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Muhmood A, Tang J, Li J, Liu S, Hou L, Le G, Liu D, Huang K. No-observed adverse effect levels of deoxynivalenol and aflatoxin B1 in combination induced immune inhibition and apoptosis in vivo and in vitro. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 189:114745. [PMID: 38763499 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic metabolites produced by fungal species, commonly exist in animal feeds, and pose a serious risk to human as well as animal health. But limited studies have focused on combined effects of no-observed adverse effect levels. In vivo study, 6 weeks old twenty-four mice were individually exposed to Deoxynivalenol (DON) at 0.1 mg/kg BW, Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) at 0.01 mg/kg BW, and mixture of DON and AFB1 (0.1 mg/kg BW and 0.01 mg/kg BW, respectively) for 28 days. Then, DON at 0.5 μg/mL, AFB1 at 0.04 μg/mL, and mixtures of DON and AFB1 (0.5 μg/mL, 0.04 μg/mL, respectively) were applied to porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) in vitro study. Our in vivo results revealed that the combined no-observed adverse effect levels of DON and AFB1 administration decreased IgA and IgG levels in the serum, the splenic TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-6 mRNA expression and T-lymphocyte subset levels (CD4+ and CD8+) in the spleen. Additionally, the combined administration increased caspase-3, caspase-9, Bax, Cyt-c, and decreased Bcl-2 protein expression. Taken together, the combined no-observed adverse effect levels of DON and AFB1 could induce immunosuppression, which may be related to apoptosis. This study provides new insights into the combined immune toxicity (DON and AFB1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Azhar Muhmood
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiangyu Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jinyan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shuiping Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lili Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guannan Le
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kehe Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Yuan Y, Li M, Qiu X. Chicken CYP1A5 is able to hydroxylate aflatoxin B 1 to aflatoxin M 1. Toxicon 2024; 239:107625. [PMID: 38244865 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a naturally-occurring mycotoxin, can cause severe toxicological and carcinogenic effects in livestock and humans. Given that the chicken is one of the most important food-producing animals, knowledge regarding AFB1 metabolism and enzymes responsible for AFB1 transformation in the chicken has important implications for chicken production and food safety. Previously, we have successfully expressed chicken CYP1A5 and CYP3A37 monooxygenases in E. coli, and reconstituted them into a functional CYP system consisting of CYP1A5 or CYP3A37, CPR and cytochrome b5. In this study, we aimed to investigate the roles of CYP1A5 and CYP3A37 in the bioconversion of AFB1 to AFM1. Our results showed that chicken CYP1A5 was able to hydroxylate AFB1 to AFM1. The formation of AFM1 followed the typical Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The kinetics parameters of Vmax and Km were determined as 0.83 ± 0.039 nmol/min/nmol P450 and 26.9 ± 4.52 μM respectively. Docking simulations further revealed that AFB1 adopts a "side-on" conformation in chicken CYP1A5, facilitating the hydroxylation of the C9a atom and the production of AFM1. On the other hand, AFB1 assumes a "face-on" conformation in chicken CYP3A37, leading to the displacement of the C9a atom from the heme iron and explaining the lack of AFM1 hydroxylation activity. The results demonstrate that chicken CYP1A5 possesses efficient hydroxylase activity towards AFB1 to form AFM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Yuan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xinghui Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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Lian S, Li X, Lv X. Density Functional Theory Study on the Interaction between Aflatoxin B1/M1 and Gold Substrate. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:1804-1816. [PMID: 38183291 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and its precursor, Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), are highly pathogenic and mutagenic substances, making the detection and sensing of AFB1/M1 a long-standing focus of researchers. Among various detection techniques, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is considered an ideal method for AFB1/M1 detection due to its ability not only to enhance characteristic frequencies but also to detect shifts in these frequencies with high repeatability. Therefore, we employed density functional theory in conjunction with surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy to investigate the interaction between AFB1/M1 and a Au substrate in the context of the SERS effect for the first time. To predict the potential binding sites of AFB1/M1 and Au within the SERS effect, we performed calculations on the molecular electrostatic potential of AFB1/M1. Considering the crucial role of the binding energy in molecular docking studies, we computed the binding energy between two molecules interacting with Au at different binding sites. The molecular frontier orbitals and related chemical parameters of AFB1/M1 and "molecular-Au" complexes were computed to elucidate the alterations in AFB1/M1 molecules under the SERS effect. Subsequently, the theoretical Raman spectra of AFB1/M1 and the complexes were compared and analyzed, enabling determination of the adsorption conformation of AFB1/M1 on the gold surface based on SERS surface selection rules. These findings not only provide a deeper understanding of the interaction mechanism between molecules and substrates in the SERS effect but also offer theoretical support for developing novel aflatoxin SERS sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Lian
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Li
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xuefei Lv
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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Cros MP, Mir-Pedrol J, Toloza L, Knödlseder N, Maruotti J, Zouboulis CC, Güell M, Fábrega MJ. New insights into the role of Cutibacterium acnes-derived extracellular vesicles in inflammatory skin disorders. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16058. [PMID: 37749255 PMCID: PMC10520063 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43354-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) is one of the most prevalent bacteria that forms the human skin microbiota. Specific phylotypes of C. acnes have been associated with the development of acne vulgaris, while other phylotypes have been linked to healthy skin. In this scenario, bacterial extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a role in the interkingdom communication role with the human host. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of EVs generated by various phylotypes of C. acnes on inflammation and sebum production using different in vitro skin cell types. The main findings of this study reveal that the proteomic profile of the cargo embodied in the EVs reflects distinct characteristics of the different C. acnes phylotypes in terms of life cycle, survival, and virulence. The in vitro skin cell types showed an extended pro-inflammatory modulation of SLST A1 EVs consistently triggering the activation of the inflammation-related factors IL-8, IL-6, TNFα and GM-CSF, in comparison to SLST H1 and SLST H2. Additionally, an acne-prone skin model utilizing PCi-SEB and arachidonic acid as a sebum inducer, was employed to investigate the impact of C. acnes EVs on sebum regulation. Our findings indicated that all three types of EVs significantly inhibited sebum production after a 24-h treatment period, with SLST H1 EVs exhibiting the most pronounced inhibitory effect when compared to the positive control. The results of this study highlight the protective nature of C. acnes SLST H1 EVs and their potential use as a natural treatment option for alleviating symptoms associated with inflammation and oily skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pol Cros
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Júlia Mir-Pedrol
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Quantitative Biology Center, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Lorena Toloza
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nastassia Knödlseder
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Christos C Zouboulis
- Hochschulklinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Immunologisches Zentrum, Städtisches Klinikum Dessau, Medizinische Hochschule Brandenburg Theodor Fontane und Fakaltät für Gesundheitswissenschaften Brandenburg, Auenweg, Germany
| | - Marc Güell
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Maria-José Fábrega
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
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Cimbalo A, Frangiamone M, Lozano M, Escrivá L, Vila-Donat P, Manyes L. Protective role of fermented whey and pumpkin extract against aflatoxin B 1 and ochratoxin A toxicity in Jurkat T-cells. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2022. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2022.2780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The beneficial effect of fermented whey and pumpkin extract rich in carotenoids was evaluated in Jurkat cells against aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) cytotoxicity through a proteomic approach. The functional ingredients were added into mycotoxin contaminated bread formulation, which were digested in vitro in order to simulate human intestinal absorption. Cell cultures were exposed during 7 days to these mycotoxins dissolved in: (a) 0.1% organic solvent (DMSO), (b) an intestinal digest of bread with pumpkin individually (PID) and (c) an intestinal digest of bread with pumpkin mixed with fermented whey (PID+WF). Extracted proteins were subjected to reduction and alkylation and subsequently a tryptic digestion in order to be analysed by liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time of flight (LC/MS-Q-TOF). Results obtained highlighted the beneficial role of functional ingredients employed through the identification of proteins involved in several biological processes and metabolic pathways, mainly antioxidant activity, nucleosome assembly and secretory senescence phenotype. Among proteins involved in antioxidant activity, peroxiredoxin 1 and 2 stand out. Comparing the different conditions investigated, a remarkable change was observed in their expression, ranging from a repression using the standard (DMSO 0.1%), to an overexpression when treated with the functional ingredients. Similarly, after PID and PID+WF treatment, histones’ expression implicated in the metabolic pathway of nucleosome assembly, such as H2A, H2B, H2C, H3 and H4, was increased. Furthermore, the expression of protein cyclin A2, which downregulation is involved in limiting carcinogenic cells growth, was lower in presence of both functional ingredients. Based on these findings, functional ingredients can act as protectors against genomic stress caused by mycotoxins, preventing the loss of vital cell functions and paralysing the growth of carcinogenic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Cimbalo
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n., 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - M. Frangiamone
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n., 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - M. Lozano
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n., 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - L. Escrivá
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n., 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - P. Vila-Donat
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n., 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - L. Manyes
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n., 46100 Burjassot, Spain
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Huang G, Ma J, Li J, Yan L. Study on the interaction between aflatoxin M1 and DNA and its application in the removal of aflatoxin M1. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.118938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Madeen EP, Maldarelli F, Groopman JD. Environmental Pollutants, Mucosal Barriers, and Pathogen Susceptibility; The Case for Aflatoxin B 1 as a Risk Factor for HIV Transmission and Pathogenesis. Pathogens 2021; 10:1229. [PMID: 34684180 PMCID: PMC8537633 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV transmission risk is dependent on the infectivity of the HIV+ partner and personal susceptibility risk factors of the HIV- partner. The mucosal barrier, as the internal gatekeeper between environment and self, concentrates and modulates the internalization of ingested pathogens and pollutants. In this review, we summarize the localized effects of HIV and dietary toxin aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a common pollutant in high HIV burden regions, e.g., at the mucosal barrier, and evidence for pollutant-viral interactions. We compiled literature on HIV and AFB1 geographic occurrences, mechanisms of action, related co-exposures, personal risk factors, and HIV key determinants of health. AFB1 exposure and HIV sexual transmission hotspots geographically co-localize in many low-income countries. AFB1 distributes to sexual mucosal tissues generating inflammation, microbiome changes and a reduction of mucosal barrier integrity, effects that are risk factors for increasing HIV susceptibility. AFB1 exposure has a positive correlation to HIV viral load, a risk factor for increasing the infectivity of the HIV+ partner. The AFB1 exposure and metabolism generates inflammation that recruits HIV susceptible cells and generates chemokine/cytokine activation in tissues exposed to HIV. Although circumstantial, the available evidence makes a compelling case for studies of AFB1 exposure as a risk factor for HIV transmission, and a modifiable new component for combination HIV prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin P. Madeen
- Department of Cancer Prevention, National Institute of Health, Shady Grove, MD 21773, USA
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21703, USA;
| | - Frank Maldarelli
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21703, USA;
| | - John D. Groopman
- Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
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Shahba S, Mehrzad J, Malvandi AM. Neuroimmune disruptions from naturally occurring levels of mycotoxins. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:10.1007/s11356-021-14146-4. [PMID: 33932215 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14146-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Substantial pieces of evidence support the potential of exogenous toxins in disrupting neuroimmune homeostasis. It appears that mycotoxins are one of the noticeable sources of naturally occurring substances dysregulating the immune system, which involves the physiology of many organs, such as the central nervous system (CNS). The induction of inflammatory responses in microglial cells and astrocytes, the CNS resident cells with immunological characteristics, could interrupt the hemostasis upon even with low-level exposure to mycotoxins. The inevitable widespread occurrence of a low level of mycotoxins in foods and feed is likely increasing worldwide, predisposing individuals to potential neuroimmunological dysregulations. This paper reviews the current understanding of mycotoxins' neuro-immunotoxic features under low-dose exposure and the possible ways for detoxification and clearance as a perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Shahba
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jalil Mehrzad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amir Mohammad Malvandi
- Science and Technology Pole, IRCCS Multimedica, Via Gaudenzio Fantoli, 16/15, 20138, Milan, Italy.
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Zinedine A, Ben Salah-Abbes J, Abbès S, Tantaoui-Elaraki A. Aflatoxin M1 in Africa: Exposure Assessment, Regulations, and Prevention Strategies - A Review. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 258:73-108. [PMID: 34611756 DOI: 10.1007/398_2021_73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are the most harmful mycotoxins causing health problems to human and animal. Many acute aflatoxin outbreaks have been reported in Africa, especially in Kenya and Tanzania. When ingested, aflatoxin B1 is converted by hydroxylation in the liver into aflatoxin M1, which is excreted in milk of dairy females and in urine of exposed populations. This review aims to highlight the AFM1 studies carried out in African regions (North Africa, East Africa, West Africa, Central Africa, and Southern Africa), particularly AFM1 occurrence in milk and dairy products, and in human biological fluids (breast milk, serum, and urine) of the populations exposed. Strategies for AFM1 detoxification will be considered, as well as AFM1 regulations as compared to the legislation adopted worldwide and the assessment of AFM1 exposure of some African populations. Egypt, Kenya, and Nigeria have the highest number of investigations on AFM1 in the continent. Indeed, some reports showed that 100% of the samples analyzed exceeded the EU regulations (50 ng/kg), especially in Zimbabwe, Nigeria, Sudan, and Egypt. Furthermore, AFM1 levels up to 8,000, 6,999, 6,900, and 2040 ng/kg have been reported in milk from Egypt, Kenya, Sudan, and Nigeria, respectively. Data on AFM1 occurrence in human biological fluids have also shown that exposure of African populations is mainly due to milk intake and breastfeeding, with 85-100% of children being exposed to high levels. Food fermentation in Africa has been tried for AFM1 detoxification strategies. Few African countries have set regulations for AFM1 in milk and derivatives, generally similar to those of the Codex alimentarius, the US or the EU standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellah Zinedine
- Faculty of Sciences, BIOMARE Laboratory, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnologies, Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida, Morocco.
| | - Jalila Ben Salah-Abbes
- Laboratory of Genetic, Biodiversity and Bio-Resources Valorization, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Samir Abbès
- Laboratory of Genetic, Biodiversity and Bio-Resources Valorization, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Béja, University of Jendouba, Jendouba, Tunisia
| | - Abdelrhafour Tantaoui-Elaraki
- Retired, Department of Food Sciences, Hassan II Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine - Rabat, Rabat-Instituts, Témara, Morocco
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Shirani K, Riahi Zanjani B, Mehri S, Razavi-Azarkhiavi K, Badiee A, Hayes AW, Giesy JP, Karimi G. miR-155 influences cell-mediated immunity in Balb/c mice treated with aflatoxin M 1. Drug Chem Toxicol 2021; 44:39-46. [PMID: 30739504 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2018.1556682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a 4-hydroxylated metabolite of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). It induces various toxicological effects including immunotoxicity. In the present study, we investigated the effects of AFM1 on immune system and its modulation by MicroRNA (miR)-155. AFM1 was administered intraperitoneally at doses of 25 and 50 µg/kg for 28 days to Balb/c mice and different immune system parameters were analyzed. The levels of miR-155 and targeted proteins were evaluated in isolated T cells from spleens of mice. Spleen weight was reduced in mice exposed to AFM1 compared to negative control. Proliferation of splenocytes in response to phytohemagglutinin-A was reduced in mice exposed to AFM1. IFN-γ was decreased in mice exposed to AFM1, whereas IL-10 was increased. Concentration of IL-4 did not change different in mice exposed to AFM1 compared to negative control. Exposure to AFM1 reduced the expression of miR-155. Significant upregulation of phosphatidylinositol-3, 4, 5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase 1 (Ship1) and suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (Socs1) was observed in isolated T cells from spleens of mice treated with AFM1, but the transcription factor Maf (c-MAF) was not affected. These results suggest that miR-155 and targeted proteins might be involved in the immunotoxicity observed in mice exposed to AFM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobra Shirani
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bamdad Riahi Zanjani
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Soghra Mehri
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Kamal Razavi-Azarkhiavi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Badiee
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - A Wallace Hayes
- University of South Florida College of Public Health, Tampa, FL, USA
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Zoology and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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11
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Fang Q, Du M, Chen J, Liu T, Zheng Y, Liao Z, Zhong Q, Wang L, Fang X, Wang J. Degradation and Detoxification of Aflatoxin B1 by Tea-Derived Aspergillus niger RAF106. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12120777. [PMID: 33291337 PMCID: PMC7762301 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12120777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial degradation is an effective and attractive method for eliminating aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), which is severely toxic to humans and animals. In this study, Aspergillus niger RAF106 could effectively degrade AFB1 when cultivated in Sabouraud dextrose broth (SDB) with contents of AFB1 ranging from 0.1 to 4 μg/mL. Treatment with yeast extract as a nitrogen source stimulated the degradation, but treatment with NaNO3 and NaNO2 as nitrogen sources and lactose and sucrose as carbon sources suppressed the degradation. Moreover, A. niger RAF106 still degraded AFB1 at initial pH values that ranged from 4 to 10 and at cultivation temperatures that ranged from 25 to 45 °C. In addition, intracellular enzymes or proteins with excellent thermotolerance were verified as being able to degrade AFB1 into metabolites with low or no mutagenicity. Furthermore, genomic sequence analysis indicated that the fungus was considered to be safe owing to the absence of virulence genes and the gene clusters for the synthesis of mycotoxins. These results indicate that A. niger RAF106 and its intracellular enzymes or proteins have a promising potential to be applied commercially in the processing and industry of food and feed to detoxify AFB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian’an Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.F.); (M.D.); (J.C.); (T.L.); (Y.Z.); (Z.L.); (Q.Z.); (L.W.)
| | - Minru Du
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.F.); (M.D.); (J.C.); (T.L.); (Y.Z.); (Z.L.); (Q.Z.); (L.W.)
| | - Jianwen Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.F.); (M.D.); (J.C.); (T.L.); (Y.Z.); (Z.L.); (Q.Z.); (L.W.)
| | - Tong Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.F.); (M.D.); (J.C.); (T.L.); (Y.Z.); (Z.L.); (Q.Z.); (L.W.)
| | - Yong Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.F.); (M.D.); (J.C.); (T.L.); (Y.Z.); (Z.L.); (Q.Z.); (L.W.)
| | - Zhenlin Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.F.); (M.D.); (J.C.); (T.L.); (Y.Z.); (Z.L.); (Q.Z.); (L.W.)
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qingping Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.F.); (M.D.); (J.C.); (T.L.); (Y.Z.); (Z.L.); (Q.Z.); (L.W.)
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Li Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.F.); (M.D.); (J.C.); (T.L.); (Y.Z.); (Z.L.); (Q.Z.); (L.W.)
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiang Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.F.); (M.D.); (J.C.); (T.L.); (Y.Z.); (Z.L.); (Q.Z.); (L.W.)
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (X.F.); (J.W.)
| | - Jie Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.F.); (M.D.); (J.C.); (T.L.); (Y.Z.); (Z.L.); (Q.Z.); (L.W.)
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
- Correspondence: (X.F.); (J.W.)
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12
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Ben Salah-Abbès J, Belgacem H, Ezdini K, Mannai M, Oueslati R, Abbès S. Immunological effects of AFM1 in experimental subchronic dosing in mice prevented by lactic acid bacteria. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2020; 42:572-581. [PMID: 32938251 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2020.1824237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM Recently, higher contamination by aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) has been detected in many countries. Unfortunately, many tons of contaminated milk and milk byproducts are removed from the food chain to avoid human contamination; as a consequence of higher economic losses. Fewest number of studies are interested to AFM1 detoxification using lactic acid bacteria. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, AFM1-degradation using Lactobacillus paracasei BEJ01 (LPBEJ01) was tested in vitro. The preventive effect of LPBEJ01 against AFM1 immunobiological effects in mice are treated orally during 3 weeks with 100 µg AFM1, LPBEJ01 (2 × 109 CFU/ml∼2 mg/kg p.c.) and a mixture of AFM1 and LPBEJ01. RESULTS In vitro LPBEJ01 was found able to absorb 98% of AFM1 (100 µg/ml) in liquid medium after 24 h and more than 95% of AFM1 could be eliminated after 24 h in a solid-state fermentation. Animals treated with AFM1 obtained lower body weight than the control ones. The mitogenic response of spleen mononuclear cells (SMCs) in vivo was higher in mice treated with AFM1. The SMC of mice treated with AFM1 produced lower levels of IL-2, higher levels IL-4 and no effect on IL-10 production. The peritoneal macrophages of mice that treated with AFM1 released less H2O2, while mice exposed orally with the mixture of AFM1 and LPBEJ01 produced higher levels. CONCLUSION LPBEJ01 was safe and it did not have any sign of toxicity. It can be used as an additive for AFM1-detoxification contamination in the food chain in countries suffering from this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalila Ben Salah-Abbès
- Laboratory of Genetic, Biodiversity and Bio-Resources Valorisation, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Hela Belgacem
- Laboratory of Genetic, Biodiversity and Bio-Resources Valorisation, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Khawla Ezdini
- Laboratory of Genetic, Biodiversity and Bio-Resources Valorisation, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Marwa Mannai
- Laboratory of Genetic, Biodiversity and Bio-Resources Valorisation, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Ridha Oueslati
- Unit of Immunology, Environmental Microbiology and Cancerology, Faculty of Sciences Bizerte, University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Samir Abbès
- Laboratory of Genetic, Biodiversity and Bio-Resources Valorisation, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Béja, University of Jendouba, Jendouba, Tunisia
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13
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Marko D, Oswald IP, Piersma A, Routledge M, Schlatter J, Baert K, Gergelova P, Wallace H. Risk assessment of aflatoxins in food. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06040. [PMID: 32874256 PMCID: PMC7447885 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the risks to public health related to the presence of aflatoxins in food. The risk assessment was confined to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2 and AFM1. More than 200,000 analytical results on the occurrence of aflatoxins were used in the evaluation. Grains and grain-based products made the largest contribution to the mean chronic dietary exposure to AFB1 in all age classes, while 'liquid milk' and 'fermented milk products' were the main contributors to the AFM1 mean exposure. Aflatoxins are genotoxic and AFB1 can cause hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) in humans. The CONTAM Panel selected a benchmark dose lower confidence limit (BMDL) for a benchmark response of 10% of 0.4 μg/kg body weight (bw) per day for the incidence of HCC in male rats following AFB1 exposure to be used in a margin of exposure (MOE) approach. The calculation of a BMDL from the human data was not appropriate; instead, the cancer potencies estimated by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives in 2016 were used. For AFM1, a potency factor of 0.1 relative to AFB1 was used. For AFG1, AFB2 and AFG2, the in vivo data are not sufficient to derive potency factors and equal potency to AFB1 was assumed as in previous assessments. MOE values for AFB1 exposure ranged from 5,000 to 29 and for AFM1 from 100,000 to 508. The calculated MOEs are below 10,000 for AFB1 and also for AFM1 where some surveys, particularly for the younger age groups, have an MOE below 10,000. This raises a health concern. The estimated cancer risks in humans following exposure to AFB1 and AFM1 are in-line with the conclusion drawn from the MOEs. The conclusions also apply to the combined exposure to all five aflatoxins.
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14
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Benkerroum N. Chronic and Acute Toxicities of Aflatoxins: Mechanisms of Action. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E423. [PMID: 31936320 PMCID: PMC7013914 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17020423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
There are presently more than 18 known aflatoxins most of which have been insufficiently studied for their incidence, health-risk, and mechanisms of toxicity to allow effective intervention and control means that would significantly and sustainably reduce their incidence and adverse effects on health and economy. Among these, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) has been by far the most studied; yet, many aspects of the range and mechanisms of the diseases it causes remain to be elucidated. Its mutagenicity, tumorigenicity, and carcinogenicity-which are the best known-still suffer from limitations regarding the relative contribution of the oxidative stress and the reactive epoxide derivative (Aflatoxin-exo 8,9-epoxide) in the induction of the diseases, as well as its metabolic and synthesis pathways. Additionally, despite the well-established additive effects for carcinogenicity between AFB1 and other risk factors, e.g., hepatitis viruses B and C, and the hepatotoxic algal microcystins, the mechanisms of this synergy remain unclear. This study reviews the most recent advances in the field of the mechanisms of toxicity of aflatoxins and the adverse health effects that they cause in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreddine Benkerroum
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry MacDonald Campus, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore, Ste Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
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15
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Jakšić D, Kocsubé S, Bencsik O, Kecskeméti A, Szekeres A, Jelić D, Kopjar N, Vágvölgyi C, Varga J, Šegvić Klarić M. Aflatoxin production and in vitro toxicity of Aspergilli section Flavi isolated from air samples collected from different environments. Mycotoxin Res 2019; 35:217-230. [PMID: 30877631 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-019-00345-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Aspergilli section Flavi, originally isolated from air samples collected from inhabited apartments (AP), unoccupied basements (BS), and processing facilities of a grain mill (GM), were analyzed for their potential to produce aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on solid media. The isolates were further characterized with regard to their cytotoxic, genotoxic, and pro-inflammatory properties in vitro. Aspergilli were identified based on partial calmodulin (CaM) gene sequencing; the producing capacities of isolates were analyzed by HPLC/FLD and confirmed by genes in biosynthesis (aflR, norA, omtA). In the grain mill, the Aspergilli section Flavi (up to 1.3 × 106 cfu/m3) dominated by AFB1-producing Aspergillus flavus (71%, 4.5-5254 ng/ml) which showed a serious health risk for workers. Living environments were not relevant sources of exposure. After 24 h, AFB1 (1-100 μmol/l) reduced cell viability (MTT test) in both A549 cells and THP-1 macrophage-like cells without reaching IC50. In A549 cells, the extract of the AFB1-producing A. flavus significantly decreased cell viability but not below 50%. THP-1 macrophage-like cells were more sensitive to both extracts, but IC50 was obtained only for the AFB1-producing strain (0.37 mg/ml; AFB1 2.78 μmol/l). AFB1 (1 and 10 μmol/l) induced significant DNA damage (tail intensity, alkaline comet assay) in A549 cells in contrast to Aspergilli extracts. AFB1 elevated IL-6 and IL-8, while Aspergilli extracts increased IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-17 release in THP-1 macrophages (ELISA). Chronic exposure to AFB1 and/or other metabolites in airborne A. flavus from occupational environments may stimulate epithelial damage of airways accompanied by lowered macrophage viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Jakšić
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Schrottova 39, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sándor Kocsubé
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726, Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Hungary
| | - Ottó Bencsik
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726, Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Hungary
| | - Anita Kecskeméti
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726, Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Hungary
| | - András Szekeres
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726, Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Hungary
| | - Dubravko Jelić
- Fidelta Ltd., Prilaz baruna Filipovića 29, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nevenka Kopjar
- Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Csaba Vágvölgyi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726, Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Hungary
| | - János Varga
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726, Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Hungary
| | - Maja Šegvić Klarić
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Schrottova 39, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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16
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Shirani K, Zanjani BR, Mahmoudi M, Jafarian AH, Hassani FV, Giesy JP, Karimi G. Immunotoxicity of aflatoxin M 1 : as a potent suppressor of innate and acquired immune systems in a subacute study. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:5884-5892. [PMID: 30014474 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although, to date, there have been several in vitro and in vivo studies of immunomodulatory effects of aflatoxin M1 (AFB1 ), little is known about the effect of AFM1 on various aspects of innate and acquired immunity. In the present study, AFM1 was administered intraperitoneally, at doses of 25 and 50 μg kg-1 , body mass for 28 days and various immunological parameters were measured. RESULTS Several parameters related to immune function were suppressed: organ mass, cellularity of spleen, proliferation response to lipopolysaccaride and phytohemagglutinin-A, hemagglutination titer, delayed type of hypersensitivity response, spleen cell subtypes, serum hemolytic activity, serum immunoglobulin G level and cytokine production. AFM1 did not cause changes in body mass, hematological parameters or the concentration of immunoglobulin M in blood serum. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the data suggested that AFM1 suppressed innate and acquired immunity. Therefore, with respect to consumer safety, it is extremely important to further control the level of AFM1 in milk, and this should be considered as a precedence for risk management actions. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobra Shirani
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bamdad R Zanjani
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Mahmoudi
- Immunology Research Center, School of Medicine, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir H Jafarian
- Cancer Molecular Pathology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Faezeh V Hassani
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- Department of Zoology, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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17
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Marchese S, Sorice A, Ariano A, Florio S, Budillon A, Costantini S, Severino L. Evaluation of Aflatoxin M1 Effects on the Metabolomic and Cytokinomic Profiling of a Hepatoblastoma Cell Line. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E436. [PMID: 30373285 PMCID: PMC6265880 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10110436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatoblastoma incidence has been associated with different environmental factors even if no data are reported about a correlation between aflatoxin exposure and hepatoblastoma initiation. Considering that hepatoblastoma develops in infants and children and aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), the aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) hydroxylated metabolite, can be present in mothers' milk and in marketed milk products, in this study we decided to test the effects of AFM1 on a hepatoblastoma cell line (HepG2). Firstly, we evaluated the effects of AFM1 on the cell viability, apoptosis, cell cycle, and metabolomic and cytokinomic profile of HepG2 cells after treatment. AFM1 induced: (1) a decrease of HepG2 cell viability, reaching IC50 at 9 µM; (2) the blocking of the cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase; (3) the decrease of formiate levels and incremented level of some amino acids and metabolites in HepG2 cells after treatment; and (4) the increase of the concentration of three pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α, and the decrease of the anti-inflammatory interleukin, IL-4. Our results show that AFM1 inhibited the growth of HepG2 cells, inducing both a modulation of the lipidic, glycolytic, and amino acid metabolism and an increase of the inflammatory status of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Marchese
- Unità di Farmacologia e Tossicologia-Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", 80138 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Angela Sorice
- Unità di Farmacologia Sperimentale, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Andrea Ariano
- Unità di Farmacologia e Tossicologia-Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", 80138 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Florio
- Unità di Farmacologia e Tossicologia-Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", 80138 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Alfredo Budillon
- Unità di Farmacologia Sperimentale, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Susan Costantini
- Unità di Farmacologia Sperimentale, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Lorella Severino
- Unità di Farmacologia e Tossicologia-Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", 80138 Napoli, Italy.
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18
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Alonso-Garrido M, Escrivá L, Manyes L, Font G. Enniatin B induces expression changes in the electron transport chain pathway related genes in lymphoblastic T-cell line. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 121:437-443. [PMID: 30227181 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Enniatin B is a ionophoric and lipophilic mycotoxin which reaches the bloodstream and has the ability to penetrate into cellular membranes. The purpose of this study was to reveal changes in the gene expression profile caused by enniatin B in human Jurkat lymphoblastic T-cells after 24 h of exposure at 1.5, 3 and 5 μM by next generation sequencing. It was found that up to 27% of human genome expression levels were significantly altered (5750 genes for both down-regulation and up-regulation). In the three enniatin B concentrations studied 245 differentially expressed genes were found to be overlapped, 83 were down and 162 up-regulated. ConsensusPathDB analysis of over-representation of differentially expressed genes provided a list of gene ontology terms in which several biological processes related to nucleoside monophosphate metabolic process, respiratory chain complex, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation and cellular respiration were the most altered. Also, an interesting correlation was found between enniatin B toxicity and the up-regulation of the UCP protein complex. In summary, the transcriptomic analysis revealed that mitochondria are the organelles showing more related differentially expressed genes. Consequently, differentially expressed genes involved in biological processes, molecular functions and pathways related to mitochondrial metabolism and respiration were significantly changed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alonso-Garrido
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - L Escrivá
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - L Manyes
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain.
| | - G Font
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
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Zheng N, Zhang H, Li S, Wang J, Liu J, Ren H, Gao Y. Lactoferrin inhibits aflatoxin B1- and aflatoxin M1-induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage in Caco-2, HEK, Hep-G2, and SK-N-SH cells. Toxicon 2018; 150:77-85. [PMID: 29753785 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins, including aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and M1 (AFM1), are natural potent carcinogens produced by Aspergillus spp. These compounds, which can often be detected in dairy foods, can cause diseases in human beings. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in cytotoxicity, as well as methods for intervention, remain largely unexplored. For example, it is unclear whether lactoferrin (LF), a major antioxidant in milk, can inhibit the cytotoxicity of AFB1 and AFM1. In this study, we assessed AFB1- and AFM1-induced cell toxicity by measuring cell viability, membrane permeability, and genotoxicity, and then investigated the ability of LF to protect cells against AFB1 and AFM1. In Caco-2, HEK, Hep-G2, and SK-N-SH cells, 4 μg/mL AFB1 or AFM1 significantly inhibited cell growth, increased the level of lactate dehydrogenase, induced genetic damage, and increased the levels of signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) (p < 0.05). AFB1 was more genotoxic than AFM1 in all four cell lines, especially in Hep-G2. In Caco-2, Hep-G2, and SK-N-SH, incubation of AF-treated cells with 1000 μg/mL LF significantly decreased cytotoxicity, oxidation level, DNA damage, and levels of ERK1/2 and JNK (p < 0.05). Our data demonstrate that AFB1 or AFM1 induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage in these four cell lines, and that LF alleviated toxicity by decreasing oxidative stress mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China; Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130000, PR China
| | - Songli Li
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China; Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China; Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jia Liu
- China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries, Beijing 100027, PR China
| | - Hui Ren
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130000, PR China
| | - Yanan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China; Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
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20
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Marchese S, Polo A, Ariano A, Velotto S, Costantini S, Severino L. Aflatoxin B1 and M1: Biological Properties and Their Involvement in Cancer Development. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E214. [PMID: 29794965 PMCID: PMC6024316 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10060214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are fungal metabolites found in feeds and foods. When the ruminants eat feedstuffs containing Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), this toxin is metabolized and Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is excreted in milk. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified AFB1 and AFM1 as human carcinogens belonging to Group 1 and Group 2B, respectively, with the formation of DNA adducts. In the last years, some epidemiological studies were conducted on cancer patients aimed to evaluate the effects of AFB1 and AFM1 exposure on cancer cells in order to verify the correlation between toxin exposure and cancer cell proliferation and invasion. In this review, we summarize the activation pathways of AFB1 and AFM1 and the data already reported in literature about their correlation with cancer development and progression. Moreover, considering that few data are still reported about what genes/proteins/miRNAs can be used as damage markers due to AFB1 and AFM1 exposure, we performed a bioinformatic analysis based on interaction network and miRNA predictions to identify a panel of genes/proteins/miRNAs that can be used as targets in further studies for evaluating the effects of the damages induced by AFB1 and AFM1 and their capacity to induce cancer initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Marchese
- Unità di Farmacologia e Tossicologia-Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", 80138 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Andrea Polo
- Unità di Farmacologia Sperimentale, IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale", 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Andrea Ariano
- Unità di Farmacologia e Tossicologia-Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", 80138 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Velotto
- Unità di Farmacologia e Tossicologia-Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", 80138 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Susan Costantini
- Unità di Farmacologia Sperimentale, IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale", 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Lorella Severino
- Unità di Farmacologia e Tossicologia-Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", 80138 Napoli, Italy.
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21
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Jebali R, Ben Salah-Abbès J, Abbès S, Hassan AM, Abdel-Aziem SH, El-Nekeety AA, Oueslati R, Abdel-Wahhab MA. Lactobacillus plantarum alleviate aflatoxins (B 1 and M 1 ) induced disturbances in the intestinal genes expression and DNA fragmentation in mice. Toxicon 2018; 146:13-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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22
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Manyes L, Escrivá L, Ruiz M, Juan-García A. Beauvericin and enniatin B effects on a human lymphoblastoid Jurkat T-cell model. Food Chem Toxicol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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23
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Rough Titanium Oxide Coating Prepared by Micro-Arc Oxidation Causes Down-Regulation of hTERT Expression, Molecular Presentation, and Cytokine Secretion in Tumor Jurkat T Cells. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11030360. [PMID: 29495627 PMCID: PMC5872939 DOI: 10.3390/ma11030360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The response of the human Jurkat T cell leukemia-derived cell line (Jurkat T cells) after 24 h of in vitro exposure to a titanium substrate (12 × 12 × 1 mm3) with a bilateral rough (Ra = 2.2–3.7 μm) titanium oxide coating (rTOC) applied using the micro-arc method in a 20% orthophosphoric acid solution was studied. A 1.5-fold down-regulation of hTERT mRNA expression and decreases in CD3, CD4, CD8, and CD95 presentation and IL-4 and TNFα secretion were observed. Jurkat T cell inactivation was not correlated with the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and was not mediated by TiO2 nanoparticles with a diameter of 14 ± 8 nm at doses of 1 mg/L or 10 mg/L. The inhibitory effect of the rTOC (Ra = 2.2–3.7 μm) on the survival of Jurkat T cells (Spearman’s coefficient rs = −0.95; n = 9; p < 0.0001) was demonstrated by an increase in the necrotic cell count among the cell population. In turn, an elevation of the Ra index of the rTOC was accompanied by a linear increase (r = 0.6; p < 0.000001, n = 60) in the magnitude of the negative electrostatic potential of the titanium oxide surface. Thus, the roughness of the rTOC induces an electrostatic potential and decreases the viability of the immortalized Jurkat T cells through mechanisms unrelated to ROS generation. This may be useful for replacement surgery applications of rough TiO2 implants in cancer patients.
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24
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Sun C, Li H, Koidis A, Chen Q. Quantifying Aflatoxin B1 in peanut oil using fabricating fluorescence probes based on upconversion nanoparticles. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 165:120-126. [PMID: 27124091 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2016.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Rare earth doped upconversion nanoparticles convert near-infrared excitation light into visible emission light. Compared to organic fluorophores and semiconducting nanoparticles, upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) offer high photochemical stability, sharp emission bandwidths, and large anti-Stokes shifts. Along with the significant light penetration depth and the absence of autofluorescence in biological samples under infrared excitation, these UCNPs have attracted more and more attention on toxin detection and biological labelling. Herein, the fluorescence probe based on UCNPs was developed for quantifying Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in peanut oil. Based on a specific immunity format, the detection limit for AFB1 under optimal conditions was obtained as low as 0.2ng·ml(-1), and in the effective detection range 0.2 to 100ng·ml(-1), good relationship between fluorescence intensity and AFB1 concentration was achieved under the linear ratios up to 0.90. Moreover, to check the feasibility of these probes on AFB1 measurements in peanut oil, recovery tests have been carried out. A good accuracy rating (93.8%) was obtained in this study. Results showed that the nanoparticles can be successfully applied for sensing AFB1 in peanut oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuicui Sun
- School of Food and Biological engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Huanhuan Li
- School of Food and Biological engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Anastasios Koidis
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, BT95GN, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Quansheng Chen
- School of Food and Biological engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China.
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25
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Mohsenzadeh MS, Hedayati N, Riahi-Zanjani B, Karimi G. Immunosuppression following dietary aflatoxin B1 exposure: a review of the existing evidence. TOXIN REV 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2016.1209523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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26
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Gao YN, Wang JQ, Li SL, Zhang YD, Zheng N. Aflatoxin M1 cytotoxicity against human intestinal Caco-2 cells is enhanced in the presence of other mycotoxins. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 96:79-89. [PMID: 27470613 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), a class 2B human carcinogen, is the only mycotoxin with established maximum residue limits (MRLs) in milk. Toxicological data for other mycotoxins in baby food, containing cereals and milk, either in isolation or in combination with AFM1, are sparse. The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxicity of AFM1, ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA), and α-zearalenol (α-ZOL), individually and in combinations, in human Caco-2 cells. The tetrazolium salt (MTT) assay demonstrated that (i) OTA and AFM1 had similar cytotoxicity, which was higher than that of ZEA and α-ZOL, after a 72 h exposure; and (ii) the quaternary combination had the highest cytotoxicity, followed by tertiary and binary combinations and individual mycotoxins. Isobologram analysis indicated that the presence of OTA, ZEA, and/or α-ZOL with AFM1 led to additive and synergistic cytotoxicity in most combinations. The cytotoxicity of OTA was similar to that of AFM1, suggesting that OTA in food poses a health risk to consumers. Furthermore, AFM1 cytotoxicity increased dramatically in the presence of OTA, ZEA, and/or α-ZOL (p < 0.01), indicating that the established MRLs for AFM1 should be re-evaluated considering its frequent co-occurrence with other mycotoxins in baby food which contains milk and cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y N Gao
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - J Q Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - S L Li
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Y D Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - N Zheng
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
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