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Yang X, Li Y, Mei T, Duan J, Yan X, McNaughton LR, He Z. Genome-wide association study of exercise-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy and the construction of predictive model. Physiol Genomics 2024; 56:578-589. [PMID: 38881426 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00019.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to investigate interindividual differences in muscle thickness of the rectus femoris (MTRF) following 12 wk of resistance training (RT) or high-intensity interval training (HIIT) to explore the genetic architecture underlying skeletal muscle hypertrophy and to construct predictive models. We conducted musculoskeletal ultrasound assessments of the MTRF response in 440 physically inactive adults after the 12-wk exercise period. A genome-wide association study was used to identify variants associated with the MTRF response, separately for RT and HIIT. Using the polygenic predictor score (PPS), we estimated the genetic contribution to exercise-induced hypertrophy. Predictive models for the MTRF response were constructed using random forest (RF), support vector mac (SVM), and generalized linear model (GLM) in 10 cross-validated approaches. MTRF increased significantly after both RT (8.8%, P < 0.05) and HIIT (5.3%, P < 0.05), but with considerable interindividual differences (RT: -13.5 to 38.4%, HIIT: -14.2 to 30.7%). Eleven lead single-nucleotide polymorphisms in RT and eight lead single-nucleotide polymorphisms in HIIT were identified at a significance level of P < 1 × 10-5. The PPS was associated with the MTRF response, explaining 47.2% of the variation in response to RT and 38.3% of the variation in response to HIIT. Notably, the GLM and SVM predictive models exhibited superior performance compared with RF models (P < 0.05), and the GLM demonstrated optimal performance with an area under curve of 0.809 (95% confidence interval: 0.669-0.949). Factors such as PPS, baseline MTRF, and exercise protocol exerted influence on the MTRF response to exercise, with PPS being the primary contributor. The GLM and SVM predictive model, incorporating both genetic and phenotypic factors, emerged as promising tools for predicting exercise-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The interindividual variability induced muscle hypertrophy by resistance training (RT) or high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and the associated genetic architecture remain uncertain. We identified genetic variants that underlie RT- or HIIT-induced muscle hypertrophy and established them as pivotal factors influencing the response regardless of the training type. The genetic-phenotype predictive model developed has the potential to identify nonresponders or individuals with low responsiveness before engaging in exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Yang
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Performance Training and Recovery of General Administration of Sport, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanchun Li
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Performance Training and Recovery of General Administration of Sport, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Mei
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Performance Training and Recovery of General Administration of Sport, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayan Duan
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Yan
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells Program, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, St Albans, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lars Robert McNaughton
- Sport Performance, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom
| | - Zihong He
- Biology Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
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Bossi AH, Timmerman W, Cole D, Passfield L, Hopker J. The delta concept does not effectively normalise exercise responses to exhaustive interval training. J Sci Med Sport 2024:S1440-2440(24)00260-3. [PMID: 39138044 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2024.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was designed to quantify inter- and intra-individual variability in performance, physiological, and perceptual responses to high-intensity interval training prescribed using the percentage of delta (%Δ) method, in which the gas exchange threshold and maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) are taken into account to normalise relative exercise intensity. DESIGN Repeated-measures, within-subjects design with mixed-effects modelling. METHODS Eighteen male and four female cyclists (age: 36 ± 12 years, height: 178 ± 10 cm, body mass: 75.2 ± 13.7 kg, V̇O2max: 51.6 ± 5.3 ml·kg-1·min-1) undertook an incremental test to exhaustion to determine the gas exchange threshold and V̇O2max as prescription benchmarks. On separate occasions, participants then completed four high-intensity interval training sessions of identical intensity (70 %Δ) and format (4-min on, 2-min off); all performed to exhaustion. Acute high-intensity interval training responses were modelled with participant as a random effect to provide estimates of inter- and intra-individual variability. RESULTS Greater variability was generally observed at the between- compared with the within-individual level, ranging from 50 % to 89 % and from 11 % to 50 % of the total variability, respectively. For the group mean time to exhaustion of 20.3 min, inter- and intra-individual standard deviations reached 9.3 min (coefficient of variation = 46 %) and 4.5 min (coefficient of variation = 22 %), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Due to the high variability observed, the %Δ method does not effectively normalise the relative intensity of exhaustive high-intensity interval training across individuals. The generally larger inter- versus intra-individual variability suggests that day-to-day biological fluctuations and/or measurement errors cannot explain the identified shortcoming of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Henrique Bossi
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, United Kingdom; School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, United Kingdom; The Mountain Bike Centre of Scotland, Edinburgh Napier University, United Kingdom.
| | - Wouter Timmerman
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, United Kingdom; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Australia
| | - Diana Cole
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Kent, United Kingdom
| | | | - James Hopker
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, United Kingdom
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Zhou Y, Feng W, Zhang N, Guo J, Xu S, Wang S, Chen X. Effects of different exercise interventions on cardiopulmonary function in male tobacco-dependent college students. J Sports Sci 2024; 42:1323-1330. [PMID: 39133775 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2390303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of different exercise interventions on cardiopulmonary function in male tobacco-dependent college students. Forty-five male tobacco-dependent college students were recruited as the tobacco-dependent (TB) group, and 45 non-tobacco-dependent college students were recruited as the control group. The TB group was randomly assigned to three subgroups: non-exercise (NE), high-intensity interval training (HIIT), and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT). The HIIT and MICT groups underwent a 10-week exercise training, while the NE group received no intervention. Cardiac parameters, including maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), heart rate max (HRmax), and heart rate reserve (HRR), and pulmonary indicators, including forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), vital capacity (VC), maximum ventilation volume (MVV), and peak expiratory flow (PEF) were investigated. The results showed that the TB group had significantly lower cardiopulmonary function than the control group. The degree of tobacco dependence was negatively correlated with VO2max, FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, and MVV. Furthermore, both HIIT and MICT training improved cardiopulmonary function. HIIT training exhibited superior efficacy compared to MICT in improving HRmax, HRR, FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, and PEF. In conclusion, tobacco dependence adversely affects cardiopulmonary function in male college students. Both HIIT and MICT effectively improved cardiopulmonary function, with HIIT showing superior efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehui Zhou
- School of Sport Science, Qufu Normal University, Jining, China
| | - Wenxia Feng
- Department of Physical Education, Linyi Beijing Road Primary School, Linyi, China
| | - Na Zhang
- School of Sports Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianlan Guo
- College of Chinese Studies and Foreign Languages, Yantai Nanshan University, Yantai, China
| | - Shaoze Xu
- School of Sports Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shiqiang Wang
- School of Sport Science, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China
- Hunan Research Centre in Physical Fitness, Health, and Performance Excellence, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Sports Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Philosophy and Social Science Key Research Base, Wenzhou Medical University Institute of Medical Humanities, Wenzhou, China
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Fosstveit SH, Berntsen S, Feron J, Joyce KE, Ivarsson A, Segaert K, Lucas SJE, Lohne-Seiler H. HIIT at Home: Enhancing Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Older Adults-A Randomized Controlled Trial. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14694. [PMID: 38982665 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a 6-month home-based high-intensity interval training (HIIT) intervention to improve peak oxygen consumption (V̇O2peak) and lactate threshold (LT) in older adults. METHODS Two hundred thirty-three healthy older adults (60-84 years; 54% females) were randomly assigned to either 6-month, thrice-weekly home-based HIIT (once-weekly circuit training and twice-weekly interval training) or a passive control group. Exercise sessions were monitored using a Polar watch and a logbook for objective and subjective data, respectively, and guided by a personal coach. The outcomes were assessed using a modified Balke protocol combining V̇O2peak and LT measures. General linear regression models assessed between-group differences in change and within-group changes for each outcome. RESULTS There was a significant between-group difference in the pre-to-post change in V̇O2peak (difference: 1.8 [1.2; 2.3] mL/kg/min; exercise: +1.4 [1.0; 1.7] mL/kg/min [~5%]; control: -0.4 [-0.8; -0.0] mL/kg/min [approximately -1.5%]; effect size [ES]: 0.35). Compared with controls, the exercise group had lower blood lactate concentration (-0.7 [-0.9; -0.4] mmol/L, ES: 0.61), % of peak heart rate (-4.4 [-5.7; -3.0], ES: 0.64), and % of V̇O2peak (-4.5 [-6.1; -2.9], ES: 0.60) at the intensity corresponding to preintervention LT and achieved a higher treadmill stage (% incline) at LT (0.6 [0.3; 0.8]; ES: 0.47), following the intervention. CONCLUSION This study highlights the effectiveness of a home-based HIIT intervention as an accessible and equipment-minimal strategy to induce clinically meaningful improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness in older adults. Over 6 months, the exercise group showed larger improvements in all outcomes compared with the control group. Notably, the LT outcome exhibited a more pronounced magnitude of change than V̇O2peak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindre H Fosstveit
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Sveinung Berntsen
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Jack Feron
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Kelsey E Joyce
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andreas Ivarsson
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
- School of Health and Welfare, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Katrien Segaert
- Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Samuel J E Lucas
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Hilde Lohne-Seiler
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
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Titheradge P, Robergs R. Evaluating Airflow Sensor Methods: Precision in Indirect Calorimetry. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14674. [PMID: 38895762 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
This study assesses the impact of three volumetric gas flow measurement methods-turbine (fT); pneumotachograph (fP), and Venturi (fV)-on predictive accuracy and precision of expired gas analysis indirect calorimetry (EGAIC) across varying exercise intensities. Six males (Age: 38 ± 8 year; Height: 178.8 ± 4.2 cm;V ̇ O 2 peak $$ \dot{V}{\mathrm{O}}_2\mathrm{peak} $$ : 42 ± 2.8 mL O2 kg-1 min-1) and 14 females (Age = 44.6 ± 9.6 year; Height = 164.6 ± 6.9 cm;V ̇ O 2 peak $$ \dot{V}{\mathrm{O}}_2\mathrm{peak} $$ = 45 ± 8.6 mL O2 kg-1 min-1) were recruited. Participants completed physical exertion on a stationary cycle ergometer for simultaneous pulmonary minute ventilation (V ̇ $$ \dot{V} $$ ) measurements and EGAIC computations. Exercise protocols and subsequent conditions involved a 5-min cycling warm-up at 25 W min-1, incremental exercise to exhaustion (V ̇ O 2 $$ \dot{V}{\mathrm{O}}_2 $$ ramp test), then a steady-state exercise bout induced by a constant Watt load equivalent to 80% ventilatory threshold (80% VT). A linear mixed model revealed that exercise intensity significantly affectedV ̇ O 2 $$ \dot{V}{\mathrm{O}}_2 $$ measurements (p < 0.0001), whereas airflow sensor method (p = 0.97) and its interaction with exercise intensity (p = 0.91) did not. Group analysis of precision yielded aV ̇ O 2 $$ \dot{V}{\mathrm{O}}_2 $$ CV % = 21%; SEM = 5 mL O2 kg-1 min-1. Intra- and interindividual analysis of precision via Bland-Altman revealed a 95% confidence interval (CI) precision benchmark of 3-5 mL kg-1 min-1. Agreement among methods decreased at power outputs elicitingV ̇ $$ \dot{V} $$ up to 150 L min-1, indicating a decrease in precision and highlighting potential challenges in interpreting biological variability, training response heterogeneity, and test-retest comparisons. These findings suggest careful consideration of airflow sensor method variance across metabolic cart configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praneel Titheradge
- School of Allied Health, Exercise & Sports Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Port Macquarie, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robert Robergs
- School of Exercise & Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Carrard J, Hofer M, Prechtl L, Fleischlin E, Huber M, Gallart-Ayala H, Teav T, Infanger D, Höchsmann C, Koehler K, Hinrichs T, Hanssen H, Ivanisevic J, Schmidt-Trucksäss A. Effect of an eight-week high-intensity interval training programme on circulating sphingolipid levels in middle-aged adults at elevated cardiometabolic risk (SphingoFIT)-Protocol for a randomised controlled exercise trial. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302477. [PMID: 38717997 PMCID: PMC11078397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Evidence indicates that sphingolipid accumulation drives complex molecular alterations promoting cardiometabolic diseases. Clinically, it was shown that sphingolipids predict cardiometabolic risk independently of and beyond traditional biomarkers such as low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. To date, little is known about therapeutic modalities to lower sphingolipid levels. Exercise, a powerful means to prevent and treat cardiometabolic diseases, is a promising modality to mitigate sphingolipid levels in a cost-effective, safe, and patient-empowering manner. METHODS This randomised controlled trial will explore whether and to what extent an 8-week fitness-enhancing training programme can lower serum sphingolipid levels of middle-aged adults at elevated cardiometabolic risk (n = 98, 50% females). The exercise intervention will consist of supervised high-intensity interval training (three sessions weekly), while the control group will receive physical activity counselling based on current guidelines. Blood will be sampled early in the morning in a fasted state before and after the 8-week programme. Participants will be provided with individualised, pre-packaged meals for the two days preceding blood sampling to minimise potential confounding. An 'omic-scale sphingolipid profiling, using high-coverage reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, will be applied to capture the circulating sphingolipidome. Maximal cardiopulmonary exercise tests will be performed before and after the 8-week programme to assess patient fitness changes. Cholesterol, triglycerides, glycated haemoglobin, the homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, static retinal vessel analysis, flow-mediated dilatation, and strain analysis of the heart cavities will also be assessed pre- and post-intervention. This study shall inform whether and to what extent exercise can be used as an evidence-based treatment to lower circulating sphingolipid levels. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial was registered on www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT06024291) on August 28, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Carrard
- Division of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- SportAdo Centre, Children and Adolescent Surgery, Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Hofer
- Division of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Luisa Prechtl
- Division of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eva Fleischlin
- Division of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Huber
- Division of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hector Gallart-Ayala
- Metabolomics Platform, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tony Teav
- Metabolomics Platform, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Denis Infanger
- Division of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Höchsmann
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Karsten Koehler
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Timo Hinrichs
- Division of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Henner Hanssen
- Division of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julijana Ivanisevic
- Metabolomics Platform, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Arno Schmidt-Trucksäss
- Division of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Kuerschner B, Kirton M, Dalleck LC, Beleigoli A, Gebremichael L, Weatherwax R, Ramos JS. The impact of individualised versus standardised endurance and resistance training on the fitness-fatness index in inactive adults. J Sci Med Sport 2024; 27:326-332. [PMID: 38388327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2024.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the current study was to investigate the impact of individualised versus standardised combined endurance and resistance training on the fitness-fatness index in physically inactive adults. DESIGN Randomised controlled trial. METHODS Fifty-four participants aged 21-55 years were randomised into three groups; 1) non-exercise control (n = 18), 2) standardised moderate-intensity continuous training (n = 18), or 3) individualised moderate-intensity continuous training + high-intensity interval training (n = 18). The fitness-fatness index was calculated by dividing cardiorespiratory fitness (expressed as metabolic equivalents) by the waist-to-height ratio. Participants were classified as likely responders to the intervention if a change of ≥1 fitness-fatness index unit was achieved. RESULTS The individualised group showed the greatest fitness-fatness index improvement (between group difference p < 0.001), with 100 % of this group classified as likely responders, compared to the standardised (68 %) and non-exercise control (0 %) groups. CONCLUSIONS An individualised, threshold-based exercise programme may produce more favourable changes in the fitness-fatness index than a standardised exercise programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Kuerschner
- Flinders University, Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Australia; Flinders University, SHAPE Research Centre, Australia
| | - Michael Kirton
- Flinders University, Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Australia; Flinders University, SHAPE Research Centre, Australia
| | - Lance C Dalleck
- Flinders University, Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Australia; Flinders University, SHAPE Research Centre, Australia; Western Colorad University, Recreation, Exercise & Sports Science Department, USA
| | - Alline Beleigoli
- Flinders University, Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Australia
| | - Lemlem Gebremichael
- Flinders University, Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Australia
| | - Ryan Weatherwax
- Southern Oregon University, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Ashland, USA
| | - Joyce S Ramos
- Flinders University, Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Australia; Flinders University, SHAPE Research Centre, Australia; Flinders University, Medical Device Research Institute, College of Science and Engineering, Australia.
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Assis MGC, Barbosa Junior JGG, Seffrin A, Ribeiro dos Anjos Souza V, Vivan L, Matos Rodrigues MA, de Lira CAB, Vancini RL, Knechtle B, Weiss K, Andrade MS. Maximal Oxygen Uptake, Muscular Oxidative Capacity, and Ventilatory Threshold in Amateur Triathletes: Eight-Month Training Follow-Up. Open Access J Sports Med 2024; 15:9-17. [PMID: 38505703 PMCID: PMC10950087 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s453875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Endurance sports performance is influenced by several factors, including maximal oxygen uptake (⩒O2max), the percentage of ⩒O2max that can be sustained in endurance events, running economy, and body composition. Traditionally, ⩒O2max can be measured as an absolute value, adjusted for body mass, reflecting the athlete's central capacity (maximal cardiac output), or adjusted for lean mass (LM), reflecting the athlete's peripheral capacity (muscular oxidative capacity). The present study aims to evaluate absolute, total body mass, and lower limb LM-adjusted ⩒O2max, ventilatory thresholds (VT), respiratory compensation points (RCP), and body composition during two training periods separated by 8 months. Patients and Methods Thirteen competitive amateur triathletes [seven men (40.7±13.7 years old, 76.3±8.3kg, and 173.9±4.8cm) and six women (43.5±6.9 years old, 55.0±2.7kg, 164.9±5.2cm)] were evaluated for body composition with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and ⩒O2max, VT, RPC, and maximal aerobic speed (MAS) with a cardiorespiratory maximal treadmill test. Results The absolute ⩒O2max (p = 0.003, d = 1.05), body mass-adjusted ⩒O2max (p < 0.001, d = 1.2859), and MAS (p = 0.047, d = 0.6139) values differed significantly across evaluation periods. Lower limb LM-adjusted ⩒O2max (p = 0.083, d = -0.0418), %⩒O2max at VT (p = 0.541, d = -0.1746), speed at VT (p = 0.337, d = -0.2774), % ⩒O2max at RCP (p = 0.776, d = 0.0806), and speed at RCP (p = 0.436, d = 0.2234) showed no difference. Conclusion The sensitivities of ⩒O2max adjusted for body mass and ⩒O2max adjusted for LM to detect changes in physical training state differ. Furthermore, decreases in physical fitness level, as evaluated by ⩒O2max values, are not accompanied by changes in VT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aldo Seffrin
- Postgraduate Program in Translation Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Lavínia Vivan
- Postgraduate Program in Translation Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rodrigo Luiz Vancini
- Center for Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katja Weiss
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Nam H, Jeon HE, Kim WH, Joa KL, Lee H. Effect of maximal-intensity and high-intensity interval training on exercise capacity and quality of life in patients with acute myocardial infarction: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 2024; 60:104-112. [PMID: 37906165 PMCID: PMC10938035 DOI: 10.23736/s1973-9087.23.08094-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An increase in V̇O2max is important for acute myocardial infarction morbidity, and recurrence rate and intensity have been suggested as important factors in improving V̇O2max. AIM The aim of this study was to compare the effects of maximal-intensity interval training (MIIT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on exercise capacity and health-related Quality of Life (HRQoL) in patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) at low and moderate cardiac risk in cardiac rehabilitation (CR). This study secondarily aimed to compare the effects of hospital-based phase II CR and usual care. DESIGN This study is a randomized controlled trial. SETTING Outpatient Rehabilitation Setting. POPULATION Fifty-nine patients with acute MI were randomly assigned to the MIIT (N.=30) or HIIT (N.=29) group, and 32 to the usual care group. METHODS Twice a week, an intervention was conducted for nine weeks in all groups. The maximum oxygen intake (V̇O2max) and MacNew Heart Disease HRQoL were evaluated before and after intervention. RESULTS A significant interaction was observed between time and group for V̇O2max (P<0.001). The MIIT group showed greater improvement than those exhibited by the HIIT and usual care groups (P<0.05). Similarly, a significant time and group interaction was observed on the MacNew Global, Physical, and Emotional scales (P<0.05), but not on the social scale (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Compared to HIIT and usual care, MIIT significantly increased the V̇O2max and was as safe as HIIT in patients with acute MI with low and moderate cardiac risk in CR. Additionally, MIIT and HIIT were superior to usual care in terms of improving the HRQoL. CLINICAL REHABILITATION IMPACT Our results suggest that increased intensity in phase II CR could result in better outcomes in terms of V̇O2max increment in patients with acute MI and low and moderate cardiac risk in CR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoon Nam
- College of Health Science, Department of Physical Therapy, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
- School of Medicine, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hyeong-Eun Jeon
- School of Medicine, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Won-Hyoung Kim
- School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Kyung-Lim Joa
- School of Medicine, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea -
| | - Haneul Lee
- College of Health Science, Department of Physical Therapy, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
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10
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H Fosstveit S, Lohne-Seiler H, Feron J, Lucas SJE, Ivarsson A, Berntsen S. The intensity paradox: A systematic review and meta-analysis of its impact on the cardiorespiratory fitness of older adults. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14573. [PMID: 38389140 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
AIM The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare the effect of moderate- versus high-intensity aerobic exercise on cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in older adults, taking into account the volume of exercise completed. METHODS The databases MEDLINE (Ovid), EMBASE (Ovid), and CENTRAL (Cochrane Library) were searched to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Two reviewers extracted data and assessed bias. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software calculated overall effect size, intensity differences, and performed meta-regression analyses using pre-to-post intervention or change scores of peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2 peak). The review included 23 RCTs with 1332 older adults (intervention group: n = 932; control group: n = 400), divided into moderate-intensity (435 older adults) and high-intensity (476 older adults) groups. RESULTS Meta-regression analysis showed a moderate, but not significant, relationship between exercise intensity and improvements in V̇O2 peak after accounting for the completed exercise volume (β = 0.31, 95% CI = [-0.04; 0.67]). Additionally, studies comparing moderate- versus high-intensity revealed a small, but not significant, effect in favor of high-intensity (Hedges' g = 0.20, 95% CI = [-0.02; 0.41]). Finally, no significant differences in V̇O2 peak improvements were found across exercise groups employing various methods, modalities, and intensity monitoring strategies. CONCLUSION Findings challenge the notion that high-intensity exercise is inherently superior and indicate that regular aerobic exercise, irrespective of the specific approach and intensity, provides the primary benefits to CRF in older adults. Future RCTs should prioritize valid and reliable methodologies for monitoring and reporting exercise volume and adherence among older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindre H Fosstveit
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Hilde Lohne-Seiler
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Jack Feron
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences and Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Samuel J E Lucas
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences and Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andreas Ivarsson
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
- School of Health and Welfare, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Sveinung Berntsen
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
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11
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Nordén KR, Semb AG, Dagfinrud H, Hisdal J, Sexton J, Fongen C, Bakke E, Ødegård S, Skandsen J, Blanck T, Metsios GS, Tveter AT. Effect of high-intensity interval training in physiotherapy primary care for patients with inflammatory arthritis: the ExeHeart randomised controlled trial. RMD Open 2024; 10:e003440. [PMID: 38242550 PMCID: PMC10806524 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2023-003440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) delivered in physiotherapy primary care on the primary outcome of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in patients with inflammatory arthritis (IA). Additionally, to explore the effects of HIIT on secondary outcomes, including cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and disease activity. METHODS Single-blinded randomised controlled trial with 60 patients randomly assigned to either a control group receiving usual care or an exercise group receiving usual care and 12 weeks of individualised HIIT at 90%-95% peak heart rate. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, 3 months and 6 months post baseline and included CRF measured as peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), classic CVD risk factors, disease activity, anthropometry and patient-reported physical activity, pain, fatigue, disease impact and exercise beliefs and self-efficacy. RESULTS Intention-to-treat analysis demonstrated a significant between-group difference in VO2peak at 3 months (2.5 mL/kg/min, 95% CI 0.9 to 4.0) and 6 months (2.6 mL/kg/min, 95% CI 0.8 to 4.3) in favour of the exercise group. A beneficial change in self-reported physical activity in favour of the exercise group was observed at 3 and 6 months. The HIIT intervention was well-tolerated with minimal adverse events and no apparent impact on disease activity. Differences in secondary outcomes related to CVD risk factors, disease impact, pain, fatigue and exercise beliefs and self-efficacy were generally small and non-significant. CONCLUSION After 12 weeks of supervised HIIT delivered in physiotherapy primary care, patients with IA demonstrated a favourable improvement in CRF, with sustained effects at 6-month follow-up. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04922840.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Røren Nordén
- Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Center for treatment of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases (REMEDY), Health Services Research and Innovation Unit, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Grete Semb
- Center for Treatment of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases (REMEDY), Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hanne Dagfinrud
- Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Center for treatment of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases (REMEDY), Health Services Research and Innovation Unit, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonny Hisdal
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Joseph Sexton
- Center for Treatment of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases (REMEDY), Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Camilla Fongen
- Center for treatment of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases (REMEDY), Health Services Research and Innovation Unit, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Emilie Bakke
- Center for treatment of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases (REMEDY), Health Services Research and Innovation Unit, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sigrid Ødegård
- Norwegian National Unit for Rehabilitation for Rheumatic Patients with Special Needs, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jon Skandsen
- Center for Treatment of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases (REMEDY), Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thalita Blanck
- Center for Treatment of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases (REMEDY), Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - George S Metsios
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
| | - Anne Therese Tveter
- Center for treatment of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases (REMEDY), Health Services Research and Innovation Unit, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Rehabilitation Science and Health Technology, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Akershus, Norway
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12
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Ribeiro Neto F, Costa Bezerra GH, Xavier Couto de Oliveira R, Castelli Correia de Campos LF, Gomes Costa RR. Effects of different training methods in tele-exercise on acute performance decrement in adults with disability and wheelchair users. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2024:1-7. [PMID: 38164068 DOI: 10.1080/17483107.2023.2299720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Wheelchair users and people with disabilities have limited access to physical exercise due to various factors, including medical follow-up and training facilities. Although tele-exercise guided by experts has become a viable option, there is limited knowledge about the acute performance decrement (APD) resulting from remote training methods. The current cross-sectional study aimed to: (1) assess the APD of muscle resistance strength after three synchronous tele-exercise training methods in wheelchair users and (2) compare the training loads associated with each training method. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighteen male and female wheelchair users who participated in tele-exercise strength practices were recruited. The participants performed a maximum resistance strength test by synchronous tele-assessment (push-up test, PUT) at baseline and immediately after three training methods: high-intensity interval training (HIIT), moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and sprint interval training (SIT). The primary outcome was the APD, which was measured by the percentage decrease in the number of repetitions of the PUT immediately after the training methods. RESULTS APD was observed for all three training methods, with no significant differences between them (-34.8%, -29.9% and -38.0% for MICT, SIT and HII, respectively), and presented a non-significant correlation with the training loads. HIIT had a significantly higher training load than MICT and SIT. CONCLUSIONS APD occurred in all training sessions, but did not correlate with training load, indicating that it is not an appropriate metric for comparison. Findings provide insight into APD response and highlight the need to consider multiple metrics when comparing training protocols.
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Kunutsor SK, Laukkanen JA. Physical activity, exercise and adverse cardiovascular outcomes in individuals with pre-existing cardiovascular disease: a narrative review. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2024; 22:91-101. [PMID: 38488568 PMCID: PMC11057847 DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2024.2328644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The evidence supporting the cardiovascular health benefits of physical activity and/or exercise training is well-established. While the role of physical activity in primary prevention is unequivocal, its significance in secondary prevention (among those with preexisting cardiovascular disease) is less definitive. Though guidelines universally recommend physical activity as part of the secondary preventive strategy, the empirical evidence underpinning these recommendations is not as robust as that for primary prevention. AREAS COVERED This review distills the body of available observational and interventional evidence on the relationship between physical activity, exercise, and adverse cardiovascular outcomes among those with preexisting cardiovascular disease. The postulated biologic mechanisms underlying the relationships, areas of prevailing uncertainty, and potential public health implications are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION A physical activity level of 500 MET-min/week (equivalent to 150 min of moderate-intensity physical activity or 75 min of vigorous-intensity physical activity or an equivalent combination) may be a minimum requirement for patients with preexisting CVD. However, to reap the maximum benefits of physical activity and also minimize adverse effects, physical activity and/or exercise regimens should be tailored to unique factors such as individual's baseline physical activity habits, cardiovascular health status and the specific nature of their cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setor K. Kunutsor
- Leicester Real World Evidence Unit, Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Jari A. Laukkanen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Wellbeing Services County of Central Finland, Department of Medicine, Jyväskylä, Finland
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14
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Yang X, Li Y, Bao D, Mei T, Wuyun G, Zhou D, Nie J, Xia X, Liu X, He Z. Genotype-Phenotype Models Predicting V̇O 2max Response to High-Intensity Interval Training in Physically Inactive Chinese. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:1905-1912. [PMID: 37170954 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to analyze the interindividual differences of the maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O 2max ) response to 12 wk of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), and the genotype-phenotype models were constructed to predict the effect of HIIT on V̇O 2max . METHODS A total of 228 physically inactive adults who completed a 12-wk HIIT were analyzed. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted to identify genetic variants associated with the V̇O 2max response. Nonresponders, responders, and the highest training responders were defined as the effect sizes (ES) <0.2, ≥0.2, and ≥0.8, respectively. We generated polygenic predictor score (PPS) using lead variants and constructed a predictive model for V̇O 2max response based on a linear stepwise regression analysis. RESULTS The V̇O 2max increased significantly after HIIT (~14%, P < 0.001), but with interindividual differences (-7.8 to 17.9 mL·kg -1 ·min -1 ). In 27% of participants, the V̇O 2max showed no improvement. We identified one genetic locus near the γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit beta 3 gene ( GABRB3 , rs17116985) associated with V̇O 2max response at the genome-wide significance level ( P < 5 × 10 -8 ), and an additional nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the suggestive significance level ( P < 1 × 10 -5 ). The SNPs rs474377, rs9365605, and rs17116985, respectively, explained 11%, 9%, and 6.2% of variance in V̇O 2max response. The 13 SNPs ( P < 1 × 10 -5 ) were found on chromosome 6 (position: 148209316-148223568). Individuals with a PPS greater than 1.757 had the highest response, and those with a PPS lower than -3.712 were nonresponders. The PPS, baseline V̇O 2max , sex, and body mass explained 56.4% of the variance in the V̇O 2max response; the major predictor was the PPS, which explained 39.4% of the variance. CONCLUSIONS The PPS, baseline V̇O 2max , sex, and body mass could explain the variance in V̇O 2max response. Individuals who had a PPS greater than 1.757 had the highest training response after 12 wk of HIIT. Genetic variants in a region on chromosome 6, especially the sterile alpha motif domain containing 5 gene ( SAMD5 ), which had been explored influencing angiogenesis, might have a potential role in the V̇O 2max response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Yang
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, CHINA
| | - Yanchun Li
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, CHINA
| | - Dapeng Bao
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, CHINA
| | - Tao Mei
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, CHINA
| | | | | | - Jing Nie
- Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, CHINA
| | | | - Xiaoxi Liu
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Science, Yokohama, JAPAN
| | - Zihong He
- Exercise Biology Research Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, CHINA
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15
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Metcalfe RS, Gurd BJ, Vollaard NBJ. Exploring interindividual differences in fasting and postprandial insulin sensitivity adaptations in response to sprint interval exercise training. Eur J Sport Sci 2023; 23:1950-1960. [PMID: 36093904 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2124385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have concluded that wide variance in changes in insulin sensitivity markers following exercise training demonstrates heterogeneity in individual trainability. However, these studies frequently don't account for technical, biological, and random within-subject measurement error. We used the standard deviation of individual responses (SDIR) to determine whether interindividual variability in trainability exists for fasting and postprandial insulin sensitivity outcomes following low-volume sprint interval training (SIT). We pooled data from 63 untrained participants who completed 6 weeks of SIT (n = 49; VO2max: 35 (7) mL⋅kg-1⋅min-1) or acted as no-intervention controls (n = 14; VO2max: 34 (6) mL⋅kg-1⋅min-1). Fasting and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)-derived measures of insulin sensitivity were measured pre- and post-intervention. SDIR values were positive and exceeded a small effect size threshold for changes in fasting glucose (SDIR = 0.27 [95%CI 0.07,0.38] mmol⋅L-1), 2-h OGTT glucose (SDIR = 0.89 [0.22,1.23] mmol⋅L-1), glucose area-under-the-curve (SDIR = 66.4 [-81.5,124.3] mmol⋅L-1⋅120min-1) and The Cederholm Index (SDIR = 7.2 [-16.0,19.0] mg⋅l2⋅mmol-1⋅mU-1⋅min-1), suggesting meaningful individual responses to SIT, whilst SDIR values were negative for fasting insulin, fasting insulin resistance and insulin AUC. For all variables, the 95% CIs were wide and/or crossed zero, highlighting uncertainty about the existence of true interindividual differences in exercise trainability. Only 2-22% of participants could be classified as responders or non-responders with more than 95% certainty. Our findings demonstrate it cannot be assumed that variation in changes in insulin sensitivity following SIT is attributable to inherent differences in trainability, and reiterate the importance of accounting for technical, biological, and random error when examining heterogeneity in health-related training adaptations.Highlights This study tested whether true interindividual variability exists for changes in insulin sensitivity and glyceamic control following 6-weeks of low volume sprint interval training (SIT).The high level of technical, biological, and random error associated with repeated measurements of insulin sensitivity and glycaemic control, means we can neither confidently conclude that there is evidence of true interindividual differences in the trainability of these outcomes following SIT, nor confidently identify responders or non-responders for such parameters.Researchers contrasting responders vs. non-responders for a given parameter, either to understand mechanisms of adaptation and/or develop physiological/genetic/epigenetic predictors of response, need to be aware that identification of responders and non-responders with sufficient certainty may not be achievable for parameters with a high level of technical, biological, and random error.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Metcalfe
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Niels B J Vollaard
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
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Carrard J, Angst T, Weber N, Bienvenue J, Infanger D, Streese L, Hinrichs T, Croci I, Schmied C, Gallart-Ayala H, Höchsmann C, Koehler K, Hanssen H, Ivanisevic J, Schmidt-Trucksäss A. Investigating the circulating sphingolipidome response to a single high-intensity interval training session within healthy females and males in their twenties (SphingoHIIT): Protocol for a randomised controlled trial. F1000Res 2023; 11:1565. [PMID: 37533665 PMCID: PMC10390797 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.128978.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Growing scientific evidence indicates that sphingolipids predict cardiometabolic risk, independently of and beyond traditional biomarkers such as low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. To date, it remains largely unknown if and how exercise, a simple, low-cost, and patient-empowering modality to optimise cardiometabolic health, influences sphingolipid levels. The SphingoHIIT study aims to assess the response of circulating sphingolipid species to a single session of high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Methods: This single-centre randomised controlled trial (RCT) will last 11 days per participant and aim to include 32 young and healthy individuals aged 20-29 (50% females). Participants will be randomly allocated to the HIIT (n= 16) or control groups (physical rest, n= 16). Participants will self-sample fasted dried blood spots for three consecutive days before the intervention (HIIT versus rest) to determine baseline sphingolipid levels. Dried blood spots will also be collected at five time points (2, 15, 30, 60min, and 24h) following the intervention (HIIT versus rest). To minimise the dietary influence, participants will receive a standardised diet for four days, starting 24 hours before the first dried blood sampling. For females, interventions will be timed to fall within the early follicular phase to minimise the menstrual cycle's influence on sphingolipid levels. Finally, physical activity will be monitored for the whole study duration using a wrist accelerometer. Ethics and dissemination: The Ethics Committee of Northwest and Central Switzerland approved this protocol (ID 2022-00513). Findings will be disseminated in scientific journals and meetings. Trial Registration The trial was registered on www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT05390866, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05390866) on May 25, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Carrard
- Division of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, 4052, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Angst
- Division of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, 4052, Switzerland
| | - Nadia Weber
- Division of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, 4052, Switzerland
| | - Joëlle Bienvenue
- Division of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, 4052, Switzerland
| | - Denis Infanger
- Division of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, 4052, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Streese
- Division of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, 4052, Switzerland
| | - Timo Hinrichs
- Division of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, 4052, Switzerland
| | - Ilaria Croci
- Division of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, 4052, Switzerland
- Cardiac Exercise Research Group, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Christian Schmied
- Sports Cardiology Section, Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center Zurich,, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
| | - Hector Gallart-Ayala
- Metabolomics Platform, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1005, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Höchsmann
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Karsten Koehler
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Henner Hanssen
- Division of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, 4052, Switzerland
| | - Julijana Ivanisevic
- Metabolomics Platform, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1005, Switzerland
| | - Arno Schmidt-Trucksäss
- Division of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, 4052, Switzerland
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Bossi AH, Cole D, Passfield L, Hopker J. Conventional methods to prescribe exercise intensity are ineffective for exhaustive interval training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:1655-1670. [PMID: 36988672 PMCID: PMC10363074 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05176-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare methods of relative intensity prescription for their ability to normalise performance (i.e., time to exhaustion), physiological, and perceptual responses to high-intensity interval training (HIIT) between individuals. METHODS Sixteen male and two female cyclists (age: 38 ± 11 years, height: 177 ± 7 cm, body mass: 71.6 ± 7.9 kg, maximal oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]O2max): 54.3 ± 8.9 ml·kg-1 min-1) initially undertook an incremental test to exhaustion, a 3 min all-out test, and a 20 min time-trial to determine prescription benchmarks. Then, four HIIT sessions (4 min on, 2 min off) were each performed to exhaustion at: the work rate associated with the gas exchange threshold ([Formula: see text]GET) plus 70% of the difference between [Formula: see text]GET and the work rate associated with [Formula: see text]O2max; 85% of the maximal work rate of the incremental test (85%[Formula: see text]max); 120% of the mean work rate of the 20 min time-trial (120%TT); and the work rate predicted to expend, in 4 min, 80% of the work capacity above critical power. Acute HIIT responses were modelled with participant as a random effect to provide estimates of inter-individual variability. RESULTS For all dependent variables, the magnitude of inter-individual variability was high, and confidence intervals overlapped substantially, indicating that the relative intensity normalisation methods were similarly poor. Inter-individual coefficients of variation for time to exhaustion varied from 44.2% (85%[Formula: see text]max) to 59.1% (120%TT), making it difficult to predict acute HIIT responses for an individual. CONCLUSION The present study suggests that the methods of intensity prescription investigated do not normalise acute responses to HIIT between individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Henrique Bossi
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK.
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK.
- The Mountain Bike Centre of Scotland, Peel Tower, Glentress, Peebles, EH45 8NB, UK.
| | - Diana Cole
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK
| | - Louis Passfield
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - James Hopker
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK
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Moreland E, Cheung AS, Hiam D, Nolan BJ, Landen S, Jacques M, Eynon N, Jones P. Implications of gender-affirming endocrine care for sports participation. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2023; 14:20420188231178373. [PMID: 37323162 PMCID: PMC10262668 DOI: 10.1177/20420188231178373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Many transgender (trans) individuals utilize gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) to promote changes in secondary sex characteristics to affirm their gender. Participation rates of trans people in sport are exceedingly low, yet given high rates of depression and increased cardiovascular risk, the potential benefits of sports participation are great. In this review, we provide an overview of the evidence surrounding the effects of GAHT on multiple performance-related phenotypes, as well as current limitations. Whilst data is clear that there are differences between males and females, there is a lack of quality evidence assessing the impact of GAHT on athletic performance. Twelve months of GAHT leads to testosterone concentrations that align with reference ranges of the affirmed gender. Feminizing GAHT in trans women increases fat mass and decreases lean mass, with opposite effects observed in trans men with masculinizing GAHT. In trans men, an increase in muscle strength and athletic performance is observed. In trans women, muscle strength is shown to decrease or not change following 12 months of GAHT. Haemoglobin, a measure of oxygen transport, changes to that of the affirmed gender within 6 months of GAHT, with very limited data to suggest possible reductions in maximal oxygen uptake as a result of feminizing GAHT. Current limitations of this field include a lack of long-term studies, adequate group comparisons and adjustment for confounding factors (e.g. height and lean body mass), and small sample sizes. There also remains limited data on endurance, cardiac or respiratory function, with further longitudinal studies on GAHT needed to address current limitations and provide more robust data to inform inclusive and fair sporting programmes, policies and guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Moreland
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHeS), Victoria University, Footscray, VIC, Australia
| | - Ada S. Cheung
- Trans Health Research Group, Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Danielle Hiam
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Brendan J. Nolan
- Trans Health Research Group, Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Shanie Landen
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHeS), Victoria University, Footscray, VIC, Australia
| | - Macsue Jacques
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHeS), Victoria University, Footscray, VIC, Australia
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHeS), Victoria University, Footscray, VIC, Australia
| | - Patrice Jones
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHeS), Victoria University, Ballarat Road, Footscray, VIC 3011, Australia
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Reuter M, Rosenberger F, Barz A, Venhorst A, Blanz L, Hecksteden A, Meyer T. Does Higher Intensity Increase the Rate of Responders to Endurance Training When Total Energy Expenditure Remains Constant? A Randomized Controlled Trial. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:35. [PMID: 37209213 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00579-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Standardized training prescriptions often result in large variation in training response with a substantial number of individuals that show little or no response at all. The present study examined whether the response in markers of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) to moderate intensity endurance training can be elevated by an increase in training intensity. METHODS Thirty-one healthy, untrained participants (46 ± 8 years, BMI 25.4 ± 3.3 kg m-2 and [Formula: see text]O2max 34 ± 4 mL min-1 kg-1) trained for 10 weeks with moderate intensity (3 day week-1 for 50 min per session at 55% HRreserve). Hereafter, the allocation into two groups was performed by stratified randomization for age, gender and VO2max response. CON (continuous moderate intensity) trained for another 16 weeks at moderate intensity, INC (increased intensity) trained energy-equivalent for 8 weeks at 70% HRreserve and then performed high-intensity interval training (4 × 4) for another 8 weeks. Responders were identified as participants with VO2max increase above the technical measurement error. RESULTS There was a significant difference in [Formula: see text]O2max response between INC (3.4 ± 2.7 mL kg-1 min-1) and CON (0.4 ± 2.9 mL kg-1 min-1) after 26 weeks of training (P = 0.020). After 10 weeks of moderate training, in total 16 of 31 participants were classified as VO2max responders (52%). After another 16 weeks continuous moderate intensity training, no further increase of responders was observed in CON. In contrast, the energy equivalent training with increasing training intensity in INC significantly (P = 0.031) increased the number of responders to 13 of 15 (87%). The energy equivalent higher training intensities increased the rate of responders more effectively than continued moderate training intensities (P = 0.012). CONCLUSION High-intensity interval training increases the rate of response in VO2max to endurance training even when the total energy expenditure is held constant. Maintaining moderate endurance training intensities might not be the best choice to optimize training gains. Trial Registration German Clinical Trials Register, DRKS00031445, Registered 08 March 2023-Retrospectively registered, https://www.drks.de/DRKS00031445.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Reuter
- Insitute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany.
- German University of Applied Sciences for Prevention and Health Management, Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Friederike Rosenberger
- German University of Applied Sciences for Prevention and Health Management, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Barz
- Insitute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany
- German University of Applied Sciences for Prevention and Health Management, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Andreas Venhorst
- Insitute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Laura Blanz
- Insitute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany
- German University of Applied Sciences for Prevention and Health Management, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Anne Hecksteden
- Institute of Psychology and Sport Science, Leopold-Franzens-University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tim Meyer
- Insitute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany
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20
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Meyler S, Bottoms L, Wellsted D, Muniz‐Pumares D. Variability in exercise tolerance and physiological responses to exercise prescribed relative to physiological thresholds and to maximum oxygen uptake. Exp Physiol 2023; 108:581-594. [PMID: 36710454 PMCID: PMC10103872 DOI: 10.1113/ep090878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Does prescribing exercise intensity using physiological thresholds create a more homogeneous exercise stimulus than using traditional intensity anchors? What is the main finding and its importance? Prescribing exercise using physiological thresholds, notably critical power, reduced the variability in exercise tolerance and acute metabolic responses. At higher intensities, approaching or exceeding the transition from heavy to severe intensity exercise, the imprecision of using fixed %V ̇ O 2 max ${\dot V_{{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}{\rm{max}}}}$ as an intensity anchor becomes amplified. ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine whether the variability in exercise tolerance and physiological responses is lower when exercise is prescribed relative to physiological thresholds (THR) compared to traditional intensity anchors (TRAD). Ten individuals completed a series of maximal exercise tests and a series of moderate (MOD), heavy (HVY) and severe intensity (HIIT) exercise bouts prescribed using THR intensity anchors (critical power and gas exchange threshold) and TRAD intensity anchors (maximum oxygen uptake;V ̇ O 2 max ${\dot V_{{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}{\rm{max}}}}$ ). There were no differences in exercise tolerance or acute response variability between MODTHR and MODTRAD . All individuals completed HVYTHR but only 30% completed HVYTRAD . Compared to HVYTHR , where work rates were all below critical power, work rates in HVYTRAD exceeded critical power in 70% of individuals. There was, however, no difference in acute response variability between HVYTHR and HVYTRAD . All individuals completed HIITTHR but only 20% completed HIITTRAD . The variability in peak (F = 0.274) and average (F = 0.318) blood lactate responses was lower in HIITTHR compared to HIITTRAD . The variability in W' depletion (the finite work capacity above critical power) after the final interval bout was lower in HIITTHR compared to HIITTRAD (F = 0.305). Using physiological thresholds to prescribe exercise intensity reduced the heterogeneity in exercise tolerance and physiological responses to exercise spanning the boundary between the heavy and severe intensity domains. To increase the precision of exercise intensity prescription, it is recommended that, where possible, physiological thresholds are used in place ofV ̇ O 2 max ${\dot V_{{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}{\rm{max}}}}$ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Meyler
- School of Life and Medical SciencesUniversity of HertfordshireHatfieldUK
| | - Lindsay Bottoms
- School of Life and Medical SciencesUniversity of HertfordshireHatfieldUK
| | - David Wellsted
- School of Life and Medical SciencesUniversity of HertfordshireHatfieldUK
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21
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The genetic basis of exercise and cardiorespiratory fitness – Relation to cardiovascular disease. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2023.100649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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22
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Xie L, Gou B, Bai S, Yang D, Zhang Z, Di X, Su C, Wang X, Wang K, Zhang J. Unsupervised cluster analysis reveals distinct subgroups in healthy population with different exercise responses of cardiorespiratory fitness. J Exerc Sci Fit 2023; 21:147-156. [PMID: 36688000 PMCID: PMC9827383 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2022.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Considerable attention has been paid to interindividual differences in the cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) response to exercise. However, the complex multifactorial nature of CRF response variability poses a significant challenge to our understanding of this issue. We aimed to explore whether unsupervised clustering can take advantage of large amounts of clinical data and identify latent subgroups with different CRF exercise responses within a healthy population. Methods 252 healthy participants (99 men, 153 women; 36.8 ± 13.4 yr) completed moderate endurance training on 3 days/week for 4 months, with exercise intensity prescribed based on anaerobic threshold (AT). Detailed clinical measures, including resting vital signs, ECG, cardiorespiratory parameters, echocardiography, heart rate variability, spirometry and laboratory data, were obtained before and after the exercise intervention. Baseline phenotypic variables that were significantly correlated with CRF exercise response were identified and subjected to selection steps, leaving 10 minimally redundant variables, including age, BMI, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), maximal heart rate, VO2 at AT as a percentage of VO2max, minute ventilation at AT, interventricular septal thickness of end-systole, E velocity, root mean square of heart rate variability, and hematocrit. Agglomerative hierarchical clustering was performed on these variables to detect latent subgroups that may be associated with different CRF exercise responses. Results Unsupervised clustering revealed two mutually exclusive groups with distinct baseline phenotypes and CRF exercise responses. The two groups differed markedly in baseline characteristics, initial fitness, echocardiographic measurements, laboratory values, and heart rate variability parameters. A significant improvement in CRF following the 16-week endurance training, expressed by the absolute change in VO2max, was observed only in one of the two groups (3.42 ± 0.4 vs 0.58 ± 0.65 ml⋅kg-1∙min-1, P = 0.002). Assuming a minimal clinically important difference of 3.5 ml⋅kg-1∙min-1 in VO2max, the proportion of population response was 56.1% and 13.9% for group 1 and group 2, respectively (P<0.001). Although group 1 exhibited no significant improvement in CRF at group level, a significant decrease in diastolic blood pressure (70.4 ± 7.8 vs 68.7 ± 7.2 mm Hg, P = 0.027) was observed. Conclusions Unsupervised learning based on dense phenotypic characteristics identified meaningful subgroups within a healthy population with different CRF responses following standardized aerobic training. Our model could serve as a useful tool for clinicians to develop personalized exercise prescriptions and optimize training effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Bo Gou
- Department of Physical Activity and Public Health, Xi'an Physical Education University, Xi'an, 710068, China
| | - Shuwen Bai
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Xiaohui Di
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Chunwang Su
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Xiaoni Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Physical Activity and Public Health, Xi'an Physical Education University, Xi'an, 710068, China,Corresponding author.
| | - Jianbao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China,Corresponding author. Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, China.
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23
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Taylor JL, Barnes JN, Johnson BD. The Utility of High Intensity Interval Training to Improve Cognitive Aging in Heart Disease Patients. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16926. [PMID: 36554807 PMCID: PMC9778921 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Adults with cardiovascular disease and heart failure are at higher risk of cognitive decline. Cerebral hypoperfusion appears to be a significant contributor, which can result from vascular dysfunction and impairment of cerebral blood flow regulation. In contrast, higher cardiorespiratory fitness shows protection against brain atrophy, reductions in cerebral blood flow, and cognitive decline. Given that high intensity interval training (HIIT) has been shown to be a potent stimulus for improving cardiorespiratory fitness and peripheral vascular function, its utility for improving cognitive aging is an important area of research. This article will review the physiology related to cerebral blood flow regulation and cognitive decline in adults with cardiovascular disease and heart failure, and how HIIT may provide a more optimal stimulus for improving cognitive aging in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L. Taylor
- Human Integrative and Environmental Physiology Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Jill N. Barnes
- Bruno Balke Biodynamics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Bruce D. Johnson
- Human Integrative and Environmental Physiology Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
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24
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Schulté B, Nieborak L, Leclercq F, Villafañe JH, Sánchez Romero EA, Corbellini C. The Comparison of High-Intensity Interval Training Versus Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training after Coronary Artery Bypass Graft: A Systematic Review of Recent Studies. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 9:328. [PMID: 36286280 PMCID: PMC9604034 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9100328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Currently, no international consensus on cardiac rehabilitation exists, leading to great variability in the intensity recommendations for training programs for cardiac patients, including those undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). While some countries prefer the high-intensity interval training (HIIT) method to improve cardiorespiratory fitness, other countries opt for moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT). The aim of this systematic review was to compare the effects of HIIT and MICT on aerobic fitness and quality of life (QoL) in patients undergoing CABG with the intention of providing support for a consensus on exercise therapy. METHODS A systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted using the online publication databases PubMed, the Cochrane Library and the Bibliothèque nationale du Luxembourg (BnL) covering the last ten years to July 2022. Relevant identified studies respecting the inclusion/exclusion criteria were selected, screened and extracted by four reviewers. Furthermore, the methodological quality of the clinical trials was assessed using the PEDro scale, which was reinforced using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for Randomized Trials (RoB2) for the evaluation of the risk of bias to provide more detail in the evaluation. The certainty of the evidence analysis was established using different levels of evidence in accordance with the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) framework. RESULTS A total of 379 patients from five RCTs diagnosed with coronary artery disease, including patients undergoing CABG, performed aerobic exercise over different time periods and were assessed based on peakVO2, VO2max and QoL. Overall, both training methods provided improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness and quality of life, with greater changes in HIIT groups. CONCLUSION Both trainings methods provide improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness and QoL, with greater increases from HIIT. The moderate quality of evidence supports the use of HIIT and MICT to improve cardiorespiratory fitness and QoL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billie Schulté
- Department of Physiotherapy, LUNEX International University of Health, Exercise and Sports, 50, Avenue du Parc des Sports, 4671 Differdange, Luxembourg
| | - Lisa Nieborak
- Department of Physiotherapy, LUNEX International University of Health, Exercise and Sports, 50, Avenue du Parc des Sports, 4671 Differdange, Luxembourg
| | - Franck Leclercq
- Department of Physiotherapy, LUNEX International University of Health, Exercise and Sports, 50, Avenue du Parc des Sports, 4671 Differdange, Luxembourg
| | | | - Eleuterio A. Sánchez Romero
- Musculoskeletal Pain and Motor Control Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain
- Musculoskeletal Pain and Motor Control Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Canarias, 38300 Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Canarias, 38300 Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Camilo Corbellini
- Department of Physiotherapy, LUNEX International University of Health, Exercise and Sports, 50, Avenue du Parc des Sports, 4671 Differdange, Luxembourg
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25
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Lehtonen E, Gagnon D, Eklund D, Kaseva K, Peltonen JE. Hierarchical framework to improve individualised exercise prescription in adults: a critical review. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2022; 8:e001339. [PMID: 35722045 PMCID: PMC9185660 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2022-001339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) guidelines for the general population are designed to mitigate the rise of chronic and debilitating diseases brought by inactivity and sedentariness. Although essential, they are insufficient as rates of cardiovascular, pulmonary, renal, metabolic and other devastating and life-long diseases remain on the rise. This systemic failure supports the need for an improved exercise prescription approach that targets the individual. Significant interindividual variability of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) responses to exercise are partly explained by biological and methodological factors, and the modulation of exercise volume and intensity seem to be key in improving prescription guidelines. The use of physiological thresholds, such as lactate, ventilation, as well as critical power, have demonstrated excellent results to improve CRF in those struggling to respond to the current homogenous prescription of exercise. However, assessing physiological thresholds requires laboratory resources and expertise and is incompatible for a general population approach. A case must be made that balances the effectiveness of an exercise programme to improve CRF and accessibility of resources. A population-wide approach of exercise prescription guidelines should include free and accessible self-assessed threshold tools, such as rate of perceived exertion, where the homeostatic perturbation induced by exercise reflects physiological thresholds. The present critical review outlines factors for individuals exercise prescription and proposes a new theoretical hierarchal framework to help shape PA guidelines based on accessibility and effectiveness as part of a personalised exercise prescription that targets the individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Lehtonen
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki Clinic for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Foundation for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dominique Gagnon
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki Clinic for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Foundation for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Helsinki, Finland.,School of Kinesiology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.,Center for Research in Occupational Health and Safety, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniela Eklund
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki Clinic for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Foundation for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaisa Kaseva
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki Clinic for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Foundation for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Evert Peltonen
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki Clinic for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Foundation for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
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26
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Gildea N, McDermott A, Rocha J, Crognale D, Nevin A, O'Shea D, Green S, Egaña M. Low-volume HIIT and MICT speed V̇O 2 kinetics during high-intensity "work-to-work" cycling with a similar time-course in type 2 diabetes. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 133:273-287. [PMID: 35678744 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00148.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed the rates of adjustment in oxygen uptake (V̇O2) and muscle deoxygenation (i.e., deoxygenated haemoglobin and myoglobin, [HHb+Mb]) during the on-transition to high-intensity cycling initiated from an elevated baseline (work-to-work) before training and at weeks 3, 6, 9 and 12 of low-volume high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Participants were randomly assigned to MICT (n=11, 50 min of moderate-intensity cycling), HIIT (n =8, 10x1 min of high-intensity cycling separated by 1-min of light cycling) or non-exercising control (n=9) groups. Exercising groups trained 3 times per week. Participants completed two work-to-work transitions at each time point consisting of sequential step increments to moderate- and high-intensity work-rates. [HHb+Mb] kinetics were measured by near-infrared spectroscopy at the vastus lateralis muscle. The pretraining time constant of the primary phase of V̇O2 (V̇O2τp) and the amplitude of the V̇O2 slow component (V̇O2As) of the high-intensity w-to-w bout decreased (P<0.05) by a similar magnitude at wk 3 of training in both MICT (from, 56±9 to 43±6s, and from 0.17±0.07 to 0.09±0.05 L.min-1, respectively) and HIIT (from, 56±8 to 42±6s, and from 0.18±0.05 to 0.09±0.08 L.min-1, respectively) with no further changes thereafter. No changes were reported in controls. The parameter estimates of Δ[HHb+Mb] remained unchanged in all groups. MICT and HIIT elicited comparable improvements in V̇O2 kinetics without changes in muscle deoxygenation kinetics during high-intensity exercise initiated from an elevated baseline in T2D despite training volume and time commitment being ~50% lower in the HIIT group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norita Gildea
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Adam McDermott
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Joel Rocha
- Division of Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, Abertay University, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Domenico Crognale
- Institute for Sport and Health, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aaron Nevin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Donal O'Shea
- Department of Endocrinology, St. Columcille's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Simon Green
- Schools of Health Sciences and Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mikel Egaña
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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27
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Jones PR, Voisin S, Nolan BJ, Landen S, Jacques M, Newell B, Zwickl S, Cook T, Wong A, Ginger A, Palmer A, Garnham A, Alvarez-Romero J, Mohandas N, Seale K, Cheung A, Eynon N. Uncovering the effects of gender affirming hormone therapy on skeletal muscle and epigenetics: protocol for a prospective matched cohort study in transgender individuals (the GAME study). BMJ Open 2022; 12:e060869. [PMID: 35545400 PMCID: PMC9096568 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-060869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gender affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) is increasingly used by transgender individuals and leads to shifts in sex hormone levels. Skeletal muscle is highly responsive to hormone activity, with limited data on the effects of GAHT on different human tissues. Here, we present the protocol for the GAME study (the effects of Gender Affirming hormone therapy on skeletal Muscle training and Epigenetics), which aims to uncover the effects of GAHT on skeletal muscle 'omic' profiles (methylomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics) and markers of skeletal muscle health and fitness. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This study is a prospective age-matched cohort study in transgender adults commencing GAHT (n=80) and age-matched individuals not commencing GAHT (n=80), conducted at Austin Health and Victoria University in Victoria, Australia. Assessments will take place prior to beginning GAHT and 6 and 12 months into therapies in adults commencing GAHT. Age-matched individuals will be assessed at the same time points. Assessments will be divided over three examination days, involving (1) aerobic fitness tests, (2) muscle strength assessments and (3) collection of blood and muscle samples, as well as body composition measurements. Standardised diets, fitness watches and questionnaires will be used to control for key confounders in analyses. Primary outcomes are changes in aerobic fitness and muscle strength, as well as changes in skeletal muscle DNA methylation and gene expression profiles. Secondary outcomes include changes in skeletal muscle characteristics, proteomics, body composition and blood markers. Linear mixed models will be used to assess changes in outcomes, while accounting for repeated measures within participants and adjusting for known confounders. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The Austin Health Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC) and Victoria University HREC granted approval for this study (HREC/77146/Austin-2021). Findings from this project will be published in open-access, peer-reviewed journals and presented to scientific and public audiences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ACTRN12621001415897; Pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice R Jones
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Footscray, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah Voisin
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Footscray, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brendan J Nolan
- Trans Health Research Group, Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shanie Landen
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Footscray, Victoria, Australia
| | - Macsue Jacques
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Footscray, Victoria, Australia
| | - Beau Newell
- Pride in Sport, ACON Health, Surry Hills, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sav Zwickl
- Trans Health Research Group, Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Teddy Cook
- Pride in Sport, ACON Health, Surry Hills, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alex Wong
- Trans Health Research Group, Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ariel Ginger
- Trans Health Research Group, Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew Palmer
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Footscray, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew Garnham
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Footscray, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Namitha Mohandas
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Footscray, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kirsten Seale
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Footscray, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ada Cheung
- Trans Health Research Group, Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Footscray, Victoria, Australia
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28
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Atrial Fibrillation Specific Exercise Rehabilitation: Are We There Yet? J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12040610. [PMID: 35455726 PMCID: PMC9029299 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12040610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular physical activity and exercise training are integral for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Despite recent advances in more holistic care pathways for people with atrial fibrillation (AF), exercise rehabilitation is not provided as part of routine care. The most recent European Society of Cardiology report for AF management states that patients should be encouraged to undertake moderate-intensity exercise and remain physically active to prevent AF incidence or recurrence. The aim of this review was to collate data from primary trials identified in three systematic reviews and recent real-world cohort studies to propose an AF-specific exercise rehabilitation guideline. Collating data from 21 studies, we propose that 360–720 metabolic equivalent (MET)-minutes/week, corresponding to ~60–120 min of exercise per week at moderate-to-vigorous intensity, could be an evidence-based recommendation for patients with AF to improve AF-specific outcomes, quality of life, and possibly prevent long-term major adverse cardiovascular events. Furthermore, non-traditional, low-moderate intensity exercise, such as Yoga, seems to have promising benefits on patient quality of life and possibly physical capacity and should, therefore, be considered in a personalised rehabilitation programme. Finally, we discuss the interesting concepts of short-term exercise-induced cardioprotection and ‘none-response’ to exercise training with reference to AF rehabilitation.
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Williams CJ, Torquati L, Li Z, Lea RA, Croci I, Keating E, Little JP, Eynon N, Coombes JS. Oligofructose-Enriched Inulin Intake, Gut Microbiome Characteristics, and the V̇O2 Peak Response to High-Intensity Interval Training in Healthy Inactive Adults. J Nutr 2022; 152:680-689. [PMID: 34910161 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut microbiome has been associated with cardiorespiratory fitness. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of oligofructose (FOS)-enriched inulin supplementation on the gut microbiome and the peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak) response to high-intensity interval training (HIIT). METHODS The study was a randomized controlled trial. Forty sedentary and apparently healthy adults [n = 31 women; aged 31.8 ± 9.8 y, BMI (in kg⋅m-2) 25.9 ± 4.3] were randomly allocated to 1) 6 wk of supervised HIIT (4 × 4-min bouts at 85-95% peak heart rate, interspersed with 3 min of active recovery, 3·wk-1) + 12 g·d-1 of FOS-enriched inulin (HIIT-I) or 2) 6 wk of supervised HIIT (3·wk-1, 4 × 4-min bouts) + 12 g·d-1 of maltodextrin/placebo (HIIT-P). Each participant completed an incremental treadmill test to assess V̇O2peak and ventilatory thresholds (VTs), provided a stool and blood sample, and completed a 24-h diet recall questionnaire and FFQ before and after the intervention. Gut microbiome analyses were performed using metagenomic sequencing. Fecal short-chain fatty acids were measured by mass spectrometry. RESULTS There were no differences in the mean change in V̇O2peak response between groups (P = 0.58). HIIT-I had a greater improvement in VTs than HIIT-P [VT1 (lactate accumulation): mean difference + 4.3% and VT2 (lactate threshold): +4.2%, P < 0.05]. HIIT-I had a greater increase in the abundance of Bifidobacterium taxa [false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05] and several metabolic processes related to exercise capacity (FDR < 0.05). Exploratory analysis of merged data found participants with a greater response to HIIT (V̇O2peak ≥3.5 mL⋅kg-1⋅min-1) had a 2.2-fold greater mean abundance of gellan degradation pathways (FDR < 0.05) and a greater, but not significant, abundance of Bifidobacterium uniformis species (P < 0.00023, FDR = 0.08). CONCLUSIONS FOS-enriched inulin supplementation did not potentiate HIIT-induced improvements in V̇O2peak but led to gut microbiome changes possibly associated with greater ventilatory threshold improvements in healthy inactive adults. Gellan degradation pathways and B. uniformis spp. were associated with greater V̇O2peak responses to HIIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla J Williams
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Luciana Torquati
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Zhixiu Li
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Rodney A Lea
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ilaria Croci
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Cardiac Exercise Research Group (CERG), Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Sport, Movement and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eliza Keating
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Jonathan P Little
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jeff S Coombes
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
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Abstract
Trainability is an adaptive response to given exercise loads and must be localized to the targeted physiological function since exercise-induced acute and chronic adaptations are systemic. Lack of adaptation or moderate level of adaptation in one organ or one physiological function would not mean that other organs or functions would not benefit from exercise training. The most beneficial training load could easily be different for skeletal muscle, brain, the gastro-intestinal track, or the immune systems. Hence, the term of non-responders should be used with caution and just referred to a given organ, cell type, molecular signaling, or function. The present paper aims to highlight some, certainly not all, issues on trainability especially related to muscle and cardiovascular system. The specificity of trainability and the systemic nature of exercise-induced adaptation are discussed, and the paper aims to provide suggestions on how to improve performance when faced with non-responders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Radak
- Research Center for Molecular Exercise Science, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
- *Correspondence: Zsolt Radak,
| | - Albert W. Taylor
- Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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31
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Sugiharto S, Merawati D, Susanto H, Pranoto A, Taufiq A. The exercise-instrumental music program and irisin levels in younger non-professional athletes. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3920/cep210015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A passive lifestyle and lack of exercise are triggering factors in increasing metabolic syndrome, whereas metabolic syndrome is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to analyse an exercise-based non-pharmacological approach combined with instrumental music to the plasma levels of irisin. The study employed a randomised pretest-posttest-only group design recruiting 30 male participants. The individuals aged between 19-21 years, body mass index (BMI) 18.5-24.9 kg/m2, normal blood pressure, normal resting heart rate (RHR), VO2max 40-50 ml/kg bodyweight/min, normal haemoglobin (Hb). The subjects were randomly divided into three groups, MIE (n=10, moderate-intensity exercise), MIEM (n=10, moderate-intensity exercise + instrumental music), and HIE (n=10, high-intensity exercise). Blood sampling was collected from pre- and 5 min post-exercise treatment. ELISA method was used to measure the circulating irisin levels. The non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann Whitney test and Spearman correlation were chosen to analyse the data. The results showed that there is no significant difference in pre-exercise irisin levels (ng/ml) in MIE (1.58±0.89), MIEM (1.77±3.12), and HIE (1.65±0.88) with a P-value of 0.098. Importantly, the alteration of irisin levels post-exercise program revealed that the level of this peptide (ng/ml) is higher in HIE (7.28±5.11) compared to MIE (1.95±1.85) and MIEM (4.16±3.40) with a P-value of 0.019. The plasma levels of irisin significantly correlate to energy expenditure (r=0.353, P≤0.01), plasma peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (r=0.597, P≤0.001), and high-density lipoprotein (r=0.513, P≤0.01). In summary, increased irisin secretion may directly contribute to the gradual alteration of energy expenditure and correlate to physical exercise intensity-related musical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Sugiharto
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universitas Negeri Malang, Malang 65145, Indonesia
| | - D. Merawati
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universitas Negeri Malang, Malang 65145, Indonesia
| | - H. Susanto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Malang, Malang 65145, Indonesia
| | - A. Pranoto
- Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - A. Taufiq
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Malang, Malang 65145, Indonesia
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Stunes AK, Brobakken CL, Sujan MAJ, Aagård N, Brevig MS, Wang E, Syversen U, Mosti MP. Acute Effects of Strength and Endurance Training on Bone Turnover Markers in Young Adults and Elderly Men. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:915241. [PMID: 35846315 PMCID: PMC9279869 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.915241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Exercise is recognized as an important strategy to prevent bone loss, but its acute effects on bone turnover markers (BTMs) and related markers remain uncertain. OBJECTIVE To assess the acute effects of two different exercise modes on BTMs and related markers in young adults of both sexes and elderly men. DESIGN SETTING PARTICIPANTS This was a three-group crossover within-subjects design study with a total of 53 participants-19 young women (aged 22-30), 20 young men (aged 21-30 years), and 14 elderly men (aged 63-74 years)-performing two different exercise sessions [strength training (ST) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT)] separated by 2 weeks, in a supervised laboratory setting. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Plasma volume-corrected serum measurements of the BTMs C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX-I) and procollagen of type 1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP), total osteocalcin (OC), sclerostin, and lipocalin-2 (LCN2) at baseline, immediately after, and 3 and 24 h after each of the two exercise modes were performed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Analyses revealed sex- and age-dependent differences in BTMs and related bone markers at baseline and time-, sex-, and age-dependent differences in response to exercise. No differences between exercise modes were observed for BTM response except for sclerostin in young men and LCN2 in elderly men. An acute, transient, and uniform increase in P1NP/CTX-1 ratio was found in young participants, demonstrating that beneficial skeletal effects on bone metabolism can be attained through both aerobic endurance and resistance exercise, although this effect seems to be attenuated with age. The acute effects of exercise on bone-related biomarkers were generally blunted after 24 h, suggesting that persistent alterations following prolonged exercise interventions should be assessed at later time points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Kamilla Stunes
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Medical Clinic, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- *Correspondence: Astrid Kamilla Stunes, orcid.org/0000-0003-1074-5199
| | - Cathrine Langlie Brobakken
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Myworkout, Medical Rehabilitation Clinic, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Md Abu Jafar Sujan
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Norun Aagård
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Myworkout, Medical Rehabilitation Clinic, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Martin Siksjø Brevig
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Eivind Wang
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Molde University College, Molde, Norway
- Department of Psychosis and Rehabilitation, Psychiatry Clinic, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Unni Syversen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Endocrinology, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mats Peder Mosti
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Medical Clinic, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Research and Development, Clinic of Substance Use and Addiction Medicine, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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Ramos JS, Dalleck LC, Fennell M, Martini A, Welmans T, Stennett R, Keating SE, Fassett RG, Coombes JS. Exercise Training Intensity and the Fitness-Fatness Index in Adults with Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Trial. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2021; 7:100. [PMID: 34951682 PMCID: PMC8709799 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00395-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Cardiorespiratory fitness and fatness (notably central obesity) are mediating factors of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and consequent cardiovascular disease (CVD)/mortality risk. The fitness-fatness index (FFI) combines these factors and has been reported to be a better indicator of CVD and all-cause mortality risk, beyond the capacity of either fitness or fatness alone.
Objective
This study sought to investigate the effects of different exercise intensities on FFI in adults with MetS.
Methods
This was a sub-study of the ‘Exercise in the prevention of Metabolic Syndrome’ (EX-MET) multicentre trial. Ninety-nine adults diagnosed with MetS according to the International Diabetes Federation criteria were randomized to one of the following 16-week exercise interventions: i) moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) at 60–70% HRpeak for 30 min/session (n = 34, 150 min/week); ii) 4 × 4 min bouts of high-intensity interval training at 85–95% HRpeak, interspersed with 3-min active recovery at 50–70% HRpeak (n = 34, 38 min/session, 114 min/week); and iii) 1 × 4 min bout of HIIT at 85–95% HRpeak (n = 31, 17 min/session, 51 min/week). Cardiorespiratory fitness (peak oxygen uptake, V̇O2peak) was determined via indirect calorimetry during maximal exercise testing and fatness was the ratio of waist circumference-to-height (WtHR). FFI was calculated as V̇O2peak in metabolic equivalents (METs) divided by WtHR. A clinically meaningful response to the exercise intervention was taken as a 1 FFI unit increase.
Results
Seventy-seven participants completed pre and post testing to determine FFI. While there was no significant between group difference (p = 0.30), there was a small group x time interaction effect on FFI [F(2, 73) = 1.226; η2 = 0.01], with numerically greater improvements following HIIT (4HIIT, + 16%; 1HIIT, + 11%) relative to MICT (+ 7%). There was a greater proportion of participants who had a clinically meaningful change in FFI following high-volume HIIT (60%, 15/25) and low-volume HIIT (65%, 17/26) compared to MICT (38%, 10/26), but with no significant between-group difference (p = 0.12). A similar trend was found when a sub-analysis comparing the FFI between those with type 2 diabetes (MICT, 33%, 3/9; high-volume HIIT, 64%, 7/11; and low-volume HIIT, 58%, 7/12) and without type 2 diabetes (MICT, 41%, 7/17; high-volume HIIT, 57%, 8/14; low-volume HIIT, 71%, 10/14).
Conclusion
Although there were no statistically significant differences detected between groups, this study suggests that the response to changes in FFI in adults with MetS may be affected by exercise intensity, when numerical differences between exercise groups are considered. Further research is warranted.
Trial registration number and date of registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01676870; 31/08/2012.
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Taylor JL, Keating SE, Holland DJ, Green DJ, Coombes JS, Bailey TG. Comparison of high intensity interval training with standard cardiac rehabilitation on vascular function. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 32:512-520. [PMID: 34825728 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the short- and long-term effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) with usual care moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) on systemic vascular function and stiffness in patients with coronary artery disease undergoing a cardiac rehabilitation program. DESIGN Randomized controlled trial. METHODS Fifty-four patients (age = 63 ± 8 years, 93% male) were randomized to complete 3 sessions/week (2 supervised, 1 home-based) of either (1) 4 × 4-min HIIT or (2) 40-min MICT, for 4 weeks. Patients then continued 3 unsupervised home-based sessions/week of their allocated training for 11 months. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation, pulse wave velocity, and blood pressure were measured at baseline, 4 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months. Data were analyzed using linear mixed modeling and are presented as mean change from baseline (95% CI). RESULTS HIIT showed a greater improvement in flow-mediated dilation compared to MICT after 4 weeks [1.5% (0.9, 2.1) vs 0.1% (-0.5, 0.8); p = 0.004) but not 12 months [1.2% (-0.2, 2.5) vs 0.4% (-0.8, 1.7); p = 0.153). There were no short- or long-term group differences for changes in pulse wave velocity, peripheral or central blood pressure between HIIT and MICT after 4 weeks, or over 12 months. CONCLUSIONS A 4-week HIIT program was superior to MICT for improving vascular function, but not arterial stiffness or blood pressure. Over 12 months, changes in vascular function, blood pressure, and arterial stiffness were similar for HIIT and MICT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L Taylor
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity, and Health (CREXPAH), School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Physiology and Ultrasound Laboratory in Science and Exercise (PULSE), School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Cardiac Rehabilitation Department, The Wesley Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Shelley E Keating
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity, and Health (CREXPAH), School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Physiology and Ultrasound Laboratory in Science and Exercise (PULSE), School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David J Holland
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity, and Health (CREXPAH), School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, Sunshine Coast University Hospital, Birtinya, Australia.,School of Medicine, Griffith University, Sunshine Coast, Australia
| | - Daniel J Green
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Sciences), University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jeff S Coombes
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity, and Health (CREXPAH), School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Physiology and Ultrasound Laboratory in Science and Exercise (PULSE), School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Tom G Bailey
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity, and Health (CREXPAH), School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Physiology and Ultrasound Laboratory in Science and Exercise (PULSE), School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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Bonafiglia JT, Preobrazenski N, Gurd BJ. A Systematic Review Examining the Approaches Used to Estimate Interindividual Differences in Trainability and Classify Individual Responses to Exercise Training. Front Physiol 2021; 12:665044. [PMID: 34819869 PMCID: PMC8606564 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.665044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Many reports describe statistical approaches for estimating interindividual differences in trainability and classifying individuals as "responders" or "non-responders." The extent to which studies in the exercise training literature have adopted these statistical approaches remains unclear. Objectives: This systematic review primarily sought to determine the extent to which studies in the exercise training literature have adopted sound statistical approaches for examining individual responses to exercise training. We also (1) investigated the existence of interindividual differences in trainability, and (2) tested the hypothesis that less conservative thresholds inflate response rates compared with thresholds that consider error and a smallest worthwhile change (SWC)/minimum clinically important difference (MCID). Methods: We searched six databases: AMED, CINAHL, EMBASE, Medline, PubMed, and SportDiscus. Our search spanned the aerobic, resistance, and clinical or rehabilitation training literature. Studies were included if they used human participants, employed standardized and supervised exercise training, and either: (1) stated that their exercise training intervention resulted in heterogenous responses, (2) statistically estimated interindividual differences in trainability, and/or (3) classified individual responses. We calculated effect sizes (ESIR) to examine the presence of interindividual differences in trainability. We also compared response rates (n = 614) across classification approaches that considered neither, one of, or both errors and an SWC or MCID. We then sorted response rates from studies that also reported mean changes and response thresholds (n = 435 response rates) into four quartiles to confirm our ancillary hypothesis that larger mean changes produce larger response rates. Results: Our search revealed 3,404 studies, and 149 were included in our systematic review. Few studies (n = 9) statistically estimated interindividual differences in trainability. The results from these few studies present a mixture of evidence for the presence of interindividual differences in trainability because several ESIR values lay above, below, or crossed zero. Zero-based thresholds and larger mean changes significantly (both p < 0.01) inflated response rates. Conclusion: Our findings provide evidence demonstrating why future studies should statistically estimate interindividual differences in trainability and consider error and an SWC or MCID when classifying individual responses to exercise training. Systematic Review Registration: [website], identifier [registration number].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Bonafiglia
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | | | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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The Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on Fall Risk Factors in Healthy Older Adults: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182211809. [PMID: 34831565 PMCID: PMC8618957 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182211809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) improves functional capacity, muscle power and physical performance in older adults with and without comorbidities. The aim of this study was to explore the effectiveness of HIIT as a method for reducing major fall risk factors (balance, muscle strength and physical activity) in older adults. A systematic literature search was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. A computerized search was conducted using electronic databases (PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, APA PsycInfo, Web of Science, Scopus, PEDro, and AgeLine) published up to July 2021. Eleven papers (9 studies) of moderate quality (mean of 5.5 in Pedro scale) involving 328 healthy older adults met the inclusion criteria. Studies were characterized by high heterogeneity in terms of methodology, HIIT modality and protocol, subject characteristics, and outcome measures. Results indicate that HIIT cannot be recommended as a single modality for fall prevention in older adults due to insufficient data and no consensus among the studies. HIIT appears to be a safe and well-tolerated supplement to proven fall prevention programs, due to its effects on lower limb strength reflected in functional performance tests, and on dynamic balance and subjective balance perception. However, caution is warranted following HIIT, especially after the first session, due to possible temporary instability.
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Castro A, Duft RG, de Oliveira-Nunes SG, de Andrade ALL, Cavaglieri CR, Chacon-Mikahil MPT. Association Between Changes in Serum and Skeletal Muscle Metabolomics Profile With Maximum Power Output Gains in Response to Different Aerobic Training Programs: The Times Study. Front Physiol 2021; 12:756618. [PMID: 34744794 PMCID: PMC8563999 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.756618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: High heterogeneity of the response of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) to standardized exercise doses has been reported in different training programs, but the associated mechanisms are not widely known. This study investigated whether changes in the metabolic profile and pathways in blood serum and the skeletal muscle are associated with the inter-individual variability of CRF responses to 8-wk of continuous endurance training (ET) or high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Methods: Eighty men, young and sedentary, were randomized into three groups, of which 70 completed 8 wk of intervention (> 90% of sessions): ET, HIIT, or control. Blood and vastus lateralis muscle tissue samples, as well as the measurement of CRF [maximal power output (MPO)] were obtained before and after the intervention. Blood serum and skeletal muscle samples were analyzed by 600 MHz 1H-NMR spectroscopy (metabolomics). Associations between the pretraining to post-training changes in the metabolic profile and MPO gains were explored via three analytical approaches: (1) correlation between pretraining to post-training changes in metabolites' concentration levels and MPO gains; (2) significant differences between low and high MPO responders; and (3) metabolite contribution to significantly altered pathways related to MPO gains. After, metabolites within these three levels of evidence were analyzed by multiple stepwise linear regression. The significance level was set at 1%. Results: The metabolomics profile panel yielded 43 serum and 70 muscle metabolites. From the metabolites within the three levels of evidence (15 serum and 4 muscle metabolites for ET; 5 serum and 1 muscle metabolites for HIIT), the variance in MPO gains was explained: 77.4% by the intervention effects, 6.9, 2.3, 3.2, and 2.2% by changes in skeletal muscle pyruvate and valine, serum glutamine and creatine phosphate, respectively, in ET; and 80.9% by the intervention effects; 7.2, 2.2, and 1.2% by changes in skeletal muscle glycolate, serum creatine and creatine phosphate, respectively, in HIIT. The most changed and impacted pathways by these metabolites were: arginine and proline metabolism, glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, and glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism for both ET and HIIT programs; and additional alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, arginine biosynthesis, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and pyruvate metabolism for ET. Conclusion: These results suggest that regulating the metabolism of amino acids and carbohydrates may be a potential mechanism for understanding the inter-individual variability of CRF in responses to ET and HIIT programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Castro
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata G Duft
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Claudia R Cavaglieri
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Arthuso FZ, Fairey AS, Boulé NG, Courneya KS. Bladder cancer and exeRcise trAining during intraVesical thErapy-the BRAVE trial: a study protocol for a prospective, single-centre, phase II randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e055782. [PMID: 34561265 PMCID: PMC8475156 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) accounts for about 75% of newly diagnosed bladder cancers. The treatment for NMIBC involves surgical removal of the tumour followed by 6 weekly instillations of immunotherapy or chemotherapy directly into the bladder (ie, intravesical therapy). NMIBC has a high rate of recurrence (31%-78%) and progression (15%). Moreover, bladder cancer and its treatment may affect patient functioning and quality of life. Exercise is a safe and effective intervention for many patient with cancer groups, however, no studies have examined exercise during intravesical therapy for NMIBC. The primary objective of the Bladder cancer and exeRcise trAining during intraVesical thErapy (BRAVE) trial is to examine the safety and feasibility of an exercise intervention in patients with bladder cancer undergoing intravesical therapy. The secondary objectives are to investigate the preliminary efficacy of exercise on health-related fitness and patient-reported outcomes; examine the social cognitive predictors of exercise adherence; and explore the potential effects of exercise on tumour recurrence and progression. METHODS AND ANALYSIS BRAVE is a phase II randomised controlled trial that aims to include 66 patients with NMIBC scheduled to receive intravesical therapy. Participants will be randomly assigned to the exercise intervention or usual care. The intervention consists of three supervised, high-intensity interval training sessions per week for 12 weeks. Feasibility will be evaluated by eligibility, recruitment, adherence and attrition rates. Preliminary efficacy will focus on changes in cardiorespiratory fitness and patient-reported outcomes from baseline (prior to intravesical therapy) to pre-cystoscopy (3 months). Cancer outcomes will be tracked at 3 months, and 1-year follow-up by cystoscopy. Analysis of covariance will compare between-group differences at post-intervention (pre-cystoscopy) for all health-related fitness and patient-reported outcomes. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study was approved by the Health Research Ethics Board of Alberta-Cancer Committee (#20-0184). Dissemination will include publication and presentations at scientific conferences and public channels. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04593862; Pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Z Arthuso
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Adrian S Fairey
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Normand G Boulé
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kerry S Courneya
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Taylor JL, Bonikowske AR, Olson TP. Optimizing Outcomes in Cardiac Rehabilitation: The Importance of Exercise Intensity. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:734278. [PMID: 34540924 PMCID: PMC8446279 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.734278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise based cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is recognized internationally as a class 1 clinical practice recommendation for patients with select cardiovascular diseases and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Over the past decade, several meta-analyses have generated debate regarding the effectiveness of exercise-based CR for reducing all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. A common theme highlighted in these meta-analyses is the heterogeneity and/or lack of detail regarding exercise prescription methodology within CR programs. Currently there is no international consensus on exercise prescription for CR, and exercise intensity recommendations vary considerably between countries from light-moderate intensity to moderate intensity to moderate-vigorous intensity. As cardiorespiratory fitness [peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak)] is a strong predictor of mortality in patients with coronary heart disease and heart failure, exercise prescription that optimizes improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness and exercise capacity is a critical consideration for the efficacy of CR programming. This review will examine the evidence for prescribing higher-intensity aerobic exercise in CR, including the role of high-intensity interval training. This discussion will highlight the beneficial physiological adaptations to pulmonary, cardiac, vascular, and skeletal muscle systems associated with moderate-vigorous exercise training in patients with coronary heart disease and heart failure. Moreover, this review will propose how varying interval exercise protocols (such as short-duration or long-duration interval training) and exercise progression models may influence central and peripheral physiological adaptations. Importantly, a key focus of this review is to provide clinically-relevant recommendations and strategies to optimize prescription of exercise intensity while maximizing safety in patients attending CR programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L Taylor
- Division of Preventative Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Amanda R Bonikowske
- Division of Preventative Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Thomas P Olson
- Division of Preventative Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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40
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Exercise Training Protocols to Improve Obesity, Glucose Homeostasis, and Subclinical Inflammation. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 34473318 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1558-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
The global pandemics of obesity and sedentarism are associated with poor quality of life and increased risks for development of inflammatory chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Physical activity is considered as an antidote to counteract the development of chronic sterile inflammatory diseases. Thus, we review the most promising exercise training protocols for promoting weight loss, improving glucose homeostasis, and reducing inflammation. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of moderate-intensity continuous aerobic training, high-intensity aerobic training, and combined (aerobic + resistance) training. Our aim with this chapter is to provide evidence and guidance for choosing the most appropriate protocols of exercise training according to the goals of the patient.
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41
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Marriott CFS, Petrella AFM, Marriott ECS, Boa Sorte Silva NC, Petrella RJ. High-Intensity Interval Training in Older Adults: a Scoping Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2021; 7:49. [PMID: 34279765 PMCID: PMC8289951 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00344-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is an increasingly popular form of aerobic exercise which includes bouts of high-intensity exercise interspersed with periods of rest. The health benefits, risks, and optimal design of HIIT are still unclear. Further, most research on HIIT has been done in young and middle-aged adults, and as such, the tolerability and effects in senior populations are less well-known. The purpose of this scoping review was to characterize HIIT research that has been done in older adults including protocols, feasibility, and safety and to identify gaps in the current knowledge. Five databases were searched with variations of the terms, "high-intensity interval training" and "older adults" for experimental or quasi-experimental studies published in or after 2009. Studies were included if they had a treatment group with a mean age of 65 years or older who did HIIT, exclusively. Of 4644 papers identified, 69 met the inclusion criteria. The average duration of training was 7.9 (7.0) weeks (mean [SD]) and protocols ranged widely. The average sample size was 47.0 (65.2) subjects (mean [SD]). Healthy populations were the most studied group (n = 30), followed by subjects with cardiovascular (n = 12) or cardiac disease (n = 9), metabolic dysfunction (n = 8), and others (n = 10). The most common primary outcomes included changes in cardiorespiratory fitness (such as VO2peak) as well as feasibility and safety of the protocols as measured by the number of participant dropouts, adverse events, and compliance rate. HIIT protocols were diverse but were generally well-tolerated and may confer many health advantages to older adults. Larger studies and more research in clinical populations most representative of older adults are needed to further evaluate the clinical effects of HIIT in these groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine F. S. Marriott
- Centre for Studies in Family Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON Canada
| | - Andrea F. M. Petrella
- Centre for Studies in Family Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON Canada
| | - Emily C. S. Marriott
- Centre for Studies in Family Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON Canada
| | - Narlon C. Boa Sorte Silva
- Centre for Studies in Family Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON Canada
- Aging, Mobility, and Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Robert J. Petrella
- Centre for Studies in Family Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON Canada
- School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, ON Canada
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
- Department of Family Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 320 - 5950 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
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Lea Schlagheck M, Wucherer A, Rademacher A, Joisten N, Proschinger S, Walzik D, Bloch W, Kool J, Gonzenbach R, Bansi J, Zimmer P. VO2peak Response Heterogeneity in Persons with Multiple Sclerosis: To HIIT or Not to HIIT? Int J Sports Med 2021; 42:1319-1328. [PMID: 34198345 DOI: 10.1055/a-1481-8639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Exercise is described to provoke enhancements of cardiorespiratory fitness in persons with Multiple Sclerosis (pwMS). However, a high inter-individual variability in training responses has been observed. This analysis investigates response heterogeneity in cardiorespiratory fitness following high intensity interval (HIIT) and moderate continuous training (MCT) and analyzes potential predictors of cardiorespiratory training effects in pwMS. 131 pwMS performed HIIT or MCT 3-5x/ week on a cycle ergometer for three weeks. Individual responses were classified. Finally, a multiple linear regression was conducted to examine potential associations between changes of absolute peak oxygen consumption (absolute ∆V̇O2peak/kg), training modality and participant's characteristics. Results show a time and interaction effect for ∆V̇O2peak/kg. Absolute changes of cardiorespiratory responses were larger and the non-response proportions smaller in HIIT vs. MCT. The model accounting for 8.6% of the variance of ∆V̇O2peak/kg suggests that HIIT, younger age and lower baseline fitness predict a higher absolute ∆V̇O2peak/kg following an exercise intervention. Thus, this work implements a novel approach that investigates potential determinants of cardiorespiratory response heterogeneity within a clinical setting and analyzes a remarkable bigger sample. Further predictors need to be identified to increase the knowledge about response heterogeneity, thereby supporting the development of individualized training recommendations for pwMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit Lea Schlagheck
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Department of Sport and Sport Science, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Anika Wucherer
- Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Annette Rademacher
- Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Niklas Joisten
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Department of Sport and Sport Science, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sebastian Proschinger
- Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - David Walzik
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Department of Sport and Sport Science, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan Kool
- Department of Neurology, Clinics of Valens, Rehabilitation Centre Valens, Valens, Switzerland
| | - Roman Gonzenbach
- Department of Neurology, Clinics of Valens, Rehabilitation Centre Valens, Valens, Switzerland
| | - Jens Bansi
- Department of Neurology, Clinics of Valens, Rehabilitation Centre Valens, Valens, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Zimmer
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Department of Sport and Sport Science, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
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Marçal IR, Goessler KF, Buys R, Casonatto J, Ciolac EG, Cornelissen VA. Post-exercise Hypotension Following a Single Bout of High Intensity Interval Exercise vs. a Single Bout of Moderate Intensity Continuous Exercise in Adults With or Without Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Front Physiol 2021; 12:675289. [PMID: 34262474 PMCID: PMC8274970 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.675289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Post-exercise hypotension (PEH) is an important tool in the daily management of patients with hypertension. Varying the exercise parameters is likely to change the blood pressure (BP) response following a bout of exercise. In recent years, high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) has gained significant popularity in exercise-based prevention and rehabilitation of clinical populations. Yet, to date, it is not known whether a single session of HIIE maximizes PEH more than a bout of moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE). Objective: To compare the effect of HIIE vs. MICE on PEH by means of a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: A systematic search in the electronic databases MEDLINE, Embase, and SPORTDiscus was conducted from the earliest date available until February 24, 2020. Randomized clinical trials comparing the transient effect of a single bout of HIIE to MICE on office and/or ambulatory BP in humans (≥18 years) were included. Data were pooled using random effects models with summary data reported as weighted means and 95% confidence interval (CIs). Results: Data from 14 trials were included, involving 18 comparisons between HIIE and MICE and 276 (193 males) participants. The immediate effects, measured as office BP at 30- and 60-min post-exercise, was similar for a bout of HIIE and MICE (p > 0.05 for systolic and diastolic BP). However, HIIE elicited a more pronounced BP reduction than MICE [(−5.3 mmHg (−7.3 to −3.3)/ −1.63 mmHg (−3.00 to −0.26)] during the subsequent hours of ambulatory daytime monitoring. No differences were observed for ambulatory nighttime BP (p > 0.05). Conclusion: HIIE promoted a larger PEH than MICE on ambulatory daytime BP. However, the number of studies was low, patients were mostly young to middle-aged individuals, and only a few studies included patients with hypertension. Therefore, there is a need for studies that involve older individuals with hypertension and use ambulatory BP monitoring to confirm HIIE's superiority as a safe BP lowering intervention in today's clinical practice. Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42020171640).
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Roque Marçal
- Exercise and Chronic Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, School of Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, Brazil.,Research Group for Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karla Fabiana Goessler
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Medicine (FMUSP), University of Saõ Paulo, Saõ Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roselien Buys
- Research Group for Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Juliano Casonatto
- Research Group in Physiology and Physical Activity, University of Northern Paraná, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Emmanuel Gomes Ciolac
- Exercise and Chronic Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, School of Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, Brazil
| | - Véronique A Cornelissen
- Research Group for Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Meyler S, Bottoms L, Muniz-Pumares D. Biological and methodological factors affecting V ̇ O 2 max response variability to endurance training and the influence of exercise intensity prescription. Exp Physiol 2021; 106:1410-1424. [PMID: 34036650 DOI: 10.1113/ep089565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? Biological and methodological factors associated with the variable changes in cardiorespiratory fitness in response to endurance training. What advances does it highlight? Several biological and methodological factors exist that each contribute, to a given extent, to response variability. Notably, prescribing exercise intensity relative to physiological thresholds reportedly increases cardiorespiratory fitness response rates compared to when prescribed relative to maximum physiological values. As threshold-based approaches elicit more homogeneous acute physiological responses among individuals, when repeated over time, these uniform responses may manifest as more homogeneous chronic adaptations thereby reducing response variability. ABSTRACT Changes in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in response to endurance training (ET) exhibit large variations, possibly due to a multitude of biological and methodological factors. It is acknowledged that ∼20% of individuals may not achieve meaningful increases in CRF in response to ET. Genetics, the most potent biological contributor, has been shown to explain ∼50% of response variability, whilst age, sex and baseline CRF appear to explain a smaller proportion. Methodological factors represent the characteristics of the ET itself, including the type, volume and intensity of exercise, as well as the method used to prescribe and control exercise intensity. Notably, methodological factors are modifiable and, upon manipulation, alter response rates to ET, eliciting increases in CRF regardless of an individual's biological predisposition. Particularly, prescribing exercise intensity relative to a physiological threshold (e.g., ventilatory threshold) is shown to increase CRF response rates compared to when intensity is anchored relative to a maximum physiological value (e.g., maximum heart rate). It is, however, uncertain whether the increased response rates are primarily attributable to reduced response variability, greater mean changes in CRF or both. Future research is warranted to elucidate whether more homogeneous chronic adaptations manifest over time among individuals, as a result of exposure to more homogeneous exercise stimuli elicited by threshold-based practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Meyler
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Lindsay Bottoms
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
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Williams CJ, Li Z, Harvey N, Lea RA, Gurd BJ, Bonafiglia JT, Papadimitriou I, Jacques M, Croci I, Stensvold D, Wisloff U, Taylor JL, Gajanand T, Cox ER, Ramos JS, Fassett RG, Little JP, Francois ME, Hearon CM, Sarma S, Janssen SLJE, Van Craenenbroeck EM, Beckers P, Cornelissen VA, Howden EJ, Keating SE, Yan X, Bishop DJ, Bye A, Haupt LM, Griffiths LR, Ashton KJ, Brown MA, Torquati L, Eynon N, Coombes JS. Genome wide association study of response to interval and continuous exercise training: the Predict-HIIT study. J Biomed Sci 2021; 28:37. [PMID: 33985508 PMCID: PMC8117553 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-021-00733-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low cardiorespiratory fitness (V̇O2peak) is highly associated with chronic disease and mortality from all causes. Whilst exercise training is recommended in health guidelines to improve V̇O2peak, there is considerable inter-individual variability in the V̇O2peak response to the same dose of exercise. Understanding how genetic factors contribute to V̇O2peak training response may improve personalisation of exercise programs. The aim of this study was to identify genetic variants that are associated with the magnitude of V̇O2peak response following exercise training. METHODS Participant change in objectively measured V̇O2peak from 18 different interventions was obtained from a multi-centre study (Predict-HIIT). A genome-wide association study was completed (n = 507), and a polygenic predictor score (PPS) was developed using alleles from single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) significantly associated (P < 1 × 10-5) with the magnitude of V̇O2peak response. Findings were tested in an independent validation study (n = 39) and compared to previous research. RESULTS No variants at the genome-wide significance level were found after adjusting for key covariates (baseline V̇O2peak, individual study, principal components which were significantly associated with the trait). A Quantile-Quantile plot indicates there was minor inflation in the study. Twelve novel loci showed a trend of association with V̇O2peak response that reached suggestive significance (P < 1 × 10-5). The strongest association was found near the membrane associated guanylate kinase, WW and PDZ domain containing 2 (MAGI2) gene (rs6959961, P = 2.61 × 10-7). A PPS created from the 12 lead SNPs was unable to predict V̇O2peak response in a tenfold cross validation, or in an independent (n = 39) validation study (P > 0.1). Significant correlations were found for beta coefficients of variants in the Predict-HIIT (P < 1 × 10-4) and the validation study (P < × 10-6), indicating that general effects of the loci exist, and that with a higher statistical power, more significant genetic associations may become apparent. CONCLUSIONS Ongoing research and validation of current and previous findings is needed to determine if genetics does play a large role in V̇O2peak response variance, and whether genomic predictors for V̇O2peak response trainability can inform evidence-based clinical practice. Trial registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR), Trial Id: ACTRN12618000501246, Date Registered: 06/04/2018, http://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=374601&isReview=true .
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla J Williams
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Zhixiu Li
- Translational Genomics Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicholas Harvey
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia.,Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Genomics Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Rodney A Lea
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Genomics Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Jacob T Bonafiglia
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Ioannis Papadimitriou
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Macsue Jacques
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ilaria Croci
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Cardiac Exercise Research Group (CERG), Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Sport, Movement and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dorthe Stensvold
- Cardiac Exercise Research Group (CERG), Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ulrik Wisloff
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Cardiac Exercise Research Group (CERG), Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jenna L Taylor
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Trishan Gajanand
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Emily R Cox
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Joyce S Ramos
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Caring Futures Institute, SHAPE Research Centre, Exercise Science and Clinical Exercise Physiology, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Robert G Fassett
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jonathan P Little
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Monique E Francois
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Christopher M Hearon
- Internal Medicine, Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Satyam Sarma
- Internal Medicine, Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Sylvan L J E Janssen
- Internal Medicine, Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Paul Beckers
- Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Véronique A Cornelissen
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences - Research Group for Rehabilitation in Internal Disorders, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erin J Howden
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shelley E Keating
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Xu Yan
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Australia Institute for Musculoskeletal Sciences (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David J Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Anja Bye
- Cardiac Exercise Research Group (CERG), Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Cardiology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Larisa M Haupt
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Genomics Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lyn R Griffiths
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Genomics Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kevin J Ashton
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia
| | - Matthew A Brown
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Luciana Torquati
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jeff S Coombes
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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Bell RA, Baldi JC, Jones LM. Additional cardiovascular fitness when progressing from moderate- to high-intensity exercise training in previously trained breast cancer survivors. Support Care Cancer 2021; 29:6645-6650. [PMID: 33956212 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-021-06259-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cardiovascular disease, often secondary to chemotherapy, is the leading cause of death in BC survivors. Increased aerobic capacity improves post-rehabilitation survival; however, many cancer rehabilitation programs are limited to lower intensity training. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is associated with the largest improvements in aerobic capacity; therefore, this study aimed to determine whether HIIT would cause a greater increase in VO2peak than continuous moderate-intensity (MICT) exercise in previously trained BC survivors. METHODS Twenty BC survivors who had completed a low/moderate-intensity exercise rehabilitation program performed a VO2peak test and received a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan at baseline and after randomization into a 12-week HIIT or MICT program. ANOVA with repeated measures determined the effects of the different training programs on aerobic capacity and body composition. RESULTS Both groups began the training program near or above age- and sex-matched VO2peak norms. Pre- to post-intervention improvements in VO2peak (P = 0.006) and waist circumference (P = 0.007) were found in both groups; however, there were no between-group differences. Minute ventilation and peak workload increased in the HIIT group (P < 0.05) but not the MICT group. Body composition was not different after either training program. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that transitioning from low/moderate-intensity exercise to moderate/high-intensity exercise causes further clinically relevant increases in VO2peak in previously trained BC survivors. HIIT did not cause a significantly greater improvement in VO2peak than MICT; however, future studies with greater intensity and frequency of training are encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Bell
- School of Physical Education, Sport & Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Department of Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - James C Baldi
- Department of Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Lynnette M Jones
- School of Physical Education, Sport & Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Gildea N, McDermott A, Rocha J, O’Shea D, Green S, Egaña M. Time course of changes in V̇o2peak and O2 extraction during ramp cycle exercise following HIIT versus moderate-intensity continuous training in type 2 diabetes. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 320:R683-R696. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00318.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we assessed the time course of adaptations in peak oxygen uptake (V̇o2peak) and muscle fractional oxygen (O2) extraction (using near-infrared spectroscopy) following 12 wk of low-volume high-intensity interval training (HIIT) versus moderate-intensity continuous endurance training (MICT) in adults with uncomplicated type 2 diabetes (T2D). Participants with T2D were randomly assigned to MICT ( n = 12, 50 min of moderate-intensity cycling) or HIIT ( n = 9, 10 × 1 min at ∼90% maximal heart rate) or to a nonexercising control group ( n = 9). Exercising groups trained three times per week and measurements were taken every 3 wk. The rate of muscle deoxygenation (i.e., deoxygenated hemoglobin and myoglobin concentration, Δ[HHb + Mb]) profiles of the vastus lateralis muscle were normalized to 100% of the response, plotted against % power output (PO), and fitted with a double linear regression model. V̇o2peak increased ( P < 0.05) by week 3 of MICT (+17%) and HIIT (+8%), with no further significant changes thereafter. Total increases in V̇o2peak posttraining ( P < 0.05) were 27% and 14%, respectively. The %Δ[HHb + Mb] versus %PO slope of the first linear segment ( slope1) was reduced ( P < 0.05) beyond 3 wk of HIIT and MICT, with no further significant changes thereafter. No changes in V̇o2peak or slope1 were observed in the control group. Low-volume HIIT and MICT induced improvements in V̇o2peak following a similar time course, and these improvements were likely, at least in part, due to an improved microvascular O2 delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norita Gildea
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Adam McDermott
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joel Rocha
- Division of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Abertay University, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Donal O’Shea
- Department of Endocrinology, St. Columcille’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, St. Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Simon Green
- Schools of Health Sciences and Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mikel Egaña
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Ghram A, Jenab Y, Soori R, Choobineh S, Hosseinsabet A, Niyazi S, Shirani S, Shafiee A, Jalali A, Lavie CJ, Wisløff U. High-Intensity Interval Training in Patients with Pulmonary Embolism: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:2037-2044. [PMID: 33867496 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE High-intensity interval training (HIIT) appears to be safe and effective in cardiovascular diseases. However, there is a paucity of data on the effect of HIIT for patients with acute pulmonary embolism (PE). The present randomized controlled trial (RCT) therefore examined the efficiency and safety of HIIT in patients with acute PE. METHODS In single-center parallel open-label RCT, 24 patients (5 women) discharged recently with a diagnosis of intermediate-high risk acute PE were randomized (1:1) to supervised HIIT (n = 12) or control (n = 12) group. The primary outcomes were exercise capacity evaluated in terms of the estimated maximal oxygen uptake (eVO2max), lung function (forced expiratory volume in 1 second, FEV1), right ventricular (RV) function, (RV/left ventricle diameter (LV) ratio) and health related quality of life (HRQoL). Safety was the secondary outcome. RESULTS 8-weeks of HIIT improved eVO2max (+65%, p < 0.001), FEV1 (%) (+17%, p = 0.031), and RV/LV ratio diameter (-27%, p = 0.005), as well as HRQoL. All patients in the HIIT group tolerated exercise training without serious adverse events. The control group did not improve (p > 0.05) eVO2max, RV/LV ratio diameter, or HRQoL; however, FEV1 (%) was slightly reduced (-6%, p = 0.030). CONCLUSION The present RCT of a tailored center based HIIT intervention provides preliminary evidence that this intervention could improve exercise capacity, lung function, RV function, and HRQoL without serious adverse events, which could provide marked clinical benefits following PE. Further larger multicenter randomized controlled studies are needed to confirm these promising findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Ghram
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Department of Cardiac Rehabilitation, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Department of Interventional Cardiology, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Head of Imaging Department, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Department of Cardiovascular Research, Tehran Heart Center, Cardiovascular Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, Ochsner Clinical School-the University of Queensland School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA Cardiac Exercise Research Group at the Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Maturana FM, Schellhorn P, Erz G, Burgstahler C, Widmann M, Munz B, Soares RN, Murias JM, Thiel A, Nieß AM. Individual cardiovascular responsiveness to work-matched exercise within the moderate- and severe-intensity domains. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:2039-2059. [PMID: 33811557 PMCID: PMC8192395 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04676-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Purpose We investigated the cardiovascular individual response to 6 weeks (3×/week) of work-matched within the severe-intensity domain (high-intensity interval training, HIIT) or moderate-intensity domain (moderate-intensity continuous training, MICT). In addition, we analyzed the cardiovascular factors at baseline underlying the response variability. Methods 42 healthy sedentary participants were randomly assigned to HIIT or MICT. We applied the region of practical equivalence-method for identifying the levels of responders to the maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) response. For investigating the influence of cardiovascular markers, we trained a Bayesian machine learning model on cardiovascular markers. Results Despite that HIIT and MICT induced significant increases in V̇O2max, HIIT had greater improvements than MICT (p < 0.001). Greater variability was observed in MICT, with approximately 50% classified as “non-responder” and “undecided”. 20 “responders”, one “undecided” and no “non-responders” were observed in HIIT. The variability in the ∆V̇O2max was associated with initial cardiorespiratory fitness, arterial stiffness, and left-ventricular (LV) mass and LV end-diastolic diameter in HIIT; whereas, microvascular responsiveness and right-ventricular (RV) excursion velocity showed a significant association in MICT. Conclusion Our findings highlight the critical influence of exercise-intensity domains and biological variability on the individual V̇O2max response. The incidence of “non-responders” in MICT was one third of the group; whereas, no “non-responders” were observed in HIIT. The incidence of “responders” was 11 out of 21 participants in MICT, and 20 out of 21 participants in HIIT. The response in HIIT showed associations with baseline fitness, arterial stiffness, and LV-morphology; whereas, it was associated with RV systolic function in MICT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Mattioni Maturana
- Sports Medicine Department, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- Interfaculty Research Institute for Sport and Physical Activity, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Philipp Schellhorn
- Sports Medicine Department, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gunnar Erz
- Sports Medicine Department, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Manuel Widmann
- Sports Medicine Department, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Interfaculty Research Institute for Sport and Physical Activity, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Barbara Munz
- Sports Medicine Department, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Interfaculty Research Institute for Sport and Physical Activity, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Juan M Murias
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Ansgar Thiel
- Interfaculty Research Institute for Sport and Physical Activity, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute of Sports Science, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas M Nieß
- Sports Medicine Department, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Interfaculty Research Institute for Sport and Physical Activity, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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50
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Gildea N, McDermott A, Rocha J, O'Shea D, Green S, Egaña M. Time-course of V̇o 2 kinetics responses during moderate-intensity exercise subsequent to HIIT versus moderate-intensity continuous training in type 2 diabetes. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 130:1646-1659. [PMID: 33792400 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00952.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed the time-course of changes in oxygen uptake (V̇o2) and muscle deoxygenation (i.e., deoxygenated hemoglobin and myoglobin, [HHb + Mb]) kinetics during transitions to moderate-intensity cycling following 12 wk of low-volume high-intensity interval training (HIIT) vs. moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) in adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Participants were randomly assigned to MICT (n = 10, 50 min of moderate-intensity cycling), HIIT (n = 9, 10 × 1 min at ∼90% maximal heart rate), or nonexercising control (n = 9) groups. Exercising groups trained three times per week, and measurements were taken every 3 wk. [HHb + Mb] kinetics were measured by near-infrared spectroscopy at the vastus lateralis muscle. The local matching of O2 delivery to O2 utilization was assessed by the Δ[HHb + Mb]/ΔV̇o2 ratio. The pretraining time constant of the primary phase of V̇o2 (τV̇o2p) decreased (P < 0.05) at wk 3 of training in both MICT (from 44 ± 12 to 32 ± 5 s) and HIIT (from 42 ± 8 to 32 ± 4 s) with no further changes thereafter, whereas no changes were reported in controls. The pretraining overall dynamic response of muscle deoxygenation (τ'[HHb + Mb]) was faster than τV̇o2p in all groups, resulting in Δ[HHb + Mb]/V̇o2p showing a transient "overshoot" relative to the subsequent steady-state level. After 3 wk, the Δ[HHb + Mb]/V̇o2p overshoot was eliminated only in the training groups, so that τ'[HHb + Mb] was not different to τV̇o2p in MICT and HIIT. The enhanced V̇o2 kinetics response consequent to both MICT and HIIT in T2D was likely attributed to a training-induced improvement in matching of O2 delivery to utilization.NEW & NOTEWORTHY High-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training elicited faster pulmonary oxygen uptake (V̇o2) kinetics during moderate-intensity cycling within 3 wk of training with no further changes thereafter in individuals with type 2 diabetes. These adaptations were accompanied by unaltered near-infrared spectroscopy-derived muscle deoxygenation (i.e. deoxygenated hemoglobin and myoglobin concentration, [HHb+Mb]) kinetics and transiently reduced Δ[HHb+Mb]-to-ΔV̇o2 ratio, suggesting an enhanced blood flow distribution within the active muscles subsequent to both training interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norita Gildea
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Adam McDermott
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joel Rocha
- Division of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Abertay University, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Donal O'Shea
- Department of Endocrinology, St. Columcille's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Simon Green
- Schools of Health Sciences and Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mikel Egaña
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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