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Ly H. Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus infection of companion animals. Virulence 2024; 15:2289780. [PMID: 38064414 PMCID: PMC10761027 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2289780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hinh Ly
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA
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Robertson D, Heriot G, Jamrozik E. Herd immunity to endemic diseases: Historical concepts and implications for public health policy. J Eval Clin Pract 2024; 30:625-631. [PMID: 38562003 DOI: 10.1111/jep.13983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND "Herd immunity" became a contested term during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the term "herd immunity" is often used to refer to thresholds at which some diseases can be eliminated (e.g., due to mass vaccination), the term has multiple referents. Different concepts of herd immunity have been relevant throughout the history of immunology and infectious disease epidemiology. For some diseases, herd immunity plays a role in the development of an endemic equilibrium, rather than elimination via threshold effects. METHODS We reviewed academic literature from 1920 to 2022, using historical and philosophical analysis to identify and develop relevant concepts of herd immunity. RESULTS This paper analyses the ambiguity surrounding the concept of herd immunity during the pandemic. We argue for the need to recapture a long-standing interpretation of this concept as one of the factors that leads to a dynamic endemic equilibrium between a host population and a mutating respiratory pathogen. CONCLUSIONS Informed by the history of infectious disease epidemiology, we argue that understanding the concept in this way will help us manage both SARS-CoV-2 and hundreds of other seasonal respiratory pathogens with which we live but which have been disrupted due to sustained public health measures/non-pharmaceutical interventions targeting SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Robertson
- Swiss National Science Foundation; Faculty of History, Oxford Centre for the History of Science, Medicine, and Technology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - George Heriot
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Euzebiusz Jamrozik
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, The Ethox Centre & Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Köntös Z. Lessons should be learned: Why did we not learn from the Spanish flu? SAGE Open Med 2024; 12:20503121241256820. [PMID: 38826825 PMCID: PMC11143818 DOI: 10.1177/20503121241256820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has become a global pandemic that has affected millions of people worldwide. The disease is caused by the novel coronavirus that was first reported in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. The virus is highly contagious and can spread from person to person through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, talks, or breathes. The symptoms of COVID-19 include fever, cough, and shortness of breath, and in severe cases, it can lead to respiratory failure, pneumonia, and death. The Spanish flu, caused by the H1N1 influenza virus, and the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 are two of the most significant global health crises in history. While these two pandemics occurred almost a century apart and are caused by different types of viruses, there are notable similarities in their impact, transmission, and public health responses. Here are some key similarities between the Spanish flu and SARS-CoV-2. The Spanish flu pandemic of 1918-1919 stands as one of the deadliest pandemics in human history, claiming the lives of an estimated 50 million people worldwide. Its impact reverberated across continents, leaving behind a legacy of devastation and lessons that, unfortunately, seem to have been forgotten or ignored over time. Despite the advancements in science, medicine, and public health in the intervening century, humanity found itself facing a strikingly similar situation with the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, amidst the search for effective measures to combat COVID-19, novel approaches such as iodine complexes, such as Iodine-V has emerged as potential interventions, reflecting the ongoing quest for innovative solutions to mitigate the impact of pandemics. This raises the poignant question: why did we not learn from the Spanish flu?
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Li R, Han Q, Li X, Liu X, Jiao W. Natural Product-Derived Phytochemicals for Influenza A Virus (H1N1) Prevention and Treatment. Molecules 2024; 29:2371. [PMID: 38792236 PMCID: PMC11124286 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza A (H1N1) viruses are prone to antigenic mutations and are more variable than other influenza viruses. Therefore, they have caused continuous harm to human public health since the pandemic in 2009 and in recent times. Influenza A (H1N1) can be prevented and treated in various ways, such as direct inhibition of the virus and regulation of human immunity. Among antiviral drugs, the use of natural products in treating influenza has a long history, and natural medicine has been widely considered the focus of development programs for new, safe anti-influenza drugs. In this paper, we focus on influenza A (H1N1) and summarize the natural product-derived phytochemicals for influenza A virus (H1N1) prevention and treatment, including marine natural products, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids and their derivatives, phenols and their derivatives, polysaccharides, and derivatives of natural products for prevention and treatment of influenza A (H1N1) virus. We further discuss the toxicity and antiviral mechanism against influenza A (H1N1) as well as the druggability of natural products. We hope that this review will facilitate the study of the role of natural products against influenza A (H1N1) activity and provide a promising alternative for further anti-influenza A drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruichen Li
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450003, China; (R.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Qianru Han
- Foreign Language Education Department, Zhengzhou Shuqing Medical College, Zhengzhou 450064, China;
| | - Xiaokun Li
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450003, China; (R.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Xinguang Liu
- Co-Construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases by Henan & Education Ministry of China, Zhengzhou 450003, China
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Weijie Jiao
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450003, China; (R.L.); (X.L.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
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5
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He P, Gui M, Chen T, Zeng Y, Chen C, Lu Z, Xia N, Wang G, Chen Y. A Chymotrypsin-Dependent Live-Attenuated Influenza Vaccine Provides Protective Immunity against Homologous and Heterologous Viruses. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:512. [PMID: 38793763 PMCID: PMC11126036 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12050512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus is one of the main pathogens causing respiratory diseases in humans. Vaccines are the most effective ways to prevent viral diseases. However, the limited protective efficacy of current influenza vaccines highlights the importance of novel, safe, and effective universal influenza vaccines. With the progress of the COVID-19 pandemic, live-attenuated vaccines delivered through respiratory mucosa have shown robustly protective efficacy. How to obtain a safe and effective live-attenuated vaccine has become a major challenge. Herein, using the influenza virus as a model, we have established a strategy to quickly obtain a live-attenuated vaccine by mutating the cleavage site of the influenza virus. This mutated influenza virus can be specifically cleaved by chymotrypsin. It has similar biological characteristics to the original strain in vitro, but the safety is improved by at least 100 times in mice. It can effectively protect against lethal doses of both homologous H1N1 and heterologous H5N1 viruses post mucosal administration, confirming that the vaccine generated by this strategy has good safety and broad-spectrum protective activities. Therefore, this study can provide valuable insights for the development of attenuated vaccines for respiratory viruses or other viruses with cleavage sites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Guosong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (P.H.); (M.G.); (T.C.); (Y.Z.); (C.C.); (Z.L.)
| | - Yixin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (P.H.); (M.G.); (T.C.); (Y.Z.); (C.C.); (Z.L.)
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Tang X, Xu XL, Wan N, Zhao Y, Wang R, Li XY, Li Y, Wang L, Li HC, Gu Y, Zhang CY, Yang Q, Tong ZH, Sun B. Long-term outcomes of survivors with influenza A H1N1 virus-induced severe pneumonia and ARDS: a single-center prospective cohort study. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1378379. [PMID: 38606295 PMCID: PMC11007161 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1378379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Systematic evaluation of long-term outcomes in survivors of H1N1 is still lacking. This study aimed to characterize long-term outcomes of severe H1N1-induced pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Method This was a single-center, prospective, cohort study. Survivors were followed up for four times after discharge from intensive care unit (ICU) by lung high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT), pulmonary function assessment, 6-minute walk test (6MWT), and SF-36 instrument. Result A total of 60 survivors of H1N1-induced pneumonia and ARDS were followed up for four times. The carbon monoxide at single breath (DLCO) of predicted values and the 6MWT results didn't continue improving after 3 months. Health-related quality of life didn't change during the 12 months after ICU discharge. Reticulation or interlobular septal thickening on HRCT did not begin to improve significantly until the 12-month follow-up. The DLCO of predicted values showed negative correlation with the severity degree of primary disease and reticulation or interlobular septal thickening, and a positive correlation with physical functioning. The DLCO of predicted values and reticulation or interlobular septal thickening both correlated with the highest tidal volume during mechanical ventilation. Levels of fibrogenic cytokines had a positive correlation with reticulation or interlobular septal thickening. Conclusion The improvements in pulmonary function and exercise capacity, imaging, and health-related quality of life had different time phase and impact on each other during 12 months of follow-up. Long-term outcomes of pulmonary fibrosis might be related to the lung injury and excessive lung fibroproliferation at the early stage during ICU admission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Tang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Li Xu
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Na Wan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xu-Yan Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Chao Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Gu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Yan Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Tong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Koch B, Shehata M, Müller-Ruttloff C, Gouda SA, Wetzstein N, Patyna S, Scholz A, Schmid T, Dietrich U, Münch C, Ziebuhr J, Geiger H, Martinez-Sobrido L, Baer PC, Mostafa A, Pleschka S. Influenza A virus replicates productively in primary human kidney cells and induces factors and mechanisms related to regulated cell death and renal pathology observed in virus-infected patients. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1363407. [PMID: 38590437 PMCID: PMC10999593 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1363407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Influenza A virus (IAV) infection can cause the often-lethal acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) of the lung. Concomitantly, acute kidney injury (AKI) is frequently noticed during IAV infection, correlating with an increased mortality. The aim of this study was to elucidate the interaction of IAV with human kidney cells and, thereby, to assess the mechanisms underlying IAV-mediated AKI. Methods To investigate IAV effects on nephron cells we performed infectivity assays with human IAV, as well as with human isolates of either low or highly pathogenic avian IAV. Also, transcriptome and proteome analysis of IAV-infected primary human distal tubular kidney cells (DTC) was performed. Furthermore, the DTC transcriptome was compared to existing transcriptomic data from IAV-infected lung and trachea cells. Results We demonstrate productive replication of all tested IAV strains on primary and immortalized nephron cells. Comparison of our transcriptome and proteome analysis of H1N1-type IAV-infected human primary distal tubular cells (DTC) with existing data from H1N1-type IAV-infected lung and primary trachea cells revealed enrichment of specific factors responsible for regulated cell death in primary DTC, which could be targeted by specific inhibitors. Discussion IAV not only infects, but also productively replicates on different human nephron cells. Importantly, multi-omics analysis revealed regulated cell death as potential contributing factor for the clinically observed kidney pathology in influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Koch
- Department of Internal Medicine 4, Nephrology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mahmoud Shehata
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo, Egypt
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christin Müller-Ruttloff
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Shady A. Gouda
- Institute for Biochemistry II, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nils Wetzstein
- Department of Internal Medicine 2, Infectious Diseases, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sammy Patyna
- Department of Internal Medicine 4, Nephrology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anica Scholz
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tobias Schmid
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ursula Dietrich
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christian Münch
- Institute for Biochemistry II, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - John Ziebuhr
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Helmut Geiger
- Department of Internal Medicine 4, Nephrology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Luis Martinez-Sobrido
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Disease Intervention & Prevention (DIP) and Host Pathogen Interactions (HPI) Programs, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Patrick C. Baer
- Department of Internal Medicine 4, Nephrology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo, Egypt
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Disease Intervention & Prevention (DIP) and Host Pathogen Interactions (HPI) Programs, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Stephan Pleschka
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Brown G, Marchwicka A, Marcinkowska E. Vitamin D and immune system. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2024; 109:1-41. [PMID: 38777411 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2023.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The active metabolite of vitamin D 1,25(OH)2D is well known for its role in regulating calcium-phosphate homeostasis of the human body. However, the immunomodulating activity of 1,25(OH)2D has been known for many years. There are numerous reports correlating low vitamin D levels in blood serum with the onset of autoimmune diseases and with the severe course of acute infections. In this chapter, we address the role of 1,25(OH)2D in these diseases, and we discuss the possible mechanisms of action of 1,25(OH)2D in immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Brown
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Aleksandra Marchwicka
- Department of Protein Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ewa Marcinkowska
- Department of Protein Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland.
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Murgaš F, Petrovič F, Tirpáková A. Quality of place as the winner of the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in terms of quality of life. Will this knowledge strengthen the development of geographical psychology? Heliyon 2024; 10:e26261. [PMID: 38390051 PMCID: PMC10881370 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The paper is focused on the third wave of the pandemic and its comparison with the first wave in terms of the quality of life of university students in Czechia. In the first wave, the society came together, with solidarity being a prominent manifestation. The third wave differed from the first one in medical (vaccination was already available) as well as social terms. The paper has two objectives, the first is to measure the quality of life and related variables in the third wave of the pandemic and to compare the values found in the third wave with those in the first wave of the pandemic. The second objective is to identify which of the factors related to quality of life are predictors of that quality. The hypothesis assumes different measured values of quality of life for men and women. The measurement yielded knowledge of the high value of quality of place and environmental quality, which can enrich the quality of life epistemology on the one hand and geographical psychology on the other. Trust, health, happiness, quality of place, and safety were identified as factors. The measurement revealed the finding of different quality of life values in the third and first wave of the pandemic. While quality of life values increased in the first wave compared to the pre-pandemic period, both quality of life values and factors decreased in the third wave compared to the first wave. The only exception was one factor that we consider to be a winner of the third wave of the pandemic. The factor that declined in all measurements is considered to be the loser of the third wave of the pandemic. The paper concludes with implications derived from these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- František Murgaš
- Department of Geography, Technical University in Liberec, Studentská 2, 461 17, Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - František Petrovič
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 1, 949 01, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Anna Tirpáková
- Department of Mathematics, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 1, 949 01, Nitra, Slovakia
- Department of School Education, Faculty of Humanities, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Štefánikova 5670, Zlín, 760 00, Czech Republic
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10
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Lehnert T, Gijs MAM. Microfluidic systems for infectious disease diagnostics. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:1441-1493. [PMID: 38372324 DOI: 10.1039/d4lc00117f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Microorganisms, encompassing both uni- and multicellular entities, exhibit remarkable diversity as omnipresent life forms in nature. They play a pivotal role by supplying essential components for sustaining biological processes across diverse ecosystems, including higher host organisms. The complex interactions within the human gut microbiota are crucial for metabolic functions, immune responses, and biochemical signalling, particularly through the gut-brain axis. Viruses also play important roles in biological processes, for example by increasing genetic diversity through horizontal gene transfer when replicating inside living cells. On the other hand, infection of the human body by microbiological agents may lead to severe physiological disorders and diseases. Infectious diseases pose a significant burden on global healthcare systems, characterized by substantial variations in the epidemiological landscape. Fast spreading antibiotic resistance or uncontrolled outbreaks of communicable diseases are major challenges at present. Furthermore, delivering field-proven point-of-care diagnostic tools to the most severely affected populations in low-resource settings is particularly important and challenging. New paradigms and technological approaches enabling rapid and informed disease management need to be implemented. In this respect, infectious disease diagnostics taking advantage of microfluidic systems combined with integrated biosensor-based pathogen detection offers a host of innovative and promising solutions. In this review, we aim to outline recent activities and progress in the development of microfluidic diagnostic tools. Our literature research mainly covers the last 5 years. We will follow a classification scheme based on the human body systems primarily involved at the clinical level or on specific pathogen transmission modes. Important diseases, such as tuberculosis and malaria, will be addressed more extensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lehnert
- Laboratory of Microsystems, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland.
| | - Martin A M Gijs
- Laboratory of Microsystems, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland.
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Lassnig S, Hennig-Pauka I, Bonilla MC, Mörgelin M, Imker R, von Köckritz-Blickwede M, de Buhr N. Impact of bronchoalveolar lavage from influenza A virus diseased pigs on neutrophil functions and growth of co-infecting pathogenic bacteria. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1325269. [PMID: 38449874 PMCID: PMC10914936 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1325269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Influenza A viruses (IAVs) infect the respiratory tract of mainly humans, poultry, and pigs. Co-infections with pathogenic lung bacteria are a common event and contribute to the severity of disease progression. Neutrophils are a major cell type of the innate immune system and are rapidly recruited to the site of infection. They have several effector functions to fight invading pathogens such as the secretion of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs are known to promote the growth of Pasteurellaceae bacteria, especially if degraded by nucleases. Methods In this study, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from 45 field-infected pigs was analyzed for 1) NET markers, 2) influence on growth of lung bacteria, and 3) impact on neutrophil functions. BALF samples from 21 IAV-positive pigs and 24 lung diseased but IAV-negative pigs were compared. Results Here, we show that neutrophils in the lungs of IAV-positive pigs release vesicular NETs. Several NET markers were increased in the BALF of IAV-positive pigs compared with the BALF from IAV-negative pigs. The amount of NET markers positively correlated with the viral load of the IAV infection. Interestingly, the BALF of IAV-positive pigs enhanced the growth of bacteria belonging to the family of Pasteurellaceae as potential coinfecting bacteria. These effects were weaker with the BALF derived from IAV-negative pigs with other lung infections. The intensity of oxidative burst in neutrophils was significantly decreased by BALF from IAVpositive pigs, indicating impaired antimicrobial activity of neutrophils. Finally, the lung milieu reflected by IAV-positive BALF does not enable neutrophils to kill Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae but rather enhances its growth. Discussion In summary, our data show that an IAV infection is affecting neutrophil functions, in particular the release of NETs and ROS. Furthermore, IAV infection seems to provide growth-enhancing factors for especially coinfecting Pasteurellaceae and reduces the killing efficiency of neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Lassnig
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Isabel Hennig-Pauka
- Clinic for Swine, Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Field Station for Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bakum, Germany
| | - Marta C. Bonilla
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Rabea Imker
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maren von Köckritz-Blickwede
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicole de Buhr
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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12
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Bali Swain R, Lin X, Wallentin FY. COVID-19 pandemic waves: Identification and interpretation of global data. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25090. [PMID: 38327425 PMCID: PMC10847870 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The mention of the COVID-19 waves is as prevalent as the pandemic itself. Identifying the beginning and end of the wave is critical to evaluating the impact of various COVID-19 variants and the different pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical (including economic, health and social, etc.) interventions. We demonstrate a scientifically robust method to identify COVID-19 waves and the breaking points at which they begin and end from January 2020 to June 2021. Employing the Break Least Square method, we determine the significance of COVID-19 waves for global-, regional-, and country-level data. The results show that the method works efficiently in detecting different breaking points. Identifying these breaking points is critical for evaluating the impact of the economic, health, social and other welfare interventions implemented during the pandemic crisis. Employing our method with high frequency data effectively determines the start and end points of the COVID-19 wave(s). Identifying waves at the country level is more relevant than at the global or regional levels. Our research results evidenced that the COVID-19 wave takes about 48 days on average to subside once it begins, irrespective of the circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjula Bali Swain
- Department of Economics, Södertörn University, 141 89 Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Sustainability Research (SIR), Stockholm School of Economics, Box 6501, SE-11383, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiang Lin
- Department of Economics, Södertörn University, 141 89 Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Doran Á, Colvin CL, McLaughlin E. What can we learn from historical pandemics? A systematic review of the literature. Soc Sci Med 2024; 342:116534. [PMID: 38184966 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
What are the insights from historical pandemics for policymaking today? We carry out a systematic review of the literature on the impact of pandemics that occurred since the Industrial Revolution and prior to Covid-19. Our literature searches were conducted between June 2020 and September 2023, with the final review encompassing 169 research papers selected for their relevance to understanding either the demographic or economic impact of pandemics. We include literature from across disciplines to maximise our knowledge base, finding many relevant articles in journals which would not normally be on the radar of social scientists. Our review identifies two gaps in the literature: (1) the need to study pandemics and their effects more collectively rather than looking at them in isolation; and (2) the need for more study of pandemics besides 1918 Spanish Influenza, especially milder pandemic episodes. These gaps are a consequence of academics working in silos, failing to draw on the skills and knowledge offered by other disciplines. Synthesising existing knowledge on pandemics in one place provides a basis upon which to identify the lessons in preparing for future catastrophic disease events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Áine Doran
- Department of Accounting, Finance and Economics, Ulster University, 2-24 York Street, Belfast, BT15 1AP, UK.
| | - Christopher L Colvin
- Department of Economics, Queen's University Belfast, Riddel Hall, 185 Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5EE, UK.
| | - Eoin McLaughlin
- Department of Accounting, Finance and Economics, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.
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14
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Zhao Z, Han S, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Yue K, Abbas S, He H. Impaired influenza A virus replication by the host restriction factor SAMHD1 which inhibited by PA-mediated dephosphorylation of the host transcription factor IRF3. Virol J 2024; 21:33. [PMID: 38287375 PMCID: PMC10826253 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02295-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza A virus (IAV) can cause severe and life-threatening illness in humans and animals. Therefore, it is important to search for host antiviral proteins and elucidate their antiviral mechanisms for the development of potential treatments. As a part of human innate immunity, host restriction factors can inhibit the replication of viruses, among which SAM and HD domain containing deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase 1 (SAMHD1) can restrict the replication of viruses, such as HIV and enterovirus EV71. Viruses also developed countermeasures in the arms race with their hosts. There are few reports about whether SAMHD1 has a restriction effect on IAV. METHODS To investigate the impact of IAV infection on SAMHD1 expression in A549 cells, we infected A549 cells with a varying multiplicity of infection (MOI) of IAV and collected cell samples at different time points for WB and RT-qPCR analysis to detect viral protein and SAMHD1 levels. The virus replication level in the cell culture supernatant was determined using TCID50 assay. Luciferase assay was used to reveal that H5N1 virus polymerase acidic protein (PA) affected the activity of the SAMHD1 promoter. To assess the antiviral capacity of SAMHD1, we generated a knockdown and overexpressed cell line for detecting H5N1 replication. RESULTS In this study, we observed that SAMHD1 can restrict the intracellular replication of H5N1 and that the H5N1 viral protein PA can downregulate the expression of SAMHD1 by affecting SAMHD1 transcriptional promoter activity. We also found that SAMHD1's ability to restrict H5N1 is related to phosphorylation at 592-tyrosine. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, we found that SAMHD1 may affect the replication of IAVs as a host restriction factor and be countered by PA. Furthermore, SAMHD1 may be a potential target for developing antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilei Zhao
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Shuyi Han
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qingxun Zhang
- Beijing Milu Ecological Research Center, Beijing, 100076, China
| | - Ye Wang
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Kening Yue
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Salbia Abbas
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Hongxuan He
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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15
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Latosińska M, Latosińska JN. Favipiravir Analogues as Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase, Combined Quantum Chemical Modeling, Quantitative Structure-Property Relationship, and Molecular Docking Study. Molecules 2024; 29:441. [PMID: 38257352 PMCID: PMC10818557 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Our study was motivated by the urgent need to develop or improve antivirals for effective therapy targeting RNA viruses. We hypothesized that analogues of favipiravir (FVP), an inhibitor of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), could provide more effective nucleic acid recognition and binding processes while reducing side effects such as cardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, teratogenicity, and embryotoxicity. We proposed a set of FVP analogues together with their forms of triphosphate as new SARS-CoV-2 RdRp inhibitors. The main aim of our study was to investigate changes in the mechanism and binding capacity resulting from these modifications. Using three different approaches, QTAIM, QSPR, and MD, the differences in the reactivity, toxicity, binding efficiency, and ability to be incorporated by RdRp were assessed. Two new quantum chemical reactivity descriptors, the relative electro-donating and electro-accepting power, were defined and successfully applied. Moreover, a new quantitative method for comparing binding modes was developed based on mathematical metrics and an atypical radar plot. These methods provide deep insight into the set of desirable properties responsible for inhibiting RdRp, allowing ligands to be conveniently screened. The proposed modification of the FVP structure seems to improve its binding ability and enhance the productive mode of binding. In particular, two of the FVP analogues (the trifluoro- and cyano-) bind very strongly to the RNA template, RNA primer, cofactors, and RdRp, and thus may constitute a very good alternative to FVP.
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16
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Das U, Chawla-Sarkar M, Gangopadhyay SR, Dey S, Sharma RD. Role of Influenza A virus protein NS1 in regulating host nuclear body ND10 complex formation and its involvement in establishment of viral pathogenesis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0295522. [PMID: 38166085 PMCID: PMC10760828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza viral infection is a seasonal infection which causes widespread acute respiratory issues among humans globally. This virus changes its surface receptor composition to escape the recognition process by the host's immune cells. Therefore, the present study focussed to identify some other important viral proteins which have a significant role in establishment of infection and having apparent conserved structural composition. This could facilitate the permanent vaccine development process or help in designing a drug against IAV (influenza A virus) infection which will eliminate the seasonal flu shot vaccination process. The NS1 (Non-structural protein 1) protein of IAV maintains a conserved structural motif. Earlier studies have shown its significant role in infection establishment. However, the mechanism by which viruses escape the host's ND10 antiviral action remains elusive. The present study clearly showed that IAV infection and NS1 transfection in A549 cells degraded the main component of the ND10 anti-viral complex, PML and therefore, inhibited the formation of Daxx-sp100-p53-PML complex (ND10) at the mid phase of infection/transfection. PML degradation activated the stress axis which increased cellular ROS (reactive oxygen species) levels as well as mitochondrial dysfunction. Additionally, IAV/NS1 increased cellular stress and p53 accumulation at the late phase of infection. These collectively activated apoptotic pathway in the host cells. Along with the inactivation of several interferon proteins, IAV was found to decrease p-IKKε. A549 cells transfected with pcDNA3.1-NS1 showed a similar effect in the interferon axis and IKKε. Moreover, NS1 induced the disintegration of the host's ND10 complex through the changes in the SUMOylation pattern of the PML nuclear body. These findings suggest the possible mechanism of how NS1 helps IAV to establish infection in the host cells. However, it demands further detailed study before targeting NS1 to develop permanent vaccines or novel drugs against IAV in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjal Das
- Barrackpore Rastraguru Surendranath College, Barrackpore, India
- Endocrine Research Facilities, Department of Animal Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Mamta Chawla-Sarkar
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Sanjit Dey
- Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Rakhi Dey Sharma
- Barrackpore Rastraguru Surendranath College, Barrackpore, India
- Natural Science Research Centre of Belda College under Vidyasagar University and Department of Physiology, Belda College, Belda, Paschim Medinipur, India
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17
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Goldberg Z, Linder AG, Miller LN, Sorrell EM. Wastewater Collection and Sequencing as a Proactive Approach to Utilizing Threat Agnostic Biological Defense. Health Secur 2024; 22:11-15. [PMID: 37856169 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2023.0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zev Goldberg
- Zev Goldberg, MSc, was a 2022-2023 Griffin Fellow; Elizabeth R. Griffin Program, Center for Global Health Science and Security, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Alexander G Linder
- Alexander G. Linder, MSc, is Junior Scientists; Elizabeth R. Griffin Program, Center for Global Health Science and Security, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Lauren N Miller
- Lauren N. Miller, MSc, is Junior Scientists; Elizabeth R. Griffin Program, Center for Global Health Science and Security, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Erin M Sorrell
- Erin M. Sorrell, PhD, MSc, is a Senior Scholar, Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security, and an Associate Professor, Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
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18
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Basco S, Domènech J, Rosés JR. Socioeconomic mortality differences during the Great Influenza in Spain. ECONOMICS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY 2024; 52:101318. [PMID: 38070226 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2023.101318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Despite being one of the deadliest viruses in history, there is limited information on the socioeconomic factors that affected mortality rates during the Great Influenza Pandemic. In this study, we use occupation-province level data to investigate the relationship between influenza excess mortality rates and occupation-related status in Spain. We obtain three main results. Firstly, individuals in low-income occupations experienced the highest excess mortality, pointing to a notable income gradient. Secondly, professions that involved more social interaction were associated with a higher excess of mortality, regardless of income. Finally, we observe a substantial rural mortality penalty, even after controlling for income-related occupational groups. Based on this evidence, it seems that the high number of deaths was caused by not self-isolating. Some individuals did not quarantine themselves because they could not afford to miss work. In rural areas, home confinement was likely more limited because their inhabitants did not have immediate access to information about the pandemic or fully understand its impact due to their limited experience handling influenza outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Basco
- Departament d'Economia, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jordi Domènech
- Department of Social Sciences, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain.
| | - Joan R Rosés
- Historical Economic Demography Group, Department of Economic History, London School of Economics and CEPR, United Kingdom.
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19
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Wani AK, Chopra C, Dhanjal DS, Akhtar N, Singh H, Bhau P, Singh A, Sharma V, Pinheiro RSB, Américo-Pinheiro JHP, Singh R. Metagenomics in the fight against zoonotic viral infections: A focus on SARS-CoV-2 analogues. J Virol Methods 2024; 323:114837. [PMID: 37914040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Zoonotic viral infections continue to pose significant threats to global public health, as highlighted by the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 served as a stark reminder of the potential for zoonotic transmission of viruses from animals to humans. Understanding the origins and dynamics of zoonotic viruses is critical for early detection, prevention, and effective management of future outbreaks. Metagenomics has emerged as a powerful tool for investigating the virome of diverse ecosystems, shedding light on the diversity of viral populations, their hosts, and potential zoonotic spillover events. We provide an in-depth examination of metagenomic approaches, including, NGS metagenomics, shotgun metagenomics, viral metagenomics, and single-virus metagenomics, highlighting their strengths and limitations in identifying and characterizing zoonotic viral pathogens. This review underscores the pivotal role of metagenomics in enhancing our ability to detect, monitor, and mitigate zoonotic viral infections, using SARS-CoV-2 analogues as a case study. We emphasize the need for continued interdisciplinary collaboration among virologists, ecologists, and bioinformaticians to harness the full potential of metagenomic approaches in safeguarding public health against emerging zoonotic threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atif Khurshid Wani
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab 144411, India
| | - Chirag Chopra
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab 144411, India
| | - Daljeet Singh Dhanjal
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab 144411, India
| | - Nahid Akhtar
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab 144411, India
| | - Himanshu Singh
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab 144411, India
| | - Poorvi Bhau
- School of Biotechnology, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Anjuvan Singh
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab 144411, India
| | - Varun Sharma
- NMC Genetics India Pvt. Ltd, Gurugram, Harayana, India
| | - Rafael Silvio Bonilha Pinheiro
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Animal Production, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Heloisa Pinê Américo-Pinheiro
- Department of Forest Science, Soils and Environment, School of Agronomic Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Ave. Universitária, 3780, Botucatu, SP 18610-034, Brazil; Graduate Program in Environmental Sciences, Brazil University, Street Carolina Fonseca, 584, São Paulo, SP 08230-030, Brazil
| | - Reena Singh
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab 144411, India.
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20
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Park J, Champion JA. Development of Self-Assembled Protein Nanocage Spatially Functionalized with HA Stalk as a Broadly Cross-Reactive Influenza Vaccine Platform. ACS NANO 2023; 17:25045-25060. [PMID: 38084728 PMCID: PMC10753887 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c07669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
There remains a need for the development of a universal influenza vaccine, as current seasonal influenza vaccines exhibit limited protection against mismatched, mutated, or pandemic influenza viruses. A desirable approach to developing an effective universal influenza vaccine is the incorporation of highly conserved antigens in a multivalent scaffold that enhances their immunogenicity. Here, we develop a broadly cross-reactive influenza vaccine by functionalizing self-assembled protein nanocages (SAPNs) with multiple copies of the hemagglutinin stalk on the outer surface and matrix protein 2 ectodomain on the inner surface. SAPNs were generated by engineering short coiled coils, and the design was simulated by MD GROMACS. Due to the short sequences, off-target immune responses against empty SAPN scaffolds were not seen in immunized mice. Vaccination with the multivalent SAPNs induces high levels of broadly cross-reactive antibodies of only external antigens, demonstrating tight spatial control over the designed antigen placement. This work demonstrates the use of SAPNs as a potential influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeyoung Park
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 950 Atlantic Dr. NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-2000, United States
| | - Julie A. Champion
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 950 Atlantic Dr. NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-2000, United States
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21
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Liang Y. Pathogenicity and virulence of influenza. Virulence 2023; 14:2223057. [PMID: 37339323 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2223057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses, including four major types (A, B, C, and D), can cause mild-to-severe and lethal diseases in humans and animals. Influenza viruses evolve rapidly through antigenic drift (mutation) and shift (reassortment of the segmented viral genome). New variants, strains, and subtypes have emerged frequently, causing epidemic, zoonotic, and pandemic infections, despite currently available vaccines and antiviral drugs. In recent years, avian influenza viruses, such as H5 and H7 subtypes, have caused hundreds to thousands of zoonotic infections in humans with high case fatality rates. The likelihood of these animal influenza viruses acquiring airborne transmission in humans through viral evolution poses great concern for the next pandemic. Severe influenza viral disease is caused by both direct viral cytopathic effects and exacerbated host immune response against high viral loads. Studies have identified various mutations in viral genes that increase viral replication and transmission, alter tissue tropism or species specificity, and evade antivirals or pre-existing immunity. Significant progress has also been made in identifying and characterizing the host components that mediate antiviral responses, pro-viral functions, or immunopathogenesis following influenza viral infections. This review summarizes the current knowledge on viral determinants of influenza virulence and pathogenicity, protective and immunopathogenic aspects of host innate and adaptive immune responses, and antiviral and pro-viral roles of host factors and cellular signalling pathways. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of viral virulence factors and virus-host interactions is critical for the development of preventive and therapeutic measures against influenza diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Liang
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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22
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Meseko C, Sanicas M, Asha K, Sulaiman L, Kumar B. Antiviral options and therapeutics against influenza: history, latest developments and future prospects. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1269344. [PMID: 38094741 PMCID: PMC10716471 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1269344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Drugs and chemotherapeutics have helped to manage devastating impacts of infectious diseases since the concept of 'magic bullet'. The World Health Organization estimates about 650,000 deaths due to respiratory diseases linked to seasonal influenza each year. Pandemic influenza, on the other hand, is the most feared health disaster and probably would have greater and immediate impact on humanity than climate change. While countermeasures, biosecurity and vaccination remain the most effective preventive strategies against this highly infectious and communicable disease, antivirals are nonetheless essential to mitigate clinical manifestations following infection and to reduce devastating complications and mortality. Continuous emergence of the novel strains of rapidly evolving influenza viruses, some of which are intractable, require new approaches towards influenza chemotherapeutics including optimization of existing anti-infectives and search for novel therapies. Effective management of influenza infections depend on the safety and efficacy of selected anti-infective in-vitro studies and their clinical applications. The outcomes of therapies are also dependent on understanding diversity in patient groups, co-morbidities, co-infections and combination therapies. In this extensive review, we have discussed the challenges of influenza epidemics and pandemics and discoursed the options for anti-viral chemotherapies for effective management of influenza virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Meseko
- Regional Centre for Animal Influenza, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - Melvin Sanicas
- Medical and Clinical Development, Clover Biopharmaceuticals, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kumari Asha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Lanre Sulaiman
- Regional Centre for Animal Influenza, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - Binod Kumar
- Department of Antiviral Research, Institute of Advanced Virology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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23
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Nizam NN, Mahmud S, Ark SMA, Kamruzzaman M, Hasan MK. Bakuchiol, a natural constituent and its pharmacological benefits. F1000Res 2023; 12:29. [PMID: 38021404 PMCID: PMC10683784 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.129072.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Natural compounds extracted from medicinal plants have recently gained attention in therapeutics as they are considered to have lower Toxicity and higher tolerability relative to chemically synthesized compounds. Bakuchiol from Psoralea corylifolia L. is one such compound; it is a type of meroterpene derived from the leaves and seeds of Psoralea corylifolia plants. Natural sources of bakuchiol have been used in traditional Chinese and Indian medicine for centuries due to its preventive benefits against tumors and inflammation. It plays a strong potential role as an antioxidant with impressive abilities to remove Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). This review has focused on bakuchiol's extraction, therapeutic applications, and pharmacological benefits. Methods A search strategy has been followed to retrieve the relevant newly published literature on the pharmacological benefits of bakuchiol. After an extensive study of the retrieved articles and maintaining the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 110 articles were finally selected for this review. Results Strong support of primary research on the protective effects via antitumorigenic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antimicrobial, and antiviral activities are delineated. Conclusions From ancient to modern life, medicinal plants have always been drawing the attention of human beings to alleviate ailments for a healthy and balanced lifestyle. This review is a comprehensive approach to highlighting bona fide essential pharmacological benefits and mechanisms underlying their therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuder Nower Nizam
- Department of Public Health, American International University Bangladesh, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Sohel Mahmud
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tajgaon College, Dhaka, National University, Bangladesh, Gazipur, 1704, Bangladesh
| | - S M Albar Ark
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tajgaon College, Dhaka, National University, Bangladesh, Gazipur, 1704, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Kamruzzaman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Kamrul Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tajgaon College, Dhaka, National University, Bangladesh, Gazipur, 1704, Bangladesh
- Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
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24
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Thomson WR, Puthucheary ZA, Wan YI. Critical care and pandemic preparedness and response. Br J Anaesth 2023; 131:847-860. [PMID: 37689541 PMCID: PMC10636520 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2023.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Critical care was established partially in response to a polio epidemic in the 1950s. In the intervening 70 yr, several epidemics and pandemics have placed critical care and allied services under extreme pressure. Pandemics cause wholesale changes to accepted standards of practice, require reallocation and retargeting of resources and goals of care. In addition to clinical acumen, mounting an effective critical care response to a pandemic requires local, national, and international coordination in a diverse array of fields from research collaboration and governance to organisation of critical care networks and applied biomedical ethics in the eventuality of triage situations. This review provides an introduction to an array of topics that pertain to different states of pandemic acuity: interpandemic preparedness, alert, surge activity, recovery and relapse through the literature and experience of recent pandemics including COVID-19, H1N1, Ebola, and SARS.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Thomson
- Adult Critical Care Unit, Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel, London, UK; William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Zudin A Puthucheary
- Adult Critical Care Unit, Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel, London, UK; William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Yize I Wan
- Adult Critical Care Unit, Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel, London, UK; William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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25
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Wolf RM, Antoon JW. Influenza in Children and Adolescents: Epidemiology, Management, and Prevention. Pediatr Rev 2023; 44:605-617. [PMID: 37907421 PMCID: PMC10676733 DOI: 10.1542/pir.2023-005962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
EDUCATION GAP Influenza is among the most common infectious causes of pediatric emergency department visits and hospitalizations. Clinicians should use evidence-based guidelines to learn how to identify, manage, prevent, and treat influenza cases. Disease caused by influenza virus can be mitigated with appropriate treatment and prevention efforts. OBJECTIVES After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Describe the virology and epidemiology of influenza. 2. List the clinical features and complications of influenza infections. 3. List the benefits and limitations of testing modalities for the diagnosis of influenza. 4. Appropriately apply American Academy of Pediatrics, Infectious Diseases Society of America, and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) treatment guidelines for influenza or suspected influenza. 5. Describe the importance of influenza vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Wolf
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - James W Antoon
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
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Kim S, Seok H, Kim BK, Hwang J, Park DW, Shin JS, Kim JH. COVID-19 versus Other Disease Etiologies as the Cause of ARDS in Patients Necessitating Venovenous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation-A Comparison of Patients' Data during the Three Years of the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6752. [PMID: 37959217 PMCID: PMC10647761 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12216752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Considering the characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), we compared the clinical course and outcomes of patients with ARDS who received venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV ECMO) based on the etiology of ARDS. This retrospective single-center study included adult patients with severe ARDS necessitating VV ECMO during the COVID-19 pandemic. Among 45 patients who received VV ECMO, 21 presented with COVID-19. COVID-19 patients exhibited lower sequential organ failure assessment scores (9 [8-12.75] versus 8 [4-11.5], p = 0.033) but longer duration of VV ECMO support (10.5 days [3.25-29.25] versus 28 days [10.5-70.5] p = 0.018), which was accompanied by an weaning off rate from VV ECMO in 12/24 (50%) versus 12/21 (57.1%) and 28-day mortality in 9/24 [37.5%] versus 2/21 [9.5%] in non-COVID-19 and COVID-19 patients (p = 0.767, p = 0.040), respectively. Finally, in the adjusted Cox regression model for hospital mortality, the hazard ratio of COVID-19 was not significant (hazard ratio 0.350, 95% confidence interval 0.110-1.115, p = 0.076). Although the VV ECMO period was longer, COVID-19 did not significantly impact ECMO weaning off and mortality rates. Nonetheless, judicious patient selections based on risk factors should be followed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sua Kim
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan 15355, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hyeri Seok
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan 15355, Republic of Korea; (H.S.); (D.W.P.)
| | - Beong Ki Kim
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan 15355, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jinwook Hwang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan 15355, Republic of Korea; (J.H.); (J.S.S.)
| | - Dae Won Park
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan 15355, Republic of Korea; (H.S.); (D.W.P.)
| | - Jae Seung Shin
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan 15355, Republic of Korea; (J.H.); (J.S.S.)
| | - Je Hyeong Kim
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan 15355, Republic of Korea;
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27
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Morimoto R, Isegawa Y. Anti-Influenza Virus Activity of Citrullus lanatus var. citroides as a Functional Food: A Review. Foods 2023; 12:3866. [PMID: 37893759 PMCID: PMC10606521 DOI: 10.3390/foods12203866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza is an acute respiratory illness caused by the influenza virus, in response to which vaccines and antiviral drugs are administered. In recent years, the antiviral effects of plants and foods have garnered attention. This review is the first to summarize the therapeutic properties of wild watermelon (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides) against influenza from a phytochemical viewpoint. Wild watermelon is a wild plant with significant potential as a therapeutic candidate in antiviral strategies, when focused on its multiple anti-influenza functionalities. Wild watermelon juice inhibits viral growth, entry, and replication. Hence, we highlight the possibility of utilizing wild watermelon for the prevention and treatment of influenza with stronger antiviral activity. Phytochemicals and phytoestrogen (polyphenol, flavonoids, and prenylated compounds) in wild watermelon juice contribute to this activity and inhibit various stages of viral replication, depending on the molecular structure. Wild plants and foods closely related to the original species contain many natural compounds such as phytochemicals, and exhibit various viral growth inhibitory effects. These natural products provide useful information for future antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Morimoto
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Life Science, Shikoku University, Tokushima 771-1192, Japan;
| | - Yuji Isegawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
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28
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Moon SH, Na W, Shin S, Kim H, Noh JY, Jang SS, Kim MC, Lim HA, Kim HY, Mun DY, Yoon SW, Kim HK. Evidence for the circulation of genotype 4 Eurasian avian-like lineage swine H1N1 influenza A viruses on Korean swine farms, obtained using a newly developed one-step multiplex RT-qPCR assay. Arch Virol 2023; 168:267. [PMID: 37801138 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05887-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Genotype 4 (G4) Eurasian avian-like lineage swine H1N1 influenza A viruses, which are reassortants containing sequences from the pandemic 2009 H1N1 virus lineage, triple-reassortant-lineage internal genes, and EA-lineage external genes, have been reported in China since 2013. These have been predominant in pig populations since 2016 and have exhibited pandemic potential. In this study, we developed a one-step multiplex RT-qPCR assay targeting the M, HA1, and PB2 genes to detect G4 and related EA H1N1 viruses, with detection limits of 1.5 × 101 copies/μL and 1.15 × 10-2 ng/μL for the purified PCR products and RNA templates, respectively. The specificity of the detection method was confirmed using various influenza virus subtypes. When the one-step multiplex RT-qPCR assay was applied to swine respiratory samples collected between 2020 and 2022 in Korea, a virus related to G4 EA H1N1 strains was detected. Phylogenetic analysis based on portions of all eight genome segments showed that the positive sample contained HA, NA, PB2, NS, and NP genes closely related to those of G4 EA H1N1 viruses, confirming the ability of our assay to accurately detect G4 EA H1N1 viruses in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Hyun Moon
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, South Korea
| | - Woonsung Na
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Seongho Shin
- Optipharm Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, Cheongju, 28158, South Korea
| | - Hyunil Kim
- Optipharm, Inc., Cheongju, 28158, South Korea
| | - Ji Yeong Noh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, South Korea
| | - Seong Sik Jang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, South Korea
| | - Min Chan Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, South Korea
| | - Hyun A Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, South Korea
| | - Ha Yeon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, South Korea
| | - Da Young Mun
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, South Korea
| | - Sun-Woo Yoon
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea.
- Department of Vaccine Biotechnology, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, South Korea.
| | - Hye Kwon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, South Korea.
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Suwannarong K, Kanthawee P, Thammasutti K, Ponlap T, Klinnoi A, Lantican C, Amonsin A. A qualitative study on knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) toward swine influenza, information on pig farms and zoonosis reporting systems in Thailand. Prev Vet Med 2023; 219:106020. [PMID: 37696206 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.106020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
This qualitative study aimed to determine knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) on swine influenza (SIV) among pig farm owners, pig farm workers, community leaders, public health personnel, and villagers who lived nearby pig farms in the northeastern (Nakhon Ratchasima), northern (Chiang Mai), and central (Nakhon Pathom) provinces of Thailand during May to December 2022. The qualitative information was collected from 91 respondents, including 33 individuals who participated in key informant interviews (KIIs) and 58 individuals who joined ten focus group discussions (FGDs) (5-7 persons per FGD). Our results showed that pig farmers, farm workers, and villagers lacked SIV-related knowledge and did not employ preventive measures. Some respondents had limited access to information about causes, clinical symptoms, treatment, and appropriate practices resulting in inadequate knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding zoonotic diseases, especially SIV. Some pig farmers and farm workers reported seeking information about SIV infection from various sources; however, relevant authorities lacked dissemination of information regarding SIV to community members. The study suggested that healthcare personnel and relevant agencies should adopt a community-based approach to prevent swine influenza. This can be achieved by organizing health education and community communication interventions and involving those who have had contact with pigs or reside near pig farms. This will help increase community awareness and knowledge of swine influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanokwan Suwannarong
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | | | - Achara Klinnoi
- Nakhon Ratchasima Provincial Health Office, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | | | - Alongkorn Amonsin
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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30
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Gilbertson B, Subbarao K. What Have We Learned by Resurrecting the 1918 Influenza Virus? Annu Rev Virol 2023; 10:25-47. [PMID: 37774132 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-111821-104408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
The 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic was one of the deadliest infectious disease events in recorded history, resulting in approximately 50-100 million deaths worldwide. The origins of the 1918 virus and the molecular basis for its exceptional virulence remained a mystery for much of the 20th century because the pandemic predated virologic techniques to isolate, passage, and store influenza viruses. In the late 1990s, overlapping fragments of influenza viral RNA preserved in the tissues of several 1918 victims were amplified and sequenced. The use of influenza reverse genetics then permitted scientists to reconstruct the 1918 virus entirely from cloned complementary DNA, leading to new insights into the origin of the virus and its pathogenicity. Here, we discuss some of the advances made by resurrection of the 1918 virus, including the rise of innovative molecular research, which is a topic in the dual use debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad Gilbertson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia;
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31
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Tofan VC, Ermeneanu AL, Caraș I, Lenghel A, Ionescu IE, Țucureanu C, Gal C, Stăvaru CG, Onu A. Generation of a DSF-Guided Refolded Bacterially Expressed Hemagglutinin Ectodomain of Influenza Virus A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 H1N1 as a Model for Influenza Vaccine Antigens. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1520. [PMID: 37896924 PMCID: PMC10610769 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11101520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infections represent an ongoing public health threat as well as an economic burden. Although seasonal influenza vaccines have been available for some decades, efforts are being made to generate new efficient, flexible, and cost-effective technologies to be transferred into production. Our work describes the development of a model influenza hemagglutinin antigen that is capable of inducing protection against viral challenge in mice. High amounts of the H1 hemagglutinin ectodomain, HA18-528, were expressed in a bacterial system as insoluble inclusion bodies. Solubilization was followed by a thorough differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF)-guided optimization of refolding, which allows for fast and reliable screening of several refolding conditions, yielding tens of milligrams/L of folded protein. Structural and functional analysis revealed native-like folding as well as the presence of a mix of monomers and oligomers in solution. Mice immunized with HA18-528 were protected when exposed to influenza A virus as opposed to mice that received full-length denatured protein. Sera of mice immunized with HA18-528 showed both high titers of antigen-specific IgG1 and IgG2a isotypes as well as viral neutralization activity. These results prove the feasibility of the recombinant bacterial expression system coupled with DSF-guided refolding in providing influenza hemagglutinin for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlad-Constantin Tofan
- “Cantacuzino” Institute, 050096 Bucharest, Romania (I.C.); (I.-E.I.); (C.Ț.); (C.-G.S.); (A.O.)
| | - Andreea-Laura Ermeneanu
- “Cantacuzino” Institute, 050096 Bucharest, Romania (I.C.); (I.-E.I.); (C.Ț.); (C.-G.S.); (A.O.)
| | - Iuliana Caraș
- “Cantacuzino” Institute, 050096 Bucharest, Romania (I.C.); (I.-E.I.); (C.Ț.); (C.-G.S.); (A.O.)
| | - Alina Lenghel
- “Cantacuzino” Institute, 050096 Bucharest, Romania (I.C.); (I.-E.I.); (C.Ț.); (C.-G.S.); (A.O.)
| | - Irina-Elena Ionescu
- “Cantacuzino” Institute, 050096 Bucharest, Romania (I.C.); (I.-E.I.); (C.Ț.); (C.-G.S.); (A.O.)
| | - Cătălin Țucureanu
- “Cantacuzino” Institute, 050096 Bucharest, Romania (I.C.); (I.-E.I.); (C.Ț.); (C.-G.S.); (A.O.)
| | - Claudiu Gal
- “Cantacuzino” Institute, 050096 Bucharest, Romania (I.C.); (I.-E.I.); (C.Ț.); (C.-G.S.); (A.O.)
| | - Crina-Georgeta Stăvaru
- “Cantacuzino” Institute, 050096 Bucharest, Romania (I.C.); (I.-E.I.); (C.Ț.); (C.-G.S.); (A.O.)
| | - Adrian Onu
- “Cantacuzino” Institute, 050096 Bucharest, Romania (I.C.); (I.-E.I.); (C.Ț.); (C.-G.S.); (A.O.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Titu Maiorescu University, 040317 Bucharest, Romania
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32
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Low ZY, Wong KH, Wen Yip AJ, Choo WS. The convergent evolution of influenza A virus: Implications, therapeutic strategies and what we need to know. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2023; 5:100202. [PMID: 37700857 PMCID: PMC10493511 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2023.100202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infection, more commonly known as the 'cold flu', is an etiological agent that gives rise to recurrent annual flu and many pandemics. Dated back to the 1918- Spanish Flu, the influenza infection has caused the loss of many human lives and significantly impacted the economy and daily lives. Influenza virus can be classified into four different genera: influenza A-D, with the former two, influenza A and B, relevant to humans. The capacity of antigenic drift and shift in Influenza A has given rise to many novel variants, rendering vaccines and antiviral therapies useless. In light of the emergence of a novel betacoronavirus, the SARS-CoV-2, unravelling the underpinning mechanisms that support the recurrent influenza epidemics and pandemics is essential. Given the symptom similarities between influenza and covid infection, it is crucial to reiterate what we know about the influenza infection. This review aims to describe the origin and evolution of influenza infection. Apart from that, the risk factors entail the implication of co-infections, especially regarding the COVID-19 pandemic is further discussed. In addition, antiviral strategies, including the potential of drug repositioning, are discussed in this context. The diagnostic approach is also critically discussed in an effort to understand better and prepare for upcoming variants and potential influenza pandemics in the future. Lastly, this review encapsulates the challenges in curbing the influenza spread and provides insights for future directions in influenza management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yao Low
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ka Heng Wong
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ashley Jia Wen Yip
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wee Sim Choo
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
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Improvements and Persisting Challenges in COVID-19 Response Compared with 1918–19 Influenza Pandemic Response, New Zealand (Aotearoa). Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29. [PMCID: PMC10461674 DOI: 10.3201/eid2909.221265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Exploring the results of the COVID-19 response in New Zealand (Aotearoa) is warranted so that insights can inform future pandemic planning. We compared the COVID-19 response in New Zealand to that for the more severe 1918–19 influenza pandemic. Both pandemics were caused by respiratory viruses, but the 1918–19 pandemic was short, intense, and yielded a higher mortality rate. The government and societal responses to COVID-19 were vastly superior; responses had a clear strategic direction and included a highly effective elimination strategy, border restrictions, minimal community spread for 20 months, successful vaccination rollout, and strong central government support. Both pandemics involved a whole-of-government response, community mobilization, and use of public health and social measures. Nevertheless, lessons from 1918–19 on the necessity of action to prevent inequities among different social groups were not fully learned, as demonstrated by the COVID-19 response and its ongoing unequal health outcomes in New Zealand.
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Dave SB, Rabinowitz R, Shah A, Tabatabai A, Galvagno SM, Mazzeffi MA, Rector R, Kaczorowski DJ, Scalea TM, Menaker J. COVID-19 outcomes of venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute respiratory failure vs historical cohort of non-COVID-19 viral infections. Perfusion 2023; 38:1165-1173. [PMID: 35653427 PMCID: PMC9168413 DOI: 10.1177/02676591221105603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV ECMO) has become a support modality for patients with acute respiratory failure refractory to standard therapies. VV ECMO has been increasingly used during the current COVID-19 pandemic for patients with refractory respiratory failure. The object of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of VV ECMO in patients with COVID-19 compared to patients with non-COVID-19 viral infections. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed all patients supported with VV ECMO between 8/2014 and 8/2020 whose etiology of illness was a viral pulmonary infection. The primary outcome of this study was to evaluate in-hospital mortality. The secondary outcomes included length of ECMO course, ventilator duration, hospital length of stay, incidence of adverse events through ECMO course. RESULTS Eighty-nine patients were included (35 COVID-19 vs 54 non-COVID-19). Forty (74%) of the non-COVID-19 patients had influenza virus. Prior to cannulation, COVID-19 patients had longer ventilator duration (3 vs 1 day, p = .003), higher PaCO2 (64 vs 53 mmHg, p = .012), and white blood cell count (14 vs 9 ×103/μL, p = .004). Overall in-hospital mortality was 33.7% (n = 30). COVID-19 patients had a higher mortality (49% vs. 24%, p = .017) when compared to non-COVID-19 patients. COVID-19 survivors had longer median time on ECMO than non-COVID-19 survivors (24.4 vs 16.5 days p = .03) but had a similar hospital length of stay (HLOS) (41 vs 48 Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenationdays p = .33). CONCLUSION COVID-19 patients supported with VV ECMO have a higher mortality than non-COVID-19 patients. While COVID-19 survivors had significantly longer VV ECMO runs than non-COVID-19 survivors, HLOS was similar. This data add to a growing body of literature supporting the use of ECMO for potentially reversible causes of respiratory failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar B Dave
- Department of Emergency Medicine,
Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Critical Care,
Emory
University School of Medicine, Atlanta,
GA, USA
| | - Ronald Rabinowitz
- Department of Medicine, Program in
Trauma, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Aakash Shah
- Department of Surgery, Division of
Cardiac Surgery, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ali Tabatabai
- Department of Medicine, Division of
Pulmonary and Critical Care, Program in Trauma, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma
Center, University
of Maryland School of Medicine,
Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Samuel M Galvagno
- Department of Anesthesiology,
Program in Trauma, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center,
University
of Maryland School of Medicine,
Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael A Mazzeffi
- Department of Anesthesiology and
Critical Care Medicine, George Washington School of Medicine and
Health Sciences, Washington, DC,
USA
| | - Raymond Rector
- Perfusion Services,
University
of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore,
MD, USA
| | - David J Kaczorowski
- Department of Cardiothoracic
Surgery, University
of Pittsburgh Medical Center,
Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Thomas M Scalea
- Department of Surgery, Program in
Trauma, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jay Menaker
- Department of Surgery, Johns
Hopkins Medicine, Howard County General
Hospital, Columbia, MD, USA
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Padhi A, Agarwal A, Saxena SK, Katoch CDS. Transforming clinical virology with AI, machine learning and deep learning: a comprehensive review and outlook. Virusdisease 2023; 34:345-355. [PMID: 37780897 PMCID: PMC10533451 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-023-00841-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In the rapidly evolving field of clinical virology, technological advancements have always played a pivotal role in driving transformative changes. This comprehensive review delves into the burgeoning integration of artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, and deep learning into virological research and practice. As we elucidate, these computational tools have significantly enhanced diagnostic precision, therapeutic interventions, and epidemiological monitoring. Through in-depth analyses of notable case studies, we showcase how algorithms can optimize viral genome sequencing, accelerate drug discovery, and offer predictive insights into viral outbreaks. However, with these advancements come inherent challenges, particularly in data security, algorithmic biases, and ethical considerations. Addressing these challenges head-on, we discuss potential remedial measures and underscore the significance of interdisciplinary collaboration between virologists, data scientists, and ethicists. Conclusively, this review posits an outlook that anticipates a symbiotic relationship between AI-driven tools and virology, heralding a new era of proactive and personalized patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Padhi
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot, Gujarat 360110 India
| | - Ashwini Agarwal
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot, Gujarat 360110 India
| | - Shailendra K. Saxena
- Centre for Advanced Research (CFAR), Faculty of Medicine, King George’s Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow, India
| | - C. D. S. Katoch
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot, Gujarat 360110 India
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36
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Sattenspiel L, Orbann C, Bogan A, Ramirez H, Pirrone S, Dahal S, McElroy JA, Wikle CK. Associations between rurality and regional differences in sociodemographic factors and the 1918-20 influenza and 2020-21 COVID-19 pandemics in Missouri counties: An ecological study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290294. [PMID: 37647267 PMCID: PMC10468050 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study compares pandemic experiences of Missouri's 115 counties based on rurality and sociodemographic characteristics during the 1918-20 influenza and 2020-21 COVID-19 pandemics. The state's counties and overall population distribution have remained relatively stable over the last century, which enables identification of long-lasting pandemic attributes. Sociodemographic data available at the county level for both time periods were taken from U.S. census data and used to create clusters of similar counties. Counties were also grouped by rural status (RSU), including fully (100%) rural, semirural (1-49% living in urban areas), and urban (>50% of the population living in urban areas). Deaths from 1918 through 1920 were collated from the Missouri Digital Heritage database and COVID-19 cases and deaths were downloaded from the Missouri COVID-19 dashboard. Results from sociodemographic analyses indicate that, during both time periods, average farm value, proportion White, and literacy were the most important determinants of sociodemographic clusters. Furthermore, the Urban/Central and Southeastern regions experienced higher mortality during both pandemics than did the North and South. Analyses comparing county groups by rurality indicated that throughout the 1918-20 influenza pandemic, urban counties had the highest and rural had the lowest mortality rates. Early in the 2020-21 COVID-19 pandemic, urban counties saw the most extensive epidemic spread and highest mortality, but as the epidemic progressed, cumulative mortality became highest in semirural counties. Additional results highlight the greater effects both pandemics had on county groups with lower rates of education and a lower proportion of Whites in the population. This was especially true for the far southeastern counties of Missouri ("the Bootheel") during the COVID-19 pandemic. These results indicate that rural-urban and socioeconomic differences in health outcomes are long-standing problems that continue to be of significant importance, even though the overall quality of health care is substantially better in the 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Sattenspiel
- Department of Anthropology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States of America
| | - Carolyn Orbann
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States of America
| | - Aaron Bogan
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Division of Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, United States of America
| | - Hailey Ramirez
- Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States of America
| | - Sean Pirrone
- School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States of America
| | - Sushma Dahal
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Jane A. McElroy
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States of America
| | - Christopher K. Wikle
- Department of Statistics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States of America
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Manna S, Das K, Santra S, Nosova EV, Zyryanov GV, Halder S. Structural and Synthetic Aspects of Small Ring Oxa- and Aza-Heterocyclic Ring Systems as Antiviral Activities. Viruses 2023; 15:1826. [PMID: 37766233 PMCID: PMC10536032 DOI: 10.3390/v15091826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiviral properties of different oxa- and aza-heterocycles are identified and properly correlated with their structural features and discussed in this review article. The primary objective is to explore the activity of such ring systems as antiviral agents, as well as their synthetic routes and biological significance. Eventually, the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of the heterocyclic compounds, along with their salient characteristics are exhibited to build a suitable platform for medicinal chemists and biotechnologists. The synergistic conclusions are extremely important for the introduction of a newer tool for the future drug discovery program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibasish Manna
- Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur 440010, India
| | - Koushik Das
- Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur 440010, India
| | - Sougata Santra
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (S.S.); (E.V.N.); (G.V.Z.)
| | - Emily V. Nosova
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (S.S.); (E.V.N.); (G.V.Z.)
- I. Ya. Postovskiy Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 22 S. Kovalevskoy Street, 620219 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Grigory V. Zyryanov
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (S.S.); (E.V.N.); (G.V.Z.)
- I. Ya. Postovskiy Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 22 S. Kovalevskoy Street, 620219 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Sandipan Halder
- Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur 440010, India
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Roubík H, Lošťák M, Ketuama CT, Soukupová J, Procházka P, Hruška A, Hakl J, Pacek L, Karlík P, Menšíková LK, Jurasová V, Ogbu CA, Hejcman M. COVID-19 crisis interlinkage with past pandemics and their effects on food security. Global Health 2023; 19:52. [PMID: 37525178 PMCID: PMC10391809 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-023-00952-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pandemics as health and humanitarian crises have exerted traceable impacts on food security. Almost all past and current pandemics have created a food crisis that affects a share of the global population and threaten global food security. With the more frequent outbreaks of emerging and re-emerging diseases or pandemics, this paper looks at the various types of impacts from the current coronavirus crisis and past pandemics to identify their major impact on food security. SCOPE To this effect, key strategies that could be put in place to ensure the efficient resilience of food systems before, during, and after the pandemics to mitigate the negative impact of the pandemics on global food security are recommended. The most recent effects of the current coronavirus crisis have been disruptions in the flow of farm labourers and inefficient farm operations leading to postharvest food losses. KEY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS Modification of diets between social groups has also been observed. Future response orientations to prevent and mitigate the effects of pandemics on food security will consider pro-active and adapted policy, program, and institutional actions towards the systemic development of global food systems as an interconnected network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hynek Roubík
- Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Michal Lošťák
- Faculty of Economics and Management, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Chama Theodore Ketuama
- Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Soukupová
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Procházka
- Faculty of Economics and Management, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Hruška
- Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Hakl
- Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Pacek
- Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Karlík
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Kocmánková Menšíková
- Faculty of Economics and Management, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimíra Jurasová
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Charles Amarachi Ogbu
- Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Hejcman
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Prague, Czech Republic
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Ackerman A, Martin B, Tanisha M, Edoh K, Ward JP. High-Dimensional Contact Network Epidemiology. EPIDEMIOLOGIA 2023; 4:286-297. [PMID: 37489500 PMCID: PMC10366896 DOI: 10.3390/epidemiologia4030029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Contact network models are recent alternatives to equation-based models in epidemiology. In this paper, the spread of disease is modeled on contact networks using bond percolation. The weight of the edges in the contact graphs is determined as a function of several variables in which case the weight is the product of the probabilities of independent events involving each of the variables. In the first experiment, the weight of the edges is computed from a single variable involving the number of passengers on flights between two cities within the United States, and in the second experiment, the weight of the edges is computed as a function of several variables using data from 2012 Kenyan household contact networks. In addition, the paper explored the dynamics and adaptive nature of contact networks. The results from the contact network model outperform the equation-based model in estimating the spread of the 1918 Influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Ackerman
- School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Briquelle Martin
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
| | - Martin Tanisha
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, NC A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
| | - Kossi Edoh
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, NC A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
| | - John Paul Ward
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, NC A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
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Schroeder M, Lazarakis S, Mancy R, Angelopoulos K. An extended period of elevated influenza mortality risk follows the main waves of influenza pandemics. Soc Sci Med 2023; 328:115975. [PMID: 37301110 PMCID: PMC7614920 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.115975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the extent and evolution of pandemic-induced mortality risk is critical given its wide-ranging impacts on population health and socioeconomic outcomes. We examine empirically the persistence and scale of influenza mortality risk following the main waves of influenza pandemics, a quantitative analysis of which is required to understand the true scale of pandemic-induced risk. We provide evidence from municipal public health records that multiple recurrent outbreaks followed the main waves of the 1918-19 pandemic in eight large cities in the UK, a pattern we confirm using data for the same period in the US and data for multiple influenza pandemics during the period 1838-2000 in England and Wales. To estimate the persistence and scale of latent post-pandemic influenza mortality risk, we model the stochastic process of mortality rates as a sequence of bounded Pareto distributions whose tail indexes evolves over time. Consistently across pandemics and locations, we find that influenza mortality risk remains elevated for around two decades after the main pandemic waves before more rapid convergence to background influenza mortality, amplifying the impact of pandemics. Despite the commonality in duration, there is heterogeneity in the persistence and scale of risk across the cities, suggesting effects of both immunity and socioeconomic conditions.
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41
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Lista F, Peragallo MS, Biselli R, De Santis R, Mariotti S, Nisini R, D'Amelio R. Have Diagnostics, Therapies, and Vaccines Made the Difference in the Pandemic Evolution of COVID-19 in Comparison with "Spanish Flu"? Pathogens 2023; 12:868. [PMID: 37513715 PMCID: PMC10384375 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In 1918 many countries, but not Spain, were fighting World War I. Spanish press could report about the diffusion and severity of a new infection without censorship for the first-time, so that this pandemic is commonly defined as "Spanish flu", even though Spain was not its place of origin. "Spanish flu" was one of the deadliest pandemics in history and has been frequently compared with the coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 pandemic. These pandemics share similarities, being both caused by highly variable and transmissible respiratory RNA viruses, and diversity, represented by diagnostics, therapies, and especially vaccines, which were made rapidly available for COVID-19, but not for "Spanish flu". Most comparison studies have been carried out in the first period of COVID-19, when these resources were either not yet available or their use had not long started. Conversely, we wanted to analyze the role that the advanced diagnostics, anti-viral agents, including monoclonal antibodies, and innovative COVID-19 vaccines, may have had in the pandemic containment. Early diagnosis, therapies, and anti-COVID-19 vaccines have markedly reduced the pandemic severity and mortality, thus preventing the collapse of the public health services. However, their influence on the reduction of infections and re-infections, thus on the transition from pandemic to endemic condition, appears to be of minor relevance. The high viral variability of influenza and coronavirus may probably be contained by the development of universal vaccines, which are not easy to be obtained. The only effective weapon still remains the disease prevention, to be achieved with the reduction of promiscuity between the animal reservoirs of these zoonotic diseases and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florigio Lista
- Istituto di Scienze Biomediche della Difesa, Ispettorato Generale della Sanità Militare, Stato Maggiore della Difesa, 00184 Roma, Italy
| | - Mario Stefano Peragallo
- Centro Studi e Ricerche di Sanità e Veterinaria, Comando Logistico dell'Esercito, 00184 Roma, Italy
| | - Roberto Biselli
- Ispettorato Generale della Sanità Militare, Stato Maggiore della Difesa, 00184 Roma, Italy
| | - Riccardo De Santis
- Istituto di Scienze Biomediche della Difesa, Ispettorato Generale della Sanità Militare, Stato Maggiore della Difesa, 00184 Roma, Italy
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Sapienza, Università di Roma, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Sabrina Mariotti
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Roberto Nisini
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Raffaele D'Amelio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Sapienza, Università di Roma, 00198 Roma, Italy
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42
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Cai J, Ruan J, Lin Q, Ren T, Chen L. China faces the challenge of influenza A virus, including H3N8, in the post-COVID-19 era. J Infect 2023:S0163-4453(23)00324-9. [PMID: 37295511 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juncheng Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayu Ruan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuyan Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Libin Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.
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Kaneda Y. Resurgence of infectious diseases in post-COVID-19 era: A Japanese perspective. New Microbes New Infect 2023; 53:101156. [PMID: 37288341 PMCID: PMC10234837 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2023.101156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yudai Kaneda
- School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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44
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Dormeshkin D, Katsin M, Stegantseva M, Golenchenko S, Shapira M, Dubovik S, Lutskovich D, Kavaleuski A, Meleshko A. Design and Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 DNA Vaccine Encoding RBD-PVXCP Fusion Protein. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1014. [PMID: 37376403 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11061014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential of immune-evasive mutation accumulation in the SARS-CoV-2 virus has led to its rapid spread, causing over 600 million confirmed cases and more than 6.5 million confirmed deaths. The huge demand for the rapid development and deployment of low-cost and effective vaccines against emerging variants has renewed interest in DNA vaccine technology. Here, we report the rapid generation and immunological evaluation of novel DNA vaccine candidates against the Wuhan-Hu-1 and Omicron variants based on the RBD protein fused with the Potato virus X coat protein (PVXCP). The delivery of DNA vaccines using electroporation in a two-dose regimen induced high-antibody titers and profound cellular responses in mice. The antibody titers induced against the Omicron variant of the vaccine were sufficient for effective protection against both Omicron and Wuhan-Hu-1 virus infections. The PVXCP protein in the vaccine construct shifted the immune response to the favorable Th1-like type and provided the oligomerization of RBD-PVXCP protein. Naked DNA delivery by needle-free injection allowed us to achieve antibody titers comparable with mRNA-LNP delivery in rabbits. These data identify the RBD-PVXCP DNA vaccine platform as a promising solution for robust and effective SARS-CoV-2 protection, supporting further translational study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Dormeshkin
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 220084 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Mikalai Katsin
- Immunofusion, LLC, 210004 Vitebsk, Belarus
- Imunovakcina, UAB, LT-08102 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | | | - Michail Shapira
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 220084 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Simon Dubovik
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 220084 Minsk, Belarus
| | | | - Anton Kavaleuski
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Alexander Meleshko
- Immunofusion, LLC, 210004 Vitebsk, Belarus
- Imunovakcina, UAB, LT-08102 Vilnius, Lithuania
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45
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Harrison NJ, Schaffer AJ, Brady DW. Comparing and Contrasting the Experiences of U.S. Medical Students During the COVID-19 and 1918 Influenza Pandemics. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2023; 98:555-562. [PMID: 36538664 PMCID: PMC10121242 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000005125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In March 2020, medical students across the United States were pulled from their in-person responsibilities and learning in response to COVID-19. Leaders in the U.S. medical education system then began the arduous task of determining when, and how, to restore their full scope of training. This challenge was complicated by a paucity of readily available historical information about U.S. medical students in pandemics. To fill this knowledge gap, the authors collaborated with a medical history archivist to describe the experience of U.S. medical students during the 1918 influenza pandemic and compare it with the modern day. The experiences and responsibilities of medical students differed tremendously between the 2 pandemics. In 1918, U.S. medical students typically were conscripted into clinical service if they did not volunteer, assuming the roles of physicians, physician assistants, and nurses, often with atypically high levels of autonomy. Medical students were at great risk during the 1918 pandemic; multiple medical schools recorded students dying from influenza. In contrast, during the early COVID-19 pandemic, U.S. medical students were removed from the clinical environment, even if they wanted to volunteer, assuming ancillary roles instead. Upon returning to the clinical environment, most were not permitted to care for COVID-19 patients. The few medical students who recorded personal narratives about 1918 felt that caring for patients with influenza significantly influenced their growth and development as future physicians. One of the few things U.S. medical education had in common between the 1918 and COVID-19 pandemics was a lack of preparedness that impaired readiness and increased confusion among medical students. As U.S. medical education reflects on its response to COVID-19, the authors hope that their findings will provide context for future discussions and decisions about the role of medical students in pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah J. Harrison
- N.J. Harrison is a medical student, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TennesseeORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7487-9028
| | - Andrew J. Schaffer
- A.J. Schaffer is a medical student, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TennesseeORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7622-0451
| | - Donald W. Brady
- D.W. Brady is senior associate dean, Health Sciences Education, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TennesseeORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0955-5278
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Harvey J, Chan B, Srivastava T, Zarebski AE, Dłotko P, Błaszczyk P, Parkinson RH, White LJ, Aguas R, Mahdi A. Epidemiological waves - Types, drivers and modulators in the COVID-19 pandemic. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16015. [PMID: 37197148 PMCID: PMC10154246 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction A discussion of 'waves' of the COVID-19 epidemic in different countries is a part of the national conversation for many, but there is no hard and fast means of delineating these waves in the available data and their connection to waves in the sense of mathematical epidemiology is only tenuous. Methods We present an algorithm which processes a general time series to identify substantial, significant and sustained periods of increase in the value of the time series, which could reasonably be described as 'observed waves'. This provides an objective means of describing observed waves in time series. We use this method to synthesize evidence across different countries to study types, drivers and modulators of waves. Results The output of the algorithm as applied to epidemiological time series related to COVID-19 corresponds to visual intuition and expert opinion. Inspecting the results of individual countries shows how consecutive observed waves can differ greatly with respect to the case fatality ratio. Furthermore, in large countries, a more detailed analysis shows that consecutive observed waves have different geographical ranges. We also show how waves can be modulated by government interventions and find that early implementation of NPIs correlates with a reduced number of observed waves and reduced mortality burden in those waves. Conclusion It is possible to identify observed waves of disease by algorithmic methods and the results can be fruitfully used to analyse the progression of the epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Harvey
- Department of Mathematics, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
- School of Mathematics, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Bryan Chan
- Department of Economics, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
| | - Tarun Srivastava
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Paweł Dłotko
- Dioscuri Centre in Topological Data Analysis, Mathematical Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Błaszczyk
- Faculty of Computer Science, Electronics and Telecommunications, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland
- Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Lisa J. White
- Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ricardo Aguas
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adam Mahdi
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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47
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Kronenberger T, Laufer SA, Pillaiyar T. COVID-19 therapeutics: small-molecule drug development targeting SARS-CoV-2 main protease. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103579. [PMID: 37028502 PMCID: PMC10074736 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative factor behind the 2019 global coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19). The main protease, known as Mpro, is encoded by the viral genome and is essential for viral replication. It has also been an effective target for drug development. In this review, we discuss the rationale for inhibitors that specifically target SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. Small molecules and peptidomimetic inhibitors are two types of inhibitor with various modes of action and we focus here on novel inhibitors that were only discovered during the COVID-19 pandemic highlighting their binding modes and structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thales Kronenberger
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry and Tuebingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) 'Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies', University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan A Laufer
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry and Tuebingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) 'Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies', University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thanigaimalai Pillaiyar
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry and Tuebingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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48
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COVID-19 pandemic in long-term care: An international perspective for policy considerations. Int J Nurs Sci 2023; 10:158-166. [PMID: 37095850 PMCID: PMC10063321 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnss.2023.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper identifies key factors rooted in the systemic failings of the long-term care sector amongst four high income countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. The goal is to offer practice and policy solutions to prevent future tragedies. Based on data from Australia, Canada, Spain and the United States, the findings support evidence-based recommendations at macro, meso and micro levels of practice and policy intervention. Key macro recommendations include improving funding, transparency, accountability and health system integration; and promoting not-for-profit and government-run long-term care facilities. The meso recommendation involves moving from warehouses to “green houses.” The micro recommendations emphasize mandating recommended staffing levels and skill mix; providing infection prevention and control training; establishing well-being and mental health supports for residents and staff; building evidence-based practice cultures; ensuring ongoing education for staff and nursing students; and fully integrating care partners, such as families or friends, into the healthcare team. Enacting these recommendations will improve residents' safety and quality of life; families’ peace of mind; and staff retention and work satisfaction.
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49
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Farrell A, Phan T, Brooke CB, Koelle K, Ke R. Semi-infectious particles contribute substantially to influenza virus within-host dynamics when infection is dominated by spatial structure. Virus Evol 2023; 9:vead020. [PMID: 37538918 PMCID: PMC10395763 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vead020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza is an ribonucleic acid virus with a genome that comprises eight segments. Experiments show that the vast majority of virions fail to express one or more gene segments and thus cannot cause a productive infection on their own. These particles, called semi-infectious particles (SIPs), can induce virion production through complementation when multiple SIPs are present in an infected cell. Previous within-host influenza models did not explicitly consider SIPs and largely ignore the potential effects of coinfection during virus infection. Here, we constructed and analyzed two distinct models explicitly keeping track of SIPs and coinfection: one without spatial structure and the other implicitly considering spatial structure. While the model without spatial structure fails to reproduce key aspects of within-host influenza virus dynamics, we found that the model implicitly considering the spatial structure of the infection process makes predictions that are consistent with biological observations, highlighting the crucial role that spatial structure plays during an influenza infection. This model predicts two phases of viral growth prior to the viral peak: a first phase driven by fully infectious particles at the initiation of infection followed by a second phase largely driven by coinfections of fully infectious particles and SIPs. Fitting this model to two sets of data, we show that SIPs can contribute substantially to viral load during infection. Overall, the model provides a new interpretation of the in vivo exponential viral growth observed in experiments and a mechanistic explanation for why the production of large numbers of SIPs does not strongly impede viral growth. Being simple and predictive, our model framework serves as a useful tool to understand coinfection dynamics in spatially structured acute viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tin Phan
- T-6, Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
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50
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Berbenni E, Colombo S. The impact of pandemics on labour organization: insights from an Italian company archive during the Spanish Flu. LETTERS IN SPATIAL AND RESOURCE SCIENCES 2023; 16:11. [PMID: 36945215 PMCID: PMC10020760 DOI: 10.1007/s12076-023-00335-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we discuss the classical modelling approach of pandemics as a negative labour shock. We perform an archival analysis of one of the largest Italian banks (Credito Italiano) during the First World War - Spanish Flu period (1914-1920). In particular, we scrutinise the circulars that the central management of the bank sent out to the local branches, with the aim to assess whether the Spanish Flu has been perceived by contemporaries as an event seriously affecting personnel management. Though restricted to a single case-study, archival evidence does not support the existence of a remarkable negative labour supply shock affecting personnel management because of the Spanish Flu pandemic. Other war-related events probably increased the system's resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Berbenni
- Department of Modern and Contemporary History, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Colombo
- Department of Economics and Finance, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Milano, Italy
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