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Ntikoudi A, Spyrou A, Evangelou E, Dokoutsidou E, Mastorakos G. The Effect of Menopausal Status, Insulin Resistance and Body Mass Index on the Prevalence of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:1081. [PMID: 38891156 PMCID: PMC11171981 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12111081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is common and presents in a large proportion-up to 30%-of the global adult female population. Several factors have been linked with NAFLD in women, such as age, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. To extract appropriate details about the topic, we conducted an extensive search using various medical subject headings and entry terms including 'Menopause', 'Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease', 'Insulin resistance', and 'BMI'. This exhaustive search resulted in a total of 180 studies, among which only 19 were able to meet the inclusion criteria. While most of these studies indicated a significant rise in NAFLD prevalence among postmenopausal women, two did not find strong evidence linking menopause with NAFLD. Moreover, it was observed that women with NAFLD had higher insulin resistance levels and BMIs compared to those without the condition. In summary, it is important to consider specific factors like risk profile, hormonal status, and age along with metabolic components when treating women presenting with NAFLD. There is need for data-driven research on how gender affects the sensitivity of biomarkers towards NAFLD as well as the development of sex-specific prediction models-this would help personalize management approaches for women, who stand to benefit greatly from such tailored interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Ntikoudi
- Department of Nursing, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece; (A.S.); (E.E.); (E.D.)
| | - Alketa Spyrou
- Department of Nursing, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece; (A.S.); (E.E.); (E.D.)
| | - Eleni Evangelou
- Department of Nursing, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece; (A.S.); (E.E.); (E.D.)
| | - Eleni Dokoutsidou
- Department of Nursing, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece; (A.S.); (E.E.); (E.D.)
| | - George Mastorakos
- Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolism, Aretaieion University Hospital, Medical School of Athens, Ethnikon and Kapodistriakon University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece;
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2
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Kong Y, Yao Z, Ren L, Zhou L, Zhao J, Qian Y, Lou D. Depression and hepatobiliary diseases: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1366509. [PMID: 38596638 PMCID: PMC11002219 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1366509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background More and more evidence suggests a close association between depression and hepatobiliary diseases, but its causal relationship is not yet clear. Method Using genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to summarize data, independent genetic variations associated with depression were selected as instrumental variables. Firstly, we designed a univariate Mendelian randomization (UVMR) analysis with two samples and simultaneously conducted reverse validation to evaluate the potential bidirectional causal relationship between depression and various hepatobiliary diseases. Secondly, we conducted a multivariate Mendelian randomization (MVMR) analysis on diseases closely related to depression, exploring the mediating effects of waist to hip ratio, hypertension, and daytime nap. The mediating effects were obtained through MVMR. For UVMR and MVMR, inverse variance weighted method (IVW) is considered the most important analytical method. Sensitivity analysis was conducted using Cochran'Q, MR Egger, and Leave-one-out methods. Results UVMR analysis showed that depression may increase the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (OR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.03-1.46; p=0.0248) in liver diseases, while depression does not increase the risk of other liver diseases; In biliary and pancreatic related diseases, depression may increase the risk of cholelithiasis (OR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.05-1.50; p=0.0120), chronic pancreatitis (OR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.10-2.35; p=0.0140), and cholecystitis (OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.03-1.48; p=0.0250). In addition, through reverse validation, we found that non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cholelithiasis, chronic pancreatitis, cholecystitis, or the inability to increase the risk of depression (p>0.05). The waist to hip ratio, hypertension, and daytime nap play a certain role in the process of depression leading to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, with a mediating effect of 35.8%. Conclusion Depression is a susceptibility factor for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and the causal effect of genetic susceptibility to depression on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is mediated by waist-hip ratio, hypertension, and daytime nap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kong
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhongcai Yao
- Zhuji Hospital Affiliated of Wenzhou Medical University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lingli Ren
- Zhuji Hospital Affiliated of Wenzhou Medical University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liqin Zhou
- Zhuji Hospital Affiliated of Wenzhou Medical University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinkai Zhao
- Zhuji Hospital Affiliated of Wenzhou Medical University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Qian
- Basic Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dayong Lou
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhuji Hospital Affiliated of Wenzhou Medical University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
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Jia Q, Wang H, Wang Y, Xue W, Jiang Q, Wang J, Ning F, Zhu Z, Tian L. Investigation of the mechanism of silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis: The role of lung microbiota dysbiosis and the LPS/TLR4 signaling pathway. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168948. [PMID: 38048996 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
The widespread manufacture of silica and its extensive use, and potential release of silica into the environment pose a serious human health hazard. Silicosis, a severe global public health issue, is caused by exposure to silica, leading to persistent inflammation and fibrosis of the lungs. The underlying pathogenic mechanisms of silicosis remain elusive. Lung microbiota dysbiosis is associated with the development of inflammation and fibrosis. However, limited information is currently available regarding the role of lung microbiota in silicosis. The study therefore is designed to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the role of lung microbiota dysbiosis and establish a basis for future investigations into the potential mechanisms underlying silicosis. Here, the pathological and biochemical parameters were used to systematically assessed the degree of inflammation and fibrosis following silica exposure and treatment with combined antibiotics. The underlying mechanisms were studied via integrative multi-omics analyses of the transcriptome and microbiome. Analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA revealed dysbiosis of the microbial community in silicosis, characterized by a predominance of gram-negative bacteria. Exposure to silica has been shown to trigger lung inflammation and fibrosis, leading to an increased concentration of lipopolysaccharides in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Furthermore, Toll-like receptor 4 was identified as a key molecule in the lung microbiota dysbiosis associated with silica-induced lung fibrosis. All of these outcomes can be partially controlled through combined antibiotic administration. The study findings demonstrate that the dysbiosis of lung microbiota enhances silica-induced fibrosis associated with the lipopolysaccharides/Toll-like receptor 4 pathway and provided a promising target for therapeutic intervention of silicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyue Jia
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Wenming Xue
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Qiyue Jiang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jiaxin Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Fuao Ning
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhonghui Zhu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Lin Tian
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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Lin X, Zhang J, Chu Y, Nie Q, Zhang J. Berberine prevents NAFLD and HCC by modulating metabolic disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 254:108593. [PMID: 38301771 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a global metabolic disease with high prevalence in both adults and children. Importantly, NAFLD is becoming the main cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Berberine (BBR), a naturally occurring plant component, has been demonstrated to have advantageous effects on a number of metabolic pathways as well as the ability to kill liver tumor cells by causing cell death and other routes. This permits us to speculate and make assumptions about the value of BBR in the prevention and defense against NAFLD and HCC by a global modulation of metabolic disorders. Herein, we briefly describe the etiology of NAFLD and NAFLD-related HCC, with a particular emphasis on analyzing the potential mechanisms of BBR in the treatment of NAFLD from aspects including increasing insulin sensitivity, controlling the intestinal milieu, and controlling lipid metabolism. We also elucidate the mechanism of BBR in the treatment of HCC. More significantly, we provided a list of clinical studies for BBR in NAFLD. Taking into account our conclusions and perspectives, we can make further progress in the treatment of BBR in NAFLD and NAFLD-related HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Lin
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Juanhong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yajun Chu
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qiuying Nie
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Junmin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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5
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Nguyen TTP, Nguyen PL, Park SH, Jung CH, Jeon TI. Hydrogen Sulfide and Liver Health: Insights into Liver Diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2024; 40:122-144. [PMID: 37917113 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2023.0404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a recently recognized gasotransmitter involved in physiological and pathological conditions in mammals. It protects organs from oxidative stress, inflammation, hypertension, and cell death. With abundant expression of H2S-production enzymes, the liver is closely linked to H2S signaling. Recent Advances: Hepatic H2S comes from various sources, including gut microbiota, exogenous sulfur salts, and endogenous production. Recent studies highlight the importance of hepatic H2S in liver diseases such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), liver injury, and cancer, particularly at advanced stages. Endogenous H2S production deficiency is associated with severe liver disease, while exogenous H2S donors protect against liver dysfunction. Critical Issues: However, the roles of H2S in NAFLD, liver injury, and liver cancer are still debated, and its effects depend on donor type, dosage, treatment duration, and cell type, suggesting a multifaceted role. This review aimed to critically evaluate H2S production, metabolism, mode of action, and roles in liver function and disease. Future Direction: Understanding H2S's precise roles and mechanisms in liver health will advance potential therapeutic applications in preclinical and clinical research. Targeting H2S-producing enzymes and exogenous H2S sources, alone or in combination with other drugs, could be explored. Quantifying endogenous H2S levels may aid in diagnosing and managing liver diseases. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 40, 122-144.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy T P Nguyen
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Division of Radiation and Genome Stability, Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Phuc L Nguyen
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Hyun Park
- Aging and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hwa Jung
- Aging and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Il Jeon
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Chu H, Zhang W, Tan Y, Diao Z, Li P, Wu Y, Xie L, Sun J, Yang K, Li P, Xie C, Li P, Hua Q, Xu X. Qing-Zhi-Tiao-Gan-Tang (QZTGT) prevents nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) by expression pattern correction. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 317:116665. [PMID: 37279813 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Qing-Zhi-Tiao-Gan-Tang or Qing-Zhi-Tiao-Gan Decoction (QZTGT) is based on the compatibility theory of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), that is a combination of three classical formulae for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Its pharmacodynamic material basis is made up of quinones, flavanones, and terpenoids. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to look for a promising recipe for treating nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a more advanced form of NAFLD, and to use a transcriptome-based multi-scale network pharmacological platform (TMNP) to find its therapy targets. MATERIALS AND METHODS A classical dietary model of NASH was established using MCD (Methionine- and choline-deficient) diet-fed mice. Liver coefficients like ALT, AST, serum TC, and TG levels were tested following QZTGT administration. A transcriptome-based multi-scale network pharmacological platform (TMNP) was used to further analyze the liver gene expression profile. RESULTS The composition of QZTGT was analyzed by HPLC-Q-TOF/MS, a total of 89 compounds were separated and detected and 31 of them were found in rat plasma. QZTGT improved liver morphology, inflammation and fibrosis in a classical NASH model. Transcriptomic analysis of liver samples from NASH animal model revealed that QZTGT was able to correct gene expression. We used transcriptome-based multi-scale network pharmacological platform (TMNP) to predicted molecular pathways regulated by QZTGT to improve NASH. Further validation indicated that "fatty acid degradation", "bile secretion" and "steroid biosynthesis" pathways were involved in the improvement of NASH phenotype by QZTGT. CONCLUSIONS Using HPLC-Q-TOF/MS, the compound composition of QZTGT, a Traditional Chinese prescription, was separated, analyzed and identified systematically. QZTGT mitigated NASH symptoms in a classical dietary model of NASH. Transcriptomic and network pharmacology analysis predicted the potential QZTGT regulated pathways. These pathways could be used as therapeutic targets for NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weitao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Tan
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhipeng Diao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peng Li
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yapeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Like Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianguo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ke Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Pingping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China; Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Cen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qian Hua
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Xiaojun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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Minciuna I, Gallage S, Heikenwalder M, Zelber-Sagi S, Dufour JF. Intermittent fasting-the future treatment in NASH patients? Hepatology 2023; 78:1290-1305. [PMID: 37057877 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
NASH is one of the leading causes of chronic liver disease with the potential of evolving towards end-stage liver disease and HCC, even in the absence of cirrhosis. Apart from becoming an increasingly prevalent indication for liver transplantation in cirrhotic and HCC patients, its burden on the healthcare system is also exerted by the increased number of noncirrhotic NASH patients. Intermittent fasting has recently gained more interest in the scientific community as a possible treatment approach for different components of metabolic syndrome. Basic science and clinical studies have shown that apart from inducing body weight loss, improving cardiometabolic parameters, namely blood pressure, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels; insulin and glucose metabolism; intermittent fasting can reduce inflammatory markers, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, autophagy, and endothelial dysfunction, as well as modulate gut microbiota. This review aims to further explore the main NASH pathogenetic metabolic drivers on which intermittent fasting can act upon and improve the prognosis of the disease, and summarize the current clinical evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulia Minciuna
- Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Octavian Fodor, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iuliu Hatieganu, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Suchira Gallage
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- M3 Research Institute, Medical Faculty Tuebingen (MFT), Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- M3 Research Institute, Medical Faculty Tuebingen (MFT), Tuebingen, Germany
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shira Zelber-Sagi
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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Tsutsui Y, Mori T, Yoshio S, Sato M, Sakata T, Yoshida Y, Kawai H, Yoshikawa S, Yamazoe T, Matsuda M, Kakazu E, Osawa Y, Oyama C, Tamura-Nakano M, Kawaguchi T, Yoshizumi T, Kanto T. Exercise changes the intrahepatic immune cell profile and inhibits the progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in a mouse model. Hepatol Commun 2023; 7:e0236. [PMID: 37756046 PMCID: PMC10531194 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND NASH is an increasingly common cause of chronic liver disease and can progress to cirrhosis and HCC. Although exercise suppresses inflammation during acute hepatitis, its impact on the progression of chronic liver disease remains unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of exercise on disease progression and intrahepatic immune cell composition in a mouse model of NASH. METHOD Mice were assigned to 4 groups: 2 control groups (normal diet) and 2 NASH groups (western diet and low-dose carbon tetrachloride injection). One of each group remained sedentary and one was exercised on a treadmill for 12 weeks (60 min/d, 5 times/wk). All mice were then analyzed for liver histomorphology, steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis; liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle expression of genes related to metabolism and inflammation; and intrahepatic immune cell composition. RESULT Compared with the normal diet mice, NASH mice exhibited enhanced liver steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis; upregulated expression of liver lipogenesis-related and inflammation-related genes; and increased frequencies of intrahepatic F4/80 int CD11b hi bone marrow-derived macrophages and programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) + CD8 + T cells. Expression of inflammatory cytokines and the frequencies of bone marrow-derived macrophages and PD-1 + CD8 + T cells correlated positively with liver steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. Exercise was shown to reduce NASH-induced hepatic steatosis, liver inflammation, and fibrosis; induce alterations in metabolism-related genes and inflammatory cytokines in the liver; and suppress accumulation of liver bone marrow-derived macrophages and PD-1 + CD8 + T cells. In addition, we showed that exercise induced increased expression of IL-15 in muscle and its deficiency exacerbated the pathology of NASH. CONCLUSIONS Exercise alters the intrahepatic immune cell profile and protects against disease progression in a mouse model of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriko Tsutsui
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Taizo Mori
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sachiyo Yoshio
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Miku Sato
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Sakata
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuichi Yoshida
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hironari Kawai
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shiori Yoshikawa
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Taiji Yamazoe
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Michitaka Matsuda
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Eiji Kakazu
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yosuke Osawa
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology, International University of Health and Welfare Hospital, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Chinatsu Oyama
- Communal Laboratory, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miwa Tamura-Nakano
- Communal Laboratory, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takumi Kawaguchi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Yoshizumi
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kanto
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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Han DW, Xu K, Jin ZL, Xu YN, Li YH, Wang L, Cao Q, Kim KP, Ryu D, Hong K, Kim NH. Customized liver organoids as an advanced in vitro modeling and drug discovery platform for non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:3595-3613. [PMID: 37497008 PMCID: PMC10367556 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.85145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its progressive form non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) have presented a major and common health concern worldwide due to their increasing prevalence and progressive development of severe pathological conditions such as cirrhosis and liver cancer. Although a large number of drug candidates for the treatment of NASH have entered clinical trial testing, all have not been released to market due to their limited efficacy, and there remains no approved treatment for NASH available to this day. Recently, organoid technology that produces 3D multicellular aggregates with a liver tissue-like cytoarchitecture and improved functionality has been suggested as a novel platform for modeling the human-specific complex pathophysiology of NAFLD and NASH. In this review, we describe the cellular crosstalk between each cellular compartment in the liver during the pathogenesis of NAFLD and NASH. We also summarize the current state of liver organoid technology, describing the cellular diversity that could be recapitulated in liver organoids and proposing a future direction for liver organoid technology as an in vitro platform for disease modeling and drug discovery for NAFLD and NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wook Han
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jianghai, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province, China
- Research and Development, Qingdao Haier Biotech Co. Ltd, Qingdao, China
- Guangdong ORGANOID Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Jiangmen, China
| | - KangHe Xu
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhe-Long Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jianghai, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong ORGANOID Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Jiangmen, China
| | - Yong-Nan Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jianghai, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ying-Hua Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jianghai, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Research and Development, Qingdao Haier Biotech Co. Ltd, Qingdao, China
| | - Qilong Cao
- Research and Development, Qingdao Haier Biotech Co. Ltd, Qingdao, China
| | - Kee-Pyo Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - DongHee Ryu
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwonho Hong
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, The institute of advanced regenerative science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Hyung Kim
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jianghai, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province, China
- Research and Development, Qingdao Haier Biotech Co. Ltd, Qingdao, China
- Guangdong ORGANOID Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Jiangmen, China
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10
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Liu J, Gao S, Zhou W, Chen Y, Wang Z, Zeng Z, Zhou H, Lin T. Dihydrotrichodimerol Purified from the Marine Fungus Acremonium citrinum Prevents NAFLD by Targeting PPARα. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:1189-1201. [PMID: 37083418 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is closely linked to the imbalance of lipid and glucose metabolism, in which peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) play essential roles. The clinical trials have shown the beneficial effects of the PPARs' ligands on NAFLD. In this study, we screen the extracts from the marine fungus Acremonium citrinum and identify the natural compounds dihydrotrichodimerol (L1A) and trichodimerol (L1B) as the ligands of PPARs, of which L1A is a dual PPARα/γ agonist, whereas L1B is a selective PPARγ agonist. L1A but not L1B significantly prevents hepatic lipid accumulation in an oleic acid-induced NAFLD cell model as well as in a high-fat-diet-induced NAFLD mouse model. Moreover, L1A potently inhibits hepatic steatosis in a PPARα-dependent manner in another NAFLD mouse model constructed by using a choline-deficient and amino acid-defined diet. Mechanistically, L1A transcriptionally up-regulates the expression of SIRT1 in a PPARα-dependent manner, followed by the activation of AMPK and inactivation of ACC, resulting in the inhibition of lipid anabolism and the increase of lipid catabolism. Taken together, our study reveals a dual ligand of PPARα/γ with a distinct structure and therapeutic effect on NAFLD, providing a potential drug candidate bridging the currently urgent need for the management of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Shuo Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Wanxuan Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yongyan Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Zhenwu Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
- High Throughput Drug Screening Platform, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Zhiping Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
- High Throughput Drug Screening Platform, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Hu Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
- High Throughput Drug Screening Platform, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Ting Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
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11
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Xing Y, Zhen Y, Yang L, Huo L, Ma H. Association between hemoglobin glycation index and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1094101. [PMID: 36824362 PMCID: PMC9941148 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1094101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The hemoglobin glycation index (HGI) reflects biological variability in hemoglobin A1c. Even so, studies on the relationship between HGI and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are limited. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the relationship between HGI and NAFLD. In addition, the study also aimed to provide new methods to identify patients with a high risk for the development of NAFLD. METHODS This was a retrospective study based on physical examination data from Japan. Patients were divided into quartiles (Q1-Q4) according to their HGI level; the lowest quartile (Q1) was used as the reference group. Patents were also classified into two subgroups based on the presence or absence of NAFLD. Baseline characteristics between the groups were compared. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the association between the HGI and NAFLD. A mediation analysis examined the mediation relationship between HGI and NAFLD. Subgroup analyses were performed to the reliability of the results. RESULTS A total of 14280 patients were eligible for inclusion in this study; 2515 had NAFLD. Patients in the NAFLD group had higher levels of HGI than patients in the non-NAFLD group. Increases in HGI correlated with an increased risk of NAFLD. After adjusting for confounding factors, the multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that HGI was positively related to the prevalence of NAFLD. In addition, mediation analysis showed that body mass index (BMI) partly mediated the indirect impact of HGI on NAFLD preference. Subgroup analyses were performed according to age, sex, smoking status, and waist circumference. Our results indicated that HGI significantly correlated with NAFLD in patients with one of the following factors: age ≤60 years, BMI >28 kg/m2, female sex, a history of smoking, and abdominal obesity. CONCLUSIONS HGI was an independent risk factor for NAFLD, and BMI partly mediated the association between HGI and NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Xing
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of School of Post Graduate Studies, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yunfeng Zhen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Liqun Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lijing Huo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Huijuan Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Hebei General Hospital Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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12
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Latif MU, Schmidt GE, Mercan S, Rahman R, Gibhardt CS, Stejerean-Todoran I, Reutlinger K, Hessmann E, Singh SK, Moeed A, Rehman A, Butt UJ, Bohnenberger H, Stroebel P, Bremer SC, Neesse A, Bogeski I, Ellenrieder V. NFATc1 signaling drives chronic ER stress responses to promote NAFLD progression. Gut 2022; 71:2561-2573. [PMID: 35365570 PMCID: PMC9664107 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-325013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) can persist in the stage of simple hepatic steatosis or progress to steatohepatitis (NASH) with an increased risk for cirrhosis and cancer. We examined the mechanisms controlling the progression to severe NASH in order to develop future treatment strategies for this disease. DESIGN NFATc1 activation and regulation was examined in livers from patients with NAFLD, cultured and primary hepatocytes and in transgenic mice with differential hepatocyte-specific expression of the transcription factor (Alb-cre, NFATc1c.a . and NFATc1Δ/Δ ). Animals were fed with high-fat western diet (WD) alone or in combination with tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), a candidate drug for NAFLD treatment. NFATc1-dependent ER stress-responses, NLRP3 inflammasome activation and disease progression were assessed both in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS NFATc1 expression was weak in healthy livers but strongly induced in advanced NAFLD stages, where it correlates with liver enzyme values as well as hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. Moreover, high-fat WD increased NFATc1 expression, nuclear localisation and activation to promote NAFLD progression, whereas hepatocyte-specific depletion of the transcription factor can prevent mice from disease acceleration. Mechanistically, NFATc1 drives liver cell damage and inflammation through ER stress sensing and activation of the PERK-CHOP unfolded protein response (UPR). Finally, NFATc1-induced disease progression towards NASH can be blocked by TUDCA administration. CONCLUSION NFATc1 stimulates NAFLD progression through chronic ER stress sensing and subsequent activation of terminal UPR signalling in hepatocytes. Interfering with ER stress-responses, for example, by TUDCA, protects fatty livers from progression towards manifest NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umair Latif
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gastrointestinal Oncology and Endocrinology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Gottingen, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Geske Elisabeth Schmidt
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gastrointestinal Oncology and Endocrinology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Gottingen, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Sercan Mercan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gastrointestinal Oncology and Endocrinology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Gottingen, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Raza Rahman
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christine Silvia Gibhardt
- Molecular Physiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Gottingen, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Ioana Stejerean-Todoran
- Molecular Physiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Gottingen, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Kristina Reutlinger
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gastrointestinal Oncology and Endocrinology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Gottingen, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Hessmann
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gastrointestinal Oncology and Endocrinology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Gottingen, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Shiv K Singh
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gastrointestinal Oncology and Endocrinology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Gottingen, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Abdul Moeed
- Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Abdul Rehman
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Gottingen, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Umer Javed Butt
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine, Goettingen, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | | | - Philipp Stroebel
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Gottingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Christopher Bremer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gastrointestinal Oncology and Endocrinology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Gottingen, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Albrecht Neesse
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gastrointestinal Oncology and Endocrinology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Gottingen, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Ivan Bogeski
- Molecular Physiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Gottingen, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Volker Ellenrieder
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gastrointestinal Oncology and Endocrinology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Gottingen, Niedersachsen, Germany
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13
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Falamarzi K, Malekpour M, Tafti MF, Azarpira N, Behboodi M, Zarei M. The role of FGF21 and its analogs on liver associated diseases. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:967375. [PMID: 36457562 PMCID: PMC9705724 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.967375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a member of fibroblast growth factor family, is a hormone-like growth factor that is synthesized mainly in the liver and adipose tissue. FGF21 regulates lipid and glucose metabolism and has substantial roles in decreasing lipogenesis and increasing hepatic insulin sensitivity which causing lipid profile improvement. FGF21 genetic variations also affect nutritional and addictive behaviors such as smoking and alcohol consumption and eating sweets. The role of FGF21 in metabolic associated diseases like diabetes mellitus had been confirmed previously. Recently, several studies have demonstrated a correlation between FGF21 and liver diseases. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent type of chronic liver disease worldwide. NAFLD has a wide range from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis with or without fibrosis and cirrhosis. Elevated serum levels of FGF21 associated with NAFLD and its pathogenesis. Alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD), another condition that cause liver injury, significantly increased FGF21 levels as a protective factor; FGF21 can reverse the progression of AFLD and can be a potential therapeutic agent for it. Also, NAFLD and AFLD are the most important risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) which is the fourth deadliest cancer in the world. Several studies showed that lack of FGF21 induced oncogenic condition and worsened HCC. In this review article, we intend to discuss different aspects of FGF21 in NAFLD, AFLD and HCC; including the role of FGF21 in pathophysiology of these conditions, the effects of FGF21 mutations, the possible use of the FGF21 as a biomarker in different stages of these diseases, as well as the usage of FGF21 and its analog molecules in the treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimia Falamarzi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Malekpour
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mobin Fallah Tafti
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Negar Azarpira
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Behboodi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zarei
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
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14
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Is Fasting Good When One Is at Risk of Liver Cancer? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14205084. [PMID: 36291868 PMCID: PMC9600146 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14205084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide, is a multistep process that usually develops in the background of cirrhosis, but also in a non-cirrhotic state in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or viral hepatis. Emerging evidence suggests that intermittent fasting can reduce the risk of cancer development and could improve response and tolerance to treatment through the metabolic and hormonal adaptations induced by the low energy availability that finally impairs cancer cells’ adaptability, survival and growth. The current review will outline the beneficial effects of fasting in NAFLD/NASH patients and the possible mechanisms that can prevent HCC development, including circadian clock re-synchronization, with a special focus on the possibility of applying this dietary intervention to cirrhotic patients.
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15
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Korkmaz D, Konya P, Demirtürk N. Investigation of the Characteristics of Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Cases Reported in Afyonkarahisar Province. TURKIYE PARAZITOLOJII DERGISI 2022; 46:224-227. [PMID: 36094125 DOI: 10.4274/tpd.galenos.2022.14633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF); fever, widespread pain in the body, deterioration in liver function tests; it is a tick-borne viral infectious disease that can cause bleeding and death in the skin, mucous membranes, and sometimes internal organs. In this study, we retrospectively evaluated the clinical, laboratory, and epidemiological characteristics of CCHF cases diagnosed in Afyonkarahisar. METHODS Demographic and clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, treatments, and prognoses of patients diagnosed with CCHF in Afyonkarahisar were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS In Afyonkarahisar, it was determined that 35 case reports were made between 2002 and November 2019, the date when the CCHF was first seen in Turkey. A history of tick attachment was detected in 31 subjects. Tick arrest cases were most common in June (12 cases; 34.3%) and July (9 cases; 2.9%). There was a history of living in rural areas in twenty-seven (77.1%) patients, close contact with animals in 12 patients, and a history of contact with animal blood in 4 patients. All the 35 cases that followed resulted in healing and no mortality was observed. CONCLUSION CCHF is an endemic disease that still maintains its importance in our country. The most important factor in the control with the disease is to prevent virus contact to prevent transmission. People living in endemic areas should be informed about the precautions to be taken against tick bites, and awareness should be raised by providing education about the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Korkmaz
- Afyonkarahisar Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi, Sağlık Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi, Enfeksiyon Hastalıkları ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji Anabilim Dalı, Afyonkarahisar, Türkiye
| | - Petek Konya
- Afyonkarahisar Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi, Sağlık Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi, Enfeksiyon Hastalıkları ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji Anabilim Dalı, Afyonkarahisar, Türkiye
| | - Neşe Demirtürk
- Afyonkarahisar Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi, Sağlık Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi, Enfeksiyon Hastalıkları ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji Anabilim Dalı, Afyonkarahisar, Türkiye
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16
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Kim JY, Choi H, Kim HJ, Jee Y, Noh M, Lee MO. Polyploidization of Hepatocytes: Insights into the Pathogenesis of Liver Diseases. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2022; 30:391-398. [PMID: 35790893 PMCID: PMC9424332 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2022.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyploidization is a process by which cells are induced to possess more than two sets of chromosomes. Although polyploidization is not frequent in mammals, it is closely associated with development and differentiation of specific tissues and organs. The liver is one of the mammalian organs that displays ploidy dynamics in physiological homeostasis during its development. The ratio of polyploid hepatocytes increases significantly in response to hepatic injury from aging, viral infection, iron overload, surgical resection, or metabolic overload, such as that from non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLDs). One of the unique features of NAFLD is the marked heterogeneity of hepatocyte nuclear size, which is strongly associated with an adverse liver-related outcome, such as hepatocellular carcinoma, liver transplantation, and liver-related death. Thus, hepatic polyploidization has been suggested as a potential driver in the progression of NAFLDs that are involved in the control of the multiple pathogenicity of the diseases. However, the importance of polyploidy in diverse pathophysiological contexts remains elusive. Recently, several studies reported successful improvement of symptoms of NAFLDs by reducing pathological polyploidy or by controlling cell cycle progression in animal models, suggesting that better understanding the mechanisms of pathological hepatic polyploidy may provide insights into the treatment of hepatic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Yeon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 00826, Republic of Korea
| | - Haena Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 00826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Ji Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 00826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 00826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yelin Jee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 00826, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsoo Noh
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 00826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 00826, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Ock Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 00826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 00826, Republic of Korea
- Bio-MAX institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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17
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Gluais‐Dagorn P, Foretz M, Steinberg GR, Batchuluun B, Zawistowska‐Deniziak A, Lambooij JM, Guigas B, Carling D, Monternier P, Moller DE, Bolze S, Hallakou‐Bozec S. Direct AMPK Activation Corrects NASH in Rodents Through Metabolic Effects and Direct Action on Inflammation and Fibrogenesis. Hepatol Commun 2022; 6:101-119. [PMID: 34494384 PMCID: PMC8710801 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
No approved therapies are available for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a central regulator of cell metabolism; its activation has been suggested as a therapeutic approach to NASH. Here we aimed to fully characterize the potential for direct AMPK activation in preclinical models and to determine mechanisms that could contribute to efficacy for this disease. A novel small-molecule direct AMPK activator, PXL770, was used. Enzyme activity was measured with recombinant complexes. De novo lipogenesis (DNL) was quantitated in vivo and in mouse and human primary hepatocytes. Metabolic efficacy was assessed in ob/ob and high-fat diet-fed mice. Liver histology, biochemical measures, and immune cell profiling were assessed in diet-induced NASH mice. Direct effects on inflammation and fibrogenesis were assessed using primary mouse and human hepatic stellate cells, mouse adipose tissue explants, and human immune cells. PXL770 directly activated AMPK in vitro and reduced DNL in primary hepatocytes. In rodent models with metabolic syndrome, PXL770 improved glycemia, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. In mice with NASH, PXL770 reduced hepatic steatosis, ballooning, inflammation, and fibrogenesis. PXL770 exhibited direct inhibitory effects on pro-inflammatory cytokine production and activation of primary hepatic stellate cells. Conclusion: In rodent models, direct activation of AMPK is sufficient to produce improvements in all core components of NASH and to ameliorate related hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and systemic inflammation. Novel properties of direct AMPK activation were also unveiled: improved insulin resistance and direct suppression of inflammation and fibrogenesis. Given effects also documented in human cells (reduced DNL, suppression of inflammation and stellate cell activation), these studies support the potential for direct AMPK activation to effectively treat patients with NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc Foretz
- Université de ParisInstitut CochinCNRSINSERMParisFrance
| | - Gregory R. Steinberg
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research and Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of MedicineMcMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada
| | - Battsetseg Batchuluun
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research and Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of MedicineMcMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada
| | | | - Joost M. Lambooij
- Department of ParasitologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
| | - Bruno Guigas
- Department of ParasitologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
| | - David Carling
- Cellular Stress GroupMedical Research CouncilLondon Institute of Medical SciencesHammersmith HospitalImperial CollegeLondonUnited Kingdom
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18
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Maeda H, Ishima Y, Saruwatari J, Mizuta Y, Minayoshi Y, Ichimizu S, Yanagisawa H, Nagasaki T, Yasuda K, Oshiro S, Taura M, McConnell MJ, Oniki K, Sonoda K, Wakayama T, Kinoshita M, Shuto T, Kai H, Tanaka M, Sasaki Y, Iwakiri Y, Otagiri M, Watanabe H, Maruyama T. Nitric oxide facilitates the targeting Kupffer cells of a nano-antioxidant for the treatment of NASH. J Control Release 2021; 341:457-474. [PMID: 34856227 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Kupffer cells are a key source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and are implicated in the development of steatohepatitis and fibrosis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). We recently developed a polythiolated and mannosylated human serum albumin (SH-Man-HSA), a nano-antioxidant that targets Kupffer cells, in which the mannosyl units on albumin allows their specific uptake by Kupffer cells via the mannose receptor C type 1 (MRC1), and in which the polythiolation confers antioxidant activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic potential of SH-Man-HSA in NASH model mice. In livers from mice and/or patients with NASH, we observed a reduced blood flow in the liver lobes and the down-regulation in MRC1 expression in Kupffer cells, and SH-Man-HSA alone failed to improve the pathological phenotype in NASH. However, the administration of a nitric oxide (NO) donor restored hepatic blood flow and increased the expression of the mannose receptor C type 2 (MRC2) instead of MRC1. Consequently, treatment with a combination of SH-Man-HSA and an NO donor improved oxidative stress-associated pathology. Finally, we developed a hybrid type of nano-antioxidant (SNO-Man-HSA) via the S-nitrosation of SH-Man-HSA. This nanomedicine efficiently delivered both NO and thiol groups to the liver, with a hepatoprotective effect that was comparable to the combination therapy of SH-Man-HSA and an NO donor. These findings suggest that SNO-Man-HSA has the potential for functioning as a novel nano-therapy for the treatment of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Maeda
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; Department of Internal Medicine, Sections of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yu Ishima
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Junji Saruwatari
- Division of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Mizuta
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Minayoshi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shota Ichimizu
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yanagisawa
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Taisei Nagasaki
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kengo Yasuda
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shun Oshiro
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Manabu Taura
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Laboratory of Bioresponse Regulation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Matthew J McConnell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sections of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kentaro Oniki
- Division of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kayoko Sonoda
- Department of Histology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Wakayama
- Department of Histology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Manabu Kinoshita
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Shuto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Kai
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Motohiko Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yutaka Sasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yasuko Iwakiri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sections of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Masaki Otagiri
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and DDS Research Institute, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Watanabe
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | - Toru Maruyama
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
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19
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Guerra JVS, Dias MMG, Brilhante AJVC, Terra MF, García-Arévalo M, Figueira ACM. Multifactorial Basis and Therapeutic Strategies in Metabolism-Related Diseases. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082830. [PMID: 34444990 PMCID: PMC8398524 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, the incidence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), also known as chronic diseases, has been increasing worldwide. Changes in dietary and physical activity patterns, along with genetic conditions, are the main factors that modulate the metabolism of individuals, leading to the development of NCDs. Obesity, diabetes, metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are classified in this group of chronic diseases. Therefore, understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms of these diseases leads us to develop more accurate and effective treatments to reduce or mitigate their prevalence in the population. Given the global relevance of NCDs and ongoing research progress, this article reviews the current understanding about NCDs and their related risk factors, with a focus on obesity, diabetes, MAFLD, and CVDs, summarizing the knowledge about their pathophysiology and highlighting the currently available and emerging therapeutic strategies, especially pharmacological interventions. All of these diseases play an important role in the contamination by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, as well as in the progression and severity of the symptoms of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Therefore, we briefly explore the relationship between NCDs and COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- João V. S. Guerra
- Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Polo II de Alta Tecnologia—R. Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, Campinas 13083-100, Brazil; (J.V.S.G.); (M.M.G.D.); (M.F.T.)
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Marieli M. G. Dias
- Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Polo II de Alta Tecnologia—R. Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, Campinas 13083-100, Brazil; (J.V.S.G.); (M.M.G.D.); (M.F.T.)
- Graduate Program in Functional and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas 13083-970, Brazil;
| | - Anna J. V. C. Brilhante
- Graduate Program in Functional and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas 13083-970, Brazil;
- Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Polo II de Alta Tecnologia—R. Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, Campinas 13083-100, Brazil
| | - Maiara F. Terra
- Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Polo II de Alta Tecnologia—R. Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, Campinas 13083-100, Brazil; (J.V.S.G.); (M.M.G.D.); (M.F.T.)
- Graduate Program in Functional and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas 13083-970, Brazil;
| | - Marta García-Arévalo
- Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Polo II de Alta Tecnologia—R. Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, Campinas 13083-100, Brazil; (J.V.S.G.); (M.M.G.D.); (M.F.T.)
- Correspondence: or (M.G.-A.); (A.C.M.F.)
| | - Ana Carolina M. Figueira
- Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Polo II de Alta Tecnologia—R. Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, Campinas 13083-100, Brazil; (J.V.S.G.); (M.M.G.D.); (M.F.T.)
- Correspondence: or (M.G.-A.); (A.C.M.F.)
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20
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Yokomori H, Ando W. Spatial expression of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor and caveolin-1 in hepatocytes with macrovesicular steatosis in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. BMJ Open Gastroenterol 2021; 7:bmjgast-2019-000370. [PMID: 32414752 PMCID: PMC7232783 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgast-2019-000370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) can progress to fibrosis, cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease. Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) mediates β cell function. Its receptor agonists, currently used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus, might be effective against NASH. GLP-1R, a G protein-coupled receptor family member, preferentially localises to caveolae. Therefore, we ascertained the cellular localisation of GLP-1R and caveolin (CAV)-1 in NASH liver. Methods Liver biopsies were obtained from three patients with NASH and were compared with those of four normal patients. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) were used to compare GLP-1R and CAV-1 expression in the livers of patients with metastatic liver cancer and normal patients. Results IHC showed that GLP-1R localised to basolateral membranes of hepatocytes with macrovesicular steatosis and was expressed in monocytes infiltrating hepatic sinusoids. CAV-1 was minimally associated with low-electron density lipid droplets (LDs) in hepatocytes. IEM showed small clusters of GLP-1R molecules on the peripheral rims of LDs and on cytoplasmic leaflets of endoplasmic reticulum membranes and vesicles, whereas CAV-1 molecules were found in LD caveolae. Conclusions GLP-1R is present in the lipid microdomains of hepatocytes with macrovesicular steatosis. These results may help inform future studies about the liver-specific mechanisms of GLP-1 modulation in NASH therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Yokomori
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kitasato University Medical Center, Kitamoto, Saitama, Japan
| | - Wataru Ando
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kitasato University School of Pharmacy, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Yang M, Ma F, Guan M. Role of Steroid Hormones in the Pathogenesis of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11050320. [PMID: 34067649 PMCID: PMC8156407 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11050320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease and may progress to cirrhosis or even hepatocellular carcinoma. A number of steroid hormones are important regulators of lipid homeostasis through fine tuning the expression of genes related to lipid synthesis, export, and metabolism. Dysregulation of such pathways has been implicated in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. The aim of this review is to clarify the potential impact of steroid hormones on NAFLD. We also highlight potential interventions through modulating steroid hormone levels or the activities of their cognate receptors as therapeutic strategies for preventing NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Aging Research, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China;
- Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Feng Ma
- Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Min Guan
- Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-755-86585232
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22
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Milaciu MV, Ciumărnean L, Matei DM, Vesa ȘC, Sabin O, Bocșan IC, Pop RM, Negrean V, Buzoianu AD, Acalovschi M. Cytokines, paraoxonase-1, periostin and non-invasive liver fibrosis scores in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and persistently elevated aminotransferases: A pilot study. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:533. [PMID: 33815606 PMCID: PMC8014973 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.9965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease worldwide. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible association between paraoxonase-1 (PON1), periostin (POSTN), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10 serum concentration with non-invasive liver fibrosis scores, in a cohort of patients with NAFLD. We studied a cohort of 52 patients diagnosed with NAFLD. The NAFLD fibrosis score (NFS), Fibrosis-4 Index (FIB-4), AST to platelet ratio index (APRI) and BARD scores were calculated for each patient. We determined the PON1, POSTN, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 serum values using ELISA kits. There was no correlation between PON1 or POSTN serum levels and non-invasive liver fibrosis. The TNF-α serum values were independently associated with the liver fibrosis scores (P=0.02 for NFS and P=0.002 for FIB-4). Age and metabolic syndrome were also independently linked to the fibrosis scores. In conclusion, serum levels of TNF-α, age and metabolic syndrome were associated with the non-invasive liver fibrosis scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mircea Vasile Milaciu
- Department 5-Internal Medicine, 4th Medical Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, ‘Iuliu Haţieganu’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Lorena Ciumărnean
- Department 5-Internal Medicine, 4th Medical Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, ‘Iuliu Haţieganu’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Daniela Maria Matei
- Department 5-Internal Medicine, 3rd Medical Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, ‘Iuliu Haţieganu’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400162 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ștefan Cristian Vesa
- Department 2-Functional Sciences, Discipline of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, ‘Iuliu Haţieganu’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Octavia Sabin
- Department 2-Functional Sciences, Discipline of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, ‘Iuliu Haţieganu’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Corina Bocșan
- Department 2-Functional Sciences, Discipline of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, ‘Iuliu Haţieganu’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Raluca Maria Pop
- Department 2-Functional Sciences, Discipline of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, ‘Iuliu Haţieganu’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Vasile Negrean
- Department 5-Internal Medicine, 4th Medical Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, ‘Iuliu Haţieganu’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Anca Dana Buzoianu
- Department 5-Internal Medicine, 3rd Medical Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, ‘Iuliu Haţieganu’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400162 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Monica Acalovschi
- Doctoral School, ‘Iuliu Haţieganu’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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23
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Gerges SH, Wahdan SA, Elsherbiny DA, El-Demerdash E. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: An overview of risk factors, pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnostic procedures, and therapeutic interventions. Life Sci 2021; 271:119220. [PMID: 33592199 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a disorder of excessive fat accumulation in the liver, known as steatosis, without alcohol overconsumption. NAFLD can either manifest as simple steatosis or steatohepatitis, known as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which is accompanied by inflammation and possibly fibrosis. Furthermore, NASH might progress to hepatocellular carcinoma. NAFLD and NASH prevalence is in a continuous state of growth, and by 2018, NAFLD became a devastating metabolic disease with a global pandemic prevalence. The pathophysiology of NAFLD and NASH is not fully elucidated, but is known to involve the complex interplay between different metabolic, environmental, and genetic factors. In addition, unhealthy dietary habits and pre-existing metabolic disturbances together with other risk factors predispose NAFLD development and progression from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis, and eventually to fibrosis. Despite their growing worldwide prevalence, to date, there is no FDA-approved treatment for NAFLD and NASH. Several off-label medications are used to target disease risk factors such as obesity and insulin resistance, and some medications are used for their hepatoprotective effects. Unfortunately, currently used medications are not sufficiently effective, and research is ongoing to investigate the beneficial effects of different drugs and phytochemicals in NASH. In this review article, we outline the different risk factors and pathophysiological mechanisms involved in NAFLD, diagnostic procedures, and currently used management techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar H Gerges
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity Street, Abbasia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Sara A Wahdan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity Street, Abbasia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Doaa A Elsherbiny
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity Street, Abbasia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Ebtehal El-Demerdash
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity Street, Abbasia, Cairo 11566, Egypt.
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24
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Insights into the Impact of Microbiota in the Treatment of NAFLD/NASH and Its Potential as a Biomarker for Prognosis and Diagnosis. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9020145. [PMID: 33546191 PMCID: PMC7913217 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an increasing cause of chronic liver illness associated with obesity and metabolic disorders, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, or type 2 diabetes mellitus. A more severe type of NAFLD, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), is considered an ongoing global health threat and dramatically increases the risks of cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Several reports have demonstrated that liver steatosis is associated with the elevation of certain clinical and biochemical markers but with low predictive potential. In addition, current imaging methods are inaccurate and inadequate for quantification of liver steatosis and do not distinguish clearly between the microvesicular and the macrovesicular types. On the other hand, an unhealthy status usually presents an altered gut microbiota, associated with the loss of its functions. Indeed, NAFLD pathophysiology has been linked to lower microbial diversity and a weakened intestinal barrier, exposing the host to bacterial components and stimulating pathways of immune defense and inflammation via toll-like receptor signaling. Moreover, this activation of inflammation in hepatocytes induces progression from simple steatosis to NASH. In the present review, we aim to: (a) summarize studies on both human and animals addressed to determine the impact of alterations in gut microbiota in NASH; (b) evaluate the potential role of such alterations as biomarkers for prognosis and diagnosis of this disorder; and (c) discuss the involvement of microbiota in the current treatment for NAFLD/NASH (i.e., bariatric surgery, physical exercise and lifestyle, diet, probiotics and prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation).
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25
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Cernea S, Raz I. NAFLD in type 2 diabetes mellitus: Still many challenging questions. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2021; 37:e3386. [PMID: 32677717 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiologic data consistently show that in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) the prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), including advanced fibrosis, is double compared to the general population, and it associates with high risk of liver-related morbidity (advanced fibrosis, hepatocellular carcinoma) and mortality, but also with other systemic consequences, such as cardiovascular (CV) disease, chronic kidney disease, and overall mortality. There are still many answers that need to be clarified regarding NAFLD in T2DM, including deciphering the complex pathogenetic mechanisms, the intertwined relationships with the extrahepatic organs and tissues (mainly heart, kidneys, adipose tissue, gut), the prognostic value of NAFLD for CV risk stratification, and more importantly, what would be the most appropriate screening algorithm, diagnostic method and therapeutic approach. We advocate here for proactive action, in order to identify NAFLD in a timely manner, and suggest a simple algorithm to be used in clinical practice, based on risk stratification and on experts' opinions. We discuss the current therapeutic options for NAFLD in T2DM, for which a multifactorial approach is needed, that concomitantly addresses the liver and the cardio-reno-metabolic disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Cernea
- Department M4/Internal Medicine IV, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureş, Târgu Mureş, Romania
- Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Outpatient Unit, Emergency County Clinical Hospital, Târgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Itamar Raz
- Diabetes Unit, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
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26
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Increased risk of acute liver failure by pain killer drugs in NAFLD: Focus on nuclear receptors and their coactivators. Dig Liver Dis 2021; 53:26-34. [PMID: 32546444 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2020.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a global condition characterized by an accumulation of lipids in the hepatocytes. NAFLD ranges from simple steatosis, a reversible and relatively benign condition, to fibrosis with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), potentially leading to cirrhosis and hepatocarcinoma. NAFLD can increase the susceptibility to severe liver injury with eventual acute liver failure induced by specific hepatotoxic drugs, including acetaminophen (APAP), which is commonly used as analgesic and antipyretic. Although several animal models have been used to clarify the predisposing role of hepatic steatosis to APAP intoxication, the exact mechanism is still not clear. Here, we shed a light into the association between NAFLD and APAP toxicity by examining the peculiar role of nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-β (PGC-1β) in driving fatty acid metabolism, inflammation and mitochondria redox balance. The knowledge of the mechanism that exposes patients with NAFLD to higher risk of acute liver failure by pain killer drug is the first step to eventually claim for a reduction of the maximal diurnal dose of APAP for subjects with liver steatosis.
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27
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Simental-Mendía LE, Gamboa-Gómez CI, Guerrero-Romero F, Simental-Mendía M, Sánchez-García A, Rodríguez-Ramírez M. Beneficial Effects of Plant-Derived Natural Products on Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1308:257-272. [PMID: 33861449 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-64872-5_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is becoming in one of the most prevalent liver diseases that leads to liver transplantation. This health problem is a multisystem disease with a complex pathogenesis that involves liver, adipose tissue, gut, and muscle. Although several pharmacological agents have been investigated to prevent or treat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, currently there is no effective treatment for the management of this chronic liver disease. Nonetheless, the use of natural products has emerged as a alternative therapeutic for the treatment of hepatic diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, insulin-sensitizing, antiobesity, hypolipidemic, and hepatoprotective properties. In the present review, we have discussed the evidence from experimental and clinical studies regarding the potential beneficial effects of plant-derived natural products (quercetin, resveratrol, berberine, pomegranate, curcumin, cinnamon, green tea, coffee, garlic, ginger, ginseng, and gingko biloba) for the treatment or prevention of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E Simental-Mendía
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica, Delegación Durango, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Durango, México.
| | - Claudia I Gamboa-Gómez
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica, Delegación Durango, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Durango, México
| | - Fernando Guerrero-Romero
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica, Delegación Durango, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Durango, México
| | - Mario Simental-Mendía
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José E. González", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, NL, México
| | - Adriana Sánchez-García
- Endocrinology Division, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José E. González", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, NL, México
| | - Mariana Rodríguez-Ramírez
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica, Delegación Durango, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Durango, México
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28
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Al-Baiaty FDR, Ismail A, Abdul Latiff Z, Muhammad Nawawi KN, Raja Ali RA, Mokhtar NM. Possible Hepatoprotective Effect of Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction Vitamin E in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Obese Children and Adolescents. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:667247. [PMID: 34307250 PMCID: PMC8295474 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.667247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity has become a worldwide health concern among the pediatric population. The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is growing rapidly, alongside the high prevalence of obesity. NAFLD refers to a multifactorial disorder that includes simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with or devoid of fibrosis. NAFLD is regarded as a systemic disorder that influences glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism with hepatic manifestations. A sedentary lifestyle and poor choice of food remain the major contributors to the disease. Prompt and timely diagnosis of NAFLD among overweight children is crucial to prevent the progression of the condition. Yet, there has been no approved pharmacological treatment for NAFLD in adults or children. As indicated by clinical evidence, lifestyle modification plays a vital role as a primary form of therapy for managing and treating NAFLD. Emphasis is on the significance of caloric restriction, particularly macronutrients (fats, carbohydrates, and proteins) in altering the disease consequences. A growing number of studies are now focusing on establishing a link between vitamins and NAFLD. Different types of vitamin supplements have been shown to be effective in treating NAFLD. In this review, we elaborate on the potential role of vitamin E with a high content of tocotrienol as a therapeutic alternative in treating NAFLD in obese children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah D R Al-Baiaty
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Aziana Ismail
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zarina Abdul Latiff
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khairul Najmi Muhammad Nawawi
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,GUT Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Raja Affendi Raja Ali
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,GUT Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norfilza Mohd Mokhtar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,GUT Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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29
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Kim KH, Lee MS. GDF15 as a central mediator for integrated stress response and a promising therapeutic molecule for metabolic disorders and NASH. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1865:129834. [PMID: 33358864 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondria is a key organelle for energy production and cellular adaptive response to intracellular and extracellular stresses. Mitochondrial stress can be evoked by various stimuli such as metabolic stressors or pathogen infection, which may lead to expression of 'mitokines' such as growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15). SCOPE OF REVIEW This review summarizes the mechanism of GDF15 expression in response to organelle stress such as mitochondrial stress, and covers pathophysiological conditions or diseases that are associated with elevated GDF15 level. This review also illustrates the in vivo role of GDF15 expression in those stress conditions or diseases, and a potential of GDF15 as a therapeutic agent against metabolic disorders such as NASH. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) is a critical process to recover from mitochondrial stress. UPRmt can induce expression of secretory proteins that can exert systemic effects (mitokines) as well as mitochondrial chaperons. GDF15 can have either protective or detrimental systemic effects in response to mitochondrial stresses, suggesting its role as a mitokine. Mounting evidence shows that GDF15 is also induced by stresses of organelles other than mitochondria such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER). GDF15 level is increased in serum or tissue of mice and human subjects with metabolic diseases such as obesity or NASH. GDF15 can modulate metabolic features of those diseases. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE GDF15 play a role as an integrated stress response (ISR) beyond mitochondrial stress response. GDF15 is involved in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases such as NASH, and also could be a candidate for therapeutic agent against those diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kook Hwan Kim
- GI Innovatioin, Inc., Tera Tower, Songpa-daero 167, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05855, South Korea.
| | - Myung-Shik Lee
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute and Dept. of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei-ro 50-1, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea.
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Kirkegaard-Klitbo DM, Bendtsen F, Lundgren J, de Knegt RJ, Kofoed KF, Nielsen SD, Benfield T. Increased Prevalence of Liver Fibrosis in People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Without Viral Hepatitis Compared to Population Controls. J Infect Dis 2020; 224:443-452. [PMID: 33320268 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver fibrosis is associated with poor liver-related outcomes and mortality. People with human immunodeficiency virus (PWH) may be at increased risk. We aimed to estimate the prevalence and factors associated with liver fibrosis in PWH compared to population controls. METHODS This was a cross-sectional cohort study comparing 342 PWH with 2190 population controls aged 50-70 years.Transient elastography was performed and elevated liver stiffness measurement (LSM) defined as 7.6 kPa as a proxy for significant liver fibrosis. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were computed by logistic regression. RESULTS The prevalence of elevated LSM was higher in PWH than in uninfected controls (12% vs 7%; P < .01). Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection was independently associated with elevated LSM. In multivariate analysis, elevated LSM was associated with HIV (aOR, 1.84 [95% CI, 1.17-2.88]; P < .01); higher age (per decade: aOR, 3.34 [95% CI, 1.81-6.18]; P < .01); alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (per 10 IU/L: aOR, 1.25 [95% CI, 1.05-1.49]; P < .01); body mass index (BMI) (per 1 kg/m2: aOR, 1.17 [95% CI, 1.05-1.29]; P < .01), and previous exposure to didanosine (per year: aOR, 2.26 [95% CI, 1.01-5.06]; P = .04). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of elevated LSM was higher in PWH compared to population controls. Higher age, BMI, ALT, previous exposure to didanosine, and positive HIV status were independently associated with higher odds of elevated LSM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Flemming Bendtsen
- Gastrounit, Medical Division, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Lundgren
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Centre of Excellence for Health, Immunity and Infections, Department of Infectious Diseases 8632, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Robert J de Knegt
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Klaus Fuglsang Kofoed
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Radiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susanne Dam Nielsen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Viro-immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases 8632, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Benfield
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Regulation of gene transcription by thyroid hormone receptor β agonists in clinical development for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240338. [PMID: 33306682 PMCID: PMC7732128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are important modulators of metabolic activity in mammals and alter cholesterol and fatty acid levels through activation of the nuclear thyroid hormone receptor (THR). Currently, there are several THRβ agonists in clinical trials for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) that have demonstrated the potential to reduce liver fat and restore liver function. In this study, we tested three THRβ-agonism-based NASH treatment candidates, GC-1 (sobetirome), MGL-3196 (resmetirom), and VK2809, and compared their selectivity for THRβ and their ability to modulate the expression of genes specific to cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthesis and metabolism in vitro using human hepatic cells and in vivo using a rat model. Treatment with GC-1 upregulated the transcription of CPT1A in the human hepatocyte-derived Huh-7 cell line with a dose-response comparable to that of the native THR ligand, triiodothyronine (T3). VK2809A (active parent of VK2809), MGL-3196, and VK2809 were approximately 30-fold, 1,000-fold, and 2,000-fold less potent than T3, respectively. Additionally, these relative potencies were confirmed by quantification of other direct gene targets of THR, namely, ANGPTL4 and DIO1. In primary human hepatocytes, potencies were conserved for every compound except for VK2809, which showed significantly increased potency that was comparable to that of its active counterpart, VK2809A. In high-fat diet fed rats, a single dose of T3 significantly reduced total cholesterol levels and concurrently increased liver Dio1 and Me1 RNA expression. MGL-3196 treatment resulted in concentration-dependent decreases in total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with corresponding increases in liver gene expression, but the compound was significantly less potent than T3. In conclusion, we have implemented a strategy to rank the efficacy of THRβ agonists by quantifying changes in the transcription of genes that lead to metabolic alterations, an effect that is directly downstream of THR binding and activation.
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Östlund C, Hernandez-Ono A, Shin JY. The Nuclear Envelope in Lipid Metabolism and Pathogenesis of NAFLD. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9100338. [PMID: 33076344 PMCID: PMC7602593 DOI: 10.3390/biology9100338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary The liver is a major organ regulating lipid metabolism and a proper liver function is essential to health. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a condition with abnormal fat accumulation in the liver without heavy alcohol use. NAFLD is becoming one of the most common liver diseases with the increase in obesity in many parts of the world. There is no approved cure for the disease and a better understanding of disease mechanism is needed for effective prevention and treatment. The nuclear envelope, a membranous structure that surrounds the cell nucleus, is connected to the endoplasmic reticulum where the vast majority of cellular lipids are synthesized. Growing evidence indicates that components in the nuclear envelope are involved in cellular lipid metabolism. We review published studies with various cell and animal models, indicating the essential roles of nuclear envelope proteins in lipid metabolism. We also discuss how defects in these proteins affect cellular lipid metabolism and possibly contribute to the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Abstract Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a burgeoning public health problem worldwide. Despite its tremendous significance for public health, we lack a comprehensive understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of NAFLD and its more advanced stage, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Identification of novel pathways or cellular mechanisms that regulate liver lipid metabolism has profound implications for the understanding of the pathology of NAFLD and NASH. The nuclear envelope is topologically connected to the ER, where protein synthesis and lipid synthesis occurs. Emerging evidence points toward that the nuclear lamins and nuclear membrane-associated proteins are involved in lipid metabolism and homeostasis. We review published reports that link these nuclear envelope proteins to lipid metabolism. In particular, we focus on the recent work demonstrating the essential roles for the nuclear envelope-localized torsinA/lamina-associated polypeptide (LAP1) complex in hepatic steatosis, lipid secretion, and NASH development. We also discuss plausible pathogenic mechanisms by which the loss of either protein in hepatocytes leads to hepatic dyslipidemia and NASH development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Östlund
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; (C.Ö.); (A.H.-O.)
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Antonio Hernandez-Ono
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; (C.Ö.); (A.H.-O.)
| | - Ji-Yeon Shin
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; (C.Ö.); (A.H.-O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-212-305-4088
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Benlebna M, Balas L, Bonafos B, Pessemesse L, Fouret G, Vigor C, Gaillet S, Grober J, Bernex F, Landrier JF, Kuda O, Durand T, Coudray C, Casas F, Feillet-Coudray C. Long-term intake of 9-PAHPA or 9-OAHPA modulates favorably the basal metabolism and exerts an insulin sensitizing effect in obesogenic diet-fed mice. Eur J Nutr 2020; 60:2013-2027. [PMID: 32989473 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02391-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are a large family of endogenous bioactive lipids. To date, most of the studied FAHFAs are branched regioisomers of Palmitic Acid Hydroxyl Stearic Acid (PAHSA) that were reported to possess anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory activity in humans and rodents. Recently, we have demonstrated that 9-PAHPA or 9-OAHPA intake increased basal metabolism and enhanced insulin sensitivity in healthy control diet-fed mice but induced liver damage in some mice. The present work aims to explore whether a long-term intake of 9-PAHPA or 9-OAHPA may have similar effects in obesogenic diet-fed mice. METHODS C57Bl6 mice were fed with a control or high fat-high sugar (HFHS) diets for 12 weeks. The HFHS diet was supplemented or not with 9-PAHPA or 9-OAHPA. Whole-body metabolism was explored. Glucose and lipid metabolism as well as mitochondrial activity and oxidative stress status were analyzed. RESULTS As expected, the intake of HFHS diet led to obesity and lower insulin sensitivity with minor effects on liver parameters. The long-term intake of 9-PAHPA or 9-OAHPA modulated favorably the basal metabolism and improved insulin sensitivity as measured by insulin tolerance test. On the contrary to what we have reported previously in healthy mice, no marked effect for these FAHFAs was observed on liver metabolism of obese diabetic mice. CONCLUSION This study indicates that both 9-PAHPA and 9-OAHPA may have interesting insulin-sensitizing effects in obese mice with lower insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurence Balas
- Institut Des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | - Claire Vigor
- Institut Des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Jacques Grober
- LNC UMR1231, INSERM, Univ Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Agrosup Dijon, LipSTIC LabEx, Dijon, France
| | - Florence Bernex
- INSERM, U1194, Network of Experimental Histology, BioCampus, CNRS, UMS3426, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Ondrej Kuda
- Department of Metabolism of Bioactive Lipids, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut Des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
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Patel K, Lamm R, Altshuler P, Dang H, Shah AP. Hepatocellular Carcinoma-The Influence of Immunoanatomy and the Role of Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186757. [PMID: 32942580 PMCID: PMC7555667 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. Most patients are diagnosed with advanced disease, limiting their options for treatment. While current treatments are adequate for lower staged disease, available systemic treatments are limited, with marginal benefit at best. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy, effective in treating liquid tumors such as B-cell lymphoma, presents a potentially promising treatment option for advanced HCC. However, new challenges specific to solid tumors, such as tumor immunoanatomy or the immune cell presence and position anatomically and the tumor microenvironment, need to be defined and overcome. Immunotherapy currently in use must be re-engineered and re-envisioned to treat HCC with the hopes of ushering in an answer to advanced stage solid tumor disease processes. Future therapy options must address the uniqueness of the tumors under the umbrella of HCC. This review strives to summarize HCC, its staging system, current therapy and immunotherapy medications currently being utilized or studied in the treatment of HCC with the hopes of highlighting what is being done and suggesting what needs to be done in the future to champion this therapy as an effective option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyur Patel
- Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19144, USA; (K.P.); (R.L.); (P.A.)
| | - Ryan Lamm
- Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19144, USA; (K.P.); (R.L.); (P.A.)
| | - Peter Altshuler
- Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19144, USA; (K.P.); (R.L.); (P.A.)
| | - Hien Dang
- Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19144, USA; (K.P.); (R.L.); (P.A.)
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
- Correspondence: (H.D.); (A.P.S.)
| | - Ashesh P. Shah
- Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19144, USA; (K.P.); (R.L.); (P.A.)
- Correspondence: (H.D.); (A.P.S.)
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Han J, Guo X, Meng XJ, Zhang J, Yamaguchi R, Motoo Y, Yamada S. Acupuncture improved lipid metabolism by regulating intestinal absorption in mice. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:5118-5129. [PMID: 32982113 PMCID: PMC7495030 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i34.5118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), in which abnormal lipid metabolism plays an important role in disease progression, has become a pandemic. Abnormal lipid metabolism, for example an increased fat intake, has been thought to be an initial factor leading to NAFLD. The small intestine is the main site of dietary lipid absorption. A number of clinical trials have shown that acupuncture has positive effects in the regulation of lipid metabolism, which is closely associated with the progression of NAFLD. We therefore hypothesized that, acupuncture can improve the conditions of NAFLD by regulating intestinal absorption of lipid.
AIM To study the role of acupuncture treatment in the improvement of metabolic syndrome secondary to NAFLD by mouse model.
METHODS 8-wk-old male C57BL/6J mice were fed a methionine- and choline-deficient diet for 3 wk. Then, all mice were separated randomly into acupoints group (AG) or non-acupoints group (NG) with high fat diet feeding. Needling treatment was performed at Zu san li, Guan yuan and Yong quan acupoints as acupuncture treatment to AG mice while non-acupoints place to NG mice. Finally, mice were anesthetized with an injection of ketamine-medetomidine and euthanized by exsanguination.
RESULTS An apparent improvement of obesity was found in AG mice after acupuncture treatment. In AG mice, the body weight was much lower (22.6 ± 1.2 g vs 28.1 ± 1.0 g, P < 0.005) in comparison to NG mice. The length of small intestine in AG mice was significantly shorter (26.7 ± 2.3 cm vs 32.7 ± 2.7 cm, P < 0.005). A large amount of chyme was observed in the lumen of the AG small intestine. The expression of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, apolipoprotein B and apolipoprotein C2 was downregulated. Triacylglycerols (TGs), total cholesterol and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels of the small intestinal tissue were significantly higher in AG mice, but the serum TGs and NEFA levels were reduced in AG mice.
CONCLUSION These results indicate that acupuncture at Zu san li, Guan yuan and Yong quan suppressed lipid absorption by downregulating the expression of apolipoproteins in the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Han
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
- Department of Oncology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Xin Guo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
- Department of Pathology, Kanazawa Medical University Hospital, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Xiang-Jin Meng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Reimon Yamaguchi
- Department of Dermatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Motoo
- Department of Oncology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Sohsuke Yamada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
- Department of Pathology, Kanazawa Medical University Hospital, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
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Pillai SS, Lakhani HV, Zehra M, Wang J, Dilip A, Puri N, O’Hanlon K, Sodhi K. Predicting Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease through a Panel of Plasma Biomarkers and MicroRNAs in Female West Virginia Population. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186698. [PMID: 32933141 PMCID: PMC7554851 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is primarily characterized by the presence of fatty liver, hepatic inflammation and fibrogenesis eventually leading to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) or cirrhosis. Obesity and diabetes are common risk factors associated with the development and progression of NAFLD, with one of the highest prevalence of these diseased conditions in the West Virginia population. Currently, the diagnosis of NAFLD is limited to radiologic studies and biopsies, which are not cost-effective and highly invasive. Hence, this study aimed to develop a panel and assess the progressive levels of circulatory biomarkers and miRNA expression in patients at risk for progression to NASH to allow early intervention strategies. (2) Methods: In total, 62 female patients were enrolled and blood samples were collected after 8–10 h of fasting. Computed tomography was performed on abdomen/pelvis following IV contrast administration. The patients were divided into the following groups: Healthy subjects with normal BMI and normal fasting blood glucose (Control, n = 20), Obese with high BMI and normal fasting blood glucose (Obese, n = 20) and Obese with high fasting blood glucose (Obese + DM, n = 22). Based on findings from CT, another subset was created from Obese + DM group with patients who showed signs of fatty liver infiltration (Obese + DM(FI), n = 10). ELISA was performed for measurement of plasma biomarkers and RT-PCR was performed for circulating miRNA expression. (3) Results: Our results show significantly increased levels of plasma IL-6, Leptin and FABP-1, while significantly decreased level of adiponectin in Obese, Obese + DM and Obese + DM(FI) group, as compared to healthy controls. The level of CK-18 was significantly increased in Obese + DM(FI) group as compared to control. Subsequently, the expression of miR-122, miR-34a, miR-375, miR-16 and miR-21 was significantly increased in Obese + DM and Obese + DM(FI) group as compared to healthy control. Our results also show distinct correlation of IL-6, FABP-1 and adiponectin levels with the expression of miRNAs in relation to the extent of NAFLD progression. (4) Conclusion: Our results support the clinical application of these biomarkers and miRNAs in monitoring the progression of NAFLD, suggesting a more advanced diagnostic potential of this panel than conventional methods. This panel may provide an appropriate method for early prognosis and management of NAFLD and subsequent adverse hepatic pathophysiology, potentially reducing the disease burden on the West Virginia population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha S. Pillai
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV 25701, USA; (S.S.P.); (H.V.L.); (M.Z.); (J.W.); (A.D.)
| | - Hari Vishal Lakhani
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV 25701, USA; (S.S.P.); (H.V.L.); (M.Z.); (J.W.); (A.D.)
| | - Mishghan Zehra
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV 25701, USA; (S.S.P.); (H.V.L.); (M.Z.); (J.W.); (A.D.)
| | - Jiayan Wang
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV 25701, USA; (S.S.P.); (H.V.L.); (M.Z.); (J.W.); (A.D.)
| | - Anum Dilip
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV 25701, USA; (S.S.P.); (H.V.L.); (M.Z.); (J.W.); (A.D.)
| | - Nitin Puri
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Medical Education, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV 25701, USA;
| | - Kathleen O’Hanlon
- Departments of Family Medicine, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV 25701, USA;
| | - Komal Sodhi
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV 25701, USA; (S.S.P.); (H.V.L.); (M.Z.); (J.W.); (A.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(304)-691-1704; Fax: +1-(914)-347-4956
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Al Mamun A, Akter A, Hossain S, Sarker T, Safa SA, Mustafa QG, Muhammad SA, Munir F. Role of NLRP3 inflammasome in liver disease. J Dig Dis 2020; 21:430-436. [PMID: 32585073 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.12918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammasomes have become an important natural sensor of host immunity, and can protect various organs against pathogenic infections, metabolic syndromes, cellular stress and cancer metastasis. Inflammasomes are intracellular multi-protein complexes found in both parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells, stimulating the initiation of caspase-1 and interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 in response to cell danger signals. Inflammasomes induce cell death mechanisms. The potential role of NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in alcoholic and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, hepatitis, nanoparticle-induced liver injury and other liver diseases has recently attracted widespread attention from clinicians and researchers. In this review we summarize the role played by the NLRP3 inflammasome in molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms in the pathogenesis and progression of liver disease. This article aims to establish that targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome and other inflammasome components may make a significant therapeutic approach to the treatment of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al Mamun
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Afroza Akter
- Department of Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Sukria Hossain
- Department of Pharmacy, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tamanna Sarker
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Quazi G Mustafa
- School of International Studies, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Syed A Muhammad
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahaudin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Fahad Munir
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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Chiou YL, Chyau CC, Li TJ, Kuo CF, Kang YY, Chen CC, Ko WS. Hepatoprotective Effect of Antrodia cinnamomea Mycelium in Patients with Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Am Coll Nutr 2020; 40:349-357. [PMID: 32657670 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2020.1779850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has become a prominent liver disease in contemporary society because of the changing dieting styles. Complicated syndromes often accompanied by obesity and diabetes makes no standard treatment for NASH. Therefore, we investigated the potential role of Antrodia cinnamomea mycelium (ACM) as nutraceutical supplementation in the treatment of NASH in this 6-month randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. METHOD 28 Participants were treated with three capsules per day containing either 420 mg of ACM or 420 mg of starch as a placebo. The participants were required to follow a predetermined regular visit to hospital every three months during the intervention period (6 months). During each study visit, subjects underwent anthropometric measurements and blood testing for biochemical analysis, immune function assay, inflammatory cytokines assay, and FibroMax test. RESULTS The ACM supplemented group had a significant improvement in steatosis and decreased in the inflammatory marker of TNF-α after three and six months. NASH patients who received ACM showed a significant decrease in the SteatoTest mean value from 0.66 at baseline to 0.49 at 6 months (p < 0.029) and the ActiTest mean value decreased from 0.46 at baseline to 0.30 at 6 months (p < 0.029). CONCLUSION This is the first clinical investigation that explores the hepatoprotective effect of A. cinnamomea mycelium in patients with NASH. No participants experienced any adverse events during the study, which suggested that ACM is a safe alternative treatment for NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ling Chiou
- Department of Nutrition, Master Program of Biomedical Nutrition, Hungkuang University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Charng-Cherng Chyau
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Ju Li
- Biotech Research Institute, Grape King Bio Ltd, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Feng Kuo
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition, and Nutraceutical Biotechnology, Shih Chien University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yling Kang
- Department of Nutrition, Master Program of Biomedical Nutrition, Hungkuang University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chu Chen
- Biotech Research Institute, Grape King Bio Ltd, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.,Department of Food Science, Nutrition, and Nutraceutical Biotechnology, Shih Chien University, Taipei City, Taiwan.,Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wang-Sheng Ko
- Department of Nutrition, Master Program of Biomedical Nutrition, Hungkuang University, Taichung City, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Kuang-Tien General Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
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Transcriptional Regulation in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10070283. [PMID: 32660130 PMCID: PMC7408131 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10070283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is the primary risk factor for the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the worldwide prevalence of which continues to increase dramatically. The liver plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of whole-body lipid and glucose homeostasis. This is mainly mediated by the transcriptional activation of hepatic pathways that promote glucose and lipid production or utilization in response to the nutritional state of the body. However, in the setting of chronic excessive nutrition, the dysregulation of hepatic transcriptional machinery promotes lipid accumulation, inflammation, metabolic stress, and fibrosis, which culminate in NAFLD. In this review, we provide our current understanding of the transcription factors that have been linked to the pathogenesis and progression of NAFLD. Using publicly available transcriptomic data, we outline the altered activity of transcription factors among humans with NAFLD. By expanding this analysis to common experimental mouse models of NAFLD, we outline the relevance of mouse models to the human pathophysiology at the transcriptional level.
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Xiao L, Liang S, Ge L, Qiu S, Wan H, Wu S, Fei J, Peng S, Zeng X. Si-Wei-Qing-Gan-Tang Improves Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis by Modulating the Nuclear Factor-κB Signal Pathway and Autophagy in Methionine and Choline Deficient Diet-Fed Rats. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:530. [PMID: 32425782 PMCID: PMC7206618 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Si-Wei-Qing-Gan-Tang (SWQGT) is a Chinese medicine formula that is widely used as a folk remedy of herbal tea for the treatment of chronic hepatitis, like non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), around Ganzhou City (Jiangxi province, China). However, the underlying mechanisms of this formula against NASH are still unknown. This study aimed to explore the effect and mechanisms of SWQGT against NASH. A network pharmacology approach was used to predict the potential mechanisms of SWQGT against NASH. Then a rat model of NASH established by feeding the methionine and choline deficient (MCD) diet was used to verify the effect and mechanisms of SWQGT on NASH in vivo. SWQGT (1 g/kg/d and 3 g/kg/d) were given by intragastric administration. Body weight, liver weight, serum biochemical indicators, liver triglyceride and total cholesterol were all measured. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 levels in the livers were evaluated using ELISA. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and Oil Red O staining were used to determine histology, while western blot was used to assess the relative expression levels of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway- and autophagy-related proteins. Functional and pathway enrichment analyses revealed that SWQGT obviously influenced inflammation-related signal pathways in NASH. Furthermore, in vivo experiment showed that SWQGT caused a reduction in liver weight and liver index of MCD diet-fed rats. The formula also helped to reduce hepatomegaly and improve pathological liver changes and hepatic steatosis. SWQGT likewise reduced liver TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels and down-regulated p-NF-κB p65, p-p38 MAPK, p-MEK1/2, p-ERK1/2, p-mTOR, and p62, while up-regulating p-ULK1 and LC3II protein expression levels. SWQGT could improve NASH in MCD diet-fed rats, and this effect may be associated with its down-regulation of NF-κB and activation of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Xiao
- Centre Lab of Longhua Branch and Department of Infectious Disease, 2nd Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital) of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China.,Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu Liang
- Centre Lab of Longhua Branch and Department of Infectious Disease, 2nd Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital) of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lanlan Ge
- Centre Lab of Longhua Branch and Department of Infectious Disease, 2nd Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital) of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China.,Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuling Qiu
- Centre Lab of Longhua Branch and Department of Infectious Disease, 2nd Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital) of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haoqiang Wan
- Centre Lab of Longhua Branch and Department of Infectious Disease, 2nd Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital) of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Pathology (Longhua Branch), 2nd Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital) of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shipin Wu
- Centre Lab of Longhua Branch and Department of Infectious Disease, 2nd Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital) of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jia Fei
- Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shusong Peng
- Department of Pathology (Longhua Branch), 2nd Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital) of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaobin Zeng
- Centre Lab of Longhua Branch and Department of Infectious Disease, 2nd Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital) of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
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Kim K, Kim KH. Targeting of Secretory Proteins as a Therapeutic Strategy for Treatment of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072296. [PMID: 32225108 PMCID: PMC7177791 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is defined as a progressive form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and is a common chronic liver disease that causes significant worldwide morbidity and mortality, and has no approved pharmacotherapy. Nevertheless, growing understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the development and progression of NASH has suggested multiple potential therapeutic targets and strategies to treat this disease. Here, we review this progress, with emphasis on the functional role of secretory proteins in the development and progression of NASH, in addition to the change of expression of various secretory proteins in mouse NASH models and human NASH subjects. We also highlight secretory protein-based therapeutic approaches that influence obesity-associated insulin resistance, liver steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis, as well as the gut–liver and adipose–liver axes in the treatment of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeongjin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Inha-ro 100, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (K.H.K.)
| | - Kook Hwan Kim
- Metabolic Diseases Research Center, GI Cell, Inc., B-1014, Tera Tower, Songpa-daero 167, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05855, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (K.H.K.)
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review, authors have selected from literature the most recent and suggestive studies on therapy of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The selected interventions regulate the action of gastrointestinal peptides, such as gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), nesfatin, peptide YY, cholecystokinin, and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). These hormones have been found frequently modified in obesity and/or type 2 diabetes mellitus, morbidities mostly associated with NAFLD. This disease has a very high prevalence worldwide and could evolve in a more severe form, that is, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, characterized by inflammation and fibrosis. The findings shown by this article describe the metabolic effects of new drugs, mainly but not only, as well of some old substances. RECENT FINDINGS Recent approaches, in animal models or in humans, use synthetic GLP-1 receptor agonists, a centrally administered antibody neutralizing GIP receptor, curcumin, compound being active on nesfatin, resveratrol (antiinflammatory agent), and Ginseg, both of them acting on nesfatin, a cholecystokinin receptor analogue, and finally coffee functioning on YY peptide. SUMMARY The implications of the presented findings, if they are confirmed in larger clinical trials, likely open the door to future application in clinical practice. In fact, nowadays, patients have only diet and article (incl abstract and keywords) exercise as well accepted recommendations. Thus, there are unmet needs to find substances that could really improve the progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis toward liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Tarantino
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Naples
| | - Clara Balsano
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Life, Health & Environmental Sciences-MESVA, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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Papukashvili D, Rcheulishvili N, Deng Y. Attenuation of Weight Gain and Prevention of Associated Pathologies by Inhibiting SSAO. Nutrients 2020; 12:E184. [PMID: 31936548 PMCID: PMC7019322 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide prevalent metabolic disorder that is associated with diabetes, among many other diseases. Bearing this in mind, prevention and treatment ways need to be improved. Notably, activity of the enzyme semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) is found to be elevated in overweight subjects. Moreover, SSAO inhibition has resulted in an increase of histamine activity in adipose tissue and the limitation of body fat. The current review aims to overview the risks of obesity, rationalize the molecular ways of SSAO activity, and outline the strategies of inhibiting upregulated enzyme levels. It describes the differences between SSAO inhibitors and advances the prospective agents. Based on evidence, caffeine is proposed as an effective, safe, and reliable choice to inhibit SSAO activity. Furthermore, the histamine in adipocytes has been associated with SSAO activity. Therefore, it is suggested as one of the key compounds to be studied for obesity management. To conclude, inhibiting SSAO may attenuate weight gain and prevent related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Papukashvili
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (D.P.); (N.R.)
| | - Nino Rcheulishvili
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (D.P.); (N.R.)
| | - Yulin Deng
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (D.P.); (N.R.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, Beijing 100081, China
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Association between Hemoglobin Glycation Index and NAFLD in Chinese Nondiabetic Individuals. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 2019:8748459. [PMID: 31929982 PMCID: PMC6942793 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8748459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Limited studies have preliminarily identified a positive association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and hemoglobin glycation index (HGI). However, this association has not been fully established. We aim to investigate the association between NAFLD and HGI in Chinese nondiabetic individuals and to construct a risk score based on HGI to predict a person's risk of NAFLD. METHODS After strict exclusion criteria, 5,903 individuals were included in this retrospective cross-sectional study. We randomly selected 1,967 subjects in the enrollment to obtain an equation of linear regression, which was used to calculate predicted HbA1c and drive HGI. The other subjects were classified into four categories according to HGI level (≤-0.22, -0.21∼0.02, 0.03∼0.28, and ≥0.29). All subjects retrospectively reviewed the baseline characteristics, laboratory examinations, and abdominal ultrasonography. RESULTS The prevalence of NAFLD in this population was 20.7%, which increases along with the growth of HGI levels (P < 0.001). Adjusted to multiple factors, this trend still remained significant (OR: 1.172 (95% CI, 1.074-1.279)). The combined NAFLD risk score based on HGI resulted in an area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.85 provided sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and a negative predictive value for NAFLD of 84.4%, 71.3%, 65.0%, and 88.0%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS NAFLD is independently associated with HGI levels in Chinese nondiabetic individuals. And, NAFLD risk score may be used as one of the risk predictors of NAFLD in nondiabetic population.
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Chen L, Duan Y, Wei H, Ning H, Bi C, Zhao Y, Qin Y, Li Y. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) as a therapeutic target for metabolic syndrome and recent developments in ACC1/2 inhibitors. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2019; 28:917-930. [PMID: 31430206 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2019.1657825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (ACC) is an essential rate-limiting enzyme in fatty acid metabolism. For many years, ACC inhibitors have gained great attention for developing therapeutics for various human diseases including microbial infections, metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes, and cancer. Areas covered: We present a comprehensive review and update of ACC inhibitors. We look at the current advance of ACC inhibitors in clinical studies and the implications in drug discovery. We searched ScienceDirect ( https://www.sciencedirect.com/ ), ACS ( https://pubs.acs.org/ ), Wiley ( https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ ), NCBI ( https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ ) and World Health Organization ( https://www.who.int/ ). The keywords used were Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase, lipid, inhibitors and metabolic syndrome. All documents were published before June 2019. Expert opinion: The key regulatory role of ACC in fatty acid synthesis and oxidation pathways makes it an attractive target for various metabolic diseases. In particular, the combination of ACC inhibitors with other drugs is a new strategy for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Expanding the clinical indications for ACC inhibitors will be one of the hot directions in the future. It is also worth looking forward to exploring safe and efficient inhibitors that act on the BC domain of ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyuan Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Tianjin , China
| | - Yuqing Duan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Tianjin , China
| | - Huiqiang Wei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Tianjin , China
| | - Hongxin Ning
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Tianjin , China
| | - Changfen Bi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Tianjin , China
| | - Ying Zhao
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology , Chongqing , China
| | - Yong Qin
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Yiliang Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Tianjin , China
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Sayiner M, Lam B, Golabi P, Younossi ZM. Advances and challenges in the management of advanced fibrosis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2018; 11:1756284818811508. [PMID: 30479664 PMCID: PMC6243399 DOI: 10.1177/1756284818811508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is rapidly becoming the most common type of chronic liver disease worldwide. From the spectrum of NAFLD, it is nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) that predominantly predisposes patients to higher risk for development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. There is growing evidence that the risk of progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma is not uniform among all patients with NASH. In fact, NASH patients with increasing numbers of metabolic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, visceral obesity and dyslipidemia are at a higher risk of mortality. Additionally, patients with higher stage of liver fibrosis are also at increased risk of mortality. In this context, NASH patients with fibrosis are in the most urgent need of treatment. Also, the first line of treatment for NASH is lifestyle modification with diet and exercise. Nevertheless, the efficacy of lifestyle modification is quite limited. Additionally, vitamin E and pioglitazone may be considered for subset of patients with NASH. There are various medications targeting one or more steps in the pathogenesis of NASH being developed. These drug regimens either alone or in combination, may provide potential treatment option for patients with NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Sayiner
- Department of Medicine, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, VA,Betty and Guy Beatty Center for Integrated Research, Inova Health System, Falls Church, VA
| | - Brian Lam
- Betty and Guy Beatty Center for Integrated Research, Inova Health System, Falls Church, VA
| | - Pegah Golabi
- Betty and Guy Beatty Center for Integrated Research, Inova Health System, Falls Church, VA
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