GG, Ramírez-Jirano J, Arizaga RL, Delgado-Lara DLC, Torres-Sánchez ED. Frontotemporal-TDP and LATE Neurocognitive Disorders: A Pathophysiological and Genetic Approach. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1474. [PMID: 37891841 PMCID: PMC10605418 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13101474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) belongs to a heterogeneous group of highly complex neurodegenerative diseases and represents the second cause of presenile dementia in individuals under 65. Frontotemporal-TDP is a subgroup of frontotemporal dementia characterized by the aggregation of abnormal protein deposits, predominantly transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43), in the frontal and temporal brain regions. These deposits lead to progressive degeneration of neurons resulting in cognitive and behavioral impairments. Limbic age-related encephalopathy (LATE) pertains to age-related cognitive decline primarily affecting the limbic system, which is crucial for memory, emotions, and learning. However, distinct, emerging research suggests a potential overlap in pathogenic processes, with some cases of limbic encephalopathy displaying TDP-43 pathology. Genetic factors play a pivotal role in both disorders. Mutations in various genes, such as progranulin (GRN) and chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9orf72), have been identified as causative in frontotemporal-TDP. Similarly, specific genetic variants have been associated with an increased risk of developing LATE. Understanding these genetic links provides crucial insights into disease mechanisms and the potential for targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genaro Gabriel Ortiz
- Department of Philosophical and Methodological Disciplines, University Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico;
- Postgraduate Gerontology Program, University Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Javier Ramírez-Jirano
- Neurosciences Division, Western Biomedical Research Center, Mexican Social Security Institute, IMSS, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico;
| | - Raul L. Arizaga
- Public Health Department, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina;
| | - Daniela L. C. Delgado-Lara
- Department of Philosophical and Methodological Disciplines, University Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico;
- Departamento Académico de Formación Universitaria, Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara, Zapopan 45129, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Erandis D. Torres-Sánchez
- Department of Medical and Life Sciences, University Center of la Cienega, University of Guadalajara, Ocotlan 47820, Jalisco, Mexico
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19
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Colella P, Sayana R, Suarez-Nieto MV, Sarno J, Nyame K, Xiong J, Vera LNP, Basurto JA, Corbo M, Limaye A, Davis KL, Abu-Remaileh M, Gomez-Ospina N. CNS Repopulation by Hematopoietic-Derived Microglia-Like Cells Corrects Progranulin deficiency. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3263412. [PMID: 37790525 PMCID: PMC10543302 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3263412/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation can deliver therapeutic proteins to the CNS through donor-derived hematopoietic cells that become microglia-like cells. However, using standard conditioning approaches, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is currently limited by low and slow engraftment of microglia-like cells. We report an efficient conditioning regimen based on Busulfan and a six-day course of microglia depletion using the colony-stimulating factor receptor 1 inhibitor PLX3397. Combining Busulfan-myeloablation and transient microglia depletion results in robust, rapid, and persistent microglia replacement by bone marrow-derived microglia-like cells throughout the CNS. Adding PLX3397 does not affect neurobehavior or has adverse effects on hematopoietic reconstitution. Through single-cell RNA sequencing and high-dimensional CyTOF mass cytometry, we show that microglia-like cells are a heterogeneous population and describe six distinct subpopulations. Though most bone-marrow-derived microglia-like cells can be classified as homeostatic microglia, their gene signature is a hybrid of homeostatic/embryonic microglia and border associated-macrophages. Busulfan-myeloablation and transient microglia depletion induce specific cytokines in the brain, ultimately combining myeloid proliferative and chemo-attractive signals that act locally to repopulate microglia from outside the niche. Importantly, this conditioning approach demonstrates therapeutic efficacy in a mouse model of GRN deficiency. Transplanting wild-type bone marrow into Grn-/- mice conditioned with Busulfan plus PLX3397 results in high engraftment of microglia-like cells in the brain and retina, restoring GRN levels and normalizing lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasqualina Colella
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Ruhi Sayana
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | | | - Jolanda Sarno
- Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplant, and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Kwamina Nyame
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Jian Xiong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | | | | | - Marco Corbo
- MedGenome, Inc, 348 Hatch Dr, Foster City, CA 94404
| | - Anay Limaye
- MedGenome, Inc, 348 Hatch Dr, Foster City, CA 94404
| | - Kara Lynn Davis
- Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplant, and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Monther Abu-Remaileh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- The Institute for Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (Sarafan ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - Natalia Gomez-Ospina
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305
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20
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Gazarov EA, Zequeira S, Senetra AS, Howard J, Sharma A, McCurdy CR, Lewis J, Bizon JL, Setlow B. Pharmacokinetics of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol following acute cannabis smoke exposure in mice; effects of sex, age, and strain. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1227220. [PMID: 37701025 PMCID: PMC10493391 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1227220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased use of cannabis and cannabinoids for recreational and medical purposes has led to a growth in research on their effects in animal models. The majority of this work has employed cannabinoid injections; however, smoking remains the most common route of cannabis consumption. To better model real-world cannabis use, we exposed mice to cannabis smoke to establish the pharmacokinetics of Δ9THC and its metabolites in plasma and brain. To determine the time course of Δ9THC and two major metabolites [11-hydroxy-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-THC) and 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-COOH-THC)], male and female C57BL/6J mice were exposed to smoke from sequentially burning 5 cannabis cigarettes. Following smoke exposure, trunk blood and brains were collected at 6 time points (10-240 min). Plasma and brain homogenates were analyzed for Δ9THC and metabolites using a validated ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. To assess effects of age, sex, and mouse strain, we exposed mice of four strains (C57BL/6J, FVB, Swiss Webster, and 129S6/SvEv, aged 4-24 months) to cannabis using the same smoke regimen. Samples were collected 10 and 40 min following exposure. Lastly, to assess effects of dose, C57BL/6J mice were exposed to smoke from burning 3 or 5 cannabis cigarettes, with samples collected 40 min following exposure. The pharmacokinetic study revealed that maximum plasma Δ9THC concentrations (Cmax) were achieved at 10 and 40 min for males and females, respectively, while Cmax for brain Δ9THC was observed at 20 and 40 min for males and females, respectively. There were no age or strain differences in plasma Δ9THC concentrations at 10 or 40 min; however, 129S6/SvEv mice had significantly higher brain Δ9THC concentrations than FVB mice. Additionally, 3 cigarettes produced significantly lower plasma 11-COOH-THC concentrations compared to 5 cigarettes, although dose differences were not evident in plasma or brain concentrations of Δ9THC or 11-OH-THC. Across all experiments, females had higher levels of 11-COOH-THC in plasma compared to males. The results reveal robust sex differences in Δ9THC pharmacokinetics, and lay the groundwork for future studies using mice to model the pharmacodynamics of smoked cannabis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emely A. Gazarov
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Sabrina Zequeira
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | | | - John Howard
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Abhisheak Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Christopher R. McCurdy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jada Lewis
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Bizon
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Barry Setlow
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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21
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Feng T, Minevich G, Liu P, Qin HX, Wozniak G, Pham J, Pham K, Korgaonkar A, Kurnellas M, Defranoux NA, Long H, Mitra A, Hu F. AAV- GRN partially corrects motor deficits and ALS/FTLD-related pathology in Tmem106b-/-Grn-/- mice. iScience 2023; 26:107247. [PMID: 37519899 PMCID: PMC10371829 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of function of progranulin (PGRN), encoded by the granulin (GRN) gene, is implicated in several neurodegenerative diseases. Several therapeutics to boost PGRN levels are currently in clinical trials. However, it is difficult to test the efficacy of PGRN-enhancing drugs in mouse models due to the mild phenotypes of Grn-/- mice. Recently, mice deficient in both PGRN and TMEM106B were shown to develop severe motor deficits and pathology. Here, we show that intracerebral ventricle injection of PGRN-expressing AAV1/9 viruses partially rescues motor deficits, neuronal loss, glial activation, and lysosomal abnormalities in Tmem106b-/-Grn-/- mice. Widespread expression of PGRN is detected in both the brain and spinal cord for both AAV subtypes. However, AAV9 but not AAV1-mediated expression of PGRN results in high levels of PGRN in the serum. Together, these data support using the Tmem106b-/-Grn-/- mouse strain as a robust mouse model to determine the efficacy of PGRN-elevating therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuancheng Feng
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | - Pengan Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Henry Xin Qin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | - Jenny Pham
- Alector Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Khanh Pham
- Alector Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | | | | | - Hua Long
- Alector Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Fenghua Hu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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22
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Dedert C, Salih L, Xu F. Progranulin Protects against Hyperglycemia-Induced Neuronal Dysfunction through GSK3β Signaling. Cells 2023; 12:1803. [PMID: 37443837 PMCID: PMC10340575 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Type II diabetes affects over 530 million individuals worldwide and contributes to a host of neurological pathologies. Uncontrolled high blood glucose (hyperglycemia) is a major factor in diabetic pathology, and glucose regulation is a common goal for maintenance in patients. We have found that the neuronal growth factor progranulin protects against hyperglycemic stress in neurons, and although its mechanism of action is uncertain, our findings identified Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β (GSK3β) as being potentially involved in its effects. In this study, we treated mouse primary cortical neurons exposed to high-glucose conditions with progranulin and a selective pharmacological inhibitor of GSK3β before assessing neuronal health and function. Whole-cell and mitochondrial viability were both improved by progranulin under high-glucose stress in a GSK3β-dependent manner. This extended to autophagy flux, indicated by the expressions of autophagosome marker Light Chain 3B (LC3B) and lysosome marker Lysosome-Associated Membrane Protein 2A (LAMP2A), which were affected by progranulin and showed heterogeneous changes from GSK3β inhibition. Lastly, GSK3β inhibition attenuated downstream calcium signaling and neuronal firing effects due to acute progranulin treatment. These data indicate that GSK3β plays an important role in progranulin's neuroprotective effects under hyperglycemic stress and serves as a jumping-off point to explore progranulin's protective capabilities in other neurodegenerative models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cass Dedert
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA; (C.D.); (L.S.)
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA
| | - Lyuba Salih
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA; (C.D.); (L.S.)
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA
| | - Fenglian Xu
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA; (C.D.); (L.S.)
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA
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23
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Zhang Y, Chen H, Li R, Sterling K, Song W. Amyloid β-based therapy for Alzheimer's disease: challenges, successes and future. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:248. [PMID: 37386015 PMCID: PMC10310781 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01484-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 128.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid β protein (Aβ) is the main component of neuritic plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and its accumulation has been considered as the molecular driver of Alzheimer's pathogenesis and progression. Aβ has been the prime target for the development of AD therapy. However, the repeated failures of Aβ-targeted clinical trials have cast considerable doubt on the amyloid cascade hypothesis and whether the development of Alzheimer's drug has followed the correct course. However, the recent successes of Aβ targeted trials have assuaged those doubts. In this review, we discussed the evolution of the amyloid cascade hypothesis over the last 30 years and summarized its application in Alzheimer's diagnosis and modification. In particular, we extensively discussed the pitfalls, promises and important unanswered questions regarding the current anti-Aβ therapy, as well as strategies for further study and development of more feasible Aβ-targeted approaches in the optimization of AD prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Huaqiu Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Keenan Sterling
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Weihong Song
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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24
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Davis SE, Cook AK, Hall JA, Voskobiynyk Y, Carullo NV, Boyle NR, Hakim AR, Anderson KM, Hobdy KP, Pugh DA, Murchison CF, McMeekin LJ, Simmons M, Margolies KA, Cowell RM, Nana AL, Spina S, Grinberg LT, Miller BL, Seeley WW, Arrant AE. Patients with sporadic FTLD exhibit similar increases in lysosomal proteins and storage material as patients with FTD due to GRN mutations. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:70. [PMID: 37118844 PMCID: PMC10148425 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01571-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of function progranulin (GRN) mutations are a major autosomal dominant cause of frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Patients with FTD due to GRN mutations (FTD-GRN) develop frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 pathology type A (FTLD-TDP type A) and exhibit elevated levels of lysosomal proteins and storage material in frontal cortex, perhaps indicating lysosomal dysfunction as a mechanism of disease. To investigate whether patients with sporadic FTLD exhibit similar signs of lysosomal dysfunction, we compared lysosomal protein levels, transcript levels, and storage material in patients with FTD-GRN or sporadic FTLD-TDP type A. We analyzed samples from frontal cortex, a degenerated brain region, and occipital cortex, a relatively spared brain region. In frontal cortex, patients with sporadic FTLD-TDP type A exhibited similar increases in lysosomal protein levels, transcript levels, and storage material as patients with FTD-GRN. In occipital cortex of both patient groups, most lysosomal measures did not differ from controls. Frontal cortex from a transgenic mouse model of TDP-opathy had similar increases in cathepsin D and lysosomal storage material, showing that TDP-opathy and neurodegeneration can drive these changes independently of progranulin. To investigate these changes in additional FTLD subtypes, we analyzed frontal cortical samples from patients with sporadic FTLD-TDP type C or Pick's disease, an FTLD-tau subtype. All sporadic FTLD groups had similar increases in cathepsin D activity, lysosomal membrane proteins, and storage material as FTD-GRN patients. However, patients with FTLD-TDP type C or Pick's disease did not have similar increases in lysosomal transcripts as patients with FTD-GRN or sporadic FTLD-TDP type A. Based on these data, accumulation of lysosomal proteins and storage material may be a common aspect of end-stage FTLD. However, the unique changes in gene expression in patients with FTD-GRN or sporadic FTLD-TDP type A may indicate distinct underlying lysosomal changes among FTLD subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skylar E Davis
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Anna K Cook
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Justin A Hall
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Yuliya Voskobiynyk
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Nancy V Carullo
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Nicholas R Boyle
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ahmad R Hakim
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kristian M Anderson
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kierra P Hobdy
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Derian A Pugh
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Charles F Murchison
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Laura J McMeekin
- Department of Neuroscience, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Micah Simmons
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Rita M Cowell
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Alissa L Nana
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Salvatore Spina
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lea T Grinberg
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - William W Seeley
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrew E Arrant
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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25
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Life B, Petkau TL, Cruz GNF, Navarro-Delgado EI, Shen N, Korthauer K, Leavitt BR. FTD-associated behavioural and transcriptomic abnormalities in 'humanized' progranulin-deficient mice: A novel model for progranulin-associated FTD. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 182:106138. [PMID: 37105261 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is an early onset dementia characterized by neuropathology and behavioural changes. A common genetic cause of FTD is haploinsufficiency of the gene progranulin (GRN). Mouse models of progranulin deficiency have provided insight into progranulin neurobiology, but the description of phenotypes with preclinical relevance has been limited in the currently available heterozygous progranulin-null mice. The identification of robust and reproducible FTD-associated behavioural, neuropathological, and biochemical phenotypes in progranulin deficient mice is a critical step in the preclinical development of therapies for FTD. In this work, we report the generation of a novel, 'humanized' mouse model of progranulin deficiency that expresses a single, targeted copy of human GRN in the absence of mouse progranulin. We also report the in-depth, longitudinal characterization of humanized progranulin-deficient mice and heterozygous progranulin-null mice over 18 months. Our analysis yielded several novel progranulin-dependent physiological and behavioural phenotypes, including increased marble burying, open field hyperactivity, and thalamic microgliosis in both models. RNAseq analysis of cortical tissue revealed an overlapping profile of transcriptomic dysfunction. Further transcriptomic analysis offers new insights into progranulin neurobiology. In sum, we have identified several consistent phenotypes in two independent mouse models of progranulin deficiency that are expected to be useful endpoints in the development of therapies for progranulin-deficient FTD. Furthermore, the presence of the human progranulin gene in the humanized progranulin-deficient mice will expedite the development of clinically translatable gene therapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Life
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 0B3, Canada; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Terri L Petkau
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 0B3, Canada; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Giuliano N F Cruz
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; Department of Statistics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Erick I Navarro-Delgado
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; Department of Statistics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ning Shen
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; Department of Statistics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Keegan Korthauer
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; Department of Statistics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Blair R Leavitt
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 0B3, Canada; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada; Center for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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26
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Cui G, Zhou JY, Ge XY, Sun BF, Song GG, Wang X, Wang XZ, Zhang R, Wang HL, Jing Q, Koziol MJ, Zhao YL, Zeng A, Zhang WQ, Han DL, Yang YG, Yang Y. m 6 A promotes planarian regeneration. Cell Prolif 2023; 56:e13481. [PMID: 37084418 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Regeneration is the regrowth of damaged tissues or organs, a vital process in response to damages from primitive organisms to higher mammals. Planarian possesses active whole-body regenerative capability owing to its vast reservoir of adult stem cells, neoblasts, providing an ideal model to delineate the underlying mechanisms for regeneration. RNA N6 -methyladenosine (m6 A) modification participates in many biological processes, including stem cell self-renewal and differentiation, in particular the regeneration of haematopoietic stem cells and axons. However, how m6 A controls regeneration at the whole-organism level remains largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the depletion of m6 A methyltransferase regulatory subunit wtap abolishes planarian regeneration, potentially through regulating genes related to cell-cell communication and cell cycle. Single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) analysis unveils that the wtap knockdown induces a unique type of neural progenitor-like cells (NP-like cells), characterized by specific expression of the cell-cell communication ligand grn. Intriguingly, the depletion of m6 A-modified transcripts grn, cdk9 or cdk7 partially rescues the defective regeneration of planarian caused by wtap knockdown. Overall, our study reveals an indispensable role of m6 A modification in regulating whole-organism regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanshen Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, College of Future Technology, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Yi Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, College of Future Technology, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Yang Ge
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, College of Future Technology, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bao-Fa Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, College of Future Technology, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
| | - Ge-Ge Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, College of Future Technology, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, College of Future Technology, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
| | - Xiu-Zhi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, College of Future Technology, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Jing
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine & CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai, Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Magdalena J Koziol
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research (Beijing), Research Unit of Medical Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Liang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, College of Future Technology, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
| | - An Zeng
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Qi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, College of Future Technology, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
| | - Da-Li Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, College of Future Technology, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yun-Gui Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, College of Future Technology, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, College of Future Technology, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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27
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Ma L, Liang C, Wang J, Chang Q, Wang Y, Zhang W, Du Y, Sadan J, Chen JF. Reversing lysosome-ribosome circuit dysregulation mitigates C9FTD/ALS neurodegeneration and behaviors. Hum Mol Genet 2023; 32:1252-1265. [PMID: 36322143 PMCID: PMC10077508 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
G4C2 repeat expansion in C9orf72 causes the most common familial frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (C9FTD/ALS). The pathogenesis includes haploinsufficiency of C9orf72, which forms a protein complex with Smcr8, as well as G4C2 repeat-induced gain of function including toxic dipeptide repeats (DPRs). The key in vivo disease-driving mechanisms and how loss- and gain-of-function interplay remain poorly understood. Here, we identified dysregulation of a lysosome-ribosome biogenesis circuit as an early and key disease mechanism using a physiologically relevant mouse model with combined loss- and gain-of-function across the aging process. C9orf72 deficiency exacerbates FTD/ALS-like pathologies and behaviors in C9ORF72 bacterial artificial chromosome (C9-BAC) mice with G4C2 repeats under endogenous regulatory elements from patients. Single nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) and bulk RNA-seq revealed that C9orf72 depletion disrupts lysosomes in neurons and leads to transcriptional dysregulation of ribosomal protein genes, which are likely due to the proteotoxic stress response and resemble ribosomopathy defects. Importantly, ectopic expression of C9orf72 or its partner Smcr8 in C9FTD/ALS mutant mice promotes lysosomal functions and restores ribosome biogenesis gene transcription, resulting in the mitigation of DPR accumulation, neurodegeneration as well as FTD/ALS-like motor and cognitive behaviors. Therefore, we conclude that loss- and gain-of-function crosstalk in C9FTD/ALS converges on neuronal dysregulation of a lysosome-ribosome biogenesis circuit leading to proteotoxicity, neurodegeneration and behavioral defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Chen Liang
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Qing Chang
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Yuan Wang
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Yuanning Du
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jotham Sadan
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jian-Fu Chen
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Marian OC, Teo JD, Lee JY, Song H, Kwok JB, Landin-Romero R, Halliday G, Don AS. Disrupted myelin lipid metabolism differentiates frontotemporal dementia caused by GRN and C9orf72 gene mutations. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:52. [PMID: 36967384 PMCID: PMC10041703 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01544-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous mutations in the GRN gene and hexanucleotide repeat expansions in C9orf72 are the two most common genetic causes of Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD) with TDP-43 protein inclusions. The triggers for neurodegeneration in FTD with GRN (FTD-GRN) or C9orf72 (FTD-C9orf72) gene abnormalities are unknown, although evidence from mouse and cell culture models suggests that GRN mutations disrupt lysosomal lipid catabolism. To determine how brain lipid metabolism is affected in familial FTD with TDP-43 inclusions, and how this is related to myelin and lysosomal markers, we undertook comprehensive lipidomic analysis, enzyme activity assays, and western blotting on grey and white matter samples from the heavily-affected frontal lobe and less-affected parietal lobe of FTD-GRN cases, FTD-C9orf72 cases, and age-matched neurologically-normal controls. Substantial loss of myelin-enriched sphingolipids (sulfatide, galactosylceramide, sphingomyelin) and myelin proteins was observed in frontal white matter of FTD-GRN cases. A less-pronounced, yet statistically significant, loss of sphingolipids was also observed in FTD-C9orf72. FTD-GRN was distinguished from FTD-C9orf72 and control cases by increased acylcarnitines in frontal grey matter and marked accumulation of cholesterol esters in both frontal and parietal white matter, indicative of myelin break-down. Both FTD-GRN and FTD-C9orf72 cases showed significantly increased lysosomal and phagocytic protein markers, however galactocerebrosidase activity, required for lysosomal catabolism of galactosylceramide and sulfatide, was selectively increased in FTD-GRN. We conclude that both C9orf72 and GRN mutations are associated with disrupted lysosomal homeostasis and white matter lipid loss, but GRN mutations cause a more pronounced disruption to myelin lipid metabolism. Our findings support the hypothesis that hyperactive myelin lipid catabolism is a driver of gliosis and neurodegeneration in FTD-GRN. Since FTD-GRN is associated with white matter hyperintensities by MRI, our data provides important biochemical evidence supporting the use of MRI measures of white matter integrity in the diagnosis and management of FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana C Marian
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Jonathan D Teo
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Jun Yup Lee
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Huitong Song
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - John B Kwok
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Ramon Landin-Romero
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Glenda Halliday
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Anthony S Don
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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29
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de Majo M, Koontz M, Marsan E, Salinas N, Ramsey A, Kuo YM, Seo K, Li H, Dräger N, Leng K, Gonzales SL, Kurnellas M, Miyaoka Y, Klim JR, Kampmann M, Ward ME, Huang EJ, Ullian EM. Granulin loss of function in human mature brain organoids implicates astrocytes in TDP-43 pathology. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:706-719. [PMID: 36827976 PMCID: PMC10031303 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of function (LoF) of TAR-DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43) and mis-localization, together with TDP-43-positive and hyperphosphorylated inclusions, are found in post-mortem tissue of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) patients, including those carrying LoF variants in the progranulin gene (GRN). Modeling TDP-43 pathology has been challenging in vivo and in vitro. We present a three-dimensional induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived paradigm-mature brain organoids (mbOrg)-composed of cortical-like-astrocytes (iA) and neurons. When devoid of GRN, mbOrgs spontaneously recapitulate TDP-43 mis-localization, hyperphosphorylation, and LoF phenotypes. Mixing and matching genotypes in mbOrgs showed that GRN-/- iA are drivers for TDP-43 pathology. Finally, we rescued TDP-43 LoF by adding exogenous progranulin, demonstrating a link between TDP-43 LoF and progranulin expression. In conclusion, we present an iPSC-derived platform that shows striking features of human TDP-43 proteinopathy and provides a tool for the mechanistic modeling of TDP-43 pathology and patient-tailored therapeutic screening for FTD and ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina de Majo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Synapticure Inc, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Mark Koontz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Synapticure Inc, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Elise Marsan
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Nir Salinas
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Arren Ramsey
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Yien-Ming Kuo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kyounghee Seo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Huinan Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Nina Dräger
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kun Leng
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Santiago L Gonzales
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Yuichiro Miyaoka
- Regenerative Medicine Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Joseph R Klim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Martin Kampmann
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael E Ward
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eric J Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Erik M Ullian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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30
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Khrouf W, Saracino D, Rucheton B, Houot M, Clot F, Rinaldi D, Vitor J, Huynh M, Heng E, Schlemmer D, Pasquier F, Deramecourt V, Auriacombe S, Azuar C, Levy R, Bombois S, Boutoleau-Brétonnière C, Pariente J, Didic M, Wallon D, Fluchère F, Auvin S, Younes IB, Nadjar Y, Brice A, Dubois B, Bonnefont-Rousselot D, Le Ber I, Lamari F, Auriacombe S, Belliard S, Blanc F, Boutoleau-Brétonnière C, Brice A, Ceccaldi M, Couratier P, Didic M, Dubois B, Etcharry-Bouyx F, Formaglio M, Golfier V, Hannequin D, Lacomblez L, Lagarde J, Le Ber I, Levy R, Michel BF, Pariente J, Pasquier F, Rinaldi D, Roué-Jagot C, Sellal F, Thauvin-Robinet C, Thomas-Antérion C, Vercelletto M, Didic M, Girard N, Guedj E, Puel M, Pariente J, Berry I, Payoux P, Vercelletto M, Boutoleau-Brétonnière C, Auffray-Calvier E, Pallardy A, Pasquier F, Deramecourt V, Bombois S, Lebouvier T, Rollin A, Kuchinski G, Hannequin D, Martinaud O, Wallon D, Gerardin E, Vera P, Rinaldi D, Camuzat A, Brice A, Chupin M, Bardinet E, Kas A, Lemercier VC, Masmanian M, Oya H. Plasma lysosphingolipids in GRN-related diseases: Monitoring lysosomal dysfunction to track disease progression. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 181:106108. [PMID: 37003407 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
GRN mutations are among the main genetic causes of frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Considering the progranulin involvement in lysosomal homeostasis, we aimed to evaluate if plasma lysosphingolipids (lysoSPL) are increased in GRN mutation carriers, and whether they might represent relevant fluid-based biomarkers in GRN-related diseases. We analyzed four lysoSPL levels in plasmas of 131 GRN carriers and 142 non-carriers, including healthy controls and patients with frontotemporal dementias (FTD) carrying a C9orf72 expansion or without any mutation. GRN carriers consisted of 102 heterozygous FTD patients (FTD-GRN), three homozygous patients with neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis-11 (CLN-11) and 26 presymptomatic carriers (PS-GRN), the latter with longitudinal assessments. Glucosylsphingosin d18:1 (LGL1), lysosphingomyelins d18:1 and isoform 509 (LSM18:1, LSM509) and lysoglobotriaosylceramide (LGB3) were measured by electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry coupled to ultraperformance liquid chromatography. Levels of LGL1, LSM18:1 and LSM509 were increased in GRN carriers compared to non-carriers (p < 0.0001). No lysoSPL increases were detected in FTD patients without GRN mutations. LGL1 and LSM18:1 progressively increased with age at sampling, and LGL1 with disease duration, in FTD-GRN. Among PS-GRN carriers, LSM18:1 and LGL1 significantly increased over 3.4-year follow-up. LGL1 levels were associated with increasing neurofilaments in presymptomatic carriers. This study evidences an age-dependent increase of β-glucocerebrosidase and acid sphingomyelinase substrates in GRN patients, with progressive changes as early as the presymptomatic phase. Among FTD patients, plasma lysoSPL appear to be uniquely elevated in GRN carriers, and thus might serve as suitable non-invasive disease-tracking biomarkers of progression, specific to the pathophysiological process. Finally, this study might add lysoSPL to the portfolio of fluid-based biomarkers, and pave the way to disease-modifying approaches based on lysosomal function rescue in GRN diseases.
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Gnörich J, Reifschneider A, Wind K, Zatcepin A, Kunte ST, Beumers P, Bartos LM, Wiedemann T, Grosch M, Xiang X, Fard MK, Ruch F, Werner G, Koehler M, Slemann L, Hummel S, Briel N, Blume T, Shi Y, Biechele G, Beyer L, Eckenweber F, Scheifele M, Bartenstein P, Albert NL, Herms J, Tahirovic S, Haass C, Capell A, Ziegler S, Brendel M. Depletion and activation of microglia impact metabolic connectivity of the mouse brain. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:47. [PMID: 36829182 PMCID: PMC9951492 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02735-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM We aimed to investigate the impact of microglial activity and microglial FDG uptake on metabolic connectivity, since microglial activation states determine FDG-PET alterations. Metabolic connectivity refers to a concept of interacting metabolic brain regions and receives growing interest in approaching complex cerebral metabolic networks in neurodegenerative diseases. However, underlying sources of metabolic connectivity remain to be elucidated. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed metabolic networks measured by interregional correlation coefficients (ICCs) of FDG-PET scans in WT mice and in mice with mutations in progranulin (Grn) or triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (Trem2) knockouts (-/-) as well as in double mutant Grn-/-/Trem2-/- mice. We selected those rodent models as they represent opposite microglial signatures with disease associated microglia in Grn-/- mice and microglia locked in a homeostatic state in Trem2-/- mice; however, both resulting in lower glucose uptake of the brain. The direct influence of microglia on metabolic networks was further determined by microglia depletion using a CSF1R inhibitor in WT mice at two different ages. Within maps of global mean scaled regional FDG uptake, 24 pre-established volumes of interest were applied and assigned to either cortical or subcortical networks. ICCs of all region pairs were calculated and z-transformed prior to group comparisons. FDG uptake of neurons, microglia, and astrocytes was determined in Grn-/- and WT mice via assessment of single cell tracer uptake (scRadiotracing). RESULTS Microglia depletion by CSF1R inhibition resulted in a strong decrease of metabolic connectivity defined by decrease of mean cortical ICCs in WT mice at both ages studied (6-7 m; p = 0.0148, 9-10 m; p = 0.0191), when compared to vehicle-treated age-matched WT mice. Grn-/-, Trem2-/- and Grn-/-/Trem2-/- mice all displayed reduced FDG-PET signals when compared to WT mice. However, when analyzing metabolic networks, a distinct increase of ICCs was observed in Grn-/- mice when compared to WT mice in cortical (p < 0.0001) and hippocampal (p < 0.0001) networks. In contrast, Trem2-/- mice did not show significant alterations in metabolic connectivity when compared to WT. Furthermore, the increased metabolic connectivity in Grn-/- mice was completely suppressed in Grn-/-/Trem2-/- mice. Grn-/- mice exhibited a severe loss of neuronal FDG uptake (- 61%, p < 0.0001) which shifted allocation of cellular brain FDG uptake to microglia (42% in Grn-/- vs. 22% in WT). CONCLUSIONS Presence, absence, and activation of microglia have a strong impact on metabolic connectivity of the mouse brain. Enhanced metabolic connectivity is associated with increased microglial FDG allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Gnörich
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XDepartment of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany ,grid.424247.30000 0004 0438 0426German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Anika Reifschneider
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XMetabolic Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Karin Wind
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XDepartment of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany ,grid.424247.30000 0004 0438 0426German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Artem Zatcepin
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XDepartment of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany ,grid.424247.30000 0004 0438 0426German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian T. Kunte
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XDepartment of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp Beumers
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XDepartment of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Laura M. Bartos
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XDepartment of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Wiedemann
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XMetabolic Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Grosch
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XGerman Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Xianyuan Xiang
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XMetabolic Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany ,grid.9227.e0000000119573309CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Maryam K. Fard
- grid.424247.30000 0004 0438 0426German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Francois Ruch
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XDepartment of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Georg Werner
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XMetabolic Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Mara Koehler
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XDepartment of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Luna Slemann
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XDepartment of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Selina Hummel
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XDepartment of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Nils Briel
- grid.424247.30000 0004 0438 0426German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany ,grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XCenter for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Tanja Blume
- grid.424247.30000 0004 0438 0426German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany ,grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XCenter for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Yuan Shi
- grid.424247.30000 0004 0438 0426German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany ,grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XCenter for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Gloria Biechele
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XDepartment of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Leonie Beyer
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XDepartment of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Eckenweber
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XDepartment of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Scheifele
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XDepartment of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Bartenstein
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XDepartment of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany ,grid.452617.3Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Nathalie L. Albert
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XDepartment of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Jochen Herms
- grid.424247.30000 0004 0438 0426German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany ,grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XCenter for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany ,grid.452617.3Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Sabina Tahirovic
- grid.424247.30000 0004 0438 0426German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Haass
- grid.424247.30000 0004 0438 0426German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany ,grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XMetabolic Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany ,grid.452617.3Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Anja Capell
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XMetabolic Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sibylle Ziegler
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XDepartment of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany ,grid.452617.3Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Brendel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany. .,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany. .,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
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Lack of a protective effect of the Tmem106b "protective SNP" in the Grn knockout mouse model for frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:21. [PMID: 36707901 PMCID: PMC9881268 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01510-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic variants in TMEM106B are a common risk factor for frontotemporal lobar degeneration and the most important modifier of disease risk in patients with progranulin (GRN) mutations (FTLD-GRN). TMEM106B is encoding a lysosomal transmembrane protein of unknown molecular function. How it mediates its disease-modifying function remains enigmatic. Several TMEM106B single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are significantly associated with disease risk in FTLD-GRN carriers, of which all except one are within intronic sequences of TMEM106B. Of note, the non-coding SNPs are in high linkage disequilibrium with the coding SNP rs3173615 located in exon six of TMEM106B, resulting in a threonine to serine change at amino acid 185 in the minor allele, which is protective in FTLD-GRN carriers. To investigate the functional consequences of this variant in vivo, we generated and characterized a knockin mouse model harboring the Tmem106bT186S variant. We analyzed the effect of this protective variant on FTLD pathology by crossing Tmem106bT186S mice with Grn-/- knockout mice, a model for GRN-mediated FTLD. We did not observe the amelioration of any of the investigated Grn-/- knockout phenotypes, including transcriptomic changes, lipid alterations, or microgliosis in Tmem106bT186S/T186S × Grn-/- mice, indicating that the Tmem106bT186S variant is not protective in the Grn-/- knockout mouse model. These data suggest that effects of the associated SNPs not directly linked to the amino acid exchange in TMEM106B are critical for the modifying effect.
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Saeedi-Boroujeni A, Purrahman D, Shojaeian A, Poniatowski ŁA, Rafiee F, Mahmoudian-Sani MR. Progranulin (PGRN) as a regulator of inflammation and a critical factor in the immunopathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. J Inflamm (Lond) 2023; 20:1. [PMID: 36658641 PMCID: PMC9851114 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-023-00327-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune dysregulation has been identified as a critical cause of the most common types of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Notably, the innate and adaptive immune responses under physiological conditions are typically regulated with high sensitivity to avoid the exacerbation of inflammation, but any dysregulation can probably be associated with CVDs. In this respect, progranulin (PGRN) serves as one of the main components of the regulation of inflammatory processes, which significantly contributes to the immunopathogenesis of such disorders. PGRN has been introduced among the secreted growth factors as one related to wound healing, inflammation, and human embryonic development, as well as a wide variety of autoimmune diseases. The relationship between the serum PGRN and TNF-α ratio with the spontaneous bacterial peritonitis constitute one of the independent predictors of these conditions. The full-length PGRN can thus effectively reduce the calcification of valve interstitial cells, and the granulin precursor (GRN), among the degradation products of PGRN, can be beneficial. Moreover, it was observed that, PGRN protects the heart against ischemia-reperfusion injury. Above all, PGRN also provides protection in the initial phase following myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. The protective impact of PGRN on this may be associated with the early activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. PGRN also acts as a protective factor in hyperhomocysteinemia, probably by down-regulating the wingless-related integration site Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Many studies have further demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) has dramatically increased the risks of CVDs due to inflammation, so PGRN has drawn much more attention among scholars. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in the inflammation process, and PGRN is one of the key regulators in their functioning, which contributes to the immunomodulatory mechanism in the pathogenesis of CVDs. Therefore, investigation of PGRN actions can help find new prospects in the treatment of CVDs. This review aims to summarize the role of PGRN in the immunopathogenesis of CVD, with an emphasis on its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Saeedi-Boroujeni
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
| | - Daryush Purrahman
- grid.411230.50000 0000 9296 6873Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Shojaeian
- grid.411950.80000 0004 0611 9280Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Łukasz A. Poniatowski
- grid.491786.50000 0001 0211 9062Department of Neurosurgery, Dietrich-Bonhoeffer-Klinikum, Neubrandenburg, Germany
| | - Fatemeh Rafiee
- grid.469309.10000 0004 0612 8427Zanjan Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Science, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Mahmoudian-Sani
- grid.411230.50000 0000 9296 6873Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran ,grid.411230.50000 0000 9296 6873Clinical Research Development Unit, Golestan Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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PGRN deficiency exacerbates, whereas a brain penetrant PGRN derivative protects, GBA1 mutation-associated pathologies and diseases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2210442120. [PMID: 36574647 PMCID: PMC9910439 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2210442120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in GBA1, encoding glucocerebrosidase (GCase), cause Gaucher disease (GD) and are also genetic risks in developing Parkinson's disease (PD). Currently, the approved therapies are only effective for directly treating visceral symptoms, but not for primary neuronopathic involvement in GD (nGD). Progranulin (PGRN), encoded by GRN, is a novel modifier of GCase, but the impact of PGRN in GBA1 mutation-associated pathologies in vivo remains unknown. Herein, Grn-/- mice crossed into Gba9v/9v mice, a Gba1 mutant line homozygous for the Gba1 D409V mutation, generating Grn-/-Gba9v/9v (PG9V) mice. PG9V mice exhibited neurobehavioral deficits, early onset, and more severe GD phenotypes compared to Grn-/- and Gba9v/9v mice. Moreover, PG9V mice also displayed PD-like phenotype. Mechanistic analysis revealed that PGRN deficiency caused severe neuroinflammation with microgliosis and astrogliosis, along with impaired autophagy associated with the Gba1 mutation. A PGRN-derived peptide, termed ND7, ameliorated the disease phenotype in GD patient fibroblasts ex vivo. Unexpectedly, ND7 penetrated the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and effectively ameliorated the nGD manifestations and PD pathology in Gba9v/null and PG9V mice. Collectively, this study not only provides the first line of in vivo but also ex vivo evidence demonstrating the crucial role of PGRN in GBA1/Gba1 mutation-related pathologies, as well as a clinically relevant mouse model for mechanistic and potential therapeutics studies for nGD and PD. Importantly, a BBB penetrant PGRN-derived biologic was developed that may provide treatment for rare lysosomal storage diseases and common neurodegenerative disorders, particularly nGD and PD.
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Kashyap SN, Boyle NR, Roberson ED. Preclinical Interventions in Mouse Models of Frontotemporal Dementia Due to Progranulin Mutations. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:140-153. [PMID: 36781744 PMCID: PMC10119358 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-023-01348-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in progranulin (GRN) cause frontotemporal dementia (FTD), a leading cause of early-onset dementia characterized clinically by behavioral, social, and language deficits. There are currently no FDA-approved therapeutics for FTD-GRN, but this has been an active area of investigation, and several approaches are now in clinical trials. Here, we review preclinical development of therapies for FTD-GRN with a focus on testing in mouse models. Since most FTD-GRN-associated mutations cause progranulin haploinsufficiency, these approaches focus on raising progranulin levels. We begin by considering the disorders associated with altered progranulin levels, and then review the basics of progranulin biology including its lysosomal, neurotrophic, and immunomodulatory functions. We discuss mouse models of progranulin insufficiency and how they have been used in preclinical studies on a variety of therapeutic approaches. These include approaches to raise progranulin expression from the normal allele or facilitate progranulin production by the mutant allele, as well as approaches to directly increase progranulin levels by delivery across the blood-brain barrier or by gene therapy. Several of these approaches have entered clinical trials, providing hope that new therapies for FTD-GRN may be the next frontier in the treatment of neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya N Kashyap
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Medical Scientist Training Program, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Nicholas R Boyle
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Medical Scientist Training Program, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Erik D Roberson
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Medical Scientist Training Program, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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36
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Bossolasco P, Cimini S, Maderna E, Bardelli D, Canafoglia L, Cavallaro T, Ricci M, Silani V, Marucci G, Rossi G. GRN−/− iPSC-derived cortical neurons recapitulate the pathological findings of both frontotemporal lobar degeneration and neuronal ceroidolipofuscinosis. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 175:105891. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Cimini S, Bellini S, Saraceno C, Benussi L, Ghidoni R, Giliani SC, Puoti G, Canafoglia L, Giaccone G, Rossi G. Pathological 25 kDa C-Terminal Fragments of TDP-43 Are Present in Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines and Extracellular Vesicles from Patients Affected by Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration and Neuronal Ceroidolipofuscinosis Carrying a GRN Mutation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213753. [PMID: 36430231 PMCID: PMC9694984 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is a complex disease, characterized by progressive degeneration of frontal and temporal lobes. Mutations in progranulin (GRN) gene have been found in up to 50% of patients with familial FTLD. Abnormal deposits of post-translationally-modified TAR DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43) represent one of the main hallmarks of the brain pathology. To investigate in peripheral cells the presence of the different TDP-43 forms, especially the toxic 25 kDa fragments, we analyzed lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) and the derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) from patients carrying a GRN mutation, together with wild-type (WT) healthy controls. After characterizing EV sizes and concentrations by nanoparticle tracking analysis, we investigated the levels of different forms of the TDP-43 protein in LCLs and respective EVs by Western blot. Our results showed a trend of concentration decreasing in EVs derived from GRN-mutated LCLs, although not reaching statistical significance. A general increase in p-TDP-43 levels in GRN-mutated LCLs and EVs was observed. In particular, the toxic 25 kDa fragments of p-TDP-43 were only present in GRN-mutated LCLs and were absent in the WT controls. Furthermore, these fragments appeared to be more concentrated in EVs than in LCLs, suggesting a relevant role of EVs in spreading pathological molecules between cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cimini
- Unit of Neurology V-Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Sonia Bellini
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy
| | - Claudia Saraceno
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy
| | - Luisa Benussi
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberta Ghidoni
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy
| | - Silvia Clara Giliani
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, “Angelo Nocivelli” Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Puoti
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Canafoglia
- Integrated Diagnostics for Epilepsy, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Giaccone
- Unit of Neurology V-Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomina Rossi
- Unit of Neurology V-Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Flores J, Fillion ML, LeBlanc AC. Caspase-1 inhibition improves cognition without significantly altering amyloid and inflammation in aged Alzheimer disease mice. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:864. [PMID: 36220815 PMCID: PMC9553979 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05290-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Human genetic and animal model studies indicate that brain microglial inflammation is a primary driver of cognitive impairment in Alzheimer Disease (AD). Inflammasome-activated Caspase-1 (Casp1) is associated with both AD microglial inflammation and neuronal degeneration. In mice, Casp1 genetic ablation or VX-765 small molecule inhibition of Casp1 given at onset of cognitive deficits strongly supports the association between microglial inflammation and cognitive impairment. Here, VX-765 significantly improved episodic and spatial memory impairment eight months after the onset of cognitive impairment in aged AD mice with significant amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) accumulation and microglial inflammation. Unexpectedly, while cognitive improvement was associated with dendritic spine density and hippocampal synaptophysin level recovery, VX-765 only slightly decreased Aβ deposition and did not alter biochemically-measured Aβ levels. Furthermore, increased hippocampal Iba1+-microglia, GFAP+-astrocytes, IL-1β, and TNF-α levels were unaltered by VX-765. These results support the hypothesis that neuronal degeneration, not Aβ or microglial inflammation, drives cognitive impairment in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Flores
- grid.414980.00000 0000 9401 2774Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research at Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC Canada
| | - Marie-Lyne Fillion
- grid.414980.00000 0000 9401 2774Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research at Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC Canada
| | - Andréa C. LeBlanc
- grid.414980.00000 0000 9401 2774Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research at Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC Canada ,grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC Canada
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Generation and Characterization of Novel iPSC Lines from a Portuguese Family Bearing Heterozygous and Homozygous GRN Mutations. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081905. [PMID: 36009452 PMCID: PMC9405606 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in granulin (GRN) have been associated with neurodegenerative diseases, such as frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL). In Portugal, GRN mutations account for around half of all FTLD cases with known genetic origin. Here, we describe the generation and characterization of three human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) lines from a Portuguese family harboring heterozygous and homozygous GRN mutation. hiPSCs were reprogrammed from human dermal fibroblasts by episomal nucleofection of the Yamanaka factors. The new generated lines were positive for pluripotency markers, could be further differentiated to cells expressing all trilineage markers, and presented a normal karyotype. They were also capable of differentiating into 3D brain organoids and presented a significant decrease in progranulin protein levels. Hence, these cell lines constitute suitable new tools to elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms associated with the GRN mutations in the context of FTLD.
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40
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Del Grosso A, Parlanti G, Mezzena R, Cecchini M. Current treatment options and novel nanotechnology-driven enzyme replacement strategies for lysosomal storage disorders. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 188:114464. [PMID: 35878795 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) are a vast group of more than 50 clinically identified metabolic diseases. They are singly rare, but they affect collectively 1 on 5,000 live births. They result in most of the cases from an enzymatic defect within lysosomes, which causes the subsequent augmentation of unwanted substrates. This accumulation process leads to plenty of clinical signs, determined by the specific substrate and accumulation area. The majority of LSDs present a broad organ and tissue engagement. Brain, connective tissues, viscera and bones are usually afflicted. Among them, brain disease is markedly frequent (two-thirds of LSDs). The most clinically employed approach to treat LSDs is enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), which is practiced by administering systemically the missed or defective enzyme. It represents a healthful strategy for 11 LSDs at the moment, but it solves the pathology only in the case of Gaucher disease. This approach, in fact, is not efficacious in the case of LSDs that have an effect on the central nervous system (CNS) due to the existence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Additionally, ERT suffers from several other weak points, such as low penetration of the exogenously administered enzyme to poorly vascularized areas, the development of immunogenicity and infusion-associated reactions (IARs), and, last but not least, the very high cost and lifelong needed. To ameliorate these weaknesses lot of efforts have been recently spent around the development of innovative nanotechnology-driven ERT strategies. They may boost the power of ERT and minimize adverse reactions by loading enzymes into biodegradable nanomaterials. Enzyme encapsulation into biocompatible liposomes, micelles, and polymeric nanoparticles, for example, can protect enzymatic activity, eliminating immunologic reactions and premature enzyme degradation. It can also permit a controlled release of the payload, ameliorating pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the drug. Additionally, the potential to functionalize the surface of the nanocarrier with targeting agents (antibodies or peptides), could promote the passage through biological barriers. In this review we examined the clinically applied ERTs, highlighting limitations that do not allow to completely cure the specific LSD. Later, we critically consider the nanotechnology-based ERT strategies that have beenin-vitroand/orin-vivotested to improve ERT efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra Del Grosso
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Gabriele Parlanti
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberta Mezzena
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Cecchini
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
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41
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Bullock G, Johnson GS, Mhlanga-Mutangadura T, Petesch SC, Thompson S, Goebbels S, Katz ML. Lysosomal storage disease associated with a CNP sequence variant in Dalmatian dogs. Gene X 2022; 830:146513. [PMID: 35447247 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A progressive neurological disorder was identified in purebred Dalmatian dogs. The disease is characterized by anxiety, pacing and circling, hypersensitivity, cognitive decline, sleep disturbance, loss of coordination, loss of control over urination and defecation, and visual impairment. Neurological signs first became apparent when the dogs were approximately 18 months of age and progressed slowly. Two affected littermates were euthanized at approximately 7 years, 5 months and 8 years, 2 months of age due to the severity of neurological impairment. The mother of the affected dogs and four other relatives exhibited milder, later-onset neurological signs. Pronounced accumulations of autofluorescent intracellular inclusions were found in cerebral cortex, cerebellum, optic nerve, and cardiac muscle of the affected dogs. These inclusions co-localized with immunolabeling of the lysosomal marker protein LAMP2 and bound antibodies to mitochondrial ATPase subunit c, indicating that the dogs suffered from a lysosomal storage disease with similarities to the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses. Ultrastructural analysis indicated that the storage bodies were surrounded by a single-layer membrane, but the storage granules were distinct from those reported for other lysosomal storage diseases. Whole genome sequences, generated with DNA from the two euthanized Dalmatians, both contained a rare, homozygous single-base deletion and reading-frame shift in CNP which encodes the enzyme CNPase (EC 3.1.4.37). The late-onset disease was exhibited by five of seven related Dalmatians that were heterozygous for the deletion allele and over 8 years of age, whereas none of 16 age-matched reference-allele homozygotes developed neurologic signs. No CNPase antigen could be detected with immunohistochemical labeling in tissues from the dogs with the earlier-onset disorder. Similar to the later-onset Dalmatians, autofluorescent storage granules were apparent in brain and cardiac tissue from transgenic mice that were nullizygous for Cnp. Based on the clinical signs, the histopathological, immunohistochemical, ultrastructural, and molecular-genetic findings, and the finding that nullizygous Cnp mice accumulate autofluorescent storage granules, we propose that the earlier-onset Dalmatian disorder is a novel lysosomal storage disease that results from a loss-of-function mutation in CNP and that shares features characteristic of the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses. That the later-onset disorder occurred only in dogs heterozygous for the CNP deletion variant suggests that this disorder is a result of the variant allele's presence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett Bullock
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Gary S Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Tendai Mhlanga-Mutangadura
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Scott C Petesch
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Sandra Goebbels
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neurogenetics, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin L Katz
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Laboratory, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA.
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Recent Insight into the Genetic Basis, Clinical Features, and Diagnostic Methods for Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105729. [PMID: 35628533 PMCID: PMC9145894 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a group of rare, inherited, neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorders that affect children and adults. They are traditionally grouped together, based on shared clinical symptoms and pathological ground. To date, 13 autosomal recessive gene variants, as well as one autosomal dominant gene variant, of NCL have been described. These genes encode a variety of proteins, whose functions have not been fully defined; most are lysosomal enzymes, transmembrane proteins of the lysosome, or other organelles. Common symptoms of NCLs include the progressive loss of vision, mental and motor deterioration, epileptic seizures, premature death, and, in rare adult-onset cases, dementia. Depending on the mutation, these symptoms can vary, with respect to the severity and onset of symptoms by age. Currently, all forms of NCL are fatal, and no curative treatments are available. Herein, we provide an overview to summarize the current knowledge regarding the pathophysiology, genetics, and clinical manifestation of these conditions, as well as the approach to diagnosis.
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Klyucherev TO, Olszewski P, Shalimova AA, Chubarev VN, Tarasov VV, Attwood MM, Syvänen S, Schiöth HB. Advances in the development of new biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease. Transl Neurodegener 2022; 11:25. [PMID: 35449079 PMCID: PMC9027827 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-022-00296-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex, heterogeneous, progressive disease and is the most common type of neurodegenerative dementia. The prevalence of AD is expected to increase as the population ages, placing an additional burden on national healthcare systems. There is a large need for new diagnostic tests that can detect AD at an early stage with high specificity at relatively low cost. The development of modern analytical diagnostic tools has made it possible to determine several biomarkers of AD with high specificity, including pathogenic proteins, markers of synaptic dysfunction, and markers of inflammation in the blood. There is a considerable potential in using microRNA (miRNA) as markers of AD, and diagnostic studies based on miRNA panels suggest that AD could potentially be determined with high accuracy for individual patients. Studies of the retina with improved methods of visualization of the fundus are also showing promising results for the potential diagnosis of the disease. This review focuses on the recent developments of blood, plasma, and ocular biomarkers for the diagnosis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timofey O Klyucherev
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Pawel Olszewski
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alena A Shalimova
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir N Chubarev
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim V Tarasov
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Misty M Attwood
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stina Syvänen
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Ondaro J, Hernandez-Eguiazu H, Garciandia-Arcelus M, Loera-Valencia R, Rodriguez-Gómez L, Jiménez-Zúñiga A, Goikolea J, Rodriguez-Rodriguez P, Ruiz-Martinez J, Moreno F, Lopez de Munain A, Holt IJ, Gil-Bea FJ, Gereñu G. Defects of Nutrient Signaling and Autophagy in Neurodegeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:836196. [PMID: 35419363 PMCID: PMC8996160 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.836196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons are post-mitotic cells that allocate huge amounts of energy to the synthesis of new organelles and molecules, neurotransmission and to the maintenance of redox homeostasis. In neurons, autophagy is not only crucial to ensure organelle renewal but it is also essential to balance nutritional needs through the mobilization of internal energy stores. A delicate crosstalk between the pathways that sense nutritional status of the cell and the autophagic processes to recycle organelles and macronutrients is fundamental to guarantee the proper functioning of the neuron in times of energy scarcity. This review provides a detailed overview of the pathways and processes involved in the balance of cellular energy mediated by autophagy, which when defective, precipitate the neurodegenerative cascade of Parkinson's disease, frontotemporal dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Ondaro
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Haizea Hernandez-Eguiazu
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maddi Garciandia-Arcelus
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Loera-Valencia
- Department of Neurology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet (KI), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Rodriguez-Gómez
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés Jiménez-Zúñiga
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Julen Goikolea
- Department of Neurology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet (KI), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patricia Rodriguez-Rodriguez
- Department of Neurology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet (KI), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Javier Ruiz-Martinez
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Fermín Moreno
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Adolfo Lopez de Munain
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ian James Holt
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- IKERBASQUE Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Gil-Bea
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gorka Gereñu
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Basque Country (UPV-EHU), Leioa, Spain
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Zhang T, Du H, Santos MN, Wu X, Pagan MD, Trigiani LJ, Nishimura N, Reinheckel T, Hu F. Differential regulation of progranulin derived granulin peptides. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:15. [PMID: 35120524 PMCID: PMC8815130 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00513-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Haploinsufficiency of progranulin (PGRN) is a leading cause of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). PGRN is comprised of 7.5 granulin repeats and is processed into individual granulin peptides in the lysosome. However, very little is known about the levels and regulations of individual granulin peptides due to the lack of specific antibodies. RESULTS Here we report the generation and characterization of antibodies specific to each granulin peptide. We found that the levels of granulins C, E and F are regulated differently compared to granulins A and B in various tissues. The levels of PGRN and granulin peptides vary in different brain regions and the ratio between granulins and PGRN is highest in the cortical region in the adult male mouse brain. Granulin-A is localized in the lysosome in both neurons and microglia and its levels in microglia increase under pathological conditions. Interestingly, the levels of granulin A in microglia change correspondingly with PGRN in response to stroke but not demyelination. Furthermore, deficiency of lysosomal proteases and the PGRN binding partner prosaposin leads to alterations in the ratios between individual granulin peptides. Granulins B, C and E are heavily glycosylated and the glycosylation patterns can be regulated. CONCLUSION Our results support that the levels of individual granulin peptides are differentially regulated under physiological and pathological conditions and provide novel insights into how granulin peptides function in the lysosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XDepartment of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, 345 Weill Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Huan Du
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XDepartment of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, 345 Weill Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Mariela Nunez Santos
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XDepartment of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, 345 Weill Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Xiaochun Wu
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XDepartment of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, 345 Weill Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Mitchell D. Pagan
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XDepartment of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, 345 Weill Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Lianne Jillian Trigiani
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XNancy E. and Peter C. Meining School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Nozomi Nishimura
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XNancy E. and Peter C. Meining School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- grid.5963.9Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Medical Faculty and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fenghua Hu
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XDepartment of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, 345 Weill Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
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46
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Amin S, Carling G, Gan L. New insights and therapeutic opportunities for progranulin-deficient frontotemporal dementia. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2022; 72:131-139. [PMID: 34826653 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is the second most common form of dementia. It affects the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain and has a highly heterogeneous clinical representation with patients presenting with a wide range of behavioral, language, and executive dysfunctions. Etiology of FTD is complex and consists of both familial and sporadic cases. Heterozygous mutations in the GRN gene, resulting in GRN haploinsufficiency, cause progranulin (PGRN)-deficient FTD characterized with cytoplasmic mislocalization of TAR DNA-binding protein 43 kDa (TDP-43) aggregates. GRN codes for PGRN, a secreted protein that is also localized in the endolysosomes and plays a critical role in regulating lysosomal homeostasis. How PGRN deficiency modulates immunity and causes TDP-43 pathology and FTD-related neurodegeneration remains an active area of intense investigation. In the current review, we discuss some of the significant progress made in the past two years that links PGRN deficiency with microglial-associated neuroinflammation, TDP-43 pathology, and lysosomal dysfunction. We also review the opportunities and challenges toward developing therapies and biomarkers to treat PGRN-deficient FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Amin
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Gillian Carling
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Li Gan
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
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47
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Chitramuthu BP, Campos-García VR, Bateman A. Multiple Molecular Pathways Are Influenced by Progranulin in a Neuronal Cell Model-A Parallel Omics Approach. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:775391. [PMID: 35095393 PMCID: PMC8791029 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.775391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is critical in supporting a healthy CNS. Its haploinsufficiency results in frontotemporal dementia, while in experimental models of age-related neurodegenerative diseases, the targeted expression of PGRN greatly slows the onset of disease phenotypes. Nevertheless, much remains unclear about how PGRN affects its target cells. In previous studies we found that PGRN showed a remarkable ability to support the survival of NSC-34 motor neuron cells under conditions that would otherwise lead to their apoptosis. Here we used the same model to investigate other phenotypes of PGRN expression in NSC-34 cells. PGRN significantly influenced morphological differentiation, resulting in cells with enlarged cell bodies and extended projections. At a molecular level this correlated with pathways associated with the cytoskeleton and synaptic differentiation. Depletion of PGRN led to increased expression of several neurotrophic receptors, which may represent a homeostatic mechanism to compensate for loss of neurotrophic support from PGRN. The exception was RET, a neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase, which, when PGRN levels are high, shows increased expression and enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation. Other receptor tyrosine kinases also showed higher tyrosine phosphorylation when PGRN was elevated, suggesting a generalized enhancement of receptor activity. PGRN was found to bind to multiple plasma membrane proteins, including RET, as well as proteins in the ER/Golgi apparatus/lysosome pathway. Understanding how these various pathways contribute to PGRN action may provide routes toward improving neuroprotective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babykumari P Chitramuthu
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, and Centre for Translational Biology, Metabolic Disorders and Complications, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Víctor R Campos-García
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, and Centre for Translational Biology, Metabolic Disorders and Complications, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Andrew Bateman
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, and Centre for Translational Biology, Metabolic Disorders and Complications, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
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48
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Zhao X, Hasan S, Liou B, Lin Y, Sun Y, Liu C. Analysis of the Biomarkers for Neurodegenerative Diseases in Aged Progranulin Deficient Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:629. [PMID: 35054815 PMCID: PMC8775568 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are debilitating impairments that affect millions of people worldwide and are characterized by progressive degeneration of structure and function of the central or peripheral nervous system. Effective biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases can be used to improve the diagnostic workup in the clinic as well as facilitate the development of effective disease-modifying therapies. Progranulin (PGRN) has been reported to be involved in various neurodegenerative disorders. Hence, in the current study we systematically compared the inflammation and accumulation of typical neurodegenerative disease markers in the brain tissue between PGRN knockout (PGRN KO) and wildtype (WT) mice. We found that PGRN deficiency led to significant neuron loss as well as activation of microglia and astrocytes in aged mice. Several characteristic neurodegenerative markers, including α-synuclein, TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43), Tau, and β-amyloid, were all accumulated in the brain of PGRN-deficient mice as compared to WT mice. Moreover, higher aggregation of lipofuscin was observed in the brain tissue of PGRN-deficient mice compared with WT mice. In addition, the autophagy was also defective in the brain of PGRN-deficient mice, indicated by the abnormal expression level of autophagy marker LC3-II. Collectively, comprehensive assays support the idea that PGRN plays an important role during the development of neurodegenerative disease, indicating that PGRN might be a useful biomarker for neurodegenerative diseases in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangli Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10003, USA; (X.Z.); (S.H.)
| | - Sadaf Hasan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10003, USA; (X.Z.); (S.H.)
| | - Benjamin Liou
- The Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; (B.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yi Lin
- The Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; (B.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Ying Sun
- The Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; (B.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.S.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Chuanju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10003, USA; (X.Z.); (S.H.)
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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49
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Du H, Zhou X, Feng T, Hu F. Regulation of lysosomal trafficking of progranulin by sortilin and prosaposin. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcab310. [PMID: 35169707 PMCID: PMC8833632 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Haploinsufficiency of the progranulin protein is a leading cause of frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Accumulating evidence support a crucial role of progranulin in the lysosome. Progranulin comprises 7.5 granulin repeats and is known to traffic to lysosomes via direct interactions with prosaposin or sortilin. Within the lysosome, progranulin gets processed into granulin peptides. Here, we report that sortilin and prosaposin independently regulate lysosomal trafficking of progranulin in vivo. The deletion of either prosaposin or sortilin alone results in a significant decrease in the ratio of granulin peptides versus full-length progranulin in mouse brain lysates. This decrease is further augmented by the deficiency of both prosaposin and sortilin. A concomitant increase in the levels of secreted progranulin in the serum was observed. Interestingly, while the deletion of both prosaposin and sortilin totally abolishes lysosomal localization of progranulin in neurons, it has a limited effect on lysosomal trafficking of progranulin in microglia, suggesting the existence of a novel sortilin and prosaposin independent pathway mediating progranulin lysosomal trafficking. In summary, our studies shed light on the regulation of lysosomal trafficking and processing of progranulin in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Du
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Xiaolai Zhou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tuancheng Feng
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Fenghua Hu
- Correspondence to: Fenghua Hu 345 Weill Hall, Ithaca NY 14853, USA E-mail:
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50
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Dong T, Tejwani L, Jung Y, Kokubu H, Luttik K, Driessen TM, Lim J. Microglia regulate brain progranulin levels through the endocytosis/lysosomal pathway. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e136147. [PMID: 34618685 PMCID: PMC8663778 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.136147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic variants in Granulin (GRN), which encodes the secreted glycoprotein progranulin (PGRN), are associated with several neurodegenerative diseases, including frontotemporal lobar degeneration, neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, and Alzheimer's disease. These genetic alterations manifest in pathological changes due to a reduction of PGRN expression; therefore, identifying factors that can modulate PGRN levels in vivo would enhance our understanding of PGRN in neurodegeneration and could reveal novel potential therapeutic targets. Here, we report that modulation of the endocytosis/lysosomal pathway via reduction of Nemo-like kinase (Nlk) in microglia, but not in neurons, can alter total brain Pgrn levels in mice. We demonstrate that Nlk reduction promotes Pgrn degradation by enhancing its trafficking through the endocytosis/lysosomal pathway, specifically in microglia. Furthermore, genetic interaction studies in mice showed that Nlk heterozygosity in Grn haploinsufficient mice further reduces Pgrn levels and induces neuropathological phenotypes associated with PGRN deficiency. Our results reveal a mechanism for Pgrn level regulation in the brain through the active catabolism by microglia and provide insights into the pathophysiology of PGRN-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Dong
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Leon Tejwani
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Neuroscience
| | - Youngseob Jung
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Hiroshi Kokubu
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kimberly Luttik
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Neuroscience
| | - Terri M. Driessen
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Janghoo Lim
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Neuroscience
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, and
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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