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Scholtysek L, Poetsch A, Hofmann E, Hemschemeier A. The activation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii alpha amylase 2 by glutamine requires its N-terminal aspartate kinase-chorismate mutase-tyrA (ACT) domain. PLANT DIRECT 2024; 8:e609. [PMID: 38911017 PMCID: PMC11190351 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
The coordination of assimilation pathways for all the elements that make up cellular components is a vital task for every organism. Integrating the assimilation and use of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) is of particular importance because of the high cellular abundance of these elements. Starch is one of the most important storage polymers of photosynthetic organisms, and a complex regulatory network ensures that biosynthesis and degradation of starch are coordinated with photosynthetic activity and growth. Here, we analyzed three starch metabolism enzymes of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii that we captured by a cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) affinity chromatography approach, namely, soluble starch synthase STA3, starch-branching enzyme SBE1, and α-amylase AMA2. While none of the recombinant enzymes was directly affected by the presence of cGMP or other nucleotides, suggesting an indirect binding to cGMP, AMA2 activity was stimulated in the presence of L-glutamine (Gln). This activating effect required the enzyme's N-terminal aspartate kinase-chorismate mutase-tyrA domain. Gln is the first N assimilation product and not only a central compound for the biosynthesis of N-containing molecules but also a recognized signaling molecule for the N status. Our observation suggests that AMA2 might be a means to coordinate N and C metabolism at the enzymatic level, increasing the liberation of C skeletons from starch when high Gln levels signal an abundance of assimilated N.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Scholtysek
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, PhotobiotechnologyRuhr University BochumBochumGermany
| | - Ansgar Poetsch
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Department for Plant BiochemistryRuhr University BochumBochumGermany
- School of Basic Medical SciencesNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Eckhard Hofmann
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Protein CrystallographyRuhr University BochumBochumGermany
| | - Anja Hemschemeier
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, PhotobiotechnologyRuhr University BochumBochumGermany
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2
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Yoshida K, Hisabori T. Divergent Protein Redox Dynamics and Their Relationship with Electron Transport Efficiency during Photosynthesis Induction. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 65:737-747. [PMID: 38305687 PMCID: PMC11138366 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcae013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Various chloroplast proteins are activated/deactivated during the light/dark cycle via the redox regulation system. Although the photosynthetic electron transport chain provides reducing power to redox-sensitive proteins via the ferredoxin (Fd)/thioredoxin (Trx) pathway for their enzymatic activity control, how the redox states of individual proteins are linked to electron transport efficiency remains uncharacterized. Here we addressed this subject with a focus on the photosynthetic induction phase. We used Arabidopsis plants, in which the amount of Fd-Trx reductase (FTR), a core component in the Fd/Trx pathway, was genetically altered. Several chloroplast proteins showed different redox shift responses toward low- and high-light treatments. The light-dependent reduction of Calvin-Benson cycle enzymes fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) and sedoheptulose 1,7-bisphosphatase (SBPase) was partially impaired in the FTR-knockdown ftrb mutant. Simultaneous analyses of chlorophyll fluorescence and P700 absorbance change indicated that the induction of the electron transport reactions was delayed in the ftrb mutant. FTR overexpression also mildly affected the reduction patterns of FBPase and SBPase under high-light conditions, which were accompanied by the modification of electron transport properties. Accordingly, the redox states of FBPase and SBPase were linearly correlated with electron transport rates. In contrast, ATP synthase was highly reduced even when electron transport reactions were not fully induced. Furthermore, the redox response of proton gradient regulation 5-like photosynthetic phenotype1 (PGRL1; a protein involved in cyclic electron transport) did not correlate with electron transport rates. Our results provide insights into the working dynamics of the redox regulation system and their differential associations with photosynthetic electron transport efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Yoshida
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501 Japan
| | - Toru Hisabori
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501 Japan
- Internantional Research Frontiers Initiative, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501 Japan
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3
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Umnajkitikorn K, Boonchuen P, Senavongse R, Tongta S, Tian Y, Hu Y, Petersen BL, Blennow A. Transcriptomics and starch biosynthesis analysis in leaves and developing seeds of mung bean provide a basis for genetic engineering of starch composition and seed quality. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1332150. [PMID: 38751837 PMCID: PMC11094274 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1332150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Mung bean starch is distinguished by its exceptional high amylose content and regulation of starch biosynthesis in leaves and storage tissues, such as seeds, share considerable similarities. Genetic engineering of starch composition and content, requires detailed knowledge of starch biosynthetic gene expression and enzymatic regulation. In this study we applied detailed transcriptomic analyses to unravel the global differential gene expression patterns in mung bean leaves and in seeds during various stages of development. The objective was to identify candidate genes and regulatory mechanisms that may enable generation of desirable seed qualities through the use of genetic engineering. Notable differences in gene expression, in particular low expression of the Protein Targeting to Starch (PTST), starch synthase (SS) 3, and starch branching enzyme1 (SBE1) encoding genes in developing seeds as compared to leaves were evident. These differences were related to starch molecular structures and granule morphologies. Specifically, the starch molecular size distribution at different stages of seed development correlated with the starch biosynthesis gene expression of the SBE1, SS1, granule-bound starch synthases (GBSS) and isoamylase 1 (ISA1) encoding genes. Furthermore, putative hormonal and redox controlled regulation were observed, which may be explained by abscisic acid (ABA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) induced signal transduction, and redox regulation of ferredoxins and thioredoxins, respectively. The morphology of starch granules in leaves and developing seeds were clearly distinguishable and could be correlated to differential expression of SS1. Here, we present a first comprehensive transcriptomic dataset of developing mung bean seeds, and combined these findings may enable generation of genetic engineering strategies of for example starch biosynthetic genes for increasing starch levels in seeds and constitute a valuable toolkit for improving mung bean seed quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamolchanok Umnajkitikorn
- School of Crop Production Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Pakpoom Boonchuen
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Rattanavalee Senavongse
- School of Crop Production Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Sunanta Tongta
- School of Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Yu Tian
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen University, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Yaqi Hu
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen University, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Bent Larsen Petersen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen University, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Andreas Blennow
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen University, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Yemelyanov VV, Puzanskiy RK, Shishova MF. Plant Life with and without Oxygen: A Metabolomics Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16222. [PMID: 38003412 PMCID: PMC10671363 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxygen deficiency is an environmental challenge which affects plant growth, the development and distribution in land and aquatic ecosystems, as well as crop yield losses worldwide. The capacity to exist in the conditions of deficiency or the complete lack of oxygen depends on a number of anatomic, developmental and molecular adaptations. The lack of molecular oxygen leads to an inhibition of aerobic respiration, which causes energy starvation and the acceleration of glycolysis passing into fermentations. We focus on systemic metabolic alterations revealed with the different approaches of metabolomics. Oxygen deprivation stimulates the accumulation of glucose, pyruvate and lactate, indicating the acceleration of the sugar metabolism, glycolysis and lactic fermentation, respectively. Among the Krebs-cycle metabolites, only the succinate level increases. Amino acids related to glycolysis, including the phosphoglycerate family (Ser and Gly), shikimate family (Phe, Tyr and Trp) and pyruvate family (Ala, Leu and Val), are greatly elevated. Members of the Asp family (Asn, Lys, Met, Thr and Ile), as well as the Glu family (Glu, Pro, Arg and GABA), accumulate as well. These metabolites are important members of the metabolic signature of oxygen deficiency in plants, linking glycolysis with an altered Krebs cycle and allowing alternative pathways of NAD(P)H reoxidation to avoid the excessive accumulation of toxic fermentation products (lactate, acetaldehyde, ethanol). Reoxygenation induces the downregulation of the levels of major anaerobically induced metabolites, including lactate, succinate and amino acids, especially members of the pyruvate family (Ala, Leu and Val), Tyr and Glu family (GABA and Glu) and Asp family (Asn, Met, Thr and Ile). The metabolic profiles during native and environmental hypoxia are rather similar, consisting in the accumulation of fermentation products, succinate, fumarate and amino acids, particularly Ala, Gly and GABA. The most intriguing fact is that metabolic alterations during oxidative stress are very much similar, with plant response to oxygen deprivation but not to reoxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav V. Yemelyanov
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Roman K. Puzanskiy
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (R.K.P.); (M.F.S.)
- Laboratory of Analytical Phytochemistry, Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maria F. Shishova
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (R.K.P.); (M.F.S.)
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Wittmann D, Geigenberger P, Grimm B. NTRC and TRX-f Coordinately Affect the Levels of Enzymes of Chlorophyll Biosynthesis in a Light-Dependent Manner. Cells 2023; 12:1670. [PMID: 37371140 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Redox regulation of plastid gene expression and different metabolic pathways promotes many activities of redox-sensitive proteins. We address the question of how the plastid redox state and the contributing reducing enzymes control the enzymes of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis (TBS). In higher plants, this metabolic pathway serves to produce chlorophyll and heme, among other essential end products. Because of the strictly light-dependent synthesis of chlorophyll, tight control of TBS requires a diurnal balanced supply of the precursor 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) to prevent the accumulation of photoreactive metabolic intermediates in darkness. We report on some TBS enzymes that accumulate in a light intensity-dependent manner, and their contents decrease under oxidizing conditions of darkness, low light conditions, or in the absence of NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase (NTRC) and thioredoxin f1 (TRX-f1). Analysis of single and double trxf1 and ntrc mutants revealed a decreased content of the early TBS enzymes glutamyl-tRNA reductase (GluTR) and 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) instead of an exclusive decrease in enzyme activity. This effect was dependent on light conditions and strongly attenuated after transfer to high light intensities. Thus, it is suggested that a deficiency of plastid-localized thiol-redox transmitters leads to enhanced degradation of TBS enzymes rather than being directly caused by lower catalytic activity. The effects of the proteolytic activity of the Clp protease on TBS enzymes were studied by using Clp subunit-deficient mutants. The simultaneous lack of TRX and Clp activities in double mutants confirms the Clp-induced degradation of some TBS proteins in the absence of reductive activity of TRXs. In addition, we verified previous observations that decreased chlorophyll and heme levels in ntrc could be reverted to WT levels in the ntrc/Δ2cp triple mutant. The decreased synthesis of 5-aminolevulinic acid and porphobilinogen in ntrc was completely restored in ntrc/Δ2cp and correlated with WT-like levels of GluTR, ALAD, and other TBS proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wittmann
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Geigenberger
- Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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6
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Barone GD, Hubáček M, Malihan-Yap L, Grimm HC, Nikkanen L, Pacheco CC, Tamagnini P, Allahverdiyeva Y, Kourist R. Towards the rate limit of heterologous biotechnological reactions in recombinant cyanobacteria. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:4. [PMID: 36609316 PMCID: PMC9825001 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02237-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyanobacteria have emerged as highly efficient organisms for the production of chemicals and biofuels. Yet, the productivity of the cell has been low for commercial application. Cyanobacterial photobiotransformations utilize photosynthetic electrons to form reducing equivalents, such as NADPH-to-fuel biocatalytic reactions. These photobiotransformations are a measure to which extent photosynthetic electrons can be deviated toward heterologous biotechnological processes, such as the production of biofuels. By expressing oxidoreductases, such as YqjM from Bacillus subtilis in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, a high specific activity was obtained in the reduction of maleimides. Here, we investigated the possibility to accelerate the NAD(P)H-consuming redox reactions by addition of carbohydrates as exogenous carbon sources such as D-Glucose under light and darkness. RESULTS A 1.7-fold increase of activity (150 µmol min-1 gDCW-1) was observed upon addition of D-Glucose at an OD750 = 2.5 (DCW = 0.6 g L-1) in the biotransformation of 2-methylmaleimide. The stimulating effect of D-Glucose was also observed at higher cell densities in light and dark conditions as well as in the reduction of other substrates. No increase in both effective photosynthetic yields of Photosystem II and Photosystem I was found upon D-Glucose addition. However, we observed higher NAD(P)H fluorescence when D-Glucose was supplemented, suggesting increased glycolytic activity. Moreover, the system was scaled-up (working volume of 200 mL) in an internally illuminated Bubble Column Reactor exhibiting a 2.4-fold increase of specific activity under light-limited conditions. CONCLUSIONS Results show that under photoautotrophic conditions at a specific activity of 90 µmol min-1 gDCW-1, the ene-reductase YqjM in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 is not NAD(P)H saturated, which is an indicator that an increase of the rates of heterologous electron consuming processes for catalysis and biofuel production will require funnelling further reducing power from the photosynthetic chain toward heterologous processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Davide Barone
- grid.410413.30000 0001 2294 748XBiocatalysis and Protein Engineering, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Michal Hubáček
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Lenny Malihan-Yap
- grid.410413.30000 0001 2294 748XBiocatalysis and Protein Engineering, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Hanna C. Grimm
- grid.410413.30000 0001 2294 748XBiocatalysis and Protein Engineering, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Lauri Nikkanen
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Catarina C. Pacheco
- grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Tamagnini
- grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Yagut Allahverdiyeva
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Robert Kourist
- grid.410413.30000 0001 2294 748XBiocatalysis and Protein Engineering, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Zhang Y, Zhu J, Khan M, Wang Y, Xiao W, Fang T, Qu J, Xiao P, Li C, Liu JH. Transcription factors ABF4 and ABR1 synergistically regulate amylase-mediated starch catabolism in drought tolerance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:591-609. [PMID: 36102815 PMCID: PMC9806598 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
β-Amylase (BAM)-mediated starch degradation is a main source of soluble sugars that help plants adapt to environmental stresses. Here, we demonstrate that dehydration-induced expression of PtrBAM3 in trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.) functions positively in drought tolerance via modulation of starch catabolism. Two transcription factors, PtrABF4 (P. trifoliata abscisic acid-responsive element-binding factor 4) and PtrABR1 (P. trifoliata ABA repressor 1), were identified as upstream transcriptional activators of PtrBAM3 through yeast one-hybrid library screening and protein-DNA interaction assays. Both PtrABF4 and PtrABR1 played a positive role in plant drought tolerance by modulating soluble sugar accumulation derived from BAM3-mediated starch decomposition. In addition, PtrABF4 could directly regulate PtrABR1 expression by binding to its promoter, leading to a regulatory cascade to reinforce the activation of PtrBAM3. Moreover, PtrABF4 physically interacted with PtrABR1 to form a protein complex that further promoted the transcriptional regulation of PtrBAM3. Taken together, our finding reveals that a transcriptional cascade composed of ABF4 and ABR1 works synergistically to upregulate BAM3 expression and starch catabolism in response to drought condition. The results shed light on the understanding of the regulatory molecular mechanisms underlying BAM-mediated soluble sugar accumulation for rendering drought tolerance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jian Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Madiha Khan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tian Fang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jing Qu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Peng Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chunlong Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ji-Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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8
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Alipour S, Wojciechowska N, Bujarska-Borkowska B, Kalemba EM. Distinct redox state regulation in the seedling performance of Norway maple and sycamore. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2023; 136:83-96. [PMID: 36385674 PMCID: PMC9831958 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-022-01419-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Norway maple and sycamore, two Acer genus species, have an important ecological value and different sensitivity to stressing factors being currently aggravated by climate change. Seedling growth is postulated to be the main barrier for successful plant establishment under the climate change scenarios. Therefore, the differences in redox regulation during the seedling performance of Norway maple and sycamore were investigated. Seeds of the two Acer species exhibited an identical high germination capacity, whereas seedling emergence was higher in sycamores. PCA analyses revealed that there is more diversification in the leaf characteristics than roots. Norway maple displayed a higher chlorophyll content index (CCI) with a similar leaf mass whereas sycamore seedlings exhibited a higher normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), higher water content, higher root biomass and higher shoot height. Based on NDVI, sycamore seedlings appeared as very healthy plants, whereas Norway maple seedlings displayed a moderate healthy phenotype. Therefore, redox basis of seedling performance was investigated. The total pool of glutathione was four times higher in sycamore leaves than in Norway maple leaves and was reflected in highly reduced half-cell reduction potential of glutathione. Sycamore leaves contained more ascorbate because the content of its reduced form (AsA) was twice as high as in Norway maple. Therefore, the AsA/DHA ratio was balanced in sycamore leaves, reaching 1, and was halved in Norway maple leaves. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate content was twice as high in sycamore leaves than in Norway maples; however, its reduced form (NADPH) was predominant in Norway maple seedlings. Norway maple leaves exhibited the highest anabolic and catabolic redox charge. The higher reduction capacity and the activity of NADPH-dependent reductases in Norway maple leaves possibly resulted in higher CCI, whereas the larger root system contributed to higher NDVI in sycamore. The different methods of controlling redox parameters in Acer seedlings grown at controlled conditions provided here can be useful in understanding how tree species can cope with a changing environment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Alipour
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Parkowa 5, 62035, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Natalia Wojciechowska
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Parkowa 5, 62035, Kórnik, Poland
- Department of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Ewa Marzena Kalemba
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Parkowa 5, 62035, Kórnik, Poland.
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9
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The ferredoxin/thioredoxin pathway constitutes an indispensable redox-signaling cascade for light-dependent reduction of chloroplast stromal proteins. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102650. [PMID: 36448836 PMCID: PMC9712825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To ensure efficient photosynthesis, chloroplast proteins need to be flexibly regulated under fluctuating light conditions. Thiol-based redox regulation plays a key role in reductively activating several chloroplast proteins in a light-dependent manner. The ferredoxin (Fd)/thioredoxin (Trx) pathway has long been recognized as the machinery that transfers reducing power generated by photosynthetic electron transport reactions to redox-sensitive target proteins; however, its biological importance remains unclear, because the complete disruption of the Fd/Trx pathway in plants has been unsuccessful to date. Especially, recent identifications of multiple redox-related factors in chloroplasts, as represented by the NADPH-Trx reductase C, have raised a controversial proposal that other redox pathways work redundantly with the Fd/Trx pathway. To address these issues directly, we used CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to create Arabidopsis mutant plants in which the activity of the Fd/Trx pathway was completely defective. The mutants generated showed severe growth inhibition. Importantly, these mutants almost entirely lost the ability to reduce several redox-sensitive proteins in chloroplast stroma, including four Calvin-Benson cycle enzymes, NADP-malate dehydrogenase, and Rubisco activase, under light conditions. These striking phenotypes were further accompanied by abnormally developed chloroplasts and a drastic decline in photosynthetic efficiency. These results indicate that the Fd/Trx pathway is indispensable for the light-responsive activation of diverse stromal proteins and photoautotrophic growth of plants. Our data also suggest that the ATP synthase is exceptionally reduced by other pathways in a redundant manner. This study provides an important insight into how the chloroplast redox-regulatory system operates in vivo.
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10
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Rees H, Rusholme-Pilcher R, Bailey P, Colmer J, White B, Reynolds C, Ward SJ, Coombes B, Graham CA, de Barros Dantas LL, Dodd AN, Hall A. Circadian regulation of the transcriptome in a complex polyploid crop. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001802. [PMID: 36227835 PMCID: PMC9560141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock is a finely balanced timekeeping mechanism that coordinates programmes of gene expression. It is currently unknown how the clock regulates expression of homoeologous genes in polyploids. Here, we generate a high-resolution time-course dataset to investigate the circadian balance between sets of 3 homoeologous genes (triads) from hexaploid bread wheat. We find a large proportion of circadian triads exhibit imbalanced rhythmic expression patterns, with no specific subgenome favoured. In wheat, period lengths of rhythmic transcripts are found to be longer and have a higher level of variance than in other plant species. Expression of transcripts associated with circadian controlled biological processes is largely conserved between wheat and Arabidopsis; however, striking differences are seen in agriculturally critical processes such as starch metabolism. Together, this work highlights the ongoing selection for balance versus diversification in circadian homoeologs and identifies clock-controlled pathways that might provide important targets for future wheat breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Rees
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Paul Bailey
- Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua Colmer
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamen White
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Connor Reynolds
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Benedict Coombes
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Calum A. Graham
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - Antony N. Dodd
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Hall
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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11
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Mutation of OsSAC3, Encoding the Xanthine Dehydrogenase, Caused Early Senescence in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911053. [PMID: 36232356 PMCID: PMC9569572 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In both animals and higher plants, xanthine dehydrogenase is a highly conserved housekeeping enzyme in purine degradation where it oxidizes hypoxanthine to xanthine and xanthine to uric acid. Previous reports demonstrated that xanthine dehydrogenase played a vital role in N metabolism and stress response. Is xanthine dehydrogenase involved in regulating leaf senescence? A recessive early senescence mutant with excess sugar accumulation, ossac3, was isolated previously by screening the EMS-induced mutant library. Here, we show that xanthine dehydrogenase not only plays a role in N metabolism but also involved in regulating carbon metabolism in rice. Based on map-based cloning, OsSAC3 was identified, which encodes the xanthine dehydrogenase. OsSAC3 was constitutively expressed in all examined tissues and the OsSAC3 protein located in the cytoplasm. Transcriptional analysis revealed purine metabolism, chlorophyll metabolism, photosynthesis, sugar metabolism and redox balance were affected in the ossac3 mutant. Moreover, carbohydrate distribution was changed, leading to the accumulation of sucrose and starch in the leaves containing ossac3 on account of decreased expression of OsSWEET3a, OsSWEET6a and OsSWEET14 and oxidized inactivation of starch degradation enzymes in ossac3. These results indicated that OsSAC3 played a vital role in leaf senescence by regulating carbon metabolism in rice.
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12
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Wang N, Xing C, Qu G, Zhuo J, Wang X, Li Y, Yan Y, Li X. New insight into the sucrose biosynthesis pathway from genome-wide identification, gene expression analysis, and subcellular localization in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 276:153770. [PMID: 35932649 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose, the main synthesized product and transported form of photoassimilates, moves from leaves to support plant growth and storage substance biosynthesis occurring in the heterotrophic sink organs. Enhancing sucrose biosynthesis efficiency is a top priority for crop yield breeding programs. However, the molecular mechanism of sucrose biosynthesis is still elusive, especially in wheat. We performed transcriptome sequencing, subcellular localization, and bioinformatics analysis to identify key isoforms and metabolic branches associated with sucrose biosynthesis in wheat. Our analysis identified 45 genes from 13 families that exhibited high expression in young leaves with an evident diurnal change. The carbon flux from photoassimilates to sucrose was divided into two pathways. In the cytoplasm, assimilates initiating at phosphotrioses (TPs) exported by TaTPT1 from chloroplasts flowed along the TP-Sucrose branch formed by TaALD6, TaFBP5, TacPGI, TacPGM, TaUGP1, TaSPS5, and TaSPP1. Intermediates either from the Calvin cycle or TP-Sucrose branch were converted into ADPGlc to synthesize the simple starch, which was transiently degraded by a series of enzymes, including TaBAM4 and TaSEX4 in the chloroplast. Similar to the starch-biosynthesis branch in endosperms, the TP-Sucrose branch is the most prominent in leaves because each reaction can be catalyzed by at least one highly expressed isoform with expected cytosolic localization. The key isoforms and major branches highlighted in the wheat sucrose biosynthesis pathway expand our molecular understanding of crop sucrose biosynthesis and provide clues to increase wheat yield by enhancing the sucrose synthesis efficiency of leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Caihong Xing
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Ge Qu
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Jiahui Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yaxuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yueming Yan
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China.
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13
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Harding SA, Tuma TT, Aulakh K, Ortega MA, Ci D, Ou Y, Tsai CJ. Tonoplast Sucrose Trafficking Modulates Starch Utilization and Water Deficit Behavior in Poplar Leaves. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 63:1117-1129. [PMID: 35727111 PMCID: PMC9381566 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Leaf osmotic adjustment by the active accrual of compatible organic solutes (e.g. sucrose) contributes to drought tolerance throughout the plant kingdom. In Populus tremula x alba, PtaSUT4 encodes a tonoplast sucrose-proton symporter, whose downregulation by chronic mild drought or transgenic manipulation is known to increase leaf sucrose and turgor. While this may constitute a single drought tolerance mechanism, we now report that other adjustments which can occur during a worsening water deficit are damped when PtaSUT4 is constitutively downregulated. Specifically, we report that starch use and leaf relative water content (RWC) dynamics were compromised when plants with constitutively downregulated PtaSUT4 were subjected to a water deficit. Leaf RWC decreased more in wild-type and vector control lines than in transgenic PtaSUT4-RNAi (RNA-interference) or CRISPR (clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats) knockout (KO) lines. The control line RWC decrease was accompanied by increased PtaSUT4 transcript levels and a mobilization of sucrose from the mesophyll-enriched leaf lamina into the midvein. The findings suggest that changes in SUT4 expression can increase turgor or decrease RWC as different tolerance mechanisms to reduced water availability. Evidence is presented that PtaSUT4-mediated sucrose partitioning between the vacuole and the cytosol is important not only for overall sucrose abundance and turgor, but also for reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant dynamics. Interestingly, the reduced capacity for accelerated starch breakdown under worsening water-deficit conditions was correlated with reduced ROS in the RNAi and KO lines. A role for PtaSUT4 in the orchestration of ROS, antioxidant, starch utilization and RWC dynamics during water stress and its importance in trees especially, with their high hydraulic resistances, is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Trevor T Tuma
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kavita Aulakh
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Maria A Ortega
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Dong Ci
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yongbin Ou
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, Sichuan, China
| | - Chung-Jui Tsai
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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14
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Zhong Y, Qu JZ, Liu X, Ding L, Liu Y, Bertoft E, Petersen BL, Hamaker BR, Hebelstrup KH, Blennow A. Different genetic strategies to generate high amylose starch mutants by engineering the starch biosynthetic pathways. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 287:119327. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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15
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Wang K, Cai S, Xing Q, Qi Z, Fotopoulos V, Yu J, Zhou J. Melatonin delays dark-induced leaf senescence by inducing miR171b expression in tomato. J Pineal Res 2022; 72:e12792. [PMID: 35174545 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin functions in multiple aspects of plant growth, development, and stress response. Nonetheless, the mechanism of melatonin in plant carbon metabolism remains largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the influence of melatonin on the degradation of starch in tomato leaves. Results showed that exogenous melatonin attenuated carbon starvation-induced chlorophyll degradation and leaf senescence. In addition, melatonin delayed leaf starch degradation and inhibited the transcription of starch-degrading enzymes after sunset. Interestingly, melatonin-alleviated symptoms of leaf senescence and starch degradation were compromised when the first key gene for starch degradation, α-glucan water dikinase (GWD), was overexpressed. Furthermore, exogenous melatonin significantly upregulated the transcript levels of several microRNAs, including miR171b. Crucially, the GWD gene was identified as a target of miR171b, and the overexpression of miR171b ameliorated the carbon starvation-induced degradation of chlorophyll and starch, and inhibited the expression of the GWD gene. Taken together, these results demonstrate that melatonin promotes plant tolerance against carbon starvation by upregulating the expression of miR171b, which can directly inhibit GWD expression in tomato leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixin Wang
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuyu Cai
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qufan Xing
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenyu Qi
- Agricultural Experiment Station, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Vasileios Fotopoulos
- Department of Agricultural Sciences Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Lemesos, Cyprus
| | - Jingquan Yu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plants Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plants Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Shandong (Linyi) Institute of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Linyi, People's Republic of China
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16
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Gao H, Niu J, Zhao W, Zhang D, Li S, Xu Y, Liu Y. The Effect and Regulation Mechanism of Powdery Mildew on Wheat Grain Carbon Metabolism. STARCH-STARKE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/star.202100239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyun Gao
- School of Life Sciences Zhengzhou Normal University Zhengzhou 450044 China
| | - Jishan Niu
- National Centre of Engineering and Technological Research for Wheat Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou 450046 China
| | - Wanyong Zhao
- College of Food and Bioengineering Zhengzhou University of Light Industry Zhengzhou 450000 China
| | - Dale Zhang
- School of Life Sciences Henan University Kaifeng 475004 China
| | - Suoping Li
- School of Life Sciences Henan University Kaifeng 475004 China
| | - Yanhua Xu
- School of Life Sciences Zhengzhou Normal University Zhengzhou 450044 China
| | - Yumiao Liu
- School of Life Sciences Zhengzhou Normal University Zhengzhou 450044 China
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17
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Ma Y, Choi SR, Wang Y, Chhapekar SS, Zhang X, Wang Y, Zhang X, Zhu M, Liu D, Zuo Z, Yan X, Gan C, Zhao D, Liang Y, Pang W, Lim YP. Starch content changes and metabolism-related gene regulation of Chinese cabbage synergistically induced by Plasmodiophora brassicae infection. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhab071. [PMID: 35043157 PMCID: PMC9015896 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Clubroot is one of the major diseases adversely affecting Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa) yield and quality. To precisely characterize the Plasmodiophora brassicae infection on Chinese cabbage, we developed a dual fluorescent staining method for simultaneously examining the pathogen, cell structures, and starch grains. The number of starch (amylopectin) grains increased in B. rapa roots infected by P. brassicae, especially from 14 to 21 days after inoculation. Therefore, the expression levels of 38 core starch metabolism genes were investigated by quantitative real-time PCR. Most genes related to starch synthesis were up-regulated at seven days after the P. brassicae inoculation, whereas the expression levels of the starch degradation-related genes increased at 14 days after the inoculation. Then genes encoding the core enzymes involved in starch metabolism were investigated by assessing their chromosomal distributions, structures, duplication events, and synteny among Brassica species. Genome comparisons indicated that 38 non-redundant genes belonging to six core gene families related to starch metabolism are highly conserved among Arabidopsis thaliana, B. rapa, Brassica nigra, and Brassica oleracea. Genome sequencing projects have revealed that P. brassicae obtained host nutrients by manipulating plant metabolism. Starch may serve as a carbon source for P. brassicae colonization as indicated by the histological observation and transcriptomic analysis. Results of this study may elucidate the evolution and expression of core starch metabolism genes and provide researchers with novel insights into the pathogenesis of clubroot in B. rapa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinbo Ma
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Molecular Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Ryun Choi
- Molecular Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Sushil Satish Chhapekar
- Molecular Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Xue Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yingjun Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xueying Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Meiyu Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Di Liu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Zhennan Zuo
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xinyu Yan
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Caixia Gan
- Cash Crops Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Enhancement and Genetic Improvement, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Di Zhao
- Analytical and Testing Center, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yue Liang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Wenxing Pang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yong Pyo Lim
- Molecular Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
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18
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Matiolli CC, Soares RC, Alves HLS, Abreu IA. Turning the Knobs: The Impact of Post-translational Modifications on Carbon Metabolism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:781508. [PMID: 35087551 PMCID: PMC8787203 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.781508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plants rely on the carbon fixed by photosynthesis into sugars to grow and reproduce. However, plants often face non-ideal conditions caused by biotic and abiotic stresses. These constraints impose challenges to managing sugars, the most valuable plant asset. Hence, the precise management of sugars is crucial to avoid starvation under adverse conditions and sustain growth. This review explores the role of post-translational modifications (PTMs) in the modulation of carbon metabolism. PTMs consist of chemical modifications of proteins that change protein properties, including protein-protein interaction preferences, enzymatic activity, stability, and subcellular localization. We provide a holistic view of how PTMs tune resource distribution among different physiological processes to optimize plant fitness.
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19
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Motto M, Sahay S. Energy plants (crops): potential natural and future designer plants. HANDBOOK OF BIOFUELS 2022:73-114. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822810-4.00004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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20
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Anderson CM, Mattoon EM, Zhang N, Becker E, McHargue W, Yang J, Patel D, Dautermann O, McAdam SAM, Tarin T, Pathak S, Avenson TJ, Berry J, Braud M, Niyogi KK, Wilson M, Nusinow DA, Vargas R, Czymmek KJ, Eveland AL, Zhang R. High light and temperature reduce photosynthetic efficiency through different mechanisms in the C 4 model Setaria viridis. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1092. [PMID: 34531541 PMCID: PMC8446033 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02576-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
C4 plants frequently experience high light and high temperature conditions in the field, which reduce growth and yield. However, the mechanisms underlying these stress responses in C4 plants have been under-explored, especially the coordination between mesophyll (M) and bundle sheath (BS) cells. We investigated how the C4 model plant Setaria viridis responded to a four-hour high light or high temperature treatment at photosynthetic, transcriptomic, and ultrastructural levels. Although we observed a comparable reduction of photosynthetic efficiency in high light or high temperature treated leaves, detailed analysis of multi-level responses revealed important differences in key pathways and M/BS specificity responding to high light and high temperature. We provide a systematic analysis of high light and high temperature responses in S. viridis, reveal different acclimation strategies to these two stresses in C4 plants, discover unique light/temperature responses in C4 plants in comparison to C3 plants, and identify potential targets to improve abiotic stress tolerance in C4 crops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin M Mattoon
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Plant and Microbial Biosciences Program, Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ningning Zhang
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Eric Becker
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Jiani Yang
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dhruv Patel
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Oliver Dautermann
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Scott A M McAdam
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Tonantzin Tarin
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.,Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sunita Pathak
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tom J Avenson
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jeffrey Berry
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Maxwell Braud
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Krishna K Niyogi
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Rodrigo Vargas
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Kirk J Czymmek
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Ru Zhang
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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21
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Yu B, Xiang D, Mahfuz H, Patterson N, Bing D. Understanding Starch Metabolism in Pea Seeds towards Tailoring Functionality for Value-Added Utilization. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8972. [PMID: 34445676 PMCID: PMC8396644 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Starch is the most abundant storage carbohydrate and a major component in pea seeds, accounting for about 50% of dry seed weight. As a by-product of pea protein processing, current uses for pea starch are limited to low-value, commodity markets. The globally growing demand for pea protein poses a great challenge for the pea fractionation industry to develop new markets for starch valorization. However, there exist gaps in our understanding of the genetic mechanism underlying starch metabolism, and its relationship with physicochemical and functional properties, which is a prerequisite for targeted tailoring functionality and innovative applications of starch. This review outlines the understanding of starch metabolism with a particular focus on peas and highlights the knowledge of pea starch granule structure and its relationship with functional properties, and industrial applications. Using the currently available pea genetics and genomics knowledge and breakthroughs in omics technologies, we discuss the perspectives and possible avenues to advance our understanding of starch metabolism in peas at an unprecedented level, to ultimately enable the molecular design of multi-functional native pea starch and to create value-added utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianyun Yu
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada; (D.X.); (H.M.); (N.P.)
| | - Daoquan Xiang
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada; (D.X.); (H.M.); (N.P.)
| | - Humaira Mahfuz
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada; (D.X.); (H.M.); (N.P.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Nii Patterson
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada; (D.X.); (H.M.); (N.P.)
| | - Dengjin Bing
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 6000 C and E Trail, Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada;
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22
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Yoshida K, Hisabori T. Biochemical Basis for Redox Regulation of Chloroplast-Localized Phosphofructokinase from Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:401-410. [PMID: 33416847 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Various proteins in plant chloroplasts are subject to thiol-based redox regulation, allowing light-responsive control of chloroplast functions. Most redox-regulated proteins are known to be reductively activated in the light in a thioredoxin (Trx)-dependent manner, but its regulatory network remains incompletely understood. Using a biochemical procedure, we here show that a specific form of phosphofructokinase (PFK) is a novel redox-regulated protein whose activity is suppressed upon reduction. PFK is a key enzyme in the glycolytic pathway. In Arabidopsis thaliana, PFK5 is targeted to chloroplasts and uniquely contains an insertion sequence harboring two Cys residues (Cys152 and Cys157) in the N-terminal region. Redox shift assays using a thiol-modifying reagent indicated that PFK5 is efficiently reduced by a specific type of Trx, namely, Trx-f. PFK5 enzyme activity was lowered with the Trx-f-dependent reduction. PFK5 redox regulation was bidirectional; PFK5 was also oxidized and activated by the recently identified Trx-like2/2-Cys peroxiredoxin pathway. Mass spectrometry-based peptide mapping analysis revealed that Cys152 and Cys157 are critical for the intramolecular disulfide bond formation in PFK5. The involvement of Cys152 and Cys157 in PFK5 redox regulation was further supported by a site-directed mutagenesis study. PFK5 catalyzes the reverse reaction of fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase), which is reduced and activated specifically by Trx-f. Our data suggest that PFK5 redox regulation, together with that of FBPase, constitutes a checkpoint for switching light/dark metabolism in chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Yoshida
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-R1-8, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503 Japan
| | - Toru Hisabori
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-R1-8, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503 Japan
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23
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Ancín M, Larraya L, Florez-Sarasa I, Bénard C, Fernández-San Millán A, Veramendi J, Gibon Y, Fernie AR, Aranjuelo I, Farran I. Overexpression of thioredoxin m in chloroplasts alters carbon and nitrogen partitioning in tobacco. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:4949-4964. [PMID: 33963398 PMCID: PMC8219043 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In plants, there is a complex interaction between carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) metabolism, and its coordination is fundamental for plant growth and development. Here, we studied the influence of thioredoxin (Trx) m on C and N partitioning using tobacco plants overexpressing Trx m from the chloroplast genome. The transgenic plants showed altered metabolism of C (lower leaf starch and soluble sugar accumulation) and N (with higher amounts of amino acids and soluble protein), which pointed to an activation of N metabolism at the expense of carbohydrates. To further delineate the effect of Trx m overexpression, metabolomic and enzymatic analyses were performed on these plants. These results showed an up-regulation of the glutamine synthetase-glutamate synthase pathway; specifically tobacco plants overexpressing Trx m displayed increased activity and stability of glutamine synthetase. Moreover, higher photorespiration and nitrate accumulation were observed in these plants relative to untransformed control plants, indicating that overexpression of Trx m favors the photorespiratory N cycle rather than primary nitrate assimilation. Taken together, our results reveal the importance of Trx m as a molecular mediator of N metabolism in plant chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ancín
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Applied Biology (IMAB), Dpto. Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación, Universidad Publica de Navarra (UPNA), Campus Arrosadia, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Luis Larraya
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Applied Biology (IMAB), Dpto. Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación, Universidad Publica de Navarra (UPNA), Campus Arrosadia, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Igor Florez-Sarasa
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Camille Bénard
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie and Plateforme Metabolome Bordeaux, INRA, Bordeaux University, 33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Alicia Fernández-San Millán
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Applied Biology (IMAB), Dpto. Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación, Universidad Publica de Navarra (UPNA), Campus Arrosadia, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jon Veramendi
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Applied Biology (IMAB), Dpto. Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación, Universidad Publica de Navarra (UPNA), Campus Arrosadia, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Yves Gibon
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie and Plateforme Metabolome Bordeaux, INRA, Bordeaux University, 33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Iker Aranjuelo
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Avda. Pamplona 123, 31192 Mutilva, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Farran
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Applied Biology (IMAB), Dpto. Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación, Universidad Publica de Navarra (UPNA), Campus Arrosadia, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
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Lee HY, Back K. Melatonin Regulates Chloroplast Protein Quality Control via a Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10040511. [PMID: 33806011 PMCID: PMC8064490 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin N-acetyltransferase 1 (SNAT1), the penultimate enzyme for melatonin biosynthesis has shown N-acetyltransferase activity toward multiple substrates, including histones, serotonin, and plastid proteins. Under two different light conditions such as 50 or 100 μmol m−2 s−1, a SNAT1-knockout (snat1) mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Columbia (Col-0) exhibited small size phenotypes relative over wild-type (WT) Arabidopsis Col-0. Of note, the small phenotype is stronger when growing at the 50 μmol m−2 s−1, exhibiting a dwarfism phenotype and delayed flowering. The snat1 Arabidopsis Col-0 accumulated less starch than the WT Col-0. Moreover, snat1 exhibited lower Lhcb1, Lhcb4, and RBCL protein levels, compared with the WT Col-0, but no changes in the corresponding transcripts, suggesting the involvement of melatonin in chloroplast protein quality control (CPQC). Accordingly, caseinolytic protease (Clp) and chloroplast heat shock proteins (CpHSPs), two key proteins involved in CPQC, as well as ROS defense were suppressed in snat1. In contrast, exogenous melatonin treatment induced expression of Clp, CpHSP, APX1, and GST, but not other growth-related genes such as DWF4, KS, and IAA1. Finally, the induction of ClpR1, APX1, and GST1 in response to melatonin was inhibited in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) knockdown Arabidopsis (mpk3/6), suggesting that melatonin-mediated CPQC was mediated, in part, by the MAPK signaling cascade. These results suggest that melatonin is involved in CPQC, which plays a pivotal role in starch synthesis in plants.
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Pandey M, Paladi RK, Srivastava AK, Suprasanna P. Thiourea and hydrogen peroxide priming improved K + retention and source-sink relationship for mitigating salt stress in rice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3000. [PMID: 33542250 PMCID: PMC7862675 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80419-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant bioregulators (PBRs) represent low-cost chemicals for boosting plant defense, especially under stress conditions. In the present study, redox based PBRs such as thiourea (TU; a non-physiological thiol-based ROS scavenger) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2; a prevalent biological ROS) were assessed for their ability to mitigate NaCl stress in rice variety IR 64. Despite their contrasting redox chemistry, TU or H2O2 supplementation under NaCl [NaCl + TU (NT) or NaCl + H2O2 (NH)] generated a reducing redox environment in planta, which improved the plant growth compared with those of NaCl alone treatment. This was concomitant with better K+ retention and upregulated expression of NaCl defense related genes including HAK21, LEA1, TSPO and EN20 in both NT and NH treated seedlings. Under field conditions, foliar applications of TU and H2O2, at vegetative growth, pre-flowering and grain filling stages, increased growth and yield attributes under both control and NaCl stress conditions. Principal component analysis revealed glutathione reductase dependent reduced ROS accumulation in source (flag leaves) and sucrose synthase mediated sucrose catabolism in sink (developing inflorescence), as the key variables associated with NT and NH mediated effects, respectively. In addition, photosystem-II efficiency, K+ retention and source-sink relationship were also improved in TU and H2O2 treated plants. Taken together, our study highlights that reducing redox environment acts as a central regulator of plant's tolerance responses to salt stress. In addition, TU and H2O2 are proposed as potential redox-based PBRs for boosting rice productivity under the realistic field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Pandey
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Radha Krishna Paladi
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Srivastava
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India.
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, 400094, India.
| | - Penna Suprasanna
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India.
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, 400094, India.
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26
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Collins HM, Betts NS, Dockter C, Berkowitz O, Braumann I, Cuesta-Seijo JA, Skadhauge B, Whelan J, Bulone V, Fincher GB. Genes That Mediate Starch Metabolism in Developing and Germinated Barley Grain. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:641325. [PMID: 33732278 PMCID: PMC7959180 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.641325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Starch is synthesized in the endosperm of developing barley grain, where it functions as the primary source of stored carbohydrate. In germinated grain these starch reserves are hydrolyzed to small oligosaccharides and glucose, which are transported to the embryo to support the growth of the developing seedling. Some of the mobilized glucose is transiently stored as starch in the scutellum of germinated grain. These processes are crucial for early seedling vigor, which is a key determinant of crop productivity and global food security. Several starch synthases (SS), starch-branching enzymes (SBEs), and starch debranching enzymes (isoamylases, ISA), together with a limit dextrinase (LD), have been implicated in starch synthesis from nucleotide-sugar precursors. Starch synthesis occurs both in the developing endosperm and in the scutellum of germinated grain. For the complete depolymerization of starch to glucose, α-amylase (Amy), β-amylase (Bmy), isoamylase (ISA), limit dextrinase (LD), and α-glucosidase (AGL) are required. Most of these enzymes are encoded by gene families of up to 10 or more members. Here RNA-seq transcription data from isolated tissues of intact developing and germinated barley grain have allowed us to identify the most important, specific gene family members for each of these processes in vivo and, at the same time, we have defined in detail the spatio-temporal coordination of gene expression in different tissues of the grain. A transcript dataset for 81,280 genes is publicly available as a resource for investigations into other cellular and biochemical processes that occur in the developing grain from 6 days after pollination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M. Collins
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Natalie S. Betts
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | | | - Oliver Berkowitz
- School of Life Sciences and ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | | | - James Whelan
- School of Life Sciences and ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Vincent Bulone
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
- Adelaide Glycomics, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Geoffrey B. Fincher
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Geoffrey B. Fincher,
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Ding Z, Fu L, Tie W, Yan Y, Wu C, Dai J, Zhang J, Hu W. Highly dynamic, coordinated, and stage-specific profiles are revealed by a multi-omics integrative analysis during tuberous root development in cassava. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:7003-7017. [PMID: 32777039 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is an important starchy root crop that provides food for millions of people worldwide, but little is known about the regulation of the development of its tuberous root at the multi-omics level. In this study, the transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome were examined in parallel at seven time-points during the development of the tuberous root from the early to late stages of its growth. Overall, highly dynamic and stage-specific changes in the expression of genes/proteins were observed during development. Cell wall and auxin genes, which were regulated exclusively at the transcriptomic level, mainly functioned during the early stages. Starch biosynthesis, which was controlled at both the transcriptomic and proteomic levels, was mainly activated in the early stages and was greatly restricted during the late stages. Two main branches of lignin biosynthesis, coniferyl alcohol and sinapyl alcohol, also functioned during the early stages of development at both the transcriptomic and proteomic levels. Metabolomic analysis further supported the stage-specific roles of particular genes/proteins. Metabolites related to lignin and flavonoid biosynthesis showed high abundance during the early stages, those related to lipids exhibited high abundance at both the early and middle stages, while those related to amino acids were highly accumulated during the late stages. Our findings provide a comprehensive resource for broadening our understanding of tuberous root development and will facilitate future genetic improvement of cassava.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehong Ding
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Lili Fu
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Weiwei Tie
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Chunlai Wu
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Dai
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaming Zhang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
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28
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Baslam M, Mitsui T, Sueyoshi K, Ohyama T. Recent Advances in Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism in C3 Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E318. [PMID: 33396811 PMCID: PMC7795015 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
C and N are the most important essential elements constituting organic compounds in plants. The shoots and roots depend on each other by exchanging C and N through the xylem and phloem transport systems. Complex mechanisms regulate C and N metabolism to optimize plant growth, agricultural crop production, and maintenance of the agroecosystem. In this paper, we cover the recent advances in understanding C and N metabolism, regulation, and transport in plants, as well as their underlying molecular mechanisms. Special emphasis is given to the mechanisms of starch metabolism in plastids and the changes in responses to environmental stress that were previously overlooked, since these changes provide an essential store of C that fuels plant metabolism and growth. We present general insights into the system biology approaches that have expanded our understanding of core biological questions related to C and N metabolism. Finally, this review synthesizes recent advances in our understanding of the trade-off concept that links C and N status to the plant's response to microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marouane Baslam
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan; (M.B.); (T.M.)
| | - Toshiaki Mitsui
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan; (M.B.); (T.M.)
- Department of Life and Food Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan;
| | - Kuni Sueyoshi
- Department of Life and Food Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan;
| | - Takuji Ohyama
- Department of Life and Food Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan;
- Faculty of Applied Biosciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
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29
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Franco JY, Thapa SP, Pang Z, Gurung FB, Liebrand TWH, Stevens DM, Ancona V, Wang N, Coaker G. Citrus Vascular Proteomics Highlights the Role of Peroxidases and Serine Proteases during Huanglongbing Disease Progression. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 19:1936-1952. [PMID: 32883801 PMCID: PMC7710146 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra120.002075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) is the most devastating and widespread citrus disease. All commercial citrus varieties are susceptible to the HLB-associated bacterium, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), which resides in the phloem. The phloem is part of the plant vascular system and is involved in sugar transport. To investigate the plant response to CLas, we enriched for proteins surrounding the phloem in an HLB susceptible sweet orange variety, Washington navel (Citrus sinensis (L) Osbeck). Quantitative proteomics revealed global changes in the citrus proteome after CLas inoculation. Plant metabolism and translation were suppressed, whereas defense-related proteins such as peroxidases, proteases and protease inhibitors were induced in the vasculature. Transcript accumulation and enzymatic activity of plant peroxidases in CLas infected sweet orange varieties under greenhouse and field conditions were assessed. Although peroxidase transcript accumulation was induced in CLas infected sweet orange varieties, peroxidase enzymatic activity varied. Specific serine proteases were up-regulated in Washington navel in the presence of CLas based on quantitative proteomics. Subsequent activity-based protein profiling revealed increased activity of two serine proteases, and reduced activity of one protease in two C. sinensis sweet orange varieties under greenhouse and field conditions. The observations in the current study highlight global reprogramming of the citrus vascular proteome and differential regulation of enzyme classes in response to CLas infection. These results open an avenue for further investigation of diverse responses to HLB across different environmental conditions and citrus genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Y Franco
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Shree P Thapa
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Zhiqian Pang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, USA
| | - Fatta B Gurung
- Citrus Center, Texas A&M University- Kingsville, Weslaco, Texas, USA
| | - Thomas W H Liebrand
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Danielle M Stevens
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Veronica Ancona
- Citrus Center, Texas A&M University- Kingsville, Weslaco, Texas, USA
| | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, USA
| | - Gitta Coaker
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
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30
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Cho YG, Kang KK. Functional Analysis of Starch Metabolism in Plants. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9091152. [PMID: 32899939 PMCID: PMC7569781 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In plants, starch is synthesized in leaves during the day-time from fixed carbon through photosynthesis and is mobilized at night to support continued respiration, sucrose export, and growth in the dark. The main crops where starch is biosynthesized and stored are corn, rice, wheat, and potatoes, and they are mainly used as food resources for humankind. There are many genes that are involved in starch biosynthesis from cytosol to storage organs in plants. ADP-glucose, UDP- glucose, and glucose-6-phosphate are synthesized catalyzed by UDP-invertase, AGPase, hexokinase, and P- hexose-isomerase in cytosol. Starch composed of amylopectin and amylose is synthesized by starch synthase, granule bound starch synthase, starch-branching enzyme, debranching enzyme, and pullulanase, which is primarily responsible for starch production in storage organs. Recently, it has been uncovered that structural genes are controlled by proteins derived from other genes such as transcription factors. To obtain more precise information on starch metabolism, the functions of genes and transcription factors need to be studied to understand their roles and functions in starch biosynthesis in plants. However, the roles of genes related to starch biosynthesis are not yet clearly understood. The papers of this special issue contain reviews and research articles on these topics and will be a useful resource for researchers involved in the quality improvement of starch storage crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Gu Cho
- Department of Crop Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.-G.C.); (K.-K.K.)
| | - Kwon-Kyoo Kang
- Division of Horticultural Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.-G.C.); (K.-K.K.)
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31
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Yu J, Li Y, Qin Z, Guo S, Li Y, Miao Y, Song C, Chen S, Dai S. Plant Chloroplast Stress Response: Insights from Thiol Redox Proteomics. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 33:35-57. [PMID: 31989831 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Plant chloroplasts generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) during photosynthesis, especially under stresses. The sulfhydryl groups of protein cysteine residues are susceptible to redox modifications, which regulate protein structure and function, and thus different signaling and metabolic processes. The ROS-governed protein thiol redox switches play important roles in chloroplasts. Recent Advances: Various high-throughput thiol redox proteomic approaches have been developed, and they have enabled the improved understanding of redox regulatory mechanisms in chloroplasts. For example, the thioredoxin-modulated antioxidant enzymes help to maintain cellular ROS homeostasis. The light- and dark-dependent redox regulation of photosynthetic electron transport, the Calvin/Benson cycle, and starch biosynthesis ensures metabolic coordination and efficient energy utilization. In addition, redox cascades link the light with the dynamic changes of metabolites in nitrate and sulfur assimilation, shikimate pathway, and biosynthesis of fatty acid hormone as well as purine, pyrimidine, and thiamine. Importantly, redox regulation of tetrapyrrole and chlorophyll biosynthesis is critical to balance the photodynamic tetrapyrrole intermediates and prevent oxidative damage. Moreover, redox regulation of diverse elongation factors, chaperones, and kinases plays an important role in the modulation of gene expression, protein conformation, and posttranslational modification that contribute to photosystem II (PSII) repair, state transition, and signaling in chloroplasts. Critical Issues: This review focuses on recent advances in plant thiol redox proteomics and redox protein networks toward understanding plant chloroplast signaling, metabolism, and stress responses. Future Directions: Using redox proteomics integrated with biochemical and molecular genetic approaches, detailed studies of cysteine residues, their redox states, cross talk with other modifications, and the functional implications will yield a holistic understanding of chloroplast stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Yu
- Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.,College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhi Qin
- Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Siyi Guo
- Institute of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Department of Biology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yongfang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yuchen Miao
- Institute of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Department of Biology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Chunpeng Song
- Institute of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Department of Biology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Shaojun Dai
- Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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32
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Liebthal M, Schuetze J, Dreyer A, Mock HP, Dietz KJ. Redox Conformation-Specific Protein-Protein Interactions of the 2-Cysteine Peroxiredoxin in Arabidopsis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E515. [PMID: 32545358 PMCID: PMC7346168 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9060515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
2-Cysteine peroxiredoxins (2-CysPRX) are highly abundant thiol peroxidases in chloroplasts and play key roles in reactive oxygen species (ROS) defense and redox signaling. Peroxide-dependent oxidation of cysteines induces conformational changes that alter the ability for protein-protein interactions. For regeneration, 2-CysPRXs withdraw electrons from thioredoxins (TRXs) and participate in redox-dependent regulation by affecting the redox state of TRX-dependent targets, for example, in chloroplast metabolism. This work explores the redox conformation-specific 2-CysPRX interactome using an affinity-based pull down with recombinant variants arrested in specific quaternary conformations. This allowed us to address a critical and poorly explored aspect of the redox-regulatory network and showed that the interaction of TRXs, their interaction partners, and 2-CysPRX occur under contrasting redox conditions. A set of 178 chloroplast proteins were identified from leaf proteins and included proteins with functions in photosynthesis, carbohydrate, fatty acid and amino acid metabolism, and defense. These processes are known to be deregulated in plants devoid of 2-CysPRX. Selected enzymes like LIPOXYGENASE 2, CHLOROPLAST PROTEIN 12-1, CHORISMATE SYNTHASE, ß-CARBONIC ANHYDRASE, and FERREDOXIN-dependent GLUTAMATE SYNTHASE 1 were subjected to far Western, isothermal titration calorimetry, and enzyme assays for validation. The pull down fractions frequently contained TRXs as well as their target proteins, for example, FRUCTOSE-1,6-BISPHOSPHATASE and MALATE DEHYDROGENASE. The difference between TRX-dependent indirect interactions of TRX targets and 2-CysPRX and direct 2-CysPRX binding is hypothesized to be related to quaternary structure formation, where 2-CysPRX oligomers function as scaffold for complex formation, whereas TRX oxidase activity of 2-CysPRX controls the redox state of TRX-related enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Liebthal
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (M.L.); (A.D.)
| | - Johannes Schuetze
- Angewandte Biochemie, Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK), Corrensstraße 3, D-06466 Seeland, Germany; (J.S.); (H.-P.M.)
| | - Anna Dreyer
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (M.L.); (A.D.)
| | - Hans-Peter Mock
- Angewandte Biochemie, Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK), Corrensstraße 3, D-06466 Seeland, Germany; (J.S.); (H.-P.M.)
| | - Karl-Josef Dietz
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (M.L.); (A.D.)
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Smith AM, Zeeman SC. Starch: A Flexible, Adaptable Carbon Store Coupled to Plant Growth. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 71:217-245. [PMID: 32075407 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050718-100241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Research in the past decade has uncovered new and surprising information about the pathways of starch synthesis and degradation. This includes the discovery of previously unsuspected protein families required both for processes and for the long-sought mechanism of initiation of starch granules. There is also growing recognition of the central role of leaf starch turnover in making carbon available for growth across the day-night cycle. Sophisticated systems-level control mechanisms involving the circadian clock set rates of nighttime starch mobilization that maintain a steady supply of carbon until dawn and modulate partitioning of photosynthate into starch in the light, optimizing the fraction of assimilated carbon that can be used for growth. These discoveries also uncover complexities: Results from experiments with Arabidopsis leaves in conventional controlled environments are not necessarily applicable to other organs or species or to growth in natural, fluctuating environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel C Zeeman
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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Li JG, Fan M, Hua W, Tian Y, Chen LG, Sun Y, Bai MY. Brassinosteroid and Hydrogen Peroxide Interdependently Induce Stomatal Opening by Promoting Guard Cell Starch Degradation. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:984-999. [PMID: 32051210 PMCID: PMC7145500 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Starch is the major storage carbohydrate in plants and functions in buffering carbon and energy availability for plant fitness with challenging environmental conditions. The timing and extent of starch degradation appear to be determined by diverse hormonal and environmental signals; however, our understanding of the regulation of starch metabolism is fragmentary. Here, we demonstrate that the phytohormone brassinosteroid (BR) and redox signal hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induce the breakdown of starch in guard cells, which promotes stomatal opening. The BR-insensitive mutant bri1-116 accumulated high levels of starch in guard cells, impairing stomatal opening in response to light. The gain-of-function mutant bzr1-1D suppressed the starch excess phenotype of bri1-116, thereby promoting stomatal opening. BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT1 (BZR1) interacts with the basic leucine zipper transcription factor G-BOX BINDING FACTOR2 (GBF2) to promote the expression of β-AMYLASE1 (BAM1), which is responsible for starch degradation in guard cells. H2O2 induces BZR1 oxidation, enhancing the interaction between BZR1 and GBF2 to increase BAM1 transcription. Mutations in BAM1 lead to starch accumulation and reduce the effects of BR and H2O2 on stomatal opening. Overall, this study uncovers the critical roles of BR and H2O2 in regulating guard cell starch metabolism and stomatal opening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ge Li
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, 266237, Qingdao, China
| | - Min Fan
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, 266237, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenbo Hua
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, 266237, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanchen Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, 266237, Qingdao, China
| | - Lian-Ge Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ministry of Education, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Normal University, 050024, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, 050024, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yu Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ministry of Education, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Normal University, 050024, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, 050024, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ming-Yi Bai
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, 266237, Qingdao, China
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35
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Comparative Transcriptomic Response of Two Pinus Species to Infection with the Pine Wood Nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11020204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pine wilt disease (PWD) caused by pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is a serious threat to global forest populations of conifers, in particular Pinus spp. Recently, the presence of PWN was reported in dead Yunnan pine (Pinus yunnanensis) trees under natural conditions. To further understand the potential impact caused by PWN in Yunnan pine populations, a transcriptional profiling analysis was performed over different time points (0 hours (h), 6 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 7 days) after PWN inoculation. A total of 9961 differentially expressed genes were identified after inoculation, which suggested a dynamic response against the pathogen, with a more intense pattern at 48 h after inoculation. The results also highlighted a set of biological mechanisms triggered after inoculation that provide valuable information regarding the response of Yunnan pine to PWN infection. When compared with maritime pine (Pinus pinaster), the Yunnan pine response was less complex and involved a smaller number of differentially expressed genes, which may be associated with the increased degree of resistance to PWN displayed by Yunnan pine. These results revealed different strategies to cope with PWN infection by these two pine species, which display contrasting degrees of susceptibility, especially in the timely perception of the infection and response magnitude.
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Ancín M, Larraya L, Fernández-San Millán A, Veramendi J, Burch-Smith T, Farran I. NTRC and Thioredoxin f Overexpression Differentially Induces Starch Accumulation in Tobacco Leaves. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8120543. [PMID: 31779140 PMCID: PMC6963466 DOI: 10.3390/plants8120543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxin (Trx) f and NADPH-dependent Trx reductase C (NTRC) have both been proposed as major redox regulators of starch metabolism in chloroplasts. However, little is known regarding the specific role of each protein in this complex mechanism. To shed light on this point, tobacco plants that were genetically engineered to overexpress the NTRC protein from the chloroplast genome were obtained and compared to previously generated Trx f-overexpressing transplastomic plants. Likewise, we investigated the impact of NTRC and Trx f deficiency on starch metabolism by generating Nicotiana benthamiana plants that were silenced for each gene. Our results demonstrated that NTRC overexpression induced enhanced starch accumulation in tobacco leaves, as occurred with Trx f. However, only Trx f silencing leads to a significant decrease in the leaf starch content. Quantitative analysis of enzyme activities related to starch synthesis and degradation were determined in all of the genotypes. Zymographic analyses were additionally performed to compare the amylolytic enzyme profiles of both transplastomic tobacco plants. Our findings indicated that NTRC overexpression promotes the accumulation of transitory leaf starch as a consequence of a diminished starch turnover during the dark period, which seems to be related to a significant reductive activation of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase and/or a deactivation of a putative debranching enzyme. On the other hand, increased starch content in Trx f-overexpressing plants was connected to an increase in the capacity of soluble starch synthases during the light period. Taken together, these results suggest that NTRC and the ferredoxin/Trx system play distinct roles in starch turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ancín
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology, UPNA, 31006 Pamplona, Spain; (M.A.); (L.L.); (A.F.-S.M.); (J.V.)
| | - Luis Larraya
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology, UPNA, 31006 Pamplona, Spain; (M.A.); (L.L.); (A.F.-S.M.); (J.V.)
| | - Alicia Fernández-San Millán
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology, UPNA, 31006 Pamplona, Spain; (M.A.); (L.L.); (A.F.-S.M.); (J.V.)
| | - Jon Veramendi
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology, UPNA, 31006 Pamplona, Spain; (M.A.); (L.L.); (A.F.-S.M.); (J.V.)
| | - Tessa Burch-Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA;
| | - Inmaculada Farran
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology, UPNA, 31006 Pamplona, Spain; (M.A.); (L.L.); (A.F.-S.M.); (J.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-948-168-034
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Hou LY, Ehrlich M, Thormählen I, Lehmann M, Krahnert I, Obata T, Cejudo FJ, Fernie AR, Geigenberger P. NTRC Plays a Crucial Role in Starch Metabolism, Redox Balance, and Tomato Fruit Growth. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 181:976-992. [PMID: 31527089 PMCID: PMC6836810 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
NADPH-thioredoxin reductase C (NTRC) forms a separate thiol-reduction cascade in plastids, combining both NADPH-thioredoxin reductase and thioredoxin activities on a single polypeptide. While NTRC is an important regulator of photosynthetic processes in leaves, its function in heterotrophic tissues remains unclear. Here, we focus on the role of NTRC in developing tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruits representing heterotrophic storage organs important for agriculture and human diet. We used a fruit-specific promoter to decrease NTRC expression by RNA interference in developing tomato fruits by 60% to 80% compared to the wild type. This led to a decrease in fruit growth, resulting in smaller and lighter fully ripe fruits containing less dry matter and more water. In immature fruits, NTRC downregulation decreased transient starch accumulation, which led to a subsequent decrease in soluble sugars in ripe fruits. The inhibition of starch synthesis was associated with a decrease in the redox-activation state of ADP-Glc pyrophosphorylase and soluble starch synthase, which catalyze the first committed and final polymerizing steps, respectively, of starch biosynthesis. This was accompanied by a decrease in the level of ADP-Glc. NTRC downregulation also led to a strong increase in the reductive states of NAD(H) and NADP(H) redox systems. Metabolite profiling of NTRC-RNA interference lines revealed increased organic and amino acid levels, but reduced sugar levels, implying that NTRC regulates the osmotic balance of developing fruits. These results indicate that NTRC acts as a central hub in regulating carbon metabolism and redox balance in heterotrophic tomato fruits, affecting fruit development as well as final fruit size and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Yu Hou
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Department Biology I, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Matthias Ehrlich
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Department Biology I, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ina Thormählen
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Department Biology I, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Martin Lehmann
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Department Biology I, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ina Krahnert
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Toshihiro Obata
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Francisco J Cejudo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla, and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Peter Geigenberger
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Department Biology I, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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38
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Fürtauer L, Weiszmann J, Weckwerth W, Nägele T. Dynamics of Plant Metabolism during Cold Acclimation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5411. [PMID: 31671650 PMCID: PMC6862541 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have evolved strategies to tightly regulate metabolism during acclimation to a changing environment. Low temperature significantly constrains distribution, growth and yield of many temperate plant species. Exposing plants to low but non-freezing temperature induces a multigenic processes termed cold acclimation, which eventually results in an increased freezing tolerance. Cold acclimation comprises reprogramming of the transcriptome, proteome and metabolome and affects communication and signaling between subcellular organelles. Carbohydrates play a central role in this metabolic reprogramming. This review summarizes current knowledge about the role of carbohydrate metabolism in plant cold acclimation with a focus on subcellular metabolic reprogramming, its thermodynamic constraints under low temperature and mathematical modelling of metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Fürtauer
- Plant Evolutionary Cell Biology, Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Bavaria, Germany.
| | - Jakob Weiszmann
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria.
- Vienna Metabolomics Center, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria.
| | - Wolfram Weckwerth
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria.
- Vienna Metabolomics Center, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria.
| | - Thomas Nägele
- Plant Evolutionary Cell Biology, Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Bavaria, Germany.
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Al-Ishaq RK, Abotaleb M, Kubatka P, Kajo K, Büsselberg D. Flavonoids and Their Anti-Diabetic Effects: Cellular Mechanisms and Effects to Improve Blood Sugar Levels. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E430. [PMID: 31480505 PMCID: PMC6769509 DOI: 10.3390/biom9090430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a prevailing global health metabolic disorder, with an alarming incidence rate and a huge burden on health care providers. DM is characterized by the elevation of blood glucose due either to a defect in insulin synthesis, secretion, binding to receptor, or an increase of insulin resistance. The internal and external factors such as obesity, urbanizations, and genetic mutations could increase the risk of developing DM. Flavonoids are phenolic compounds existing as secondary metabolites in fruits and vegetables as well as fungi. Their structure consists of 15 carbon skeletons and two aromatic rings (A and B) connected by three carbon chains. Flavonoids are furtherly classified into 6 subclasses: flavonols, flavones, flavanones, isoflavones, flavanols, and anthocyanidins. Naturally occurring flavonoids possess anti-diabetic effects. As in vitro and animal model's studies demonstrate, they have the ability to prevent diabetes and its complications. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge addressing the antidiabetic effects of dietary flavonoids and their underlying molecular mechanisms on selected pathways: Glucose transporter, hepatic enzymes, tyrosine kinase inhibitor, AMPK, PPAR, and NF-κB. Flavonoids improve the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications through the regulation of glucose metabolism, hepatic enzymes activities, and a lipid profile. Most studies illustrate a positive role of specific dietary flavonoids on diabetes, but the mechanisms of action and the side effects need more clarification. Overall, more research is needed to provide a better understanding of the mechanisms of diabetes treatment using flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghad Khalid Al-Ishaq
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha 24144, Qatar
| | - Mariam Abotaleb
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha 24144, Qatar
| | - Peter Kubatka
- Department of Medical Biology and Department of Experimental Carcinogenesis, Division of Oncology, Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovak Republic
| | - Karol Kajo
- Department of Pathology, St. Elizabeth Cancer Institute Hospital, 81250 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Biomedical Research Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 81439 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Dietrich Büsselberg
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha 24144, Qatar.
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40
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Lloyd JR, Kossmann J. Starch Trek: The Search for Yield. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 9:1930. [PMID: 30719029 PMCID: PMC6348371 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Starch is a plant storage polyglucan that accumulates in plastids. It is composed of two polymers, amylose and amylopectin, with different structures and plays several roles in helping to determine plant yield. In leaves, it acts as a buffer for night time carbon starvation. Genetically altered plants that cannot synthesize or degrade starch efficiently often grow poorly. There have been a number of successful approaches to manipulate leaf starch metabolism that has resulted in increased growth and yield. Its degradation is also a source of sugars that can help alleviate abiotic stress. In edible parts of plants, starch often makes up the majority of the dry weight constituting much of the calorific value of food and feed. Increasing starch in these organs can increase this as well as increasing yield. Enzymes involved in starch metabolism are well known, and there has been much research analyzing their functions in starch synthesis and degradation, as well as genetic and posttranslational regulatory mechanisms affecting them. In this mini review, we examine work on this topic and discuss future directions that could be used to manipulate this metabolite for improved yield.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jens Kossmann
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Plant Biotechnology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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41
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Dumont S, Rivoal J. Consequences of Oxidative Stress on Plant Glycolytic and Respiratory Metabolism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:166. [PMID: 30833954 PMCID: PMC6387960 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are present at low and controlled levels under normal conditions. These reactive molecules can increase to high levels under various biotic and abiotic conditions, resulting in perturbation of the cellular redox state that can ultimately lead to oxidative or nitrosative stress. In this review, we analyze the various effects that result from alterations of redox homeostasis on plant glycolytic pathway and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Most documented modifications caused by ROS or RNS are due to the presence of redox-sensitive cysteine thiol groups in proteins. Redox modifications include Cys oxidation, disulfide bond formation, S-glutathionylation, S-nitrosylation, and S-sulfhydration. A growing number of proteomic surveys and biochemical studies document the occurrence of ROS- or RNS-mediated modification in enzymes of glycolysis and the TCA cycle. In a few cases, these modifications have been shown to affect enzyme activity, suggesting an operational regulatory mechanism in vivo. Further changes induced by oxidative stress conditions include the proposed redox-dependent modifications in the subcellular distribution of a putative redox sensor, NAD-glyceraldehyde-3P dehydrogenase and the micro-compartmentation of cytosolic glycolytic enzymes. Data from the literature indicate that oxidative stress may induce complex changes in metabolite pools in central carbon metabolism. This information is discussed in the context of our understanding of plant metabolic response to oxidative stress.
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42
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Gurrieri L, Distefano L, Pirone C, Horrer D, Seung D, Zaffagnini M, Rouhier N, Trost P, Santelia D, Sparla F. The Thioredoxin-Regulated α-Amylase 3 of Arabidopsis thaliana Is a Target of S-Glutathionylation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:993. [PMID: 31417599 PMCID: PMC6685290 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced in cells as normal cellular metabolic by-products. ROS concentration is normally low, but it increases under stress conditions. To stand ROS exposure, organisms evolved series of responsive mechanisms. One such mechanism is protein S-glutathionylation. S-glutathionylation is a post-translational modification typically occurring in response to oxidative stress, in which a glutathione reacts with cysteinyl residues, protecting them from overoxidation. α-Amylases are glucan hydrolases that cleave α-1,4-glucosidic bonds in starch. The Arabidopsis genome contains three genes encoding α-amylases. The sole chloroplastic member, AtAMY3, is involved in osmotic stress response and stomatal opening and is redox-regulated by thioredoxins. Here we show that AtAMY3 activity was sensitive to ROS, such as H2O2. Treatments with H2O2 inhibited enzyme activity and part of the inhibition was irreversible. However, in the presence of glutathione this irreversible inhibition was prevented through S-glutathionylation. The activity of oxidized AtAMY3 was completely restored by simultaneous reduction by both glutaredoxin (specific for the removal of glutathione-mixed disulfide) and thioredoxin (specific for the reduction of protein disulfide), supporting a possible liaison between both redox modifications. By comparing free cysteine residues between reduced and GSSG-treated AtAMY3 and performing oxidation experiments of Cys-to-Ser variants of AtAMY3 using biotin-conjugated GSSG, we could demonstrate that at least three distinct cysteinyl residues can be oxidized/glutathionylated, among those the two previously identified catalytic cysteines, Cys499 and Cys587. Measuring the pK a values of the catalytic cysteines by alkylation at different pHs and enzyme activity measurement (pK a1 = 5.70 ± 0.28; pK a2 = 7.83 ± 0.12) showed the tendency of one of the two catalytic cysteines to deprotonation, even at physiological pHs, supporting its propensity to undergo redox post-translational modifications. Taking into account previous and present findings, a functional model for redox regulation of AtAMY3 is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libero Gurrieri
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology FaBiT, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Distefano
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Pirone
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology FaBiT, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniel Horrer
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Mirko Zaffagnini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology FaBiT, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Trost
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology FaBiT, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Diana Santelia
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Diana Santelia,
| | - Francesca Sparla
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology FaBiT, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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