1
|
Ebright B, Duro MV, Chen K, Louie S, Yassine HN. Effects of APOE4 on omega-3 brain metabolism across the lifespan. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2024; 35:745-757. [PMID: 38609814 PMCID: PMC11321946 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have important roles in human nutrition and brain health by promoting neuronal functions, maintaining inflammatory homeostasis, and providing structural integrity. As Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology progresses, DHA metabolism in the brain becomes dysregulated, the timing and extent of which may be influenced by the apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE4) allele. Here, we discuss how maintaining adequate DHA intake early in life may slow the progression to AD dementia in cognitively normal individuals with APOE4, how recent advances in DHA brain imaging could offer insights leading to more personalized preventive strategies, and how alternative strategies targeting PUFA metabolism pathways may be more effective in mitigating disease progression in patients with existing AD dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Ebright
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Marlon V Duro
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Stan Louie
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Hussein N Yassine
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
He K, Zhao Z, Zhang J, Li D, Wang S, Liu Q. Cholesterol Metabolism in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2024. [PMID: 38842175 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2024.0674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Significance: Cholesterol plays a crucial role in the brain, where it is highly concentrated and tightly regulated to support normal brain functions. It serves as a vital component of cell membranes, ensuring their integrity, and acts as a key regulator of various brain processes. Dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism in the brain has been linked to impaired brain function and the onset of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. Recent Advances: A significant advancement has been the identification of astrocyte-derived apoliprotein E as a key regulator of de novo cholesterol biosynthesis in neurons, providing insights into how extracellular signals influence neuronal cholesterol levels. In addition, the development of antibody-based therapies, particularly for AD, presents promising opportunities for therapeutic interventions. Critical Issues: Despite significant research, the association between cholesterol and neurodegenerative diseases remains inconclusive. It is crucial to distinguish between plasma cholesterol and brain cholesterol, as these pools are relatively independent. This differentiation should be considered when evaluating statin-based treatment approaches. Furthermore, assessing not only the total cholesterol content in the brain but also its distribution among different types of brain cells is essential. Future Direction: Establishing a causal link between changes in brain/plasma cholesterol levels and the onset of brain dysfunction/neurodegenerative diseases remains a key objective. In addition, conducting cell-specific analyses of cholesterol homeostasis in various types of brain cells under pathological conditions will enhance our understanding of cholesterol metabolism in neurodegenerative diseases. Manipulating cholesterol levels to restore homeostasis may represent a novel approach for alleviating neurological symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keqiang He
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Dingfeng Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Aging Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Seo D, Lee CM, Apio C, Heo G, Timsina J, Kohlfeld P, Boada M, Orellana A, Fernandez MV, Ruiz A, Morris JC, Schindler SE, Park T, Cruchaga C, Sung YJ. Sex and aging signatures of proteomics in human cerebrospinal fluid identify distinct clusters linked to neurodegeneration. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.06.18.24309102. [PMID: 38947020 PMCID: PMC11213043 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.18.24309102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Sex and age are major risk factors for chronic diseases. Recent studies examining age-related molecular changes in plasma provided insights into age-related disease biology. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteomics can provide additional insights into brain aging and neurodegeneration. By comprehensively examining 7,006 aptamers targeting 6,139 proteins in CSF obtained from 660 healthy individuals aged from 43 to 91 years old, we subsequently identified significant sex and aging effects on 5,097 aptamers in CSF. Many of these effects on CSF proteins had different magnitude or even opposite direction as those on plasma proteins, indicating distinctive CSF-specific signatures. Network analysis of these CSF proteins revealed not only modules associated with healthy aging but also modules showing sex differences. Through subsequent analyses, several modules were highlighted for their proteins implicated in specific diseases. Module 2 and 6 were enriched for many aging diseases including those in the circulatory systems, immune mechanisms, and neurodegeneration. Together, our findings fill a gap of current aging research and provide mechanistic understanding of proteomic changes in CSF during a healthy lifespan and insights for brain aging and diseases.
Collapse
|
4
|
Dural AŞ, Ergün C, Urhan M. Investigation of the Relationship Between Serum Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels with Genetic Polymorphisms, Gut Microbiota, and Nutrition. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2024; 22:133-140. [PMID: 37971853 DOI: 10.1089/met.2023.0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: To prevent cardiovascular disease (CVD), it is important to determine the factors that are associated with its development. High serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (LDL-C) levels are a modifiable prevention and treatment target known to contribute to the development of CVD, but the factors affecting blood cholesterol levels, including LDL-C, remain controversial. Objective: In this study, the factors (genetic, nutritional, and gut microbiota) thought to be effective on serum LDL-C levels were discussed from a holistic perspective, and the effects of the relationship between these factors on LDL-C levels were examined. Methods: The study was carried out with 609 adults (48% male) who applied to a private health institution between 2016 and 2022. Results: It was observed that serum LDL-C levels were positively correlated with body mass index (BMI) (P = 0.000) and different ApoE alleles had significant effects on LDL-C levels. It was observed that the highest LDL-C levels were in the ɛ4+ group, followed by ɛ3+ and ɛ2+ groups, respectively (P = 0.000). Results showed that dietary cholesterol and fiber consumption did not significantly affect serum LDL-C levels (P = 0.705 and P = 0.722, respectively). It was also observed that enterotypes and the butyrate synthesis potential of intestinal microbiota did not cause significant changes in serum LDL-C levels (P = 0.369 and P = 975, respectively). Conclusion: Serum LDL-C levels are affected by modifiable factors such as BMI and nonmodifiable factors such as APOE genotype. By identifying these factors and conducting further studies on them, new ways to improve serum LDL-C levels, which is an important factor in the development of CVD, can be identified. In addition, no significant effect of gene-nutrient or microbiota-nutrient interactions on serum LDL-C levels was detected. Further research is needed, especially on the relationship between intestinal microbiota and serum LDL levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asu Şevval Dural
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bahçeşehir University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Can Ergün
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bahçeşehir University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Urhan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ege University, Karşıyaka, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xu W, Xu Z, Guo Y, Wu J. Two decades of research on the role of diet in Alzheimer's disease (2003-2023): a bibliometric and visual analysis based on CiteSpace. JOURNAL OF HEALTH, POPULATION, AND NUTRITION 2024; 43:9. [PMID: 38233906 PMCID: PMC10795327 DOI: 10.1186/s41043-024-00503-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, the impact of diet on Alzheimer's disease (AD) as a modifiable lifestyle has attracted widespread attention. We aimed to elucidate the current research status, frontiers, and research trends regarding the role of diet in AD over the past two decades through CiteSpace. METHODS Studies related to AD and diet that were published from January 1, 2003, to June 30, 2023, were retrieved via the Web of Science Core Collection. We imported the study data into CiteSpace for visual analysis of countries, institutions, co-authors, and co-occurring keywords. RESULTS A total of 922 relevant studies were included in our analysis, which found Nikolaos Scarmeas was the most prolific author (13 studies, 1.41%). The results also indicated that USA and Columbia University were the country and institution with the highest number of publications, with 209 (22.67%) and 23 (2.49%), respectively. The keywords that had a burst in the past four years were neuroinflammation, AD, tau, association, and beta. CONCLUSION Talent exchange and regional cooperation are recommended in this study field. The results indicate that the effectiveness of various dietary patterns and mechanisms of dietary interventions using biomarkers and supplementation with refined nutrients will be the main research trends in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanyin Xu
- Department of Nutrition, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengyanran Xu
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Guo
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Nutrition, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Burke SL, Grudzien A, Li T, Abril M, Yin W, Tyrell TA, Barnes CP, Hanson K, DeKosky ST. Examining the relationship between anxiety and regional brain volumes in the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center uniform, imaging, and biomarker datasets. CEREBRAL CIRCULATION - COGNITION AND BEHAVIOR 2024; 6:100201. [PMID: 38312309 PMCID: PMC10837066 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccb.2024.100201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Anxiety has been associated with a greater risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Existing research has identified structural differences in regional brain tissue in participants with anxiety, but results have been inconsistent. We sought to determine the association between anxiety and regional brain volumes, and the moderation effect of APOE ε4. Using data from participants in the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (NACC) Uniform Data Set, with complete imaging (MRI) and biomarker data (n = 1533), multiple linear regression estimated the adjusted effect of anxiety on 30 structural MRI regions. The moderation effect of APOE ε4 on the relation between structural MRI regions and anxiety was assessed as was the moderation effect of cognitive status. False discovery rate was used to adjust for multiple comparisons. After controlling for intracranial volume, age, sex, years of education, race, Hispanic ethnicity, and cognitive status, seven MRI regions demonstrated lower volumes among participants with anxiety: total cerebrum gray matter volume, right hippocampus volume, hippocampal volume (total), right and left frontal lobe cortical gray matter volume, and right and total temporal lobe cortical gray matter volume. Findings suggest that anxiety is associated with significant atrophy in multiple brain regions, with corresponding ventricular enlargement. Future research should investigate if anxiety-related changes to brain morphology contribute to greater AD risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanna L. Burke
- School of Social Work, Florida International University, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, 11200 SW 8th St. AHC5 585, Miami 33199, FL, USA
- Community-Based Research Institute, Florida International University, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami 33199, FL, USA
| | - Adrienne Grudzien
- Community-Based Research Institute, Florida International University, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami 33199, FL, USA
| | - Tan Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, 11200 S.W. 8th Street, Miami 33199, FL, USA
| | - Marlou Abril
- Department of Biostatistics, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, 11200 S.W. 8th Street, Miami 33199, FL, USA
| | - Wupeng Yin
- Department of Biostatistics, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, 11200 S.W. 8th Street, Miami 33199, FL, USA
| | - Tahirah A. Tyrell
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Christopher P. Barnes
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 100212, 2405 SW Archer Road, Gainesville 32608, FL, USA
| | - Kevin Hanson
- Information Services, Division of Research Operations & Services, College of Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 100212, 2405 SW Archer Road, Gainesville 32608, FL, USA
| | - Steven T. DeKosky
- McKnight Brain Institute, 1Florida Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ciesielski TH, Sirugo G, Iyengar SK, Williams SM. Characterizing the pathogenicity of genetic variants: the consequences of context. NPJ Genom Med 2024; 9:3. [PMID: 38195641 PMCID: PMC10776585 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-023-00386-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy H Ciesielski
- The Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Mary Ann Swetland Center for Environmental Health at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Ronin Institute, Montclair, NJ, USA.
| | - Giorgio Sirugo
- The Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Institute of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sudha K Iyengar
- The Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- The Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Scott M Williams
- The Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- The Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Cleveland, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ayyubova G. APOE4 is a Risk Factor and Potential Therapeutic Target for Alzheimer's Disease. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:342-352. [PMID: 36872358 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666230303114425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, the main pathological hallmark of which is the loss of neurons, resulting in cognitive and memory impairments. Sporadic late-onset AD is a prevalent form of the disease and the apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) genotype is the strongest predictor of the disease development. The structural variations of APOE isoforms affect their roles in synaptic maintenance, lipid trafficking, energy metabolism, inflammatory response, and BBB integrity. In the context of AD, APOE isoforms variously control the key pathological elements of the disease, including Aβ plaque formation, tau aggregation, and neuroinflammation. Taking into consideration the limited number of therapy choices that can alleviate symptoms and have little impact on the AD etiology and progression to date, the precise research strategies guided by apolipoprotein E (APOE) polymorphisms are required to assess the potential risk of age-related cognitive decline in people carrying APOE4 genotype. In this review, we summarize the evidence implicating the significance of APOE isoforms on brain functions in health and pathology with the aim to identify the possible targets that should be addressed to prevent AD manifestation in individuals with the APOE4 genotype and to explore proper treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gunel Ayyubova
- Department of Cytology, Embryology and Histology, Azerbaijan Medical University, Baku, Azerbaijan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang X, Yuan T, Chen X, Liu X, Hu J, Liu Z. Effects of DHA on cognitive dysfunction in aging and Alzheimer's disease: The mediating roles of ApoE. Prog Lipid Res 2024; 93:101256. [PMID: 37890592 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) continues to rise due to the increasing aging population. Among the various genetic factors associated with AD, apolipoprotein E (ApoE), a lipid transporter, stands out as the primary genetic risk factor. Specifically, individuals carrying the ApoE4 allele exhibit a significantly higher risk. However, emerging research indicates that dietary factors play a prominent role in modifying the risk of AD. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a prominent ω-3 fatty acid, has garnered considerable attention for its potential to ameliorate cognitive function. The intricate interplay between DHA and the ApoE genotype within the brain, which may influence DHA's utilization and functionality, warrants further investigation. This review meticulously examines experimental and clinical studies exploring the effects of DHA on cognitive decline. Special emphasis is placed on elucidating the role of ApoE gene polymorphism and the underlying mechanisms are discussed. These studies suggest that early DHA supplementation may confer benefits to cognitively normal older adults carrying the ApoE4 gene. However, once AD develops, ApoE4 non-carriers may experience greater benefits compared to ApoE4 carriers, although the overall effectiveness of DHA supplementation at this stage is limited. Potential mechanisms underlying these differential effects may include accelerated DHA catabolism in ApoE4 carriers, impaired transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and compromised lipidation and circulatory function in ApoE4 carriers. Thus, the supplementation of DHA may represent a potential intervention strategy aimed at compensating for these deficiencies in ApoE4 carriers prior to the onset of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Tian Yuan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Northwest A&F University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
| | - Xuhui Chen
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, China
| | - Xuebo Liu
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, China.
| | - Zhigang Liu
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Northwest A&F University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China; Dongguan Chuangwei Precision Nutrition and Health Innovation Center, Dongguan, Guangdong 523170, China; Shaanxi Precision Nutrition and Health Research Institute, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710300, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
von Berg J, McArdle PF, Häppölä P, Haessler J, Kooperberg C, Lemmens R, Pezzini A, Thijs V, Pulit SL, Kittner SJ, Mitchell BD, de Ridder J, van der Laan SW. Evidence of survival bias in the association between APOE-ϵ4 and age of ischemic stroke onset. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.12.01.23294385. [PMID: 38076909 PMCID: PMC10705635 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.01.23294385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Large genome-wide association studies (GWAS) employing case-control study designs have now identified tens of loci associated with ischemic stroke (IS). As a complement to these studies, we performed GWAS in a case-only design to identify loci influencing age at onset (AAO) of ischemic stroke. Analyses were conducted in a Discovery cohort of 10,857 ischemic stroke cases using a linear regression framework. We meta-analyzed all SNPs with p-value < 1×10-5 in a sex-combined or sex-stratified analysis using summary data from two additional replication cohorts. In the women-only meta-analysis, we detected significant evidence for association of AAO with rs429358, an exonic variant in APOE that encodes for the APOE-ϵ4 allele. Each copy of the rs429358:T>C allele was associated with a 1.29 years earlier stroke AOO (meta p-value = 2.48×10-11). This APOE variant has previously been associated with increased mortality and ischemic stroke AAO. We hypothesized that the association with AAO may reflect a survival bias attributable to an age-related decline in mortality among APOE-ϵ4 carriers and have no association to stroke AAO per se. Using a simulation study, we found that a variant associated with overall mortality might indeed be detected with an AAO analysis. A variant with a two-fold increase on mortality risk would lead to an observed effect of AAO that is comparable to what we found. In conclusion, we detected a robust association of the APOE locus with stroke AAO and provided simulations to suggest that this association may be unrelated to ischemic stroke per se but related to a general survival bias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna von Berg
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Division Laboratories, Pharmacy, and Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick F. McArdle
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Paavo Häppölä
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Charles Kooperberg
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seatle, WA, USA
| | - Robin Lemmens
- University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alessandro Pezzini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Stroke Care Program, Department of Emergency, Parma University Hospital, Parma, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Vincent Thijs
- Stroke Theme, The Florey, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Sara L. Pulit
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Division Laboratories, Pharmacy, and Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Steven J. Kittner
- Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Braxton D. Mitchell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeroen de Ridder
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Division Laboratories, Pharmacy, and Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sander W. van der Laan
- Central Diagnostics Laboratory, Division Laboratories, Pharmacy, and Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Center of Population Health and Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nickhah Klashami Z, Yaghoobi A, Panahi N, Amoli MM. Association of the APOE gene variants with depression in type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2023; 22:1481-1487. [PMID: 37975117 PMCID: PMC10638337 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-023-01271-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Background The risk of depression among patients with diabetes is higher than the general population. The exact mechanisms linking these two diseases are mostly unknown. Energy metabolism disorders seem to be a shared pathway. One of the key genes playing important roles in energy metabolism-related pathways is the APOE gene. We aimed to investigate the association of the APOE gene variants with depression among Iranian patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Methods Three APOE gene alleles and genotypes frequencies (E2, E3, E4) were determined in 244 patients with T2DM (114 with depression and 130 without depression) using the high-resolution melting (HRM) method on the genomic DNA extracted from the patient's peripheral blood. Results Apoe4 allele frequency was significantly higher in T2DM patients without depression compared with those with depression (11.9 vs. 2.2%, p-value < 0.0001 and p-value = 0.001, respectively). Conversely, the wild allele apoe3 frequency was significantly higher in T2DM patients with depression (86% vs., 69%, p-value < 0.0001). Apoe4 carrier status was associated with decreased risk of depression in patients with T2DM [OR: 0.19 (0.07-0.53)]. Conclusion Our results showed that the apoe4 allele and apoe4 carrier status significantly reduced the risk of depression among patients with T2DM. Further studies are needed to unravel the complex role of the APOE gene in depression among patients with diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeynab Nickhah Klashami
- Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Yaghoobi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nekoo Panahi
- Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa M. Amoli
- Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Norgren J, Sindi S, Matton A, Kivipelto M, Kåreholt I. APOE-Genotype and Insulin Modulate Estimated Effect of Dietary Macronutrients on Cognitive Performance: Panel Analyses in Nondiabetic Older Adults at Risk of Dementia. J Nutr 2023; 153:3506-3520. [PMID: 37778510 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The apolipoprotein E gene (APOE ε-2/3/4, combined as 6 different genotypes: ε-22/23/24/33/34/44) and insulin status modulate dementia risk and play a role in the metabolism of macronutrients. OBJECTIVES We aimed to examine APOE-genotype and fasting insulin as effect modifiers of the slopes between dietary macronutrients and cognitive performance among older adults at risk of dementia. METHODS Panel analyses-with diet and cognition measured at baseline and follow-up at years 1 and 2-were performed in a sub-sample from the FINGER (Finnish Geriatric Intervention Study to Prevent Cognitive Impairment and Disability) trial (n = 676, 60-77 y, 46% females, all nondiabetics). The associations between macronutrients (3-d food records, z-scores) and global cognition (modified Neuropsychological Test Battery, z-score) were analyzed in mixed regression models adjusted for confounders selected a priori. After a gradient was implied by the point estimates in categorical APOE analyses, we investigated a continuous APOE variable [APOE-gradient, coded -1 (for ε-23), -0.5 (ε-24), 0 (ε-33), 1 (ε-34), 2 (ε-44)] as an effect-modifier. RESULTS At increasing levels of the APOE-gradient, a relatively more favorable slope between diet and cognition was observed for a lower carbohydrate/fat ratio [β = -0.040, 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.074, -0.006; P = 0.020 for interaction diet × APOE-gradient), and higher protein (β = 0.075, 95% CI: 0.042, 0.109; P = 9.4 × 10-6). Insulin concentration (log-linear) modulated the association between the carbohydrate/fat ratio and cognition by a quadratic interaction (β = -0.016, P = 0.039). Coherent findings for exploratory predictors (fiber, fat subtypes, composite score, metabolic biomarkers) were compatible with published hypotheses of differential dietary adaptation by APOE, with cognition among ε-33 being relatively independent of dietary parameters-implying "metabolic flexibility." Antagonistic slopes to cognition for ε-23 (positive) compared with ε-34 and ε-44 (negative) were found for a Higher-carbohydrates-fiber-Lower-fat-protein composite score, even as within-subjects effects. CONCLUSIONS APOE-based precision nutrition appears conceptually promising, but replications in wider samples are warranted, as well as support from trials. Both relative hyper- and hypoinsulinemia might modulate the effect of diet on cognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Norgren
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Shireen Sindi
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Matton
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Miia Kivipelto
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Theme Inflammation and Aging, Medical Unit Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholms Sjukhem, Research and Development Unit, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingemar Kåreholt
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Gerontology, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden; Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Burke BI, Goh J, Albathi FA, Valentino TR, Nolt GL, Joshi JK, Dungan CM, Johnson LA, Wen Y, Ismaeel A, McCarthy JJ. ApoE isoform does not influence skeletal muscle regeneration in adult mice. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1302695. [PMID: 38074327 PMCID: PMC10702509 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1302695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) has been shown to be necessary for proper skeletal muscle regeneration. Consistent with this finding, single-cell RNA-sequencing analyses of skeletal muscle stem cells (MuSCs) revealed that Apoe is a top marker of quiescent MuSCs that is downregulated upon activation. The purpose of this study was to determine if muscle regeneration is altered in mice which harbor one of the three common human ApoE isoforms, referred to as ApoE2, E3 and E4. Methods: Histomorphometric analyses were employed to assess muscle regeneration in ApoE2, E3, and E4 mice after 14 days of recovery from barium chloride-induced muscle damage in vivo, and primary MuSCs were isolated to assess proliferation and differentiation of ApoE2, E3, and E4 MuSCs in vitro. Results: There was no difference in the basal skeletal muscle phenotype of ApoE isoforms as evaluated by section area, myofiber cross-sectional area (CSA), and myonuclear and MuSC abundance per fiber. Although there were no differences in fiber-type frequency in the soleus, Type IIa relative frequency was significantly lower in plantaris muscles of ApoE4 mice compared to ApoE3. Moreover, ApoE isoform did not influence muscle regeneration as assessed by fiber frequency, fiber CSA, and myonuclear and MuSC abundance. Finally, there were no differences in the proliferative capacity or myogenic differentiation potential of MuSCs between any ApoE isoform. Discussion: Collectively, these data indicate nominal effects of ApoE isoform on the ability of skeletal muscle to regenerate following injury or the in vitro MuSC phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin I. Burke
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Jensen Goh
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Fatmah A. Albathi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | | | - Georgia L. Nolt
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Jai K. Joshi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Cory M. Dungan
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX, United States
| | - Lance A. Johnson
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Yuan Wen
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Ahmed Ismaeel
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - John J. McCarthy
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Guan Y, Cheng CH, Bellomo LI, Narain S, Bigornia SJ, Garelnabi MO, Scott T, Ordovás JM, Tucker KL, Bhadelia R, Koo BB. APOE4 allele-specific associations between diet, multimodal biomarkers, and cognition among Puerto Rican adults in Massachusetts. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1285333. [PMID: 38035273 PMCID: PMC10684694 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1285333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is the strongest genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer's Disease (AD), and the ε4 allele (APOE4) may interact with lifestyle factors that relate to brain structural changes, underlying the increased risk of AD. However, the exact role of APOE4 in mediating interactions between the peripheral circulatory system and the central nervous system, and how it may link to brain and cognitive aging requires further elucidation. In this analysis, we investigated the association between APOE4 carrier status and multimodal biomarkers (diet, blood markers, clinical diagnosis, brain structure, and cognition) in the context of gene-environment interactions. Methods Participants were older adults from a longitudinal observational study, the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study (BPRHS), who self-identified as of Puerto Rican descent. Demographics, APOE genotype, diet, blood, and clinical data were collected at baseline and at approximately 12th year, with the addition of multimodal brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (T1-weighted and diffusion) and cognitive testing acquired at 12-year. Measures were compared between APOE4 carriers and non-carriers, and associations between multimodal variables were examined using correlation and multivariate network analyses within each group. Results A total of 156 BPRHS participants (mean age at imaging = 68 years, 77% female, mean follow-up 12.7 years) with complete multimodal data were included in the current analysis. APOE4 carriers (n = 43) showed reduced medial temporal lobe (MTL) white matter (WM) microstructural integrity and lower mini-mental state examination (MMSE) score than non-carriers (n = 113). This pattern was consistent with an independent sample from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) of n = 283 non-Hispanic White adults without dementia (mean age = 75, 40% female). Within BPRHS, carriers showed distinct connectivity patterns between multimodal biomarkers, characterized by stronger direct network connections between baseline diet/blood markers with 12-year blood/clinical measures, and between blood markers (especially lipids and cytokines) and WM. Cardiovascular burden (i.e., hypertension and diabetes status) was associated with WM integrity for both carriers and non-carriers. Conclusion APOE4 carrier status affects interactions between dietary factors, multimodal blood biomarkers, and MTL WM integrity across ~12 years of follow-up, which may reflect increased peripheral-central systems crosstalk following blood-brain barrier breakdown in carriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Guan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Chia Hsin Cheng
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Luis I. Bellomo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sriman Narain
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sherman J. Bigornia
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Food Systems, College of Life Sciences and Agriculture, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, United States
| | - Mahdi O. Garelnabi
- Department of Public Health, Zuckerberg College of Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, United States
| | - Tammy Scott
- School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - José M. Ordovás
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, J.M.-US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
- IMDEA Alimentacion, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y la Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Katherine L. Tucker
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, Zuckerberg College of Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, United States
- Center for Population Health, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, United States
| | - Rafeeque Bhadelia
- Neuroradiology Section, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Bang-Bon Koo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Xu H, Fu J, Mohammed Nazar RB, Yang J, Chen S, Huang Y, Bao T, Chen X. Investigation of the Relationship between Apolipoprotein E Alleles and Serum Lipids in Alzheimer's Disease: A Meta-Analysis. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1554. [PMID: 38002514 PMCID: PMC10670160 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13111554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Prior studies have yielded mixed findings concerning the association between apolipoprotein E(APOE)-ε4 and serum lipids in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and healthy individuals. Some studies suggested a relationship between APOEε4 and serum lipids in patients with AD and healthy individuals, whereas others proposed that the APOEε4 allele affects lipids only in patients with AD. Our study aimed to investigate whether APOE alleles have a distinct impact on lipids in AD. We conducted a comprehensive search of the PubMed and Embase databases for all related studies that investigate APOE and serum lipids of AD from the inception to 30 May 2022. Elevated total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels were found in APOEε4 allele carriers compared with non-carriers. No significant differences were found for high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglyceride (TG) levels in APOEε4 allele carriers compared to non-carriers. Notably, elevated TC and LDL levels showed considerable heterogeneity between patients with AD and healthy controls. A network meta-analysis did not find a distinct effect of carrying one or two APOEε4 alleles on lipid profiles. Higher TC and LDL levels were found in APOEε4 allele carriers compared with non-carriers, and the difference was more significant in patients with AD than in healthy controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huaxue Xu
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (H.X.); (J.F.); (R.B.M.N.); (J.Y.); (S.C.)
| | - Jiajia Fu
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (H.X.); (J.F.); (R.B.M.N.); (J.Y.); (S.C.)
| | - Risna Begam Mohammed Nazar
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (H.X.); (J.F.); (R.B.M.N.); (J.Y.); (S.C.)
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (H.X.); (J.F.); (R.B.M.N.); (J.Y.); (S.C.)
| | - Sihui Chen
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (H.X.); (J.F.); (R.B.M.N.); (J.Y.); (S.C.)
| | - Yan Huang
- Management Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Y.H.); (T.B.)
| | - Ting Bao
- Management Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Y.H.); (T.B.)
| | - Xueping Chen
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (H.X.); (J.F.); (R.B.M.N.); (J.Y.); (S.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chien CF, Sung JL, Wang CP, Yen CW, Yang YH. Analyzing Facial Asymmetry in Alzheimer's Dementia Using Image-Based Technology. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2802. [PMID: 37893175 PMCID: PMC10604711 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated accelerated brain aging in Alzheimer's dementia (AD). Previous studies have also reported that facial asymmetry increases with age. Because obtaining facial images is much easier than obtaining brain images, the aim of this work was to investigate whether AD exhibits accelerated aging patterns in facial asymmetry. We developed new facial asymmetry measures to compare Alzheimer's patients with healthy controls. A three-dimensional camera was used to capture facial images, and 68 facial landmarks were identified using an open-source machine-learning algorithm called OpenFace. A standard image registration method was used to align the three-dimensional original and mirrored facial images. This study used the registration error, representing landmark superimposition asymmetry distances, to examine 29 pairs of landmarks to characterize facial asymmetry. After comparing the facial images of 150 patients with AD with those of 150 age- and sex-matched non-demented controls, we found that the asymmetry of 20 landmarks was significantly different in AD than in the controls (p < 0.05). The AD-linked asymmetry was concentrated in the face edge, eyebrows, eyes, nostrils, and mouth. Facial asymmetry evaluation may thus serve as a tool for the detection of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Fang Chien
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Li Sung
- Department of Mechanical and Electromechanical Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Pang Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Electromechanical Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Wen Yen
- Department of Mechanical and Electromechanical Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
- Department of and Master’s Program in Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Han Yang
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
- Department of and Master’s Program in Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nissar K, Firdous P, Hussain A, Bashir S, Ahmad Z, Ganai BA. Transcriptomic Downregulation of APOE, Polymorphic Variations of APOE, Diet, Social Isolation, and Co-morbidities as Contributing Factors to Alzheimer's Disease: a Case-Control Study of Kashmiri Population. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:5891-5901. [PMID: 37357229 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03425-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, generally affecting elderly people in the age group of above 60-65 years. Amyloid deposition has been found to be a possible cause and a characteristic feature of Alzheimer's disease. Mutations, variant genotypes, or downregulation that reduce amyloid clearance or accelerate amyloid accumulation can lead to Alzheimer's disease. This study involved clinically confirmed AD patients, age matched controls of similar ethnicity, and patients who had no history of cancer or any other chronic disease. DNA and RNA extractions of samples were done as per Saguna et al. [45] and TRIzol method, respectively. Frequencies of variant genotypes were observed using the RFLP technique, whereas, for expression analysis, qPCR was performed. The association between diet, smoking status, family history, and co-morbidities was calculated using statistical tools. Expression analysis showed downregulation in more than 65% of AD cases. Hypertension and diabetes also had a significant association with AD. Allelic isoforms ε2:ε2 and ε2:ε3 tend to be less frequent among AD cases compared to controls (2.85% vs 26.15% and 11.42% vs 21.43%, respectively). Among individuals (AD cases) with ε2:ε3 and ε2:ε4, 37.5% of the patients were having severe dementia and 62.5% were having mild to moderate dementia, whereas, among individuals with ε3:ε4 and ε4:ε4, 57% were having severe dementia and 43% were having mild to moderate dementia. Besides this, all early-onset Alzheimer's patients were found to have at least one ε4 allele. The percentage of individuals with family history (cases vs controls) was 34.17% vs 3.75%, without family history 64.55% vs 95%. On comparing AD cases against controls for smoking status, the results observed are the following: chain smokers, 12.65% vs 18.75%; moderate smokers, 16.45% vs 6.25%; ex-smokers, 36.70% vs 22.50%; non-smokers, 34.17% vs 52.50%. On comparing dietary habits in AD cases against controls, the results were as follows: individuals with generally fatty diet 26.58% vs 11.25%, with mixed diet 36.70% vs 78.75%, with generally vegetarian diet 34.17% vs 10.00%, data not available 2.53% among AD cases. Family history, dietary habits, genetics, and socioeconomic status are strongly associated with the development of Alzheimer disease. Although family history or genetic makeup cannot be changed, eating habits can be changed quite easily. We simply need to go from a high-fat diet to one that is lower in fat. Regarding socioeconomic status, which includes stress of both kinds, including economic stress, stress brought on by the loss of loved ones through death or separation, and co-morbidities (hypertension and diabetes), all are manageable and even modifiable through counseling, positive behavior, and physical activity like exercise, walking, cycling, and playing games.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Nissar
- Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
- Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
- Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Srinagar, India
| | - Parveena Firdous
- Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Arshad Hussain
- Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Srinagar, India
| | - Samirul Bashir
- Dept. of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Zubair Ahmad
- Dept. of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Bashir Ahmad Ganai
- Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jiang J, Shi H, Jiang S, Wang A, Zou X, Wang Y, Li W, Zhang Y, Sun M, Ren Q, Xu J. Nutrition in Alzheimer's disease: a review of an underappreciated pathophysiological mechanism. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2023; 66:2257-2279. [PMID: 37058185 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2276-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia in older individuals and is an escalating challenge to global public health. Pharmacy therapy of AD is one of the well-funded areas; however, little progress has been made due to the complex pathogenesis. Recent evidence has demonstrated that modifying risk factors and lifestyle may prevent or delay the incidence of AD by 40%, which suggests that the management should pivot from single pharmacotherapy toward a multipronged approach because AD is a complex and multifaceted disease. Recently, the gut-microbiota-brain axis has gained tremendous traction in the pathogenesis of AD through bidirectional communication with multiple neural, immune, and metabolic pathways, providing new insights into novel therapeutic strategies. Dietary nutrition is an important and profound environmental factor that influences the composition and function of the microbiota. The Nutrition for Dementia Prevention Working Group recently found that dietary nutrition can affect cognition in AD-related dementia directly or indirectly through complex interactions of behavioral, genetic, systemic, and brain factors. Thus, considering the multiple etiologies of AD, nutrition represents a multidimensional factor that has a profound effect on AD onset and development. However, mechanistically, the effect of nutrition on AD is uncertain; therefore, optimal strategies or the timing of nutritional intervention to prevent or treat AD has not been established.Thus, this review summarizes the current state of knowledge concerning nutritional disorders, AD patient and caregiver burden, and the roles of nutrition in the pathophysiology of AD. We aim to emphasize knowledge gaps to provide direction for future research and to establish optimal nutrition-based intervention strategies for AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiwei Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Hanping Shi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Cancer Metabolism and Nutrition, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Shirui Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Anxin Wang
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Xinying Zou
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Yanli Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Wenyi Li
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Mengfan Sun
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Qiwei Ren
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 100070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Jeremic D, Jiménez-Díaz L, Navarro-López JD. Targeting epigenetics: A novel promise for Alzheimer's disease treatment. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 90:102003. [PMID: 37422087 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
So far, the search for a cure for Alzheimer Disease (AD) has been unsuccessful. The only approved drugs attenuate some symptoms, but do not halt the progress of this disease, which affects 50 million people worldwide and will increase its incidence in the coming decades. Such scenario demands new therapeutic approaches to fight against this devastating dementia. In recent years, multi-omics research and the analysis of differential epigenetic marks in AD subjects have contributed to our understanding of AD; however, the impact of epigenetic research is yet to be seen. This review integrates the most recent data on pathological processes and epigenetic changes relevant for aging and AD, as well as current therapies targeting epigenetic machinery in clinical trials. Evidence shows that epigenetic modifications play a key role in gene expression, which could provide multi-target preventative and therapeutic approaches in AD. Both novel and repurposed drugs are employed in AD clinical trials due to their epigenetic effects, as well as increasing number of natural compounds. Given the reversible nature of epigenetic modifications and the complexity of gene-environment interactions, the combination of epigenetic-based therapies with environmental strategies and drugs with multiple targets might be needed to properly help AD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danko Jeremic
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, NeuroPhysiology & Behavior Lab, Biomedical Research Center (CRIB), School of Medicine of Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Lydia Jiménez-Díaz
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, NeuroPhysiology & Behavior Lab, Biomedical Research Center (CRIB), School of Medicine of Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Juan D Navarro-López
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, NeuroPhysiology & Behavior Lab, Biomedical Research Center (CRIB), School of Medicine of Ciudad Real, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ullah R, Lee EJ. Advances in Amyloid-β Clearance in the Brain and Periphery: Implications for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Exp Neurobiol 2023; 32:216-246. [PMID: 37749925 PMCID: PMC10569141 DOI: 10.5607/en23014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This review examines the role of impaired amyloid-β clearance in the accumulation of amyloid-β in the brain and the periphery, which is closely associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). The molecular mechanism underlying amyloid-β accumulation is largely unknown, but recent evidence suggests that impaired amyloid-β clearance plays a critical role in its accumulation. The review provides an overview of recent research and proposes strategies for efficient amyloid-β clearance in both the brain and periphery. The clearance of amyloid-β can occur through enzymatic or non-enzymatic pathways in the brain, including neuronal and glial cells, blood-brain barrier, interstitial fluid bulk flow, perivascular drainage, and cerebrospinal fluid absorption-mediated pathways. In the periphery, various mechanisms, including peripheral organs, immunomodulation/immune cells, enzymes, amyloid-β-binding proteins, and amyloid-β-binding cells, are involved in amyloid-β clearance. Although recent findings have shed light on amyloid-β clearance in both regions, opportunities remain in areas where limited data is available. Therefore, future strategies that enhance amyloid-β clearance in the brain and/or periphery, either through central or peripheral clearance approaches or in combination, are highly encouraged. These strategies will provide new insight into the disease pathogenesis at the molecular level and explore new targets for inhibiting amyloid-β deposition, which is central to the pathogenesis of sporadic AD (amyloid-β in parenchyma) and CAA (amyloid-β in blood vessels).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahat Ullah
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Eun Jeong Lee
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Trumble BC, Charifson M, Kraft T, Garcia AR, Cummings DK, Hooper P, Lea AJ, Eid Rodriguez D, Koebele SV, Buetow K, Beheim B, Minocher R, Gutierrez M, Thomas GS, Gatz M, Stieglitz J, Finch CE, Kaplan H, Gurven M. Apolipoprotein-ε 4 is associated with higher fecundity in a natural fertility population. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade9797. [PMID: 37556539 PMCID: PMC10411886 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade9797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
In many populations, the apolipoprotein-ε4 (APOE-ε4) allele increases the risk for several chronic diseases of aging, including dementia and cardiovascular disease; despite these harmful effects at later ages, the APOE-ε4 allele remains prevalent. We assess the impact of APOE-ε4 on fertility and its proximate determinants (age at first reproduction, interbirth interval) among the Tsimane, a natural fertility population of forager-horticulturalists. Among 795 women aged 13 to 90 (20% APOE-ε4 carriers), those with at least one APOE-ε4 allele had 0.3 to 0.5 more children than (ε3/ε3) homozygotes, while those with two APOE-ε4 alleles gave birth to 1.4 to 2.1 more children. APOE-ε4 carriers achieve higher fertility by beginning reproduction 0.8 years earlier and having a 0.23-year shorter interbirth interval. Our findings add to a growing body of literature suggesting a need for studies of populations living in ancestrally relevant environments to assess how alleles that are deleterious in sedentary urban environments may have been maintained by selection throughout human evolutionary history.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C. Trumble
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Mia Charifson
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Tom Kraft
- Anthropology Department, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Angela R. Garcia
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Scientific Research Core, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Daniel K. Cummings
- Department of Health Economics and Anthropology, Economic Science Institute, Argyros School of Business and Economics, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Paul Hooper
- Department of Health Economics and Anthropology, Economic Science Institute, Argyros School of Business and Economics, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Amanda J. Lea
- Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | | | - Kenneth Buetow
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Bret Beheim
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Riana Minocher
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Gregory S. Thomas
- MemorialCare Health System, Fountain Valley, CA, USA
- University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Margaret Gatz
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Stieglitz
- Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, Université Toulouse 1 Capitole, Toulouse, France
| | - Caleb E. Finch
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology and Dornsife College, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hillard Kaplan
- Department of Health Economics and Anthropology, Economic Science Institute, Argyros School of Business and Economics, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Michael Gurven
- Department of Anthropology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Navarro C, Salazar J, Díaz MP, Chacin M, Santeliz R, Vera I, D′Marco L, Parra H, Bernal MC, Castro A, Escalona D, García-Pacheco H, Bermúdez V. Intrinsic and environmental basis of aging: A narrative review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18239. [PMID: 37576279 PMCID: PMC10415626 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Longevity has been a topic of interest since the beginnings of humanity, yet its aetiology and precise mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Aging is currently viewed as a physiological phenomenon characterized by the gradual degeneration of organic physiology and morphology due to the passage of time where both external and internal stimuli intervene. The influence of intrinsic factors, such as progressive telomere shortening, genome instability due to mutation buildup, the direct or indirect actions of age-related genes, and marked changes in epigenetic, metabolic, and mitochondrial patterns constitute a big part of its underlying endogenous mechanisms. On the other hand, several psychosocial and demographic factors, such as diet, physical activity, smoking, and drinking habits, may have an even more significant impact on shaping the aging process. Consequentially, implementing dietary and exercise patterns has been proposed as the most viable alternative strategy for attenuating the most typical degenerative aging changes, thus increasing the likelihood of prolonging lifespan and achieving successful aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Navarro
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center. School of Medicine. University of Zulia. Maracaibo 4001, Venezuela
| | - Juan Salazar
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center. School of Medicine. University of Zulia. Maracaibo 4001, Venezuela
| | - María P. Díaz
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center. School of Medicine. University of Zulia. Maracaibo 4001, Venezuela
| | - Maricarmen Chacin
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia
| | - Raquel Santeliz
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center. School of Medicine. University of Zulia. Maracaibo 4001, Venezuela
| | - Ivana Vera
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center. School of Medicine. University of Zulia. Maracaibo 4001, Venezuela
| | - Luis D′Marco
- Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU Medicine Department, CEU Universities, 46115 Valencia, Spain
| | - Heliana Parra
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center. School of Medicine. University of Zulia. Maracaibo 4001, Venezuela
| | | | - Ana Castro
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center. School of Medicine. University of Zulia. Maracaibo 4001, Venezuela
| | - Daniel Escalona
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center. School of Medicine. University of Zulia. Maracaibo 4001, Venezuela
| | - Henry García-Pacheco
- Universidad del Zulia, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Cirugía. Hospital General del Sur “Dr. Pedro Iturbe”. Maracaibo, Venezuela
- Unidad de Cirugía para la Obesidad y Metabolismo (UCOM). Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Valmore Bermúdez
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Madhavan SS, Roa Diaz S, Peralta S, Nomura M, King CD, Lin A, Bhaumik D, Shah S, Blade T, Gray W, Chamoli M, Eap B, Panda O, Diaz D, Garcia TY, Stubbs BJ, Lithgow GJ, Schilling B, Verdin E, Chaudhuri AR, Newman JC. β-hydroxybutyrate is a metabolic regulator of proteostasis in the aged and Alzheimer disease brain. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.03.547547. [PMID: 37461525 PMCID: PMC10349929 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.03.547547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Loss of proteostasis is a hallmark of aging and Alzheimer disease (AD). Here, we identify β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB), a ketone body, as a regulator of protein solubility in the aging brain. βHB is a small molecule metabolite which primarily provides an oxidative substrate for ATP during hypoglycemic conditions, and also regulates other cellular processes through covalent and noncovalent protein interactions. We demonstrate βHB-induced protein insolubility across in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo mouse systems. This activity is shared by select structurally similar metabolites, is not dependent on covalent protein modification, pH, or solute load, and is observable in mouse brain in vivo after delivery of a ketone ester. Furthermore, this phenotype is selective for pathological proteins such as amyloid-β, and exogenous βHB ameliorates pathology in nematode models of amyloid-β aggregation toxicity. We have generated a comprehensive atlas of the βHB-induced protein insolublome ex vivo and in vivo using mass spectrometry proteomics, and have identified common protein domains within βHB target sequences. Finally, we show enrichment of neurodegeneration-related proteins among βHB targets and the clearance of these targets from mouse brain, likely via βHB-induced autophagy. Overall, these data indicate a new metabolically regulated mechanism of proteostasis relevant to aging and AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S S Madhavan
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Geriatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - S Roa Diaz
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
- Department of Geriatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - S Peralta
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - M Nomura
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - C D King
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - A Lin
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - D Bhaumik
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - S Shah
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - T Blade
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - W Gray
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - M Chamoli
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - B Eap
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - O Panda
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - D Diaz
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - T Y Garcia
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
- Department of Geriatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - B J Stubbs
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - G J Lithgow
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - B Schilling
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - E Verdin
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - A R Chaudhuri
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - J C Newman
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Geriatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wheelera CJ. Evolutionary Selection of APOEɛ4 Encourages Increased Focus on Immunity in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023:JAD230390. [PMID: 37212123 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Smith and Ashford present a compelling hypothesis on evolution of APOE alleles, namely that ɛ4 prevalence is mediated by immune selection pressure against enteric pathogens. While the ɛ3 allele is more prevalent today, it outcompetedɛ4 only relatively recently, as immune selection pressure for more effective immune responses to such pathogens was alleviated with transition to agrarian from hunter-gatherer lifestyles. Smith and Ashford's hypothesis is intriguing in itself, but the implications for APOE ɛ4 function in Alzheimer's disease are even more so and encourage greater focus on specific aspects of immunity in accounting for both ɛ4-mediated and general Alzheimer's disease risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Wheelera
- Society for Brain Mapping & Therapeutics, International Brain Mapping Foundation, Pacific Palisades, CA, USA
- TNeuroPharma, Inc., Albuquerque, NM, USA
- StemVax Therapeutics (subsidiary of NovAccess Global, Inc.), Cleveland, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yassine HN, Self W, Kerman BE, Santoni G, Navalpur Shanmugam N, Abdullah L, Golden LR, Fonteh AN, Harrington MG, Gräff J, Gibson GE, Kalaria R, Luchsinger JA, Feldman HH, Swerdlow RH, Johnson LA, Albensi BC, Zlokovic BV, Tanzi R, Cunnane S, Samieri C, Scarmeas N, Bowman GL. Nutritional metabolism and cerebral bioenergetics in Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:1041-1066. [PMID: 36479795 PMCID: PMC10576546 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Disturbances in the brain's capacity to meet its energy demand increase the risk of synaptic loss, neurodegeneration, and cognitive decline. Nutritional and metabolic interventions that target metabolic pathways combined with diagnostics to identify deficits in cerebral bioenergetics may therefore offer novel therapeutic potential for Alzheimer's disease (AD) prevention and management. Many diet-derived natural bioactive components can govern cellular energy metabolism but their effects on brain aging are not clear. This review examines how nutritional metabolism can regulate brain bioenergetics and mitigate AD risk. We focus on leading mechanisms of cerebral bioenergetic breakdown in the aging brain at the cellular level, as well as the putative causes and consequences of disturbed bioenergetics, particularly at the blood-brain barrier with implications for nutrient brain delivery and nutritional interventions. Novel therapeutic nutrition approaches including diet patterns are provided, integrating studies of the gut microbiome, neuroimaging, and other biomarkers to guide future personalized nutritional interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hussein N Yassine
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern, California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Wade Self
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Bilal E Kerman
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern, California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Giulia Santoni
- Laboratory of Neuroepigenetics, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - NandaKumar Navalpur Shanmugam
- Department of Neurology, Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Lesley R Golden
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Alfred N Fonteh
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Michael G Harrington
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Johannes Gräff
- Laboratory of Neuroepigenetics, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gary E Gibson
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, New York, USA
| | - Raj Kalaria
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jose A Luchsinger
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Howard H Feldman
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Russell H Swerdlow
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Lance A Johnson
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Benedict C Albensi
- Nova Southeastern Univ. College of Pharmacy, Davie, Florida, USA
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Berislav V Zlokovic
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rudolph Tanzi
- Department of Neurology, Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephen Cunnane
- Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Cécilia Samieri
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, BPH, U1219, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nikolaos Scarmeas
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aiginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Gene L Bowman
- Department of Neurology, Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Helfgott Research Institute, National University of Natural Medicine, Portland, Oregon, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bohnen JLB, Albin RL, Bohnen NI. Ketogenic interventions in mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and critical appraisal. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1123290. [PMID: 36846143 PMCID: PMC9947355 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1123290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is increasing interest in therapeutic ketosis as a potential therapy for neurodegenerative disorders-in particular, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD)-following a proof-of-concept study in Parkinson's disease published in 2005. Methods To provide an objective assessment of emerging clinical evidence and targeted recommendations for future research, we reviewed clinical trials involving ketogenic interventions in mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease reported since 2005. Levels of clinical evidence were systematically reviewed using the American Academy of Neurology criteria for rating therapeutic trials. Results 10 AD, 3 MCI, and 5 PD therapeutic ketogenic trials were identified. Respective grades of clinical evidence were objectively assessed using the American Academy of Neurology criteria for rating therapeutic trials. We found class "B" evidence (probably effective) for cognitive improvement in subjects with mild cognitive impairment and subjects with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease negative for the apolipoprotein ε4 allele (APOε4-). We found class "U" evidence (unproven) for cognitive stabilization in individuals with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease positive for the apolipoprotein ε4 allele (APOε4+). We found class "C" evidence (possibly effective) for improvement of non-motor features and class "U" evidence (unproven) for motor features in individuals with Parkinson's disease. The number of trials in Parkinson's disease is very small with best evidence that acute supplementation holds promise for improving exercise endurance. Conclusions Limitations of the literature to date include the range of ketogenic interventions currently assessed in the literature (i.e., primarily diet or medium-chain triglyceride interventions), with fewer studies using more potent formulations (e.g., exogenous ketone esters). Collectively, the strongest evidence to date exists for cognitive improvement in individuals with mild cognitive impairment and in individuals with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease negative for the apolipoprotein ε4 allele. Larger-scale, pivotal trials are justified in these populations. Further research is required to optimize the utilization of ketogenic interventions in differing clinical contexts and to better characterize the response to therapeutic ketosis in patients who are positive for the apolipoprotein ε4 allele, as modified interventions may be necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Roger L. Albin
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Neurology Service and GRECC, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Parkinson's Foundation Research Center of Excellence, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Nicolaas I. Bohnen
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Neurology Service and GRECC, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Parkinson's Foundation Research Center of Excellence, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim is to provide an update on omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) in preventing cognitive decline and dementia. RECENT FINDINGS Prospective studies and three new meta-analyses suggest that fish or n-3 PUFA intake are associated with a reduction in development of mild cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease. Supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in those with mild cognitive impairment showed benefit on cognitive decline, whereas there was no benefit in Alzheimer's disease. In cognitively healthy individuals with clinical coronary artery disease (CAD), 3.36 g EPA and DHA daily slowed cognitive ageing by 2.5 years. Of 15 RCTs in cognitively healthy individuals age more than 55 years, seven reported benefit, whereas eight did not. Potential mechanisms for differences in outcomes include dose, trial duration, apolipoproteinE genotype, sex, stage and rate of cognitive decline, cognitive testing employed and individual characteristics. The downstream product of DHA, neuroprotectin D1, may be involved in beneficial effects. SUMMARY Patients with early memory complaints or a family history of dementia and those with CAD should be counselled on the potential benefits of fish intake and supplementation with n-3 PUFA. ApolipoproteinE4 carriers may especially benefit from DHA supplementation prior to development of cognitive decline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francine K Welty
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Cross interactions between Apolipoprotein E and amyloid proteins in neurodegenerative diseases. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:1189-1204. [PMID: 36817952 PMCID: PMC9932299 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Three common Apolipoprotein E isoforms, ApoE2, ApoE3, and ApoE4, are key regulators of lipid homeostasis, among other functions. Apolipoprotein E can interact with amyloid proteins. The isoforms differ by one or two residues at positions 112 and 158, and possess distinct structural conformations and functions, leading to isoform-specific roles in amyloid-based neurodegenerative diseases. Over 30 different amyloid proteins have been found to share similar characteristics of structure and toxicity, suggesting a common interactome. The molecular and genetic interactions of ApoE with amyloid proteins have been extensively studied in neurodegenerative diseases, but have not yet been well connected and clarified. Here we summarize essential features of the interactions between ApoE and different amyloid proteins, identify gaps in the understanding of the interactome and propose the general interaction mechanism between ApoE isoforms and amyloid proteins. Perhaps more importantly, this review outlines what we can learn from the interactome of ApoE and amyloid proteins; that is the need to see both ApoE and amyloid proteins as a basis to understand neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
|
29
|
Unión-Caballero A, Meroño T, Andrés-Lacueva C, Hidalgo-Liberona N, Rabassa M, Bandinelli S, Ferrucci L, Fedecostante M, Zamora-Ros R, Cherubini A. Apolipoprotein E gene variants shape the association between dietary fibre intake and cognitive decline risk in community-dwelling older adults. Age Ageing 2023; 52:7008633. [PMID: 36729469 PMCID: PMC10144730 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afac329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND healthy dietary patterns have been associated with lower risk for age-related cognitive decline. However, little is known about the specific role of dietary fibre on cognitive decline in older adults. OBJECTIVE this study aimed to examine the association between dietary fibre and cognitive decline in older adults and to assess the influence of genetic, lifestyle and clinical characteristics in this association. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS the Invecchiare in Chianti, aging in the Chianti area study is a cohort study of community-dwelling older adults from Italy. Cognitive function, dietary and clinical data were collected at baseline and years 3, 6, 9 and 15. Our study comprised 848 participants aged ≥ 65 years (56% female) with 2,038 observations. MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURES cognitive decline was defined as a decrease ≥3 units in the Mini-Mental State Examination score during consecutive visits. Hazard ratios for cognitive decline were estimated using time-dependent Cox regression models. RESULTS energy-adjusted fibre intake was not associated with cognitive decline during the 15-years follow-up (P > 0.05). However, fibre intake showed a significant interaction with Apolipoprotein E (APOE) haplotype for cognitive decline (P = 0.02). In participants with APOE-ɛ4 haplotype, an increase in 5 g/d of fibre intake was significantly associated with a 30% lower risk for cognitive decline. No association was observed in participants with APOE-ɛ2 and APOE-ɛ3 haplotypes. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE dietary fibre intake was not associated with cognitive decline amongst older adults for 15 years of follow-up. Nonetheless, older subjects with APOE-ɛ4 haplotype may benefit from higher fibre intakes based on the reduced risk for cognitive decline in this high-risk group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Unión-Caballero
- Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Departament de Nutrició, Ciències de l'Alimentació i Gastronomia, Xarxa d'Innovació Alimentària (XIA), Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA), Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Tomás Meroño
- Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Departament de Nutrició, Ciències de l'Alimentació i Gastronomia, Xarxa d'Innovació Alimentària (XIA), Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA), Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Cristina Andrés-Lacueva
- Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Departament de Nutrició, Ciències de l'Alimentació i Gastronomia, Xarxa d'Innovació Alimentària (XIA), Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA), Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Nicole Hidalgo-Liberona
- Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Departament de Nutrició, Ciències de l'Alimentació i Gastronomia, Xarxa d'Innovació Alimentària (XIA), Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA), Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Montserrat Rabassa
- Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Departament de Nutrició, Ciències de l'Alimentació i Gastronomia, Xarxa d'Innovació Alimentària (XIA), Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA), Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging (NIH), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Massimiliano Fedecostante
- Geriatria, Accettazione geriatrica e Centro di ricerca per l'invecchiamento, IRCCS INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| | - Raúl Zamora-Ros
- Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Departament de Nutrició, Ciències de l'Alimentació i Gastronomia, Xarxa d'Innovació Alimentària (XIA), Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA), Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain.,Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Cherubini
- Geriatria, Accettazione geriatrica e Centro di ricerca per l'invecchiamento, IRCCS INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Huguenard CJC, Cseresznye A, Darcey T, Nkiliza A, Evans JE, Hazen SL, Mullan M, Crawford F, Abdullah L. Age and APOE affect L-carnitine system metabolites in the brain in the APOE-TR model. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 14:1059017. [PMID: 36688151 PMCID: PMC9853982 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1059017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With age the apolipoprotein E (APOE) E4 allele (involved in lipid homeostasis) is associated with perturbation of bioenergetics pathways in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We therefore hypothesized that in aging mice APOE genotype would affect the L-carnitine system (central to lipid bioenergetics), in the brain and in the periphery. Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, levels of L-carnitine and associated metabolites: γ-butyrobetaine (GBB), crotonobetaine, as well as acylcarnitines, were evaluated at 10-, 25-, and 50-weeks, in the brain and the periphery, in a targeted replacement mouse model of human APOE (APOE-TR). Aged APOE-TR mice were also orally administered 125 mg/kg of L-carnitine daily for 7 days followed by evaluation of brain, liver, and plasma L-carnitine system metabolites. Compared to E4-TR, an age-dependent increase among E2- and E3-TR mice was detected for medium- and long-chain acylcarnitines (MCA and LCA, respectively) within the cerebrovasculature and brain parenchyma. While following L-carnitine oral challenge, E4-TR mice had higher increases in the L-carnitine metabolites, GBB and crotonobetaine in the brain and a reduction of plasma to brain total acylcarnitine ratios compared to other genotypes. These studies suggest that with aging, the presence of the E4 allele may contribute to alterations in the L-carnitine bioenergetic system and to the generation of L-carnitine metabolites that could have detrimental effects on the vascular system. Collectively the E4 allele and aging may therefore contribute to AD pathogenesis through aging-related lipid bioenergetics as well as cerebrovascular dysfunctions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire J. C. Huguenard
- Department of Metabolomics, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Cseresznye
- Department of Metabolomics, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States
| | - Teresa Darcey
- Department of Metabolomics, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States
| | - Aurore Nkiliza
- Department of Metabolomics, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States
- James A. Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - James E. Evans
- Department of Metabolomics, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States
| | - Stanley L. Hazen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Michael Mullan
- Department of Metabolomics, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Crawford
- Department of Metabolomics, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
- James A. Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Laila Abdullah
- Department of Metabolomics, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
- James A. Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Lei Q, Xiao Z, Wu W, Liang X, Zhao Q, Ding D, Deng W. The Joint Effect of Body Mass Index and Serum Lipid Levels on Incident Dementia among Community-Dwelling Older Adults. J Nutr Health Aging 2023; 27:1118-1126. [PMID: 37997734 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-023-2027-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to explore the joint effect of body mass index (BMI) and serum lipids levels on incident dementia. METHODS We prospectively followed up with 1,627 dementia-free community residents aged ≥60 for 5.7 years on average. At baseline, weight, and height were measured, and total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were detected in serum. Demographic characteristics were collected through questionnaires. Dementia was based on consensus diagnosis of neurologists and neuropsychologists using DSM-IV criteria. Additive Cox proportional model was used to assess the exposure-response relationship between BMI and serum lipid levels and dementia risk. Interactions and further classifications of BMI and serum lipid levels were further presented by bivariate surface models and decision-tree models. RESULTS The joint effects of TC with BMI, TG with BMI, and LDL-C with BMI on the risk of incident dementia shared a similar pattern, different from their independent exposure-response curves. The joint effect of HDL-C with BMI showed an S-surface but without statistical significance. Participants with TC<5.4 mmol/L and BMI<21 kg/m2 (Hazard Ratio(HR) 1.93, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.05-3.53), TC<5.4 mmol/L and BMI≥21 kg/m2 (HR 1.73, 95% CI 1.09-2.72), and TC≥5.4 mmol/L and BMI<21 kg/m2 (HR 4.02, 95% CI 2.10-7.71) were identified to have the increased risk of incident dementia compared to those with TC≥5.4 mmol/L and BMI≥21 kg/m2. Participants with TG<1.7 mmol/L and BMI<21 kg/m2 had an increased risk of incident dementia compared to those with TG≥1.7 mmol/L and BMI≥21 kg/m2 (HR 1.98, 95%CI 1.17-3.3). Participants with LDL-C≥3.3 mmol/L and BMI<21 kg/m2 were identified to have an increased risk of incident dementia compared to those with LDL-C≥3.3 mmol/L and BMI≥21 kg/m2 (HR 3.33, 95%CI 1.64-6.78). CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that low BMI combined with low or high levels of serum lipids may increase the risk of dementia among older adults. This finding suggests the potential impacts of these two metabolic indexes on the risk of dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Q Lei
- Wei Deng, 138 Yixueyuan Rd., Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China, ; Ding Ding, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Rd., Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Fernando MG, Silva R, Fernando WMADB, de Silva HA, Wickremasinghe AR, Dissanayake AS, Sohrabi HR, Martins RN, Williams SS. Effect of Virgin Coconut Oil Supplementation on Cognition of Individuals with Mild-to-Moderate Alzheimer's Disease in Sri Lanka (VCO-AD Study): A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 96:1195-1206. [PMID: 37980665 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is a potential therapeutic approach to improve cognition in Alzheimer's disease (AD) due to its properties as a ketogenic agent and antioxidative characteristics. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the effect of VCO on cognition in people with AD and to determine the impact of apolipoprotein E (APOE) ɛ4 genotype on cognitive outcomes. METHODS Participants of this double-blind placebo-controlled trial (SLCTR/2015/018, 15.09.2015) were 120 Sri Lankan individuals with mild-to-moderate AD (MMSE = 15-25), aged > 65 years, and they were randomly allocated to treatment or control groups. The treatment group was given 30 mL/day of VCO orally and the control group, received similar amount of canola oil, for 24 weeks. The Mini-Mental Sate Examination (MMSE) and Clock drawing test were performed to assess cognition at baseline and at the end of the intervention. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for lipid profile and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1 C) levels.∥Results:There were no significant difference in cognitive scores, lipid profile, and HbA1 C levels between VCO and control groups post-intervention. The MMSE scores, however, improved among APOE ɛ4 carriers who had VCO, compared to non-carriers (2.37, p = 0.021). APOE ɛ4 status did not influence the cognitive scores in the control group. The attrition rate was 30%.∥Conclusion:Overall, VCO did not improve cognition in individuals with mild-to-moderate AD following a 24-week intervention, compared to canola oil. However, it improved the MMSE scores in APOE ɛ4 carriers. Besides, VCO did not compromise lipid profile and HbA1 C levels and is thus safe to consume.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malika G Fernando
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka
| | - Renuka Silva
- Department of Applied Nutrition, Faculty of Livestock, Fisheries and Nutrition, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka, Makandura, Gonawila, Sri Lanka
| | - W M A D Binosha Fernando
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - H Asita de Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Asoka S Dissanayake
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka
| | - Hamid R Sohrabi
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ralph N Martins
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shehan S Williams
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Huguenard CJC, Cseresznye A, Evans JE, Darcey T, Nkiliza A, Keegan AP, Luis C, Bennett DA, Arvanitakis Z, Yassine HN, Mullan M, Crawford F, Abdullah L. APOE ε4 and Alzheimer's disease diagnosis associated differences in L-carnitine, GBB, TMAO, and acylcarnitines in blood and brain. Curr Res Transl Med 2023; 71:103362. [PMID: 36436355 PMCID: PMC10066735 DOI: 10.1016/j.retram.2022.103362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele, involved in fatty acid (FA) metabolism, is a major genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study examined the influence of APOE genotypes on blood and brain markers of the L-carnitine system, necessary for fatty acid oxidation (FAO), and their collective influence on the clinical and pathological outcomes of AD. METHODS L-carnitine, its metabolites γ-butyrobetaine (GBB) and trimethylamine-n-oxide (TMAO), and its esters (acylcarnitines) were analyzed in blood from predominantly White community/clinic-based individuals (n = 372) and in plasma and brain from the Religious Order Study (ROS) (n = 79) using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). FINDINGS Relative to total blood acylcarnitines, levels of short chain acylcarnitines (SCAs) were higher whereas long chain acylcarnitines (LCAs) were lower in AD, which was observed pre-clinically in APOE ε4s. Plasma medium chain acylcarnitines (MCAs) were higher amongst cognitively healthy APOE ε2 carriers relative to other genotypes. Compared to their respective controls, elevated TMAO and lower L-carnitine and GBB were associated with AD clinical diagnosis and these differences were detected preclinically among APOE ε4 carriers. Plasma and brain GBB, TMAO, and acylcarnitines were also associated with post-mortem brain amyloid, tau, and cerebrovascular pathologies. INTERPRETATION Alterations in blood L-carnitine, GBB, TMAO, and acylcarnitines occur early in clinical AD progression and are influenced by APOE genotype. These changes correlate with post-mortem brain AD and cerebrovascular pathologies. Additional studies are required to better understand the role of the FAO disturbances in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire J C Huguenard
- Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Ave, Sarasota, FL, USA; Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | | | - James E Evans
- Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Ave, Sarasota, FL, USA
| | - Teresa Darcey
- Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Ave, Sarasota, FL, USA
| | - Aurore Nkiliza
- Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Ave, Sarasota, FL, USA; James A. Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | - Cheryl Luis
- Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Ave, Sarasota, FL, USA
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zoe Arvanitakis
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hussein N Yassine
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael Mullan
- Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Ave, Sarasota, FL, USA; Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Fiona Crawford
- Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Ave, Sarasota, FL, USA; Open University, Milton Keynes, UK; James A. Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Laila Abdullah
- Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Ave, Sarasota, FL, USA; Open University, Milton Keynes, UK; James A. Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wang X, Sundermann EE, Buckley RF, Reas ET, McEvoy LK, Banks SJ. Sex Differences in the Associations of Obesity with Tau, Amyloid PET, and Cognitive Outcomes in Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease: Cross-Sectional A4 Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 95:615-624. [PMID: 37574737 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between obesity and Alzheimer's disease (AD) is complex. Recent studies indicated the relationships between obesity and AD may differ by sex, and women may benefit from being overweight in terms of AD risk. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether sex modifies the associations of obesity with tau positron emission tomography (PET), amyloid PET, and cognition in preclinical AD. METHODS We included 387 cognitively-unimpaired amyloid-positive participants (221 women, 166 men, 87.6% non-Hispanic White) with available 18F-flortaucipir PET, 18F-florbetapir PET, and completed the Preclinical Alzheimer Cognitive Composite (PACC) tests from the Anti-Amyloid Treatment in Asymptomatic Alzheimer's Disease (A4) study. Participants were categorized based on body mass index (BMI: kg/m2): normal-weight (BMI: 18.5-25), overweight (BMI: 25-30), and obese (BMI≥30). RESULTS Significant sex by BMI category interactions on PACC and its components: Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Reminding Test-Free+Total Recall (FCSRT96) revealed that overweight and obese women outperformed normal-weight women on FCSRT96, while obese men showed poorer MMSE performance than normal-weight men. These interactions were independent of APOE4. There were no significant interactions of sex by BMI category on tau and amyloid PET. However, sex-stratified analyses observed obesity was associated with less regional tau and mean cortical amyloid in women, not in men. CONCLUSION This study found that in preclinical AD, overweight and obesity were associated with better verbal memory in women, whereas obesity was associated with worse global cognition among men. Future studies focusing on the mechanism for this relationship may inform sex-specific interventions for AD prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Erin E Sundermann
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rachel F Buckley
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emilie T Reas
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Linda K McEvoy
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sarah J Banks
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Lissaman R, Lancaster TM, Parker GD, Graham KS, Lawrence AD, Hodgetts CJ. Tract-specific differences in white matter microstructure between young adult APOE ε4 carriers and non-carriers: A replication and extension study. NEUROIMAGE. REPORTS 2022; 2:None. [PMID: 36507069 PMCID: PMC9726682 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynirp.2022.100126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The parahippocampal cingulum bundle (PHCB) interconnects regions known to be vulnerable to early Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology, including posteromedial cortex and medial temporal lobe. While AD-related pathology has been robustly associated with alterations in PHCB microstructure, specifically lower fractional anisotropy (FA) and higher mean diffusivity (MD), emerging evidence indicates that the reverse pattern is evident in younger adults at increased risk of AD. In one such study, Hodgetts et al. (2019) reported that healthy young adult carriers of the apolipoprotein-E (APOE) ε4 allele - the strongest common genetic risk factor for AD - showed higher FA and lower MD in the PHCB but not the inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF). These results are consistent with proposals claiming that heightened neural activity and intrinsic connectivity play a significant role in increasing posteromedial cortex vulnerability to amyloid-β and tau spread beyond the medial temporal lobe. Given the implications for understanding AD risk, here we sought to replicate Hodgetts et al.'s finding in a larger sample (N = 128; 40 APOE ε4 carriers, 88 APOE ε4 non-carriers) of young adults (age range = 19-33). Extending this work, we also conducted an exploratory analysis using a more advanced measure of white matter microstructure: hindrance modulated orientational anisotropy (HMOA). Contrary to the original study, we did not observe higher FA or lower MD in the PHCB of APOE ε4 carriers relative to non-carriers. Bayes factors (BFs) further revealed moderate-to-strong evidence in support of these null findings. In addition, we observed no APOE ε4-related differences in PHCB HMOA. Our findings indicate that young adult APOE ε4 carriers and non-carriers do not differ in PHCB microstructure, casting some doubt on the notion that early-life variation in PHCB tract microstructure might enhance vulnerability to amyloid-β accumulation and/or tau spread.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rikki Lissaman
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
- Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Thomas M. Lancaster
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
- School of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, England, United Kingdom
| | - Greg D. Parker
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Kim S. Graham
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. Lawrence
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Carl J. Hodgetts
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, England, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Raulin AC, Doss SV, Trottier ZA, Ikezu TC, Bu G, Liu CC. ApoE in Alzheimer’s disease: pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:72. [PMID: 36348357 PMCID: PMC9644639 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00574-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia worldwide, and its prevalence is rapidly increasing due to extended lifespans. Among the increasing number of genetic risk factors identified, the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene remains the strongest and most prevalent, impacting more than half of all AD cases. While the ε4 allele of the APOE gene significantly increases AD risk, the ε2 allele is protective relative to the common ε3 allele. These gene alleles encode three apoE protein isoforms that differ at two amino acid positions. The primary physiological function of apoE is to mediate lipid transport in the brain and periphery; however, additional functions of apoE in diverse biological functions have been recognized. Pathogenically, apoE seeds amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques in the brain with apoE4 driving earlier and more abundant amyloids. ApoE isoforms also have differential effects on multiple Aβ-related or Aβ-independent pathways. The complexity of apoE biology and pathobiology presents challenges to designing effective apoE-targeted therapeutic strategies. This review examines the key pathobiological pathways of apoE and related targeting strategies with a specific focus on the latest technological advances and tools.
Collapse
|
37
|
Steele OG, Stuart AC, Minkley L, Shaw K, Bonnar O, Anderle S, Penn AC, Rusted J, Serpell L, Hall C, King S. A multi-hit hypothesis for an APOE4-dependent pathophysiological state. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:5476-5515. [PMID: 35510513 PMCID: PMC9796338 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The APOE gene encoding the Apolipoprotein E protein is the single most significant genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease. The APOE4 genotype confers a significantly increased risk relative to the other two common genotypes APOE3 and APOE2. Intriguingly, APOE4 has been associated with neuropathological and cognitive deficits in the absence of Alzheimer's disease-related amyloid or tau pathology. Here, we review the extensive literature surrounding the impact of APOE genotype on central nervous system dysfunction, focussing on preclinical model systems and comparison of APOE3 and APOE4, given the low global prevalence of APOE2. A multi-hit hypothesis is proposed to explain how APOE4 shifts cerebral physiology towards pathophysiology through interconnected hits. These hits include the following: neurodegeneration, neurovascular dysfunction, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, endosomal trafficking impairments, lipid and cellular metabolism disruption, impaired calcium homeostasis and altered transcriptional regulation. The hits, individually and in combination, leave the APOE4 brain in a vulnerable state where further cumulative insults will exacerbate degeneration and lead to cognitive deficits in the absence of Alzheimer's disease pathology and also a state in which such pathology may more easily take hold. We conclude that current evidence supports an APOE4 multi-hit hypothesis, which contributes to an APOE4 pathophysiological state. We highlight key areas where further study is required to elucidate the complex interplay between these individual mechanisms and downstream consequences, helping to frame the current landscape of existing APOE-centric literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lucy Minkley
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
| | - Kira Shaw
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
| | - Orla Bonnar
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sarah King
- School of PsychologyUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Naslavsky MS, Suemoto CK, Brito LA, Scliar MO, Ferretti-Rebustini RE, Rodriguez RD, Leite REP, Araujo NM, Borda V, Tarazona-Santos E, Jacob-Filho W, Pasqualucci C, Nitrini R, Yaffe K, Zatz M, Grinberg LT. Global and local ancestry modulate APOE association with Alzheimer's neuropathology and cognitive outcomes in an admixed sample. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:4800-4808. [PMID: 36071110 PMCID: PMC9734036 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01729-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Dementia is more prevalent in Blacks than in Whites, likely due to a combination of environmental and biological factors. Paradoxically, clinical studies suggest an attenuation of APOE ε4 risk of dementia in African ancestry (AFR), but a dearth of neuropathological data preclude the interpretation of the biological factors underlying these findings, including the association between APOE ε4 risk and Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology, the most frequent cause of dementia. We investigated the interaction between African ancestry, AD-related neuropathology, APOE genotype, and functional cognition in a postmortem sample of 400 individuals with a range of AD pathology severity and lack of comorbid neuropathology from a cohort of community-dwelling, admixed Brazilians. Increasing proportions of African ancestry (AFR) correlated with a lower burden of neuritic plaques (NP). However, for individuals with a severe burden of NP and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), AFR proportion was associated with worse Clinical Dementia Rating sum of boxes (CDR-SOB). Among APOE ε4 carriers, the association between AFR proportion and CDR-SOB disappeared. APOE local ancestry inference of a subset of 309 individuals revealed that, in APOE ε4 noncarriers, non-European APOE background correlated with lower NP burden and, also, worse cognitive outcomes than European APOE when adjusting by NP burden. Finally, APOE ε4 was associated with worse AD neuropathological burden only in a European APOE background. APOE genotype and its association with AD neuropathology and clinical pattern are highly influenced by ancestry, with AFR associated with lower NP burden and attenuated APOE ε4 risk compared to European ancestry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Satya Naslavsky
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudia K Suemoto
- Division of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciano Abreu Brito
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Renata Eloah Ferretti-Rebustini
- Escola de Enfermagem, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem na Saúde do Adulto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Renata E P Leite
- Department of Pathology, LIM-22, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Matta Araujo
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Victor Borda
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eduardo Tarazona-Santos
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Wilson Jacob-Filho
- Division of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Pasqualucci
- Department of Pathology, LIM-22, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Nitrini
- Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Kristine Yaffe
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- VA Medical Center, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mayana Zatz
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lea T Grinberg
- Department of Pathology, LIM-22, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, and Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Global brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Low A, Prats-Sedano MA, McKiernan E, Carter SF, Stefaniak JD, Nannoni S, Su L, Dounavi ME, Muniz-Terrera G, Ritchie K, Lawlor B, Naci L, Malhotra P, Mackay C, Koychev I, Ritchie CW, Markus HS, O’Brien JT. Modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors of dementia on midlife cerebral small vessel disease in cognitively healthy middle-aged adults: the PREVENT-Dementia study. Alzheimers Res Ther 2022; 14:154. [PMID: 36224605 PMCID: PMC9554984 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-022-01095-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Background Considerable overlap exists between the risk factors of dementia and cerebral small vessel disease (SVD). However, studies remain limited to older cohorts wherein pathologies of both dementia (e.g. amyloid) and SVD (e.g. white matter hyperintensities) already co-exist. In younger asymptomatic adults, we investigated differential associations and interactions of modifiable and non-modifiable inherited risk factors of (future) late-life dementia to (present-day) mid-life SVD. Methods Cognitively healthy middle-aged adults (aged 40–59; mean 51.2 years) underwent 3T MRI (n = 630) as part of the PREVENT-Dementia study. To assess SVD, we quantified white matter hyperintensities, enlarged perivascular spaces, microbleeds, lacunes, and computed composite scores of SVD burden and subtypes of hypertensive arteriopathy and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Non-modifiable (inherited) risk factors were APOE4 status and parental family history of dementia. Modifiable risk factors were derived from the 2020 Lancet Commission on dementia prevention (early/midlife: education, hypertension, obesity, alcohol, hearing impairment, head injuries). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to evaluate the latent variables of SVD and risk factors. Structural equation modelling (SEM) of the full structural assessed associations of SVD with risk factors and APOE4*risk interaction. Results In SEM, the latent variable of global SVD related to the latent variable of modifiable midlife risk SVD (β = 0.80, p = .009) but not non-modifiable inherited risk factors of APOE4 or family history of dementia. Interaction analysis demonstrated that the effect of modifiable risk on SVD was amplified in APOE4 non-carriers (β = − 0.31, p = .009), rather than carriers. These associations and interaction effects were observed in relation to the SVD subtype of hypertensive arteriopathy, rather than CAA. Sensitivity analyses using separate general linear models validated SEM results. Conclusions Established modifiable risk factors of future (late-life) dementia related to present-day (mid-life) SVD, suggesting that early lifestyle modifications could potentially reduce rates of vascular cognitive impairment attributed to SVD, a major ‘silent’ contributor to global dementia cases. This association was amplified in APOE4 non-carriers, suggesting that lifestyle modifications could be effective even in those with genetic predisposition to dementia. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13195-022-01095-4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Low
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 189, Level E4 Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 0SP UK
| | - Maria A. Prats-Sedano
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 189, Level E4 Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 0SP UK
| | - Elizabeth McKiernan
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 189, Level E4 Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 0SP UK
| | - Stephen F. Carter
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 189, Level E4 Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 0SP UK
| | - James D. Stefaniak
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 189, Level E4 Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 0SP UK ,grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stefania Nannoni
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Li Su
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 189, Level E4 Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 0SP UK ,grid.11835.3e0000 0004 1936 9262Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Maria-Eleni Dounavi
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 189, Level E4 Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 0SP UK
| | - Graciela Muniz-Terrera
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Centre for Dementia Prevention, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karen Ritchie
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Centre for Dementia Prevention, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK ,grid.457377.5INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Brian Lawlor
- grid.8217.c0000 0004 1936 9705Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lorina Naci
- grid.8217.c0000 0004 1936 9705Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paresh Malhotra
- grid.417895.60000 0001 0693 2181Division of Brain Science, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Clare Mackay
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Department of Psychiatry, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Ivan Koychev
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Department of Psychiatry, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Craig W. Ritchie
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Centre for Dementia Prevention, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Hugh S. Markus
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John T. O’Brien
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 189, Level E4 Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 0SP UK ,grid.450563.10000 0004 0412 9303Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Niotis K, Akiyoshi K, Carlton C, Isaacson R. Dementia Prevention in Clinical Practice. Semin Neurol 2022; 42:525-548. [PMID: 36442814 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1759580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Over 55 million people globally are living with dementia and, by 2050, this number is projected to increase to 131 million. This poses immeasurable challenges for patients and their families and a significant threat to domestic and global economies. Given this public health crisis and disappointing results from disease-modifying trials, there has been a recent shift in focus toward primary and secondary prevention strategies. Approximately 40% of Alzheimer's disease (AD) cases, which is the most common form of dementia, may be prevented or at least delayed. Success of risk reduction studies through addressing modifiable risk factors, in addition to the failure of most drug trials, lends support for personalized multidomain interventions rather than a "one-size-fits-all" approach. Evolving evidence supports early intervention in at-risk patients using individualized interventions directed at modifiable risk factors. Comprehensive risk stratification can be informed by emerging principals of precision medicine, and include expanded clinical and family history, anthropometric measurements, blood biomarkers, neurocognitive evaluation, and genetic information. Risk stratification is key in differentiating subtypes of dementia and identifies targetable areas for intervention. This article reviews a clinical approach toward dementia risk stratification and evidence-based prevention strategies, with a primary focus on AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kellyann Niotis
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine and New York - Presbyterian, New York, New York
| | - Kiarra Akiyoshi
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine and New York - Presbyterian, New York, New York
| | - Caroline Carlton
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine and New York - Presbyterian, New York, New York
| | - Richard Isaacson
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine and New York - Presbyterian, New York, New York.,Department of Neurology, Florida Atlantic University, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Boca Raton, Florida
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Byrne CD. Banting memorial lecture 2022: 'Type 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Partners in crime'. Diabet Med 2022; 39:e14912. [PMID: 35790023 PMCID: PMC9546361 DOI: 10.1111/dme.14912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) was first described in the 1980s, but in the 21st century, NAFLD has become a very common condition. The explanation for this relatively recent problem is in large part due to the recent epidemic of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) increasing the risk of NAFLD. NAFLD is a silent condition that may not become manifest until severe liver damage (fibrosis or cirrhosis) has occurred. Consequently, NAFLD and its complications often remain undiagnosed. Research evidence shows that NAFLD is extremely common and some estimates suggest that it occurs in up to 70% of people with T2DM. In the last 5 years, it has become evident that NAFLD not only increases the risk of cirrhosis, primary liver cancer and end-stage liver disease, but NAFLD is also an important multisystem disease that has major implications beyond the liver. NAFLD increases the risk of incident T2DM, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease and certain extra-hepatic cancers, and NAFLD and T2DM form part of a vicious spiral of worsening diseases, where one condition affects the other and vice versa. Diabetes markedly increases the risk of liver fibrosis and liver fibrosis is the most important risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma. It is now possible to diagnose liver fibrosis with non-invasive tools and therefore it is important to have clear care pathways for the management of NAFLD in patients with T2DM. This review summarises key recent research that was discussed as part of the Banting lecture at the annual scientific conference in 2022.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D. Byrne
- Division of Endocrinology & MetabolismUniversity Hospital Southampton and University of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Migliore L, Coppedè F. Gene-environment interactions in Alzheimer disease: the emerging role of epigenetics. Nat Rev Neurol 2022; 18:643-660. [PMID: 36180553 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-022-00714-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
With the exception of a few monogenic forms, Alzheimer disease (AD) has a complex aetiology that is likely to involve multiple susceptibility genes and environmental factors. The role of environmental factors is difficult to determine and, until a few years ago, the molecular mechanisms underlying gene-environment (G × E) interactions in AD were largely unknown. Here, we review evidence that has emerged over the past two decades to explain how environmental factors, such as diet, lifestyle, alcohol, smoking and pollutants, might interact with the human genome. In particular, we discuss how various environmental AD risk factors can induce epigenetic modifications of key AD-related genes and pathways and consider how epigenetic mechanisms could contribute to the effects of oxidative stress on AD onset. Studies on early-life exposures are helping to uncover critical time windows of sensitivity to epigenetic influences from environmental factors, thereby laying the foundations for future primary preventative approaches. We conclude that epigenetic modifications need to be considered when assessing G × E interactions in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Migliore
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Fabio Coppedè
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Stecker MM, Peltier MR, Reiss AB. The role of massive demographic databases in intractable illnesses: Denomics for dementia. AIMS Public Health 2022; 9:618-629. [PMID: 36330282 PMCID: PMC9581740 DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2022043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite intensive research, effective treatments for many common and devastating diseases are lacking. For example, huge efforts and billions of dollars have been invested in Alzheimer's disease (AD), which affects over 50 million people worldwide. However, there is still no effective drug that can slow or cure AD. This relates, in part, to the absence of an animal model or cellular system that incorporates all the relevant features of the disease. Therefore, large scale studies on human populations and tissues will be key to better understanding dementia and developing methods to prevent or treat it. This is especially difficult because the dementia phenotype can result from many different processes and is likely to be affected by multiple personal and environmental variables. We hypothesize that analyzing massive volumes of demographic data that are currently available and combining this with genomic, proteomic, and metabolomic profiles of AD patients and their families, new insights into pathophysiology and treatment of AD may arise. While this requires much coordination and cooperation among large institutions, the potential for advancement would be life-changing for millions of people. In many ways this represents the next step in the information revolution started by the Human Genome Project.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Morgan R. Peltier
- Department of Psychiatry, Hackensack Meridian Health, Neptune City, NJ 07753, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Yassine HN, Samieri C, Livingston G, Glass K, Wagner M, Tangney C, Plassman BL, Ikram MA, Voigt RM, Gu Y, O’Bryant S, Minihane AM, Craft S, Fink HA, Judd S, Andrieu S, Bowman GL, Richard E, Albensi B, Meyers E, Khosravian S, Solis M, Carrillo M, Snyder H, Grodstein F, Scarmeas N, Schneider LS. Nutrition state of science and dementia prevention: recommendations of the Nutrition for Dementia Prevention Working Group. THE LANCET. HEALTHY LONGEVITY 2022; 3:e501-e512. [PMID: 35821792 PMCID: PMC9273104 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-7568(22)00120-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Observational studies suggest that nutritional factors have a potential cognitive benefit. However, systematic reviews of randomised trials of dietary and nutritional supplements have reported largely null effects on cognitive outcomes and have highlighted study inconsistencies and other limitations. In this Personal View, the Nutrition for Dementia Prevention Working Group presents what we consider to be limitations in the existing nutrition clinical trials for dementia prevention. On the basis of this evidence, we propose recommendations for incorporating dietary patterns and the use of genetic, and nutrition assessment tools, biomarkers, and novel clinical trial designs to guide future trial developments. Nutrition-based research has unique challenges that could require testing both more personalised interventions in targeted risk subgroups, identified by nutritional and other biomarkers, and large-scale and pragmatic study designs for more generalisable public health interventions across diverse populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gill Livingston
- Department of Medicine (H N Yassine MD) and Department of Neurology (H
N Yassine, Prof L S Schneider MD MS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience
(Prof L S Schneider), and Department of Gerontology (Prof L S Schneider), Keck
School of Medicine and Department of Medicine (S Khosravian BA), University of
Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Bordeaux population health U1219,
National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM)—University of
Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (C Samieri PhD); Division of Psychiatry, University
College London, London, UK (G Livingston MD); Camden and Islington NHS
Foundation Trust, London, UK (G Livingston); Channing Division of Network
Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston MA, USA (K Glass PhD);
Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School (K Glass) and Department of
Biostatistics, Harvard Chan School of Public Health (K Glass), Harvard
University, Boston MA, USA; Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center (M Wagner
PhD, F Grodstein ScD), Departments of Clinical Nutrition and Preventive Medicine
(C Tangney PhD), Rush Center for Microbiome and Chronobiology Research (R M
Voigt PhD), Department of Internal Medicine (R M Voigt), and Department of
Anatomy and Cell Biology (R M Voigt), Rush University Medical Center (M Wagner)
and Department of Neurological Sciences (M Wagner), Rush Medical College, Rush
University, Chicago IL, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,
Duke University, Durham NC, USA (B L Plassman PhD); Department of Epidemiology,
Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M A Ikram MD PhD);
Department of Neurology and Department of Epidemiology, Taub Institute,
Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (Y Gu MD PhD), and
Department of Neurology (N Scarmeas MD), Colombia University, New York, NY, USA;
University of North Texas Health Science Center, University of North Texas, Fort
Worth, Texas TX, USA (S O’Bryant PhD); Norwich Medical School (A M
Minihane PhD) and Norwich Institute of Healthy Ageing (A M Minihane), University
of East Anglia, Norwich, UK; Department of Internal Medicine-Geriatrics, Wake
Forest University School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Wake Forest, NC,
USA (S Craft PhD); Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Minneapolis
VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA (H A Fink MD MPH); Biostatistics
School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL, USA
(S Judd PhD MPH); Aging Research team, Centre for Epidemiology and Research in
Population Health, INSERM (S Andrieu MD PhD) and Department of Clinical
Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Toulouse Hospital, University of
Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (S Andrieu); NIA-Layton
Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology,
Oregon Health and Science University, Portland OR, USA (G L Bowman ND MPH);
Helfgott Research Institute, National University of Natural Medicine, Portland
OR, USA (G L Bowman); Department of Neurology, Donders Institute from Brain,
Behavior and Cognition, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
(E Richard MD PhD); Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam
University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands (E
Richard); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova
Southeastern University, Davie FL, USA (B Albensi PhD); St Boniface Hospital
Research Center, Winnipeg MB, Canada (B Albensi); Department of Pharmacology and
Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, Canada (B Albensi);
Alzheimer’s Association, Chicago, IL, USA (E Meyers PhD, M Solis PhD, M
Carrillo PhD, H Snyder PhD); Department of Neurology, Aiginitio Hospital,
Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
(N Scarmeas)
| | - Kimberly Glass
- Department of Medicine (H N Yassine MD) and Department of Neurology (H
N Yassine, Prof L S Schneider MD MS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience
(Prof L S Schneider), and Department of Gerontology (Prof L S Schneider), Keck
School of Medicine and Department of Medicine (S Khosravian BA), University of
Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Bordeaux population health U1219,
National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM)—University of
Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (C Samieri PhD); Division of Psychiatry, University
College London, London, UK (G Livingston MD); Camden and Islington NHS
Foundation Trust, London, UK (G Livingston); Channing Division of Network
Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston MA, USA (K Glass PhD);
Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School (K Glass) and Department of
Biostatistics, Harvard Chan School of Public Health (K Glass), Harvard
University, Boston MA, USA; Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center (M Wagner
PhD, F Grodstein ScD), Departments of Clinical Nutrition and Preventive Medicine
(C Tangney PhD), Rush Center for Microbiome and Chronobiology Research (R M
Voigt PhD), Department of Internal Medicine (R M Voigt), and Department of
Anatomy and Cell Biology (R M Voigt), Rush University Medical Center (M Wagner)
and Department of Neurological Sciences (M Wagner), Rush Medical College, Rush
University, Chicago IL, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,
Duke University, Durham NC, USA (B L Plassman PhD); Department of Epidemiology,
Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M A Ikram MD PhD);
Department of Neurology and Department of Epidemiology, Taub Institute,
Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (Y Gu MD PhD), and
Department of Neurology (N Scarmeas MD), Colombia University, New York, NY, USA;
University of North Texas Health Science Center, University of North Texas, Fort
Worth, Texas TX, USA (S O’Bryant PhD); Norwich Medical School (A M
Minihane PhD) and Norwich Institute of Healthy Ageing (A M Minihane), University
of East Anglia, Norwich, UK; Department of Internal Medicine-Geriatrics, Wake
Forest University School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Wake Forest, NC,
USA (S Craft PhD); Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Minneapolis
VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA (H A Fink MD MPH); Biostatistics
School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL, USA
(S Judd PhD MPH); Aging Research team, Centre for Epidemiology and Research in
Population Health, INSERM (S Andrieu MD PhD) and Department of Clinical
Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Toulouse Hospital, University of
Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (S Andrieu); NIA-Layton
Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology,
Oregon Health and Science University, Portland OR, USA (G L Bowman ND MPH);
Helfgott Research Institute, National University of Natural Medicine, Portland
OR, USA (G L Bowman); Department of Neurology, Donders Institute from Brain,
Behavior and Cognition, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
(E Richard MD PhD); Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam
University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands (E
Richard); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova
Southeastern University, Davie FL, USA (B Albensi PhD); St Boniface Hospital
Research Center, Winnipeg MB, Canada (B Albensi); Department of Pharmacology and
Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, Canada (B Albensi);
Alzheimer’s Association, Chicago, IL, USA (E Meyers PhD, M Solis PhD, M
Carrillo PhD, H Snyder PhD); Department of Neurology, Aiginitio Hospital,
Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
(N Scarmeas)
| | - Maude Wagner
- Department of Medicine (H N Yassine MD) and Department of Neurology (H
N Yassine, Prof L S Schneider MD MS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience
(Prof L S Schneider), and Department of Gerontology (Prof L S Schneider), Keck
School of Medicine and Department of Medicine (S Khosravian BA), University of
Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Bordeaux population health U1219,
National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM)—University of
Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (C Samieri PhD); Division of Psychiatry, University
College London, London, UK (G Livingston MD); Camden and Islington NHS
Foundation Trust, London, UK (G Livingston); Channing Division of Network
Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston MA, USA (K Glass PhD);
Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School (K Glass) and Department of
Biostatistics, Harvard Chan School of Public Health (K Glass), Harvard
University, Boston MA, USA; Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center (M Wagner
PhD, F Grodstein ScD), Departments of Clinical Nutrition and Preventive Medicine
(C Tangney PhD), Rush Center for Microbiome and Chronobiology Research (R M
Voigt PhD), Department of Internal Medicine (R M Voigt), and Department of
Anatomy and Cell Biology (R M Voigt), Rush University Medical Center (M Wagner)
and Department of Neurological Sciences (M Wagner), Rush Medical College, Rush
University, Chicago IL, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,
Duke University, Durham NC, USA (B L Plassman PhD); Department of Epidemiology,
Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M A Ikram MD PhD);
Department of Neurology and Department of Epidemiology, Taub Institute,
Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (Y Gu MD PhD), and
Department of Neurology (N Scarmeas MD), Colombia University, New York, NY, USA;
University of North Texas Health Science Center, University of North Texas, Fort
Worth, Texas TX, USA (S O’Bryant PhD); Norwich Medical School (A M
Minihane PhD) and Norwich Institute of Healthy Ageing (A M Minihane), University
of East Anglia, Norwich, UK; Department of Internal Medicine-Geriatrics, Wake
Forest University School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Wake Forest, NC,
USA (S Craft PhD); Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Minneapolis
VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA (H A Fink MD MPH); Biostatistics
School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL, USA
(S Judd PhD MPH); Aging Research team, Centre for Epidemiology and Research in
Population Health, INSERM (S Andrieu MD PhD) and Department of Clinical
Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Toulouse Hospital, University of
Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (S Andrieu); NIA-Layton
Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology,
Oregon Health and Science University, Portland OR, USA (G L Bowman ND MPH);
Helfgott Research Institute, National University of Natural Medicine, Portland
OR, USA (G L Bowman); Department of Neurology, Donders Institute from Brain,
Behavior and Cognition, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
(E Richard MD PhD); Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam
University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands (E
Richard); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova
Southeastern University, Davie FL, USA (B Albensi PhD); St Boniface Hospital
Research Center, Winnipeg MB, Canada (B Albensi); Department of Pharmacology and
Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, Canada (B Albensi);
Alzheimer’s Association, Chicago, IL, USA (E Meyers PhD, M Solis PhD, M
Carrillo PhD, H Snyder PhD); Department of Neurology, Aiginitio Hospital,
Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
(N Scarmeas)
| | - Christy Tangney
- Department of Medicine (H N Yassine MD) and Department of Neurology (H
N Yassine, Prof L S Schneider MD MS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience
(Prof L S Schneider), and Department of Gerontology (Prof L S Schneider), Keck
School of Medicine and Department of Medicine (S Khosravian BA), University of
Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Bordeaux population health U1219,
National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM)—University of
Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (C Samieri PhD); Division of Psychiatry, University
College London, London, UK (G Livingston MD); Camden and Islington NHS
Foundation Trust, London, UK (G Livingston); Channing Division of Network
Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston MA, USA (K Glass PhD);
Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School (K Glass) and Department of
Biostatistics, Harvard Chan School of Public Health (K Glass), Harvard
University, Boston MA, USA; Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center (M Wagner
PhD, F Grodstein ScD), Departments of Clinical Nutrition and Preventive Medicine
(C Tangney PhD), Rush Center for Microbiome and Chronobiology Research (R M
Voigt PhD), Department of Internal Medicine (R M Voigt), and Department of
Anatomy and Cell Biology (R M Voigt), Rush University Medical Center (M Wagner)
and Department of Neurological Sciences (M Wagner), Rush Medical College, Rush
University, Chicago IL, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,
Duke University, Durham NC, USA (B L Plassman PhD); Department of Epidemiology,
Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M A Ikram MD PhD);
Department of Neurology and Department of Epidemiology, Taub Institute,
Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (Y Gu MD PhD), and
Department of Neurology (N Scarmeas MD), Colombia University, New York, NY, USA;
University of North Texas Health Science Center, University of North Texas, Fort
Worth, Texas TX, USA (S O’Bryant PhD); Norwich Medical School (A M
Minihane PhD) and Norwich Institute of Healthy Ageing (A M Minihane), University
of East Anglia, Norwich, UK; Department of Internal Medicine-Geriatrics, Wake
Forest University School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Wake Forest, NC,
USA (S Craft PhD); Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Minneapolis
VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA (H A Fink MD MPH); Biostatistics
School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL, USA
(S Judd PhD MPH); Aging Research team, Centre for Epidemiology and Research in
Population Health, INSERM (S Andrieu MD PhD) and Department of Clinical
Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Toulouse Hospital, University of
Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (S Andrieu); NIA-Layton
Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology,
Oregon Health and Science University, Portland OR, USA (G L Bowman ND MPH);
Helfgott Research Institute, National University of Natural Medicine, Portland
OR, USA (G L Bowman); Department of Neurology, Donders Institute from Brain,
Behavior and Cognition, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
(E Richard MD PhD); Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam
University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands (E
Richard); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova
Southeastern University, Davie FL, USA (B Albensi PhD); St Boniface Hospital
Research Center, Winnipeg MB, Canada (B Albensi); Department of Pharmacology and
Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, Canada (B Albensi);
Alzheimer’s Association, Chicago, IL, USA (E Meyers PhD, M Solis PhD, M
Carrillo PhD, H Snyder PhD); Department of Neurology, Aiginitio Hospital,
Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
(N Scarmeas)
| | - Brenda L Plassman
- Department of Medicine (H N Yassine MD) and Department of Neurology (H
N Yassine, Prof L S Schneider MD MS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience
(Prof L S Schneider), and Department of Gerontology (Prof L S Schneider), Keck
School of Medicine and Department of Medicine (S Khosravian BA), University of
Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Bordeaux population health U1219,
National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM)—University of
Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (C Samieri PhD); Division of Psychiatry, University
College London, London, UK (G Livingston MD); Camden and Islington NHS
Foundation Trust, London, UK (G Livingston); Channing Division of Network
Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston MA, USA (K Glass PhD);
Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School (K Glass) and Department of
Biostatistics, Harvard Chan School of Public Health (K Glass), Harvard
University, Boston MA, USA; Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center (M Wagner
PhD, F Grodstein ScD), Departments of Clinical Nutrition and Preventive Medicine
(C Tangney PhD), Rush Center for Microbiome and Chronobiology Research (R M
Voigt PhD), Department of Internal Medicine (R M Voigt), and Department of
Anatomy and Cell Biology (R M Voigt), Rush University Medical Center (M Wagner)
and Department of Neurological Sciences (M Wagner), Rush Medical College, Rush
University, Chicago IL, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,
Duke University, Durham NC, USA (B L Plassman PhD); Department of Epidemiology,
Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M A Ikram MD PhD);
Department of Neurology and Department of Epidemiology, Taub Institute,
Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (Y Gu MD PhD), and
Department of Neurology (N Scarmeas MD), Colombia University, New York, NY, USA;
University of North Texas Health Science Center, University of North Texas, Fort
Worth, Texas TX, USA (S O’Bryant PhD); Norwich Medical School (A M
Minihane PhD) and Norwich Institute of Healthy Ageing (A M Minihane), University
of East Anglia, Norwich, UK; Department of Internal Medicine-Geriatrics, Wake
Forest University School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Wake Forest, NC,
USA (S Craft PhD); Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Minneapolis
VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA (H A Fink MD MPH); Biostatistics
School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL, USA
(S Judd PhD MPH); Aging Research team, Centre for Epidemiology and Research in
Population Health, INSERM (S Andrieu MD PhD) and Department of Clinical
Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Toulouse Hospital, University of
Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (S Andrieu); NIA-Layton
Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology,
Oregon Health and Science University, Portland OR, USA (G L Bowman ND MPH);
Helfgott Research Institute, National University of Natural Medicine, Portland
OR, USA (G L Bowman); Department of Neurology, Donders Institute from Brain,
Behavior and Cognition, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
(E Richard MD PhD); Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam
University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands (E
Richard); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova
Southeastern University, Davie FL, USA (B Albensi PhD); St Boniface Hospital
Research Center, Winnipeg MB, Canada (B Albensi); Department of Pharmacology and
Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, Canada (B Albensi);
Alzheimer’s Association, Chicago, IL, USA (E Meyers PhD, M Solis PhD, M
Carrillo PhD, H Snyder PhD); Department of Neurology, Aiginitio Hospital,
Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
(N Scarmeas)
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Medicine (H N Yassine MD) and Department of Neurology (H
N Yassine, Prof L S Schneider MD MS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience
(Prof L S Schneider), and Department of Gerontology (Prof L S Schneider), Keck
School of Medicine and Department of Medicine (S Khosravian BA), University of
Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Bordeaux population health U1219,
National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM)—University of
Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (C Samieri PhD); Division of Psychiatry, University
College London, London, UK (G Livingston MD); Camden and Islington NHS
Foundation Trust, London, UK (G Livingston); Channing Division of Network
Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston MA, USA (K Glass PhD);
Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School (K Glass) and Department of
Biostatistics, Harvard Chan School of Public Health (K Glass), Harvard
University, Boston MA, USA; Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center (M Wagner
PhD, F Grodstein ScD), Departments of Clinical Nutrition and Preventive Medicine
(C Tangney PhD), Rush Center for Microbiome and Chronobiology Research (R M
Voigt PhD), Department of Internal Medicine (R M Voigt), and Department of
Anatomy and Cell Biology (R M Voigt), Rush University Medical Center (M Wagner)
and Department of Neurological Sciences (M Wagner), Rush Medical College, Rush
University, Chicago IL, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,
Duke University, Durham NC, USA (B L Plassman PhD); Department of Epidemiology,
Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M A Ikram MD PhD);
Department of Neurology and Department of Epidemiology, Taub Institute,
Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (Y Gu MD PhD), and
Department of Neurology (N Scarmeas MD), Colombia University, New York, NY, USA;
University of North Texas Health Science Center, University of North Texas, Fort
Worth, Texas TX, USA (S O’Bryant PhD); Norwich Medical School (A M
Minihane PhD) and Norwich Institute of Healthy Ageing (A M Minihane), University
of East Anglia, Norwich, UK; Department of Internal Medicine-Geriatrics, Wake
Forest University School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Wake Forest, NC,
USA (S Craft PhD); Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Minneapolis
VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA (H A Fink MD MPH); Biostatistics
School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL, USA
(S Judd PhD MPH); Aging Research team, Centre for Epidemiology and Research in
Population Health, INSERM (S Andrieu MD PhD) and Department of Clinical
Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Toulouse Hospital, University of
Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (S Andrieu); NIA-Layton
Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology,
Oregon Health and Science University, Portland OR, USA (G L Bowman ND MPH);
Helfgott Research Institute, National University of Natural Medicine, Portland
OR, USA (G L Bowman); Department of Neurology, Donders Institute from Brain,
Behavior and Cognition, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
(E Richard MD PhD); Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam
University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands (E
Richard); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova
Southeastern University, Davie FL, USA (B Albensi PhD); St Boniface Hospital
Research Center, Winnipeg MB, Canada (B Albensi); Department of Pharmacology and
Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, Canada (B Albensi);
Alzheimer’s Association, Chicago, IL, USA (E Meyers PhD, M Solis PhD, M
Carrillo PhD, H Snyder PhD); Department of Neurology, Aiginitio Hospital,
Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
(N Scarmeas)
| | - Robin M Voigt
- Department of Medicine (H N Yassine MD) and Department of Neurology (H
N Yassine, Prof L S Schneider MD MS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience
(Prof L S Schneider), and Department of Gerontology (Prof L S Schneider), Keck
School of Medicine and Department of Medicine (S Khosravian BA), University of
Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Bordeaux population health U1219,
National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM)—University of
Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (C Samieri PhD); Division of Psychiatry, University
College London, London, UK (G Livingston MD); Camden and Islington NHS
Foundation Trust, London, UK (G Livingston); Channing Division of Network
Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston MA, USA (K Glass PhD);
Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School (K Glass) and Department of
Biostatistics, Harvard Chan School of Public Health (K Glass), Harvard
University, Boston MA, USA; Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center (M Wagner
PhD, F Grodstein ScD), Departments of Clinical Nutrition and Preventive Medicine
(C Tangney PhD), Rush Center for Microbiome and Chronobiology Research (R M
Voigt PhD), Department of Internal Medicine (R M Voigt), and Department of
Anatomy and Cell Biology (R M Voigt), Rush University Medical Center (M Wagner)
and Department of Neurological Sciences (M Wagner), Rush Medical College, Rush
University, Chicago IL, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,
Duke University, Durham NC, USA (B L Plassman PhD); Department of Epidemiology,
Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M A Ikram MD PhD);
Department of Neurology and Department of Epidemiology, Taub Institute,
Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (Y Gu MD PhD), and
Department of Neurology (N Scarmeas MD), Colombia University, New York, NY, USA;
University of North Texas Health Science Center, University of North Texas, Fort
Worth, Texas TX, USA (S O’Bryant PhD); Norwich Medical School (A M
Minihane PhD) and Norwich Institute of Healthy Ageing (A M Minihane), University
of East Anglia, Norwich, UK; Department of Internal Medicine-Geriatrics, Wake
Forest University School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Wake Forest, NC,
USA (S Craft PhD); Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Minneapolis
VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA (H A Fink MD MPH); Biostatistics
School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL, USA
(S Judd PhD MPH); Aging Research team, Centre for Epidemiology and Research in
Population Health, INSERM (S Andrieu MD PhD) and Department of Clinical
Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Toulouse Hospital, University of
Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (S Andrieu); NIA-Layton
Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology,
Oregon Health and Science University, Portland OR, USA (G L Bowman ND MPH);
Helfgott Research Institute, National University of Natural Medicine, Portland
OR, USA (G L Bowman); Department of Neurology, Donders Institute from Brain,
Behavior and Cognition, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
(E Richard MD PhD); Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam
University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands (E
Richard); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova
Southeastern University, Davie FL, USA (B Albensi PhD); St Boniface Hospital
Research Center, Winnipeg MB, Canada (B Albensi); Department of Pharmacology and
Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, Canada (B Albensi);
Alzheimer’s Association, Chicago, IL, USA (E Meyers PhD, M Solis PhD, M
Carrillo PhD, H Snyder PhD); Department of Neurology, Aiginitio Hospital,
Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
(N Scarmeas)
| | - Yian Gu
- Department of Medicine (H N Yassine MD) and Department of Neurology (H
N Yassine, Prof L S Schneider MD MS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience
(Prof L S Schneider), and Department of Gerontology (Prof L S Schneider), Keck
School of Medicine and Department of Medicine (S Khosravian BA), University of
Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Bordeaux population health U1219,
National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM)—University of
Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (C Samieri PhD); Division of Psychiatry, University
College London, London, UK (G Livingston MD); Camden and Islington NHS
Foundation Trust, London, UK (G Livingston); Channing Division of Network
Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston MA, USA (K Glass PhD);
Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School (K Glass) and Department of
Biostatistics, Harvard Chan School of Public Health (K Glass), Harvard
University, Boston MA, USA; Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center (M Wagner
PhD, F Grodstein ScD), Departments of Clinical Nutrition and Preventive Medicine
(C Tangney PhD), Rush Center for Microbiome and Chronobiology Research (R M
Voigt PhD), Department of Internal Medicine (R M Voigt), and Department of
Anatomy and Cell Biology (R M Voigt), Rush University Medical Center (M Wagner)
and Department of Neurological Sciences (M Wagner), Rush Medical College, Rush
University, Chicago IL, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,
Duke University, Durham NC, USA (B L Plassman PhD); Department of Epidemiology,
Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M A Ikram MD PhD);
Department of Neurology and Department of Epidemiology, Taub Institute,
Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (Y Gu MD PhD), and
Department of Neurology (N Scarmeas MD), Colombia University, New York, NY, USA;
University of North Texas Health Science Center, University of North Texas, Fort
Worth, Texas TX, USA (S O’Bryant PhD); Norwich Medical School (A M
Minihane PhD) and Norwich Institute of Healthy Ageing (A M Minihane), University
of East Anglia, Norwich, UK; Department of Internal Medicine-Geriatrics, Wake
Forest University School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Wake Forest, NC,
USA (S Craft PhD); Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Minneapolis
VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA (H A Fink MD MPH); Biostatistics
School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL, USA
(S Judd PhD MPH); Aging Research team, Centre for Epidemiology and Research in
Population Health, INSERM (S Andrieu MD PhD) and Department of Clinical
Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Toulouse Hospital, University of
Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (S Andrieu); NIA-Layton
Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology,
Oregon Health and Science University, Portland OR, USA (G L Bowman ND MPH);
Helfgott Research Institute, National University of Natural Medicine, Portland
OR, USA (G L Bowman); Department of Neurology, Donders Institute from Brain,
Behavior and Cognition, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
(E Richard MD PhD); Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam
University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands (E
Richard); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova
Southeastern University, Davie FL, USA (B Albensi PhD); St Boniface Hospital
Research Center, Winnipeg MB, Canada (B Albensi); Department of Pharmacology and
Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, Canada (B Albensi);
Alzheimer’s Association, Chicago, IL, USA (E Meyers PhD, M Solis PhD, M
Carrillo PhD, H Snyder PhD); Department of Neurology, Aiginitio Hospital,
Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
(N Scarmeas)
| | - Sid O’Bryant
- Department of Medicine (H N Yassine MD) and Department of Neurology (H
N Yassine, Prof L S Schneider MD MS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience
(Prof L S Schneider), and Department of Gerontology (Prof L S Schneider), Keck
School of Medicine and Department of Medicine (S Khosravian BA), University of
Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Bordeaux population health U1219,
National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM)—University of
Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (C Samieri PhD); Division of Psychiatry, University
College London, London, UK (G Livingston MD); Camden and Islington NHS
Foundation Trust, London, UK (G Livingston); Channing Division of Network
Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston MA, USA (K Glass PhD);
Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School (K Glass) and Department of
Biostatistics, Harvard Chan School of Public Health (K Glass), Harvard
University, Boston MA, USA; Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center (M Wagner
PhD, F Grodstein ScD), Departments of Clinical Nutrition and Preventive Medicine
(C Tangney PhD), Rush Center for Microbiome and Chronobiology Research (R M
Voigt PhD), Department of Internal Medicine (R M Voigt), and Department of
Anatomy and Cell Biology (R M Voigt), Rush University Medical Center (M Wagner)
and Department of Neurological Sciences (M Wagner), Rush Medical College, Rush
University, Chicago IL, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,
Duke University, Durham NC, USA (B L Plassman PhD); Department of Epidemiology,
Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M A Ikram MD PhD);
Department of Neurology and Department of Epidemiology, Taub Institute,
Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (Y Gu MD PhD), and
Department of Neurology (N Scarmeas MD), Colombia University, New York, NY, USA;
University of North Texas Health Science Center, University of North Texas, Fort
Worth, Texas TX, USA (S O’Bryant PhD); Norwich Medical School (A M
Minihane PhD) and Norwich Institute of Healthy Ageing (A M Minihane), University
of East Anglia, Norwich, UK; Department of Internal Medicine-Geriatrics, Wake
Forest University School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Wake Forest, NC,
USA (S Craft PhD); Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Minneapolis
VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA (H A Fink MD MPH); Biostatistics
School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL, USA
(S Judd PhD MPH); Aging Research team, Centre for Epidemiology and Research in
Population Health, INSERM (S Andrieu MD PhD) and Department of Clinical
Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Toulouse Hospital, University of
Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (S Andrieu); NIA-Layton
Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology,
Oregon Health and Science University, Portland OR, USA (G L Bowman ND MPH);
Helfgott Research Institute, National University of Natural Medicine, Portland
OR, USA (G L Bowman); Department of Neurology, Donders Institute from Brain,
Behavior and Cognition, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
(E Richard MD PhD); Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam
University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands (E
Richard); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova
Southeastern University, Davie FL, USA (B Albensi PhD); St Boniface Hospital
Research Center, Winnipeg MB, Canada (B Albensi); Department of Pharmacology and
Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, Canada (B Albensi);
Alzheimer’s Association, Chicago, IL, USA (E Meyers PhD, M Solis PhD, M
Carrillo PhD, H Snyder PhD); Department of Neurology, Aiginitio Hospital,
Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
(N Scarmeas)
| | - Anne Marie Minihane
- Department of Medicine (H N Yassine MD) and Department of Neurology (H
N Yassine, Prof L S Schneider MD MS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience
(Prof L S Schneider), and Department of Gerontology (Prof L S Schneider), Keck
School of Medicine and Department of Medicine (S Khosravian BA), University of
Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Bordeaux population health U1219,
National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM)—University of
Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (C Samieri PhD); Division of Psychiatry, University
College London, London, UK (G Livingston MD); Camden and Islington NHS
Foundation Trust, London, UK (G Livingston); Channing Division of Network
Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston MA, USA (K Glass PhD);
Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School (K Glass) and Department of
Biostatistics, Harvard Chan School of Public Health (K Glass), Harvard
University, Boston MA, USA; Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center (M Wagner
PhD, F Grodstein ScD), Departments of Clinical Nutrition and Preventive Medicine
(C Tangney PhD), Rush Center for Microbiome and Chronobiology Research (R M
Voigt PhD), Department of Internal Medicine (R M Voigt), and Department of
Anatomy and Cell Biology (R M Voigt), Rush University Medical Center (M Wagner)
and Department of Neurological Sciences (M Wagner), Rush Medical College, Rush
University, Chicago IL, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,
Duke University, Durham NC, USA (B L Plassman PhD); Department of Epidemiology,
Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M A Ikram MD PhD);
Department of Neurology and Department of Epidemiology, Taub Institute,
Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (Y Gu MD PhD), and
Department of Neurology (N Scarmeas MD), Colombia University, New York, NY, USA;
University of North Texas Health Science Center, University of North Texas, Fort
Worth, Texas TX, USA (S O’Bryant PhD); Norwich Medical School (A M
Minihane PhD) and Norwich Institute of Healthy Ageing (A M Minihane), University
of East Anglia, Norwich, UK; Department of Internal Medicine-Geriatrics, Wake
Forest University School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Wake Forest, NC,
USA (S Craft PhD); Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Minneapolis
VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA (H A Fink MD MPH); Biostatistics
School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL, USA
(S Judd PhD MPH); Aging Research team, Centre for Epidemiology and Research in
Population Health, INSERM (S Andrieu MD PhD) and Department of Clinical
Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Toulouse Hospital, University of
Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (S Andrieu); NIA-Layton
Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology,
Oregon Health and Science University, Portland OR, USA (G L Bowman ND MPH);
Helfgott Research Institute, National University of Natural Medicine, Portland
OR, USA (G L Bowman); Department of Neurology, Donders Institute from Brain,
Behavior and Cognition, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
(E Richard MD PhD); Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam
University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands (E
Richard); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova
Southeastern University, Davie FL, USA (B Albensi PhD); St Boniface Hospital
Research Center, Winnipeg MB, Canada (B Albensi); Department of Pharmacology and
Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, Canada (B Albensi);
Alzheimer’s Association, Chicago, IL, USA (E Meyers PhD, M Solis PhD, M
Carrillo PhD, H Snyder PhD); Department of Neurology, Aiginitio Hospital,
Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
(N Scarmeas)
| | - Suzanne Craft
- Department of Medicine (H N Yassine MD) and Department of Neurology (H
N Yassine, Prof L S Schneider MD MS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience
(Prof L S Schneider), and Department of Gerontology (Prof L S Schneider), Keck
School of Medicine and Department of Medicine (S Khosravian BA), University of
Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Bordeaux population health U1219,
National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM)—University of
Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (C Samieri PhD); Division of Psychiatry, University
College London, London, UK (G Livingston MD); Camden and Islington NHS
Foundation Trust, London, UK (G Livingston); Channing Division of Network
Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston MA, USA (K Glass PhD);
Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School (K Glass) and Department of
Biostatistics, Harvard Chan School of Public Health (K Glass), Harvard
University, Boston MA, USA; Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center (M Wagner
PhD, F Grodstein ScD), Departments of Clinical Nutrition and Preventive Medicine
(C Tangney PhD), Rush Center for Microbiome and Chronobiology Research (R M
Voigt PhD), Department of Internal Medicine (R M Voigt), and Department of
Anatomy and Cell Biology (R M Voigt), Rush University Medical Center (M Wagner)
and Department of Neurological Sciences (M Wagner), Rush Medical College, Rush
University, Chicago IL, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,
Duke University, Durham NC, USA (B L Plassman PhD); Department of Epidemiology,
Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M A Ikram MD PhD);
Department of Neurology and Department of Epidemiology, Taub Institute,
Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (Y Gu MD PhD), and
Department of Neurology (N Scarmeas MD), Colombia University, New York, NY, USA;
University of North Texas Health Science Center, University of North Texas, Fort
Worth, Texas TX, USA (S O’Bryant PhD); Norwich Medical School (A M
Minihane PhD) and Norwich Institute of Healthy Ageing (A M Minihane), University
of East Anglia, Norwich, UK; Department of Internal Medicine-Geriatrics, Wake
Forest University School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Wake Forest, NC,
USA (S Craft PhD); Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Minneapolis
VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA (H A Fink MD MPH); Biostatistics
School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL, USA
(S Judd PhD MPH); Aging Research team, Centre for Epidemiology and Research in
Population Health, INSERM (S Andrieu MD PhD) and Department of Clinical
Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Toulouse Hospital, University of
Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (S Andrieu); NIA-Layton
Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology,
Oregon Health and Science University, Portland OR, USA (G L Bowman ND MPH);
Helfgott Research Institute, National University of Natural Medicine, Portland
OR, USA (G L Bowman); Department of Neurology, Donders Institute from Brain,
Behavior and Cognition, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
(E Richard MD PhD); Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam
University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands (E
Richard); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova
Southeastern University, Davie FL, USA (B Albensi PhD); St Boniface Hospital
Research Center, Winnipeg MB, Canada (B Albensi); Department of Pharmacology and
Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, Canada (B Albensi);
Alzheimer’s Association, Chicago, IL, USA (E Meyers PhD, M Solis PhD, M
Carrillo PhD, H Snyder PhD); Department of Neurology, Aiginitio Hospital,
Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
(N Scarmeas)
| | - Howard A Fink
- Department of Medicine (H N Yassine MD) and Department of Neurology (H
N Yassine, Prof L S Schneider MD MS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience
(Prof L S Schneider), and Department of Gerontology (Prof L S Schneider), Keck
School of Medicine and Department of Medicine (S Khosravian BA), University of
Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Bordeaux population health U1219,
National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM)—University of
Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (C Samieri PhD); Division of Psychiatry, University
College London, London, UK (G Livingston MD); Camden and Islington NHS
Foundation Trust, London, UK (G Livingston); Channing Division of Network
Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston MA, USA (K Glass PhD);
Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School (K Glass) and Department of
Biostatistics, Harvard Chan School of Public Health (K Glass), Harvard
University, Boston MA, USA; Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center (M Wagner
PhD, F Grodstein ScD), Departments of Clinical Nutrition and Preventive Medicine
(C Tangney PhD), Rush Center for Microbiome and Chronobiology Research (R M
Voigt PhD), Department of Internal Medicine (R M Voigt), and Department of
Anatomy and Cell Biology (R M Voigt), Rush University Medical Center (M Wagner)
and Department of Neurological Sciences (M Wagner), Rush Medical College, Rush
University, Chicago IL, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,
Duke University, Durham NC, USA (B L Plassman PhD); Department of Epidemiology,
Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M A Ikram MD PhD);
Department of Neurology and Department of Epidemiology, Taub Institute,
Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (Y Gu MD PhD), and
Department of Neurology (N Scarmeas MD), Colombia University, New York, NY, USA;
University of North Texas Health Science Center, University of North Texas, Fort
Worth, Texas TX, USA (S O’Bryant PhD); Norwich Medical School (A M
Minihane PhD) and Norwich Institute of Healthy Ageing (A M Minihane), University
of East Anglia, Norwich, UK; Department of Internal Medicine-Geriatrics, Wake
Forest University School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Wake Forest, NC,
USA (S Craft PhD); Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Minneapolis
VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA (H A Fink MD MPH); Biostatistics
School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL, USA
(S Judd PhD MPH); Aging Research team, Centre for Epidemiology and Research in
Population Health, INSERM (S Andrieu MD PhD) and Department of Clinical
Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Toulouse Hospital, University of
Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (S Andrieu); NIA-Layton
Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology,
Oregon Health and Science University, Portland OR, USA (G L Bowman ND MPH);
Helfgott Research Institute, National University of Natural Medicine, Portland
OR, USA (G L Bowman); Department of Neurology, Donders Institute from Brain,
Behavior and Cognition, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
(E Richard MD PhD); Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam
University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands (E
Richard); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova
Southeastern University, Davie FL, USA (B Albensi PhD); St Boniface Hospital
Research Center, Winnipeg MB, Canada (B Albensi); Department of Pharmacology and
Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, Canada (B Albensi);
Alzheimer’s Association, Chicago, IL, USA (E Meyers PhD, M Solis PhD, M
Carrillo PhD, H Snyder PhD); Department of Neurology, Aiginitio Hospital,
Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
(N Scarmeas)
| | - Suzanne Judd
- Department of Medicine (H N Yassine MD) and Department of Neurology (H
N Yassine, Prof L S Schneider MD MS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience
(Prof L S Schneider), and Department of Gerontology (Prof L S Schneider), Keck
School of Medicine and Department of Medicine (S Khosravian BA), University of
Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Bordeaux population health U1219,
National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM)—University of
Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (C Samieri PhD); Division of Psychiatry, University
College London, London, UK (G Livingston MD); Camden and Islington NHS
Foundation Trust, London, UK (G Livingston); Channing Division of Network
Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston MA, USA (K Glass PhD);
Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School (K Glass) and Department of
Biostatistics, Harvard Chan School of Public Health (K Glass), Harvard
University, Boston MA, USA; Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center (M Wagner
PhD, F Grodstein ScD), Departments of Clinical Nutrition and Preventive Medicine
(C Tangney PhD), Rush Center for Microbiome and Chronobiology Research (R M
Voigt PhD), Department of Internal Medicine (R M Voigt), and Department of
Anatomy and Cell Biology (R M Voigt), Rush University Medical Center (M Wagner)
and Department of Neurological Sciences (M Wagner), Rush Medical College, Rush
University, Chicago IL, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,
Duke University, Durham NC, USA (B L Plassman PhD); Department of Epidemiology,
Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M A Ikram MD PhD);
Department of Neurology and Department of Epidemiology, Taub Institute,
Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (Y Gu MD PhD), and
Department of Neurology (N Scarmeas MD), Colombia University, New York, NY, USA;
University of North Texas Health Science Center, University of North Texas, Fort
Worth, Texas TX, USA (S O’Bryant PhD); Norwich Medical School (A M
Minihane PhD) and Norwich Institute of Healthy Ageing (A M Minihane), University
of East Anglia, Norwich, UK; Department of Internal Medicine-Geriatrics, Wake
Forest University School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Wake Forest, NC,
USA (S Craft PhD); Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Minneapolis
VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA (H A Fink MD MPH); Biostatistics
School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL, USA
(S Judd PhD MPH); Aging Research team, Centre for Epidemiology and Research in
Population Health, INSERM (S Andrieu MD PhD) and Department of Clinical
Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Toulouse Hospital, University of
Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (S Andrieu); NIA-Layton
Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology,
Oregon Health and Science University, Portland OR, USA (G L Bowman ND MPH);
Helfgott Research Institute, National University of Natural Medicine, Portland
OR, USA (G L Bowman); Department of Neurology, Donders Institute from Brain,
Behavior and Cognition, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
(E Richard MD PhD); Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam
University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands (E
Richard); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova
Southeastern University, Davie FL, USA (B Albensi PhD); St Boniface Hospital
Research Center, Winnipeg MB, Canada (B Albensi); Department of Pharmacology and
Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, Canada (B Albensi);
Alzheimer’s Association, Chicago, IL, USA (E Meyers PhD, M Solis PhD, M
Carrillo PhD, H Snyder PhD); Department of Neurology, Aiginitio Hospital,
Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
(N Scarmeas)
| | - Sandrine Andrieu
- Department of Medicine (H N Yassine MD) and Department of Neurology (H
N Yassine, Prof L S Schneider MD MS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience
(Prof L S Schneider), and Department of Gerontology (Prof L S Schneider), Keck
School of Medicine and Department of Medicine (S Khosravian BA), University of
Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Bordeaux population health U1219,
National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM)—University of
Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (C Samieri PhD); Division of Psychiatry, University
College London, London, UK (G Livingston MD); Camden and Islington NHS
Foundation Trust, London, UK (G Livingston); Channing Division of Network
Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston MA, USA (K Glass PhD);
Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School (K Glass) and Department of
Biostatistics, Harvard Chan School of Public Health (K Glass), Harvard
University, Boston MA, USA; Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center (M Wagner
PhD, F Grodstein ScD), Departments of Clinical Nutrition and Preventive Medicine
(C Tangney PhD), Rush Center for Microbiome and Chronobiology Research (R M
Voigt PhD), Department of Internal Medicine (R M Voigt), and Department of
Anatomy and Cell Biology (R M Voigt), Rush University Medical Center (M Wagner)
and Department of Neurological Sciences (M Wagner), Rush Medical College, Rush
University, Chicago IL, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,
Duke University, Durham NC, USA (B L Plassman PhD); Department of Epidemiology,
Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M A Ikram MD PhD);
Department of Neurology and Department of Epidemiology, Taub Institute,
Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (Y Gu MD PhD), and
Department of Neurology (N Scarmeas MD), Colombia University, New York, NY, USA;
University of North Texas Health Science Center, University of North Texas, Fort
Worth, Texas TX, USA (S O’Bryant PhD); Norwich Medical School (A M
Minihane PhD) and Norwich Institute of Healthy Ageing (A M Minihane), University
of East Anglia, Norwich, UK; Department of Internal Medicine-Geriatrics, Wake
Forest University School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Wake Forest, NC,
USA (S Craft PhD); Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Minneapolis
VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA (H A Fink MD MPH); Biostatistics
School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL, USA
(S Judd PhD MPH); Aging Research team, Centre for Epidemiology and Research in
Population Health, INSERM (S Andrieu MD PhD) and Department of Clinical
Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Toulouse Hospital, University of
Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (S Andrieu); NIA-Layton
Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology,
Oregon Health and Science University, Portland OR, USA (G L Bowman ND MPH);
Helfgott Research Institute, National University of Natural Medicine, Portland
OR, USA (G L Bowman); Department of Neurology, Donders Institute from Brain,
Behavior and Cognition, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
(E Richard MD PhD); Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam
University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands (E
Richard); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova
Southeastern University, Davie FL, USA (B Albensi PhD); St Boniface Hospital
Research Center, Winnipeg MB, Canada (B Albensi); Department of Pharmacology and
Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, Canada (B Albensi);
Alzheimer’s Association, Chicago, IL, USA (E Meyers PhD, M Solis PhD, M
Carrillo PhD, H Snyder PhD); Department of Neurology, Aiginitio Hospital,
Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
(N Scarmeas)
| | - Gene L Bowman
- Department of Medicine (H N Yassine MD) and Department of Neurology (H
N Yassine, Prof L S Schneider MD MS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience
(Prof L S Schneider), and Department of Gerontology (Prof L S Schneider), Keck
School of Medicine and Department of Medicine (S Khosravian BA), University of
Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Bordeaux population health U1219,
National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM)—University of
Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (C Samieri PhD); Division of Psychiatry, University
College London, London, UK (G Livingston MD); Camden and Islington NHS
Foundation Trust, London, UK (G Livingston); Channing Division of Network
Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston MA, USA (K Glass PhD);
Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School (K Glass) and Department of
Biostatistics, Harvard Chan School of Public Health (K Glass), Harvard
University, Boston MA, USA; Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center (M Wagner
PhD, F Grodstein ScD), Departments of Clinical Nutrition and Preventive Medicine
(C Tangney PhD), Rush Center for Microbiome and Chronobiology Research (R M
Voigt PhD), Department of Internal Medicine (R M Voigt), and Department of
Anatomy and Cell Biology (R M Voigt), Rush University Medical Center (M Wagner)
and Department of Neurological Sciences (M Wagner), Rush Medical College, Rush
University, Chicago IL, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,
Duke University, Durham NC, USA (B L Plassman PhD); Department of Epidemiology,
Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M A Ikram MD PhD);
Department of Neurology and Department of Epidemiology, Taub Institute,
Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (Y Gu MD PhD), and
Department of Neurology (N Scarmeas MD), Colombia University, New York, NY, USA;
University of North Texas Health Science Center, University of North Texas, Fort
Worth, Texas TX, USA (S O’Bryant PhD); Norwich Medical School (A M
Minihane PhD) and Norwich Institute of Healthy Ageing (A M Minihane), University
of East Anglia, Norwich, UK; Department of Internal Medicine-Geriatrics, Wake
Forest University School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Wake Forest, NC,
USA (S Craft PhD); Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Minneapolis
VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA (H A Fink MD MPH); Biostatistics
School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL, USA
(S Judd PhD MPH); Aging Research team, Centre for Epidemiology and Research in
Population Health, INSERM (S Andrieu MD PhD) and Department of Clinical
Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Toulouse Hospital, University of
Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (S Andrieu); NIA-Layton
Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology,
Oregon Health and Science University, Portland OR, USA (G L Bowman ND MPH);
Helfgott Research Institute, National University of Natural Medicine, Portland
OR, USA (G L Bowman); Department of Neurology, Donders Institute from Brain,
Behavior and Cognition, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
(E Richard MD PhD); Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam
University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands (E
Richard); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova
Southeastern University, Davie FL, USA (B Albensi PhD); St Boniface Hospital
Research Center, Winnipeg MB, Canada (B Albensi); Department of Pharmacology and
Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, Canada (B Albensi);
Alzheimer’s Association, Chicago, IL, USA (E Meyers PhD, M Solis PhD, M
Carrillo PhD, H Snyder PhD); Department of Neurology, Aiginitio Hospital,
Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
(N Scarmeas)
| | - Edo Richard
- Department of Medicine (H N Yassine MD) and Department of Neurology (H
N Yassine, Prof L S Schneider MD MS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience
(Prof L S Schneider), and Department of Gerontology (Prof L S Schneider), Keck
School of Medicine and Department of Medicine (S Khosravian BA), University of
Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Bordeaux population health U1219,
National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM)—University of
Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (C Samieri PhD); Division of Psychiatry, University
College London, London, UK (G Livingston MD); Camden and Islington NHS
Foundation Trust, London, UK (G Livingston); Channing Division of Network
Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston MA, USA (K Glass PhD);
Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School (K Glass) and Department of
Biostatistics, Harvard Chan School of Public Health (K Glass), Harvard
University, Boston MA, USA; Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center (M Wagner
PhD, F Grodstein ScD), Departments of Clinical Nutrition and Preventive Medicine
(C Tangney PhD), Rush Center for Microbiome and Chronobiology Research (R M
Voigt PhD), Department of Internal Medicine (R M Voigt), and Department of
Anatomy and Cell Biology (R M Voigt), Rush University Medical Center (M Wagner)
and Department of Neurological Sciences (M Wagner), Rush Medical College, Rush
University, Chicago IL, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,
Duke University, Durham NC, USA (B L Plassman PhD); Department of Epidemiology,
Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M A Ikram MD PhD);
Department of Neurology and Department of Epidemiology, Taub Institute,
Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (Y Gu MD PhD), and
Department of Neurology (N Scarmeas MD), Colombia University, New York, NY, USA;
University of North Texas Health Science Center, University of North Texas, Fort
Worth, Texas TX, USA (S O’Bryant PhD); Norwich Medical School (A M
Minihane PhD) and Norwich Institute of Healthy Ageing (A M Minihane), University
of East Anglia, Norwich, UK; Department of Internal Medicine-Geriatrics, Wake
Forest University School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Wake Forest, NC,
USA (S Craft PhD); Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Minneapolis
VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA (H A Fink MD MPH); Biostatistics
School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL, USA
(S Judd PhD MPH); Aging Research team, Centre for Epidemiology and Research in
Population Health, INSERM (S Andrieu MD PhD) and Department of Clinical
Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Toulouse Hospital, University of
Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (S Andrieu); NIA-Layton
Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology,
Oregon Health and Science University, Portland OR, USA (G L Bowman ND MPH);
Helfgott Research Institute, National University of Natural Medicine, Portland
OR, USA (G L Bowman); Department of Neurology, Donders Institute from Brain,
Behavior and Cognition, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
(E Richard MD PhD); Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam
University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands (E
Richard); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova
Southeastern University, Davie FL, USA (B Albensi PhD); St Boniface Hospital
Research Center, Winnipeg MB, Canada (B Albensi); Department of Pharmacology and
Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, Canada (B Albensi);
Alzheimer’s Association, Chicago, IL, USA (E Meyers PhD, M Solis PhD, M
Carrillo PhD, H Snyder PhD); Department of Neurology, Aiginitio Hospital,
Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
(N Scarmeas)
| | - Benedict Albensi
- Department of Medicine (H N Yassine MD) and Department of Neurology (H
N Yassine, Prof L S Schneider MD MS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience
(Prof L S Schneider), and Department of Gerontology (Prof L S Schneider), Keck
School of Medicine and Department of Medicine (S Khosravian BA), University of
Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Bordeaux population health U1219,
National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM)—University of
Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (C Samieri PhD); Division of Psychiatry, University
College London, London, UK (G Livingston MD); Camden and Islington NHS
Foundation Trust, London, UK (G Livingston); Channing Division of Network
Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston MA, USA (K Glass PhD);
Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School (K Glass) and Department of
Biostatistics, Harvard Chan School of Public Health (K Glass), Harvard
University, Boston MA, USA; Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center (M Wagner
PhD, F Grodstein ScD), Departments of Clinical Nutrition and Preventive Medicine
(C Tangney PhD), Rush Center for Microbiome and Chronobiology Research (R M
Voigt PhD), Department of Internal Medicine (R M Voigt), and Department of
Anatomy and Cell Biology (R M Voigt), Rush University Medical Center (M Wagner)
and Department of Neurological Sciences (M Wagner), Rush Medical College, Rush
University, Chicago IL, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,
Duke University, Durham NC, USA (B L Plassman PhD); Department of Epidemiology,
Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M A Ikram MD PhD);
Department of Neurology and Department of Epidemiology, Taub Institute,
Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (Y Gu MD PhD), and
Department of Neurology (N Scarmeas MD), Colombia University, New York, NY, USA;
University of North Texas Health Science Center, University of North Texas, Fort
Worth, Texas TX, USA (S O’Bryant PhD); Norwich Medical School (A M
Minihane PhD) and Norwich Institute of Healthy Ageing (A M Minihane), University
of East Anglia, Norwich, UK; Department of Internal Medicine-Geriatrics, Wake
Forest University School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Wake Forest, NC,
USA (S Craft PhD); Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Minneapolis
VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA (H A Fink MD MPH); Biostatistics
School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL, USA
(S Judd PhD MPH); Aging Research team, Centre for Epidemiology and Research in
Population Health, INSERM (S Andrieu MD PhD) and Department of Clinical
Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Toulouse Hospital, University of
Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (S Andrieu); NIA-Layton
Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology,
Oregon Health and Science University, Portland OR, USA (G L Bowman ND MPH);
Helfgott Research Institute, National University of Natural Medicine, Portland
OR, USA (G L Bowman); Department of Neurology, Donders Institute from Brain,
Behavior and Cognition, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
(E Richard MD PhD); Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam
University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands (E
Richard); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova
Southeastern University, Davie FL, USA (B Albensi PhD); St Boniface Hospital
Research Center, Winnipeg MB, Canada (B Albensi); Department of Pharmacology and
Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, Canada (B Albensi);
Alzheimer’s Association, Chicago, IL, USA (E Meyers PhD, M Solis PhD, M
Carrillo PhD, H Snyder PhD); Department of Neurology, Aiginitio Hospital,
Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
(N Scarmeas)
| | - Emily Meyers
- Department of Medicine (H N Yassine MD) and Department of Neurology (H
N Yassine, Prof L S Schneider MD MS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience
(Prof L S Schneider), and Department of Gerontology (Prof L S Schneider), Keck
School of Medicine and Department of Medicine (S Khosravian BA), University of
Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Bordeaux population health U1219,
National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM)—University of
Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (C Samieri PhD); Division of Psychiatry, University
College London, London, UK (G Livingston MD); Camden and Islington NHS
Foundation Trust, London, UK (G Livingston); Channing Division of Network
Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston MA, USA (K Glass PhD);
Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School (K Glass) and Department of
Biostatistics, Harvard Chan School of Public Health (K Glass), Harvard
University, Boston MA, USA; Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center (M Wagner
PhD, F Grodstein ScD), Departments of Clinical Nutrition and Preventive Medicine
(C Tangney PhD), Rush Center for Microbiome and Chronobiology Research (R M
Voigt PhD), Department of Internal Medicine (R M Voigt), and Department of
Anatomy and Cell Biology (R M Voigt), Rush University Medical Center (M Wagner)
and Department of Neurological Sciences (M Wagner), Rush Medical College, Rush
University, Chicago IL, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,
Duke University, Durham NC, USA (B L Plassman PhD); Department of Epidemiology,
Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M A Ikram MD PhD);
Department of Neurology and Department of Epidemiology, Taub Institute,
Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (Y Gu MD PhD), and
Department of Neurology (N Scarmeas MD), Colombia University, New York, NY, USA;
University of North Texas Health Science Center, University of North Texas, Fort
Worth, Texas TX, USA (S O’Bryant PhD); Norwich Medical School (A M
Minihane PhD) and Norwich Institute of Healthy Ageing (A M Minihane), University
of East Anglia, Norwich, UK; Department of Internal Medicine-Geriatrics, Wake
Forest University School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Wake Forest, NC,
USA (S Craft PhD); Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Minneapolis
VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA (H A Fink MD MPH); Biostatistics
School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL, USA
(S Judd PhD MPH); Aging Research team, Centre for Epidemiology and Research in
Population Health, INSERM (S Andrieu MD PhD) and Department of Clinical
Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Toulouse Hospital, University of
Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (S Andrieu); NIA-Layton
Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology,
Oregon Health and Science University, Portland OR, USA (G L Bowman ND MPH);
Helfgott Research Institute, National University of Natural Medicine, Portland
OR, USA (G L Bowman); Department of Neurology, Donders Institute from Brain,
Behavior and Cognition, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
(E Richard MD PhD); Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam
University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands (E
Richard); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova
Southeastern University, Davie FL, USA (B Albensi PhD); St Boniface Hospital
Research Center, Winnipeg MB, Canada (B Albensi); Department of Pharmacology and
Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, Canada (B Albensi);
Alzheimer’s Association, Chicago, IL, USA (E Meyers PhD, M Solis PhD, M
Carrillo PhD, H Snyder PhD); Department of Neurology, Aiginitio Hospital,
Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
(N Scarmeas)
| | - Serly Khosravian
- Department of Medicine (H N Yassine MD) and Department of Neurology (H
N Yassine, Prof L S Schneider MD MS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience
(Prof L S Schneider), and Department of Gerontology (Prof L S Schneider), Keck
School of Medicine and Department of Medicine (S Khosravian BA), University of
Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Bordeaux population health U1219,
National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM)—University of
Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (C Samieri PhD); Division of Psychiatry, University
College London, London, UK (G Livingston MD); Camden and Islington NHS
Foundation Trust, London, UK (G Livingston); Channing Division of Network
Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston MA, USA (K Glass PhD);
Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School (K Glass) and Department of
Biostatistics, Harvard Chan School of Public Health (K Glass), Harvard
University, Boston MA, USA; Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center (M Wagner
PhD, F Grodstein ScD), Departments of Clinical Nutrition and Preventive Medicine
(C Tangney PhD), Rush Center for Microbiome and Chronobiology Research (R M
Voigt PhD), Department of Internal Medicine (R M Voigt), and Department of
Anatomy and Cell Biology (R M Voigt), Rush University Medical Center (M Wagner)
and Department of Neurological Sciences (M Wagner), Rush Medical College, Rush
University, Chicago IL, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,
Duke University, Durham NC, USA (B L Plassman PhD); Department of Epidemiology,
Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M A Ikram MD PhD);
Department of Neurology and Department of Epidemiology, Taub Institute,
Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (Y Gu MD PhD), and
Department of Neurology (N Scarmeas MD), Colombia University, New York, NY, USA;
University of North Texas Health Science Center, University of North Texas, Fort
Worth, Texas TX, USA (S O’Bryant PhD); Norwich Medical School (A M
Minihane PhD) and Norwich Institute of Healthy Ageing (A M Minihane), University
of East Anglia, Norwich, UK; Department of Internal Medicine-Geriatrics, Wake
Forest University School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Wake Forest, NC,
USA (S Craft PhD); Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Minneapolis
VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA (H A Fink MD MPH); Biostatistics
School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL, USA
(S Judd PhD MPH); Aging Research team, Centre for Epidemiology and Research in
Population Health, INSERM (S Andrieu MD PhD) and Department of Clinical
Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Toulouse Hospital, University of
Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (S Andrieu); NIA-Layton
Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology,
Oregon Health and Science University, Portland OR, USA (G L Bowman ND MPH);
Helfgott Research Institute, National University of Natural Medicine, Portland
OR, USA (G L Bowman); Department of Neurology, Donders Institute from Brain,
Behavior and Cognition, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
(E Richard MD PhD); Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam
University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands (E
Richard); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova
Southeastern University, Davie FL, USA (B Albensi PhD); St Boniface Hospital
Research Center, Winnipeg MB, Canada (B Albensi); Department of Pharmacology and
Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, Canada (B Albensi);
Alzheimer’s Association, Chicago, IL, USA (E Meyers PhD, M Solis PhD, M
Carrillo PhD, H Snyder PhD); Department of Neurology, Aiginitio Hospital,
Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
(N Scarmeas)
| | - Michele Solis
- Department of Medicine (H N Yassine MD) and Department of Neurology (H
N Yassine, Prof L S Schneider MD MS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience
(Prof L S Schneider), and Department of Gerontology (Prof L S Schneider), Keck
School of Medicine and Department of Medicine (S Khosravian BA), University of
Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Bordeaux population health U1219,
National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM)—University of
Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (C Samieri PhD); Division of Psychiatry, University
College London, London, UK (G Livingston MD); Camden and Islington NHS
Foundation Trust, London, UK (G Livingston); Channing Division of Network
Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston MA, USA (K Glass PhD);
Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School (K Glass) and Department of
Biostatistics, Harvard Chan School of Public Health (K Glass), Harvard
University, Boston MA, USA; Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center (M Wagner
PhD, F Grodstein ScD), Departments of Clinical Nutrition and Preventive Medicine
(C Tangney PhD), Rush Center for Microbiome and Chronobiology Research (R M
Voigt PhD), Department of Internal Medicine (R M Voigt), and Department of
Anatomy and Cell Biology (R M Voigt), Rush University Medical Center (M Wagner)
and Department of Neurological Sciences (M Wagner), Rush Medical College, Rush
University, Chicago IL, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,
Duke University, Durham NC, USA (B L Plassman PhD); Department of Epidemiology,
Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M A Ikram MD PhD);
Department of Neurology and Department of Epidemiology, Taub Institute,
Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (Y Gu MD PhD), and
Department of Neurology (N Scarmeas MD), Colombia University, New York, NY, USA;
University of North Texas Health Science Center, University of North Texas, Fort
Worth, Texas TX, USA (S O’Bryant PhD); Norwich Medical School (A M
Minihane PhD) and Norwich Institute of Healthy Ageing (A M Minihane), University
of East Anglia, Norwich, UK; Department of Internal Medicine-Geriatrics, Wake
Forest University School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Wake Forest, NC,
USA (S Craft PhD); Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Minneapolis
VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA (H A Fink MD MPH); Biostatistics
School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL, USA
(S Judd PhD MPH); Aging Research team, Centre for Epidemiology and Research in
Population Health, INSERM (S Andrieu MD PhD) and Department of Clinical
Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Toulouse Hospital, University of
Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (S Andrieu); NIA-Layton
Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology,
Oregon Health and Science University, Portland OR, USA (G L Bowman ND MPH);
Helfgott Research Institute, National University of Natural Medicine, Portland
OR, USA (G L Bowman); Department of Neurology, Donders Institute from Brain,
Behavior and Cognition, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
(E Richard MD PhD); Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam
University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands (E
Richard); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova
Southeastern University, Davie FL, USA (B Albensi PhD); St Boniface Hospital
Research Center, Winnipeg MB, Canada (B Albensi); Department of Pharmacology and
Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, Canada (B Albensi);
Alzheimer’s Association, Chicago, IL, USA (E Meyers PhD, M Solis PhD, M
Carrillo PhD, H Snyder PhD); Department of Neurology, Aiginitio Hospital,
Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
(N Scarmeas)
| | - Maria Carrillo
- Department of Medicine (H N Yassine MD) and Department of Neurology (H
N Yassine, Prof L S Schneider MD MS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience
(Prof L S Schneider), and Department of Gerontology (Prof L S Schneider), Keck
School of Medicine and Department of Medicine (S Khosravian BA), University of
Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Bordeaux population health U1219,
National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM)—University of
Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (C Samieri PhD); Division of Psychiatry, University
College London, London, UK (G Livingston MD); Camden and Islington NHS
Foundation Trust, London, UK (G Livingston); Channing Division of Network
Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston MA, USA (K Glass PhD);
Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School (K Glass) and Department of
Biostatistics, Harvard Chan School of Public Health (K Glass), Harvard
University, Boston MA, USA; Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center (M Wagner
PhD, F Grodstein ScD), Departments of Clinical Nutrition and Preventive Medicine
(C Tangney PhD), Rush Center for Microbiome and Chronobiology Research (R M
Voigt PhD), Department of Internal Medicine (R M Voigt), and Department of
Anatomy and Cell Biology (R M Voigt), Rush University Medical Center (M Wagner)
and Department of Neurological Sciences (M Wagner), Rush Medical College, Rush
University, Chicago IL, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,
Duke University, Durham NC, USA (B L Plassman PhD); Department of Epidemiology,
Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M A Ikram MD PhD);
Department of Neurology and Department of Epidemiology, Taub Institute,
Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (Y Gu MD PhD), and
Department of Neurology (N Scarmeas MD), Colombia University, New York, NY, USA;
University of North Texas Health Science Center, University of North Texas, Fort
Worth, Texas TX, USA (S O’Bryant PhD); Norwich Medical School (A M
Minihane PhD) and Norwich Institute of Healthy Ageing (A M Minihane), University
of East Anglia, Norwich, UK; Department of Internal Medicine-Geriatrics, Wake
Forest University School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Wake Forest, NC,
USA (S Craft PhD); Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Minneapolis
VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA (H A Fink MD MPH); Biostatistics
School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL, USA
(S Judd PhD MPH); Aging Research team, Centre for Epidemiology and Research in
Population Health, INSERM (S Andrieu MD PhD) and Department of Clinical
Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Toulouse Hospital, University of
Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (S Andrieu); NIA-Layton
Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology,
Oregon Health and Science University, Portland OR, USA (G L Bowman ND MPH);
Helfgott Research Institute, National University of Natural Medicine, Portland
OR, USA (G L Bowman); Department of Neurology, Donders Institute from Brain,
Behavior and Cognition, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
(E Richard MD PhD); Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam
University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands (E
Richard); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova
Southeastern University, Davie FL, USA (B Albensi PhD); St Boniface Hospital
Research Center, Winnipeg MB, Canada (B Albensi); Department of Pharmacology and
Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, Canada (B Albensi);
Alzheimer’s Association, Chicago, IL, USA (E Meyers PhD, M Solis PhD, M
Carrillo PhD, H Snyder PhD); Department of Neurology, Aiginitio Hospital,
Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
(N Scarmeas)
| | - Heather Snyder
- Department of Medicine (H N Yassine MD) and Department of Neurology (H
N Yassine, Prof L S Schneider MD MS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience
(Prof L S Schneider), and Department of Gerontology (Prof L S Schneider), Keck
School of Medicine and Department of Medicine (S Khosravian BA), University of
Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Bordeaux population health U1219,
National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM)—University of
Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (C Samieri PhD); Division of Psychiatry, University
College London, London, UK (G Livingston MD); Camden and Islington NHS
Foundation Trust, London, UK (G Livingston); Channing Division of Network
Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston MA, USA (K Glass PhD);
Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School (K Glass) and Department of
Biostatistics, Harvard Chan School of Public Health (K Glass), Harvard
University, Boston MA, USA; Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center (M Wagner
PhD, F Grodstein ScD), Departments of Clinical Nutrition and Preventive Medicine
(C Tangney PhD), Rush Center for Microbiome and Chronobiology Research (R M
Voigt PhD), Department of Internal Medicine (R M Voigt), and Department of
Anatomy and Cell Biology (R M Voigt), Rush University Medical Center (M Wagner)
and Department of Neurological Sciences (M Wagner), Rush Medical College, Rush
University, Chicago IL, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,
Duke University, Durham NC, USA (B L Plassman PhD); Department of Epidemiology,
Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M A Ikram MD PhD);
Department of Neurology and Department of Epidemiology, Taub Institute,
Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (Y Gu MD PhD), and
Department of Neurology (N Scarmeas MD), Colombia University, New York, NY, USA;
University of North Texas Health Science Center, University of North Texas, Fort
Worth, Texas TX, USA (S O’Bryant PhD); Norwich Medical School (A M
Minihane PhD) and Norwich Institute of Healthy Ageing (A M Minihane), University
of East Anglia, Norwich, UK; Department of Internal Medicine-Geriatrics, Wake
Forest University School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Wake Forest, NC,
USA (S Craft PhD); Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Minneapolis
VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA (H A Fink MD MPH); Biostatistics
School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL, USA
(S Judd PhD MPH); Aging Research team, Centre for Epidemiology and Research in
Population Health, INSERM (S Andrieu MD PhD) and Department of Clinical
Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Toulouse Hospital, University of
Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (S Andrieu); NIA-Layton
Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology,
Oregon Health and Science University, Portland OR, USA (G L Bowman ND MPH);
Helfgott Research Institute, National University of Natural Medicine, Portland
OR, USA (G L Bowman); Department of Neurology, Donders Institute from Brain,
Behavior and Cognition, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
(E Richard MD PhD); Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam
University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands (E
Richard); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova
Southeastern University, Davie FL, USA (B Albensi PhD); St Boniface Hospital
Research Center, Winnipeg MB, Canada (B Albensi); Department of Pharmacology and
Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, Canada (B Albensi);
Alzheimer’s Association, Chicago, IL, USA (E Meyers PhD, M Solis PhD, M
Carrillo PhD, H Snyder PhD); Department of Neurology, Aiginitio Hospital,
Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
(N Scarmeas)
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Noveir SD, Kerman BE, Xian H, Meuret C, Smadi S, Martinez AE, Johansson J, Zetterberg H, Parks BA, Kuklenyik Z, Mack WJ, Johansson JO, Yassine HN. Effect of the ABCA1 agonist CS-6253 on amyloid-β and lipoprotein metabolism in cynomolgus monkeys. Alzheimers Res Ther 2022; 14:87. [PMID: 35751102 PMCID: PMC9229758 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-022-01028-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inducing brain ATP-binding cassette 1 (ABCA1) activity in Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse models is associated with improvement in AD pathology. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the ABCA1 agonist peptide CS-6253 on amyloid-β peptides (Aβ) and lipoproteins in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of cynomolgus monkeys, a species with amyloid and lipoprotein metabolism similar to humans. METHODS CS-6253 peptide was injected intravenously into cynomolgus monkeys at various doses in three different studies. Plasma and CSF samples were collected at several time points before and after treatment. Levels of cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), lipoprotein particles, apolipoproteins, and Aβ were measured using ELISA, ion-mobility analysis, and asymmetric-flow field-flow fractionation (AF4). The relationship between the change in levels of these biomarkers was analyzed using multiple linear regression models and linear mixed-effects models. RESULTS Following CS-6253 intravenous injection, within minutes, small plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles were increased. In two independent experiments, plasma TG, apolipoprotein E (apoE), and Aβ42/40 ratio were transiently increased following CS-6253 intravenous injection. This change was associated with a non-significant decrease in CSF Aβ42. Both plasma total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol levels were reduced following treatment. AF4 fractionation revealed that CS-6253 treatment displaced apoE from HDL to intermediate-density- and low density-lipoprotein (IDL/LDL)-sized particles in plasma. In contrast to plasma, CS-6253 had no effect on the assessed CSF apolipoproteins or lipids. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with the ABCA1 agonist CS-6253 appears to favor Aβ clearance from the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sasan D Noveir
- Departments of Medicine and Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Bilal E Kerman
- Departments of Medicine and Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Haotian Xian
- Departments of Medicine and Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Cristiana Meuret
- Departments of Medicine and Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Sabrina Smadi
- Departments of Medicine and Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Ashley E Martinez
- Departments of Medicine and Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | | | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bryan A Parks
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | | | - Wendy J Mack
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | | | - Hussein N Yassine
- Departments of Medicine and Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Hulshof LA, van Nuijs D, Hol EM, Middeldorp J. The Role of Astrocytes in Synapse Loss in Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:899251. [PMID: 35783099 PMCID: PMC9244621 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.899251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, affecting 35 million people worldwide. One pathological feature of progressing AD is the loss of synapses. This is the strongest correlate of cognitive decline. Astrocytes, as an essential part of the tripartite synapse, play a role in synapse formation, maintenance, and elimination. During AD, astrocytes get a reactive phenotype with an altered gene expression profile and changed function compared to healthy astrocytes. This process likely affects their interaction with synapses. This systematic review aims to provide an overview of the scientific literature including information on how astrocytes affect synapse formation and elimination in the brain of AD patients and in animal models of the disease. We review molecular and cellular changes in AD astrocytes and conclude that these predominantly result in lower synapse numbers, indicative of decreased synapse support or even synaptotoxicity, or increased elimination, resulting in synapse loss, and consequential cognitive decline, as associated with AD. Preventing AD induced changes in astrocytes might therefore be a potential therapeutic target for dementia. Systematic Review Registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=148278, identifier [CRD148278].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lianne A. Hulshof
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Danny van Nuijs
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Elly M. Hol
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jinte Middeldorp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department Neurobiology and Aging, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Jinte Middeldorp
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Caruso C, Ligotti ME, Accardi G, Aiello A, Duro G, Galimberti D, Candore G. How Important Are Genes to Achieve Longevity? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5635. [PMID: 35628444 PMCID: PMC9145989 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies on the genetics of longevity have been reviewed in this paper. The results show that, despite efforts and new technologies, only two genes, APOE and FOXO3A, involved in the protection of cardiovascular diseases, have been shown to be associated with longevity in nearly all studies. This happens because the genetic determinants of longevity are dynamic and depend on the environmental history of a given population. In fact, population-specific genes are thought to play a greater role in the attainment of longevity than those shared between different populations. Hence, it is not surprising that GWAS replicated associations of common variants with longevity have been few, if any, as these studies pool together different populations. An alternative way might be the study of long-life families. This type of approach is proving to be an ideal resource for uncovering protective alleles and associated biological signatures for healthy aging phenotypes and exceptional longevity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Calogero Caruso
- Laboratorio di Immunopatologia e Immunosenescenza, Dipartimento di Biomedicina, Neuroscienze e Diagnostica Avanzata, Università di Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (M.E.L.); (G.A.); (A.A.); (G.C.)
| | - Mattia Emanuela Ligotti
- Laboratorio di Immunopatologia e Immunosenescenza, Dipartimento di Biomedicina, Neuroscienze e Diagnostica Avanzata, Università di Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (M.E.L.); (G.A.); (A.A.); (G.C.)
- Istituto per la Ricerca e l’Innovazione Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 90146 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Giulia Accardi
- Laboratorio di Immunopatologia e Immunosenescenza, Dipartimento di Biomedicina, Neuroscienze e Diagnostica Avanzata, Università di Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (M.E.L.); (G.A.); (A.A.); (G.C.)
| | - Anna Aiello
- Laboratorio di Immunopatologia e Immunosenescenza, Dipartimento di Biomedicina, Neuroscienze e Diagnostica Avanzata, Università di Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (M.E.L.); (G.A.); (A.A.); (G.C.)
| | - Giovanni Duro
- Istituto per la Ricerca e l’Innovazione Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 90146 Palermo, Italy;
| | | | - Giuseppina Candore
- Laboratorio di Immunopatologia e Immunosenescenza, Dipartimento di Biomedicina, Neuroscienze e Diagnostica Avanzata, Università di Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (M.E.L.); (G.A.); (A.A.); (G.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Choroszyński M, Barcikowska M, Barczak A. Metabolism and the Effect of Animal-Derived Oxysterols in the Diet on the Development of Alzheimer's Disease. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2022; 78:125-132. [PMID: 35545012 DOI: 10.1159/000520514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rapid worldwide increase in the incidence of Alzheimer's disease is associated with changing nutrition patterns. Recently, some articles have highlighted the link between Alzheimer's disease and dietary cholesterol. It was found that elevated levels of some of its fractions in the brain and circulation affect metabolism. SUMMARY Previous studies have considered the relationship between Alzheimer's disease and oxidized cholesterol molecules in the brain. To date, there are limited data available on the relationship between oxidized cholesterol in the brain and Alzheimer's disease. There is a link between a diet high in cholesterol and its oxidized forms, leading to hypercholesterolemia, which is one of significant risk factors of dementia, and Alzheimer's disease. Oxidized cholesterol can be absorbed in the small intestine and cross the blood-brain barrier, leading to increased inflammation and endogenous oxidative process. Animal-origin foods are sources of oxidized cholesterol, with cholesterol oxidation beginning already after slaughter and occurring during storage and processing. KEY MESSAGES High-heat food preparation and storage of cooked products in the refrigerator followed by subsequent heating may significantly increase the amount of oxidized cholesterol products. Therefore, a diet low in cholesterol oxidation products and high in plants with antioxidative properties seems to be most preventable and should be implemented as early as possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna Barczak
- Rare and Civilisation Diseases Research Platform, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Sex Differences in Metabolic Indices and Chronic Neuroinflammation in Response to Prolonged High-Fat Diet in ApoE4 Knock-In Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073921. [PMID: 35409283 PMCID: PMC8999114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD) likely results from combinations of risk factors that include both genetic predisposition and modifiable lifestyle factors. The E4 allele of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is the most significant genetic risk factor for LOAD. A Western-pattern diet (WD) has been shown to strongly increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes, conditions which have been strongly linked to an increased risk for developing AD. Little is known about how the WD may contribute to, or enhance, the increased risk presented by possession of the ApoE4 allele. To model this interaction over the course of a lifetime, we exposed male and female homozygote ApoE4 knock-in mice and wild-type controls to nine months of a high-fat WD or standard chow diet. At eleven months of age, the mice were tested for glucose tolerance and then for general activity and spatial learning and memory. Postmortem analysis of liver function and neuroinflammation in the brain was also assessed. Our results suggest that behavior impairments resulted from the convergence of interacting metabolic alterations, made worse in a male ApoE4 mice group who also showed liver dysfunction, leading to a higher level of inflammatory cytokines in the brain. Interestingly, female ApoE4 mice on a WD revealed impairments in spatial learning and memory without the observed liver dysfunction or increase in inflammatory markers in the brain. These results suggest multiple direct and indirect pathways through which ApoE and diet-related factors interact. The striking sex difference in markers of chronic neuroinflammation in male ApoE4 mice fed the high-fat WD suggests a specific mechanism of interaction conferring significant enhanced LOAD risk for humans with the ApoE4 allele, which may differ between sexes. Additionally, our results suggest researchers exercise caution when designing and interpreting results of experiments employing a WD, being careful not to assume a WD impacts both sexes by the same mechanisms.
Collapse
|
50
|
Loika Y, Feng F, Loiko E, Kulminski AM. Mediation of the APOE associations with Alzheimer's and coronary heart diseases through body mass index and lipids. GeroScience 2022; 44:1141-1156. [PMID: 34554385 PMCID: PMC9135946 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-021-00458-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The APOE ε2/ε3/ε4 polymorphism is associated with multiple non-Mendelian traits, including high- (HDL-C) and low- (LDL-C) density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, body mass index (BMI), coronary heart disease (CHD), and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Lipids and BMI are risk factors for AD and CHD. Causal connections between the ε2 and ε4 alleles and these traits remain, however, poorly understood. We leverage comprehensive analyses of longitudinal data from four studies to examine potentially causal heterogeneous connections between these alleles, lipids, BMI, and diseases. We emphasize mutual mediation roles of lipids and BMI in their associations with the ε2 and ε4 alleles and their mediation roles in the associations of these alleles with AD and CHD. We confirmed previously reported significant univariate associations of these alleles with each trait, except CHD. We found, however, that most of the univariate- and mediation-analysis associations were affected by antagonistic heterogeneity/mediation. The mutual mediation analysis identified the associations of the APOE alleles with LDL-C as the least heterogeneous. The ε2 and ε4 alleles were associated with CHD through lipids, led by beneficial (βIE = - 0.071, pIE = 2.28 × 10-10) and adverse (βIE = 0.019, pIE = 7.37 × 10-6) associations, respectively, through LDL-C. Both these alleles were adversely associated with CHD through triglycerides. For AD, only BMI partially mediated the adverse association of the ε4 allele with AD (βIE = 0.016, pIE = 2.09 × 10-2). Our results suggest different roles of BMI and lipids in the AD and CHD pathogeneses. More comprehensive studies of causal connections between genetic variants and non-Mendelian traits are required as they can be critically affected by heterogeneous antagonistic relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yury Loika
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708-0408, USA.
| | - Fan Feng
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708-0408, USA
| | - Elena Loiko
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708-0408, USA
| | - Alexander M Kulminski
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708-0408, USA.
| |
Collapse
|