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Wang K, Wu Y, Kang X. Investigating latent mean differences in achievement emotions among Chinese secondary EFL learners: A gender and grade perspective. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303965. [PMID: 38820466 PMCID: PMC11142686 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The control-value theory (CVT) of achievement emotions posits that achievement emotions are significantly associated with the key indicators of academic outcomes, including academic motivation, engagement, and performance. Existing studies have tested the theoretical hypothesis of the CVT in a variety of cultures, disciplines, and samples. However, evidence is limited for whether there are gender and grade differences in achievement emotions, especially in the context of English as a Foreign Language (EFL). 1,460 Chinese secondary school students (male N = 671; female N = 789; seventh-graders N = 731; eighth-graders N = 729) took part in the study. Confirmatory factor analyses and multi-group analyses were conducted to explore the possible gender and grade differences in EFL-related achievement emotions. Results indicated that there are gender or grade differences in EFL-related enjoyment, anxiety, and boredom, while hope and pride did not. Both limitations and implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunbang Wang
- School of Foreign Languages, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yajun Wu
- School of Humanities and Education, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Xia Kang
- School of Mathematics and Information Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
- Faculty of Education, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Pérez-Mata N, Albert J, Carretié L, López-Martín S, Sánchez-Carmona AJ. "I heard it before … or not": time-course of ERP response and behavioural correlates associated with false recognition memory. Memory 2024:1-20. [PMID: 38588660 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2024.2333508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Electrophysiological and behavioural correlates of true and false memories were examined in the Deese/Roediger-McDermont (DRM) paradigm. A mass univariate approach for analysing event-related potentials (ERP) in the temporal domain was used to examine the electrophysiological effects associated with this paradigm precisely (point-by-point) and without bias (data-driven). Behaviourally, true and false recognition did not differ, and the predicted DRM effect was observed, as false recognition of critical lures (i.e., new words semantically related to studied words) was higher than false alarms of new (unrelated) words. Neurally, an expected old/new effect was observed during the time-range of the late positive component (LPC) over left centro-parietal scalp electrodes. Furthermore, true recognition also evoked larger LPC amplitudes than false recognition over both left centro-parietal and fronto-central scalp electrodes. However, we did not observe LPC-related differences between critical lures and new words, nor between correct rejections of critical lures and new words. In contrast, correct rejections of critical lures were accompanied by higher activation of a sustained positive slow wave (SPSW) in right fronto-central electrodes beyond 1200 ms. This result reveals a key role of post-retrieval processes in recognition. Results are discussed in light of theoretical approaches to false memory in the DRM paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nieves Pérez-Mata
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Psicología Básica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jacobo Albert
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Psicología Biológica y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Carretié
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Psicología Biológica y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara López-Martín
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Psicología Básica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro Neuromottiva. Child and Adolescent Psychology Centre, Madrid, Spain
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Hood CO, Schick MR, Cusack SE, Fahey MC, Giff ST, Guty ET, Hellman N, Henry LM, Hinkson K, Long EE, McCoy K, O'Connor K, Wilborn AP, Reuben A, Sackey ET, Tilstra-Ferrell EL, Walters KJ, Witcraft SM. Short-changing the future: The systemic gap between psychology internship stipends and living wages. TRAINING AND EDUCATION IN PROFESSIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 18:49-58. [PMID: 38464500 PMCID: PMC10923383 DOI: 10.1037/tep0000449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Providing doctoral internship stipends below living wages may harm interns, the clinical services they provide, and the field of health service psychology as a whole. This study evaluated the extent to which doctoral psychology internship stipends from the 2021-2022 training year for APA-accredited, APPIC-member programs in the US are consistent with living wages in the geographic region where sites are located. Methods We obtained data reflecting internship sites' geographic location and stipends for the 2021-2022 academic year. Using the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Living Wage Calculator, we computed a living wage for the county in which each internship site is located. Descriptive statistics, discrepancies, ratios, and correlations were calculated to reflect the associations between internship sites' stipends and their local living wages. Results The average internship stipend was $31,783, which was lower than the average living wage by $2,091. Stipends ranged widely, from a low of $15,000 to a high of $94,595-reflecting a six-fold difference in wages. Although internship sites in higher cost of living areas paid higher stipends, over two-thirds (67.0%) of sites did not pay a stipend that equaled or exceeded a living wage. Ninety-eight sites (15.3%) had deficits of over $10,000 when comparing their stipends to local living wages, with $33,240 as the highest deficit. Discussion Eliminating obstacles to educating health service psychologists by decreasing the financial burden of training will likely have subsequent critical benefits towards bridging the workforce gap between mental healthcare service needs and available providers, ultimately leading to improved population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn O Hood
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Melissa R Schick
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Division of Prevention and Community Research, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Shannon E Cusack
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Virginia Institute of Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Margaret C Fahey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Sarah T Giff
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC
| | - Erin T Guty
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Mental Health Service, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD
| | - Natalie Hellman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Lauren M Henry
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Kent Hinkson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- South Central MIRECC, North Little Rock, AR
| | - Erin E Long
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Kelsey McCoy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Cognitive Behavioral Consultants
| | - Kelly O'Connor
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Adaixa Padron Wilborn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Aaron Reuben
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Psychology & Neuroscience Department, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Enoch T Sackey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Emily L Tilstra-Ferrell
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Kyle J Walters
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Sara M Witcraft
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
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Wang K. Grammar enhancement in EFL instruction: a reflection on the effects of self-evaluation, teacher support, and L2 grit. BMC Psychol 2024; 12:15. [PMID: 38178241 PMCID: PMC10768100 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01504-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Advancement in learning grammar and using it practically is one of the challenges of English as foreign learners (EFL) learners. Its progression may be expedited or slowed down by a variety of causes. Among the crucial factors, the possible effects of self-evaluation, teacher support, and L2 grit were still untouched which is the target of the current research. In so doing, 86 EFL students at the intermediate level were divided into two groups (i.e., experimental group and control group). The students in the control group (CG) are exposed to normal education, whereas learners in experimental group (EG) get extra instruction to practice self-evaluation and L2 Grit. Moreover, the emphasis on the teacher's position as a facilitator and supporter was more prominent in the EG. Based on data screening which was completed via one-way ANCOVA, learners in EG were more successful in grammar assessment due to the treatment. Further research avenues and educational implications were elaborated upon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelu Wang
- School of Foreign Languages, Leshan Normal University, 614000, Leshan, China.
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Meng Q, Huang R, Li H, Gong X, Yue D, Jiang W, Tian Y, Dong K. Analysis of comb-gnawing behavior in Apis cerana cerana (Hymenoptera: Apidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2024; 24:19. [PMID: 38417131 PMCID: PMC10901539 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieae020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Apis cerana cerana exhibits a prominent biological trait known as comb gnawing. In this study, gnawed combs from colonies during different seasons were collected, investigating the comb age and locations of gnawing. Patterns of comb gnawing were recorded, and the effects of 2 factors, namely, comb type and season, on the mass of wax residues and the gnawed surface area were measured. The results revealed that A. c. cerana predominantly gnaws combs that have been used for over 6 months, with gnawing concentrated in the brood-rearing area. In the first 3 seasons, significantly higher masses of wax residues and larger gnawed surface areas were found in greater wax moth larvae (GWML)-infested combs compared to newly built and old combs. Also, there were significantly higher masses and areas gnawed by A. c. cerana in old combs compared to newly built combs in all 4 seasons. Compared to other seasons, it exhibited significantly higher masses and areas resulting from comb-gnawing in newly built or old combs in winter. However, there were no significant differences in the masses of wax residues and surface areas gnawed in GWML-infested combs across the first 3 seasons. In conclusion, this study documented the impact of comb type and season on the comb-gnawing behavior of A. c. cerana, contributing to beekeeping management practices and the current understanding of bee biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxin Meng
- Yunnan Provincial Engineering and Research Center for Sustainable Utilization of Honeybee Resources, Eastern Bee Research Institute, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Rong Huang
- Yunnan Provincial Engineering and Research Center for Sustainable Utilization of Honeybee Resources, Eastern Bee Research Institute, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Hui Li
- Yunnan Provincial Engineering and Research Center for Sustainable Utilization of Honeybee Resources, Eastern Bee Research Institute, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Xueyang Gong
- Yunnan Provincial Engineering and Research Center for Sustainable Utilization of Honeybee Resources, Eastern Bee Research Institute, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Dan Yue
- Yunnan Provincial Engineering and Research Center for Sustainable Utilization of Honeybee Resources, Eastern Bee Research Institute, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Wutao Jiang
- Yunnan Provincial Engineering and Research Center for Sustainable Utilization of Honeybee Resources, Eastern Bee Research Institute, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yakai Tian
- Yunnan Provincial Engineering and Research Center for Sustainable Utilization of Honeybee Resources, Eastern Bee Research Institute, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Kun Dong
- Yunnan Provincial Engineering and Research Center for Sustainable Utilization of Honeybee Resources, Eastern Bee Research Institute, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
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Barros Padilha DXD, Veiga NJ, Mello-Moura ACV, Nunes Correia P. Virtual reality and behaviour management in paediatric dentistry: a systematic review. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:995. [PMID: 38087294 PMCID: PMC10717698 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03595-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Virtual reality (VR) has emerged as an innovative tool in medicine and dentistry, improving anxiety and pain management in children. The immersive and interactive environments of VR technology facilitate positive engagement of young patients during dental procedures via distraction, potentially reducing anxiety levels and improving treatment experience. The aim of this review was to provide current evidence-based guidance on the usage of VR in the clinical practice of paediatric dentistry. METHODS A systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines with the following research question using the PICO format: Does VR (I) effectively manage anxiety and pain (O) during a paediatric dental consultation (P) compared to alternative behavioural control techniques (C)? PubMed/Medline®, SCOPUS and Web of Science databases were searched and analysed. RESULTS A total of 22 randomised control trials were included in this review. These studies have shown that VR is a highly effective method of behaviour management, successfully alleviating pain and anxiety in children during dental treatment, surpassing traditional tools. Selected studies included participants with a large age range and dental procedures varied greatly, from first consultations to infiltration of local anaesthetic and other invasive procedures. VR was mostly used during treatment delivery and different immersive VR techniques were considered. Behaviour, anxiety and pain scales were used to determine efficacy and patient satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS VR offers an engaging and immersive experience, effectively diverting patients' attention away from the clinical environment, fostering a positive and enjoyable treatment experience. However, it is important to acknowledge the limitations of existing studies and the need for further research to enhance the understanding of VR's full potential in paediatric dentistry.
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Grants
- UIDB/04279/2020. This work is financially supported by National Funds through FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P., under the project
- UIDB/04279/2020. This work is financially supported by National Funds through FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P., under the project
- UIDB/04279/2020. This work is financially supported by National Funds through FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P., under the project
- UIDB/04279/2020. This work is financially supported by National Funds through FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P., under the project
- This work is financially supported by National Funds through FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P., under the project
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nélio Jorge Veiga
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 3504-505, Viseu, Portugal
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Health (CIIS), Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 3504-505, Viseu, Portugal
| | - Anna Carolina Volpi Mello-Moura
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 3504-505, Viseu, Portugal
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Health (CIIS), Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 3504-505, Viseu, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Nunes Correia
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 3504-505, Viseu, Portugal.
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Health (CIIS), Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 3504-505, Viseu, Portugal.
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Delfel E, Hammond A, Shields GS, Moore DJ, Slavich GM, Thames AD. Psychological grit moderates the relation between lifetime stressor exposure and functional outcomes among HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative adults. Stress Health 2023; 39:1058-1071. [PMID: 36997157 PMCID: PMC10544691 DOI: 10.1002/smi.3245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
The ability to maintain functional independence throughout the lifespan may be diminished among medically compromised and chronically stressed populations. People living with HIV are more likely to demonstrate functional impairment and report greater exposure to lifetime and chronic stressors than their seronegative counterparts. It is well-known that exposure to stressors and adversity is associated with functional impairment outcomes. However, to our knowledge, no studies have examined how protective factors such as psychological grit mitigate the negative effects of lifetime and chronic stressor exposure on functional impairment, and how this association differs by HIV-status. To address this issue, we studied associations between lifetime and chronic stressor exposure, grit, and functional impairment in 176 African American and non-Hispanic White HIV-seropositive (n = 100) and HIV-seronegative (n = 76) adults, aged 24-85 (M = 57.28, SD = 9.02). As hypothesised, HIV-seropositive status and lower grit, but not lifetime stressor exposure, were independently associated with more functional impairment. Moreover, there was a significant three-way interaction between HIV-status, grit, and lifetime stressor exposure, b = 0.07, p = 0.025, 95% CI [0.009, 0.135]. Specifically, lifetime stressor exposure was related to more functional impairment for HIV-seronegative-but not HIV-seropositive-adults who reported low levels of grit. These findings suggest that the protective effects of grit may differ across populations at risk for functional impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everett Delfel
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Long Beach, California, USA
| | - Andrea Hammond
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Long Beach, California, USA
| | - Grant S. Shields
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - David J. Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - George M. Slavich
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - April D. Thames
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Kalaivanan K. Lexical tone perception and learning in older adults: A review and future directions. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2023:17470218231211722. [PMID: 37873972 DOI: 10.1177/17470218231211722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
While the literature is well represented in accounting for how aging influences segmental properties of speech, less is known about its influences on suprasegmental properties such as lexical tones. In addition, foreign language learning is increasingly endorsed as being a potential intervention to boost cognitive reserve and overall well-being in older adults. Empirical studies on young learners learning lexical tones are aplenty in comparison with older learners. Challenges in this domain for older learners might be different due to aging and other learner-internal factors. This review consolidates behavioural and neuroscientific research related to lexical tone, speech perception, factors characterising learner groups, and other variables that would influence lexical tone perception and learning in older adults. Factors commonly identified to influence tone learning in younger adult populations, such as musical experience, language background, and motivation in learning a new language, are discussed in relation to older learner groups and recommendations to boost lexical tone learning in older age are provided based on existing studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kastoori Kalaivanan
- Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Programme, DUKE-NUS Medical School, Singapore
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Andrews NCZ, Cillessen AHN, Craig W, Dane AV, Volk AA. Bullying and the Abuse of Power. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BULLYING PREVENTION : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL BULLYING PREVENTION ASSOCIATION 2023:1-10. [PMID: 37361638 PMCID: PMC10112998 DOI: 10.1007/s42380-023-00170-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Dan Olweus pioneered research on school bullying and identified the importance of, and risk factors associated with, bullying and victimization. In this paper, we conduct a narrative review of the critical notion of power within bullying. Specifically, we discuss Olweus's definition of bullying and the role of a power imbalance in distinguishing bullying behavior from other forms of aggression. Next, we discuss the changing nature of research on aggression (and the adaptiveness of aggression) throughout the years, the important role of power in these changes, and how the concept of power in relationships has helped elucidate the developmental origins of bullying. We discuss bullying interventions and the potential opportunities for interventions to reduce bullying by making conditions for bullying less favorable and beneficial. Finally, we discuss bullying and the abuse of power that extends beyond the school context and emerges within families, workplaces, and governments. By recognizing and defining school bullying as an abuse of power and a violation of human rights, Olweus has laid the foundation and created the impetus for researching and addressing bullying. This review highlights the importance of examining abuses of power not only in school relationships, but across human relationships and society in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi C. Z. Andrews
- Department of Child and Youth Studies, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1 Canada
| | - Antonius H. N. Cillessen
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Radboud University, Houtlaan 4, Nijmegen, 6525 XZ The Netherlands
| | - Wendy Craig
- Department of Psychology, Queen’s University, Humphrey Hall, 62 Arch Street, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Andrew V. Dane
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St Catharines, ON L2S 3A1 Canada
| | - Anthony A. Volk
- Department of Child and Youth Studies, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1 Canada
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Tsikandilakis M, Bali P, Yu Z, Karlis AK, Tong EMW, Milbank A, Mevel PA, Derrfuss J, Madan C. "The many faces of sorrow": An empirical exploration of the psychological plurality of sadness. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023:1-17. [PMID: 37359621 PMCID: PMC10097524 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-023-04518-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Sadness has typically been associated with failure, defeat and loss, but it has also been suggested that sadness facilitates positive and restructuring emotional changes. This suggests that sadness is a multi-faceted emotion. This supports the idea that there might in fact be different facets of sadness that can be distinguished psychologically and physiologically. In the current set of studies, we explored this hypothesis. In a first stage, participants were asked to select sad emotional faces and scene stimuli either characterized or not by a key suggested sadness-related characteristic: loneliness or melancholy or misery or bereavement or despair. In a second stage, another set of participants was presented with the selected emotional faces and scene stimuli. They were assessed for differences in emotional, physiological and facial-expressive responses. The results showed that sad faces involving melancholy, misery, bereavement and despair were experienced as conferring dissociable physiological characteristics. Critical findings, in a final exploratory design, in a third stage, showed that a new set of participants could match emotional scenes to emotional faces with the same sadness-related characteristic with close to perfect precision performance. These findings suggest that melancholy, misery, bereavement and despair can be distinguishable emotional states associated with sadness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myron Tsikandilakis
- Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Persefoni Bali
- Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Zhaoliang Yu
- Department of Psychology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Eddie Mun Wai Tong
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alison Milbank
- Department of Theology and Religious Studies, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Pierre-Alexis Mevel
- Department of Modern Languages and Cultures, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jan Derrfuss
- Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Christopher Madan
- Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Iwińska K, Bieliński J, Calheiros CSC, Koutsouris A, Kraszewska M, Mikusiński G. The primary drivers of private-sphere pro-environmental behaviour in five European countries during the Covid-19 pandemic. JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION 2023; 393:136330. [PMID: 36748039 PMCID: PMC9894177 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.136330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, when fighting climate change and other global environmental issues is of utmost urgency, the understanding of what drives pro-environmental behaviour has become a hot topic in both academic and practical circles. Some earlier studies unravelled the complexity of the underlying factors of pro-environmental conduct, yet more studies are needed to understand the socio-cultural premises of such behaviour in different countries. The main aim of this paper is to offer a comprehensive analysis of the importance of pro-environmental behaviour drivers across five countries in Europe, namely Greece, Poland, Portugal, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The survey using computer-assisted web interviews (N = 2502) was implemented in July 2020, the first summer of the Covid-19 pandemic. Hierarchical linear models were employed to analyse individuals' behaviour, defined as self-perceived declaration of the willingness to contribute to environmental conservation. The results showed that attitudinal and value-related factors are more significant than demographics. Biospheric values and relationship to nature generally affect pro-environmental behaviour positively. Similarly, the experience of Covid-19 exerted a positive influence. In terms of country-level predictors, greenhouse gas emissions were found to have affected pro-environmental behaviour negatively, while the share of renewable energy sources influenced it positively. The cumulative country Covid-19-related mortality at the time of investigation did not have discernible impact. Based on the results it is suggested that, in order to foster PEB, a stronger emphasis on environmental education and attitudes towards nature should be employed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cristina Sousa Coutinho Calheiros
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Novo Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | | | | | - Grzegorz Mikusiński
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences SLU, School for Forest Management, BOX 43, 739 21, Skinnskatteberg, Sweden
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Beck F, Marzi I, Renninger D, Demetriou Y, Engels ES, Niermann C, Reimers AK. Associations of parents' and adolescents' active travel behavior across various destinations - a sex/gender analysis. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:522. [PMID: 36934259 PMCID: PMC10024016 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15428-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Active travel behavior such as walking and cycling is associated with several health benefits. Especially the family environment seems to be important for active travel in children and adolescents. Currently, little is known regarding travel behavior in leisure time and associations of travel behavior within parent-adolescent dyads. METHODS The present analysis is based on the German ARRIVE study (Active tRavel behavioR in the famIly enVironmEnt), which incorporated a large scale, representative cross-sectional online survey including 517 parent-child dyads consisting of adolescents (N = 517; boys = 263, girls = 254) aged 11-15 years and one of their parents (N = 517; fathers = 259, mothers = 258). Based on that survey which took place in June 2021 (during the COVID-19 pandemic), we calculated the prevalence of active travel to four commonly visited destinations (school/work, friends/relatives, shopping stores and recreational activities) using an adapted version of the travel to school questionnaire by Segura-Diaz JM, Rojas-Jimenez A, Barranco-Ruiz Y, Murillo-Pardo B, Saucedo-Araujo RG, Aranda-Balboa MJ, et al. (Int J Environ Res Public Health 17(14), 2020). In addition, we investigated the associations between parents' and adolescents' travel behavior using scores for school/work, leisure time (friends/relatives, shopping stores and recreational activities) and overall (school/work and leisure time). RESULTS Across all destinations, prevalence of active travel in adolescents (63.08%) was higher than in parents (29.21%). Active travel to school (47.33%) as well as to work (20.43%) indicated the lowest prevalence. Linear regression models revealed significant associations in overall active travel between mothers and adolescents (girls: β = 0.308, p < 0.001; boys: β = 0.302, p = 0.001) and in leisure time active travel behavior between mothers and daughters (β = 0.316, p < 0.001). Related to school/work active travel there were no associations between parents and adolescents. CONCLUSION The associations between adolescents' and parents' travel behavior differ depending on gender: they are solely seen in mother-adolescents dyads. Furthermore, our findings conclude that travel is a routine and independent of the destination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Beck
- Department of Sport Science and Sport, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Gebbertstraße 123B, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Isabel Marzi
- Department of Sport Science and Sport, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Gebbertstraße 123B, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Denise Renninger
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Georg-Brauchle-Ring 60/62, 80992, Munich, Germany
| | - Yolanda Demetriou
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Georg-Brauchle-Ring 60/62, 80992, Munich, Germany
| | - Eliane Stephanie Engels
- Department of Sport Science and Sport, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Gebbertstraße 123B, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christina Niermann
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Medical School Hamburg, Am Kaiserkai 1, 20457, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anne Kerstin Reimers
- Department of Sport Science and Sport, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Gebbertstraße 123B, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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Garza R, Pazhoohi F, Al-Shawaf L, Byrd-Craven J. An Eye Tracking Study Examining the Role of Mating Strategies, Perceived Vulnerability to Disease, and Disgust in Attention to Pathogenic Cues. ADAPTIVE HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 9:72-87. [PMID: 37038386 PMCID: PMC9974393 DOI: 10.1007/s40750-023-00211-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Disgust is an emotion that regulates disease avoidance and reduces the likelihood of pathogenic infections. Existing research suggests a bidirectional relationship between disgust and mating, where disgust inhibits sexual behavior and sexual behavior inhibits disgust. In the current study, we investigated the role of individual differences and mating motivations on visual attention to pathogenic cues. Participants (N = 103) were randomly assigned to a mating prime or control condition, and they were asked to view images of pathogenic cues (i.e., rotten food, exposed cuts, bodily fluids) paired with their non-pathogenic counterparts. The findings showed no effect of mating prime on visual attention to pathogenic stimuli; however, dispositional mating strategies (SOI-R) were associated with attention to pathogenic stimuli. Individuals with unrestricted sociosexual orientations viewed pathogenic stimuli longer. The findings demonstrate that dispositional mating orientation is associated with greater attention to disgusting images, a link between pathogens and mating orientation that warrants further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray Garza
- Department of Psychology and Communication, Texas A&M International University, 5201 University Blvd, 78041 Laredo, TX USA
| | - Farid Pazhoohi
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, V6T 1Z4 Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Laith Al-Shawaf
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado- Colorado Springs, 1420 Austin Bluffs Pkwy, Colorado Springs, 80918 Colorado Springs, CO USA
| | - Jennifer Byrd-Craven
- The Oklahoma Center for Evolutionary Analysis (OCEAN), Oklahoma State University, 116 Psychology Building, 74078 Stillwater, OK USA
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14
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Visual impairment and falls among older adults and elderly: evidence from longitudinal study of ageing in India. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:2324. [PMID: 36510173 PMCID: PMC9746100 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14697-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study determines the prevalence and correlates of falls, multiple falls, and injuries, focusing on visual impairment among the older adult and elderly population in India. Additionally, owing to the higher prevalence of falls and visual impairment among women, a sex-stratified analysis has also been done in the present study. METHODS The study utilized the data from the first wave of the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI wave-1), conducted during 2017-2018. Bivariate with chi-square and multivariate analyses were performed to fulfill the objective. RESULTS Around 34% of population had low vision (male:30% and female: 38%), while blindness prevalence was 1.63% (males: 1.88% and females: 1.41%). The fall was higher among females and increased across the gender with increasing visual impairment and blindness levels. The unadjusted odds of falls were 16% higher among individuals with low vision and 40% higher among individuals with blindness than with normal vision, and comparatively higher odds among females than males. CONCLUSION In summary, falls and visual impairment is public health challenge and needs to be addressed. Visual impairment is preventable in most cases, so it may be a modifiable target for reducing the risk of falls.
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15
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Coppola P, Allanson J, Naci L, Adapa R, Finoia P, Williams GB, Pickard JD, Owen AM, Menon DK, Stamatakis EA. The complexity of the stream of consciousness. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1173. [PMID: 36329176 PMCID: PMC9633704 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04109-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Typical consciousness can be defined as an individual-specific stream of experiences. Modern consciousness research on dynamic functional connectivity uses clustering techniques to create common bases on which to compare different individuals. We propose an alternative approach by combining modern theories of consciousness and insights arising from phenomenology and dynamical systems theory. This approach enables a representation of an individual's connectivity dynamics in an intrinsically-defined, individual-specific landscape. Given the wealth of evidence relating functional connectivity to experiential states, we assume this landscape is a proxy measure of an individual's stream of consciousness. By investigating the properties of this landscape in individuals in different states of consciousness, we show that consciousness is associated with short term transitions that are less predictable, quicker, but, on average, more constant. We also show that temporally-specific connectivity states are less easily describable by network patterns that are distant in time, suggesting a richer space of possible states. We show that the cortex, cerebellum and subcortex all display consciousness-relevant dynamics and discuss the implication of our results in forming a point of contact between dynamical systems interpretations and phenomenology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Coppola
- Division of Anaesthesia, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Judith Allanson
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Neurosciences, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lorina Naci
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Lloyd Building, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ram Adapa
- Division of Anaesthesia, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paola Finoia
- Division of Anaesthesia, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
- Division of Neurosurgery, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Guy B Williams
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John D Pickard
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
- Division of Neurosurgery, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Adrian M Owen
- The Brain and Mind Institute, Western Interdisciplinary Research Building, N6A 5B7 University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - David K Menon
- Division of Anaesthesia, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emmanuel A Stamatakis
- Division of Anaesthesia, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
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16
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Zhu H, Huang J. A New Method for Determining the Embedding Dimension of Financial Time Series Based on Manhattan Distance and Recurrence Quantification Analysis. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 24:1298. [PMID: 36141184 PMCID: PMC9497821 DOI: 10.3390/e24091298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Identification of embedding dimension is helpful to the reconstruction of phase space. However, it is difficult to calculate the proper embedding dimension for the financial time series of dynamics. By this Letter, we suggest a new method based on Manhattan distance and recurrence quantification analysis for determining the embedding dimension. By the advantages of the above two tools, the new method can calculate the proper embedding dimension with the feature of stability, accuracy and rigor. Besides, it also has a good performance on the chaotic time series which has a high-dimensional attractors.
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Hadfield K, Al-Hamad M, Bakhti R, Dajani R, El Kharouf A, Michalek J, Mukunzi J, Qtaishat L, Sethi T, von Stumm S, Mareschal I. Predictors of Literacy and Attitudes Toward Reading Among Syrian Refugee Children in Jordan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EARLY CHILDHOOD = REVUE INTERNATIONALE DE L'ENFANCE PRESCOLAIRE = REVISTA INTERNACIONAL DE LA INFANCIA PRE-ESCOLAR 2022:1-21. [PMID: 36105520 PMCID: PMC9461418 DOI: 10.1007/s13158-022-00334-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Refugee children often face disruptions to their education before and during displacement. However, little is known about either levels or predictors of refugee children's literacy or about their attitudes toward reading in low- or middle-income countries. To address this, we conducted in-home literacy assessments using the Holistic Assessment of Learning and Development Outcomes with 322 Syrian refugee mother-child dyads who lived in Jordan (child age range 4-8 years, M = 6.32 years, 50% female). Overall, the children had quite low levels of literacy, although they indicated a strong enthusiasm for reading. Child age, maternal education, and maternal ability to read all predicted child literacy, although maternal literacy predicted it only among children enrolled in school. Among those enrolled in school (64.9% of the total sample, 88.7% of those aged ≥ 6), students attending hybrid classes had better literacy than those attending either solely in-person or solely online, although the frequency of school attendance did not predict literacy. A less consistent pattern emerged for predicting children's attitudes toward reading. Our results suggest an urgent need to improve literacy skills among refugee children in Jordan, as well as a need for validated measures of attitudes toward reading for use with Arabic-speaking youth. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13158-022-00334-x.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rinad Bakhti
- Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Rana Dajani
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Amal El Kharouf
- Centre for Women Studies, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Julia Michalek
- Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Joana Mukunzi
- Vulnerability, Trauma, Resilience and Culture Lab, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Tanvi Sethi
- Department of Education, University of Oxford, Oxford
, UK
| | | | - Isabelle Mareschal
- Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Smith JA, Stabbert H, Bagwell JJ, Teng HL, Wade V, Lee SP. Do people with low back pain walk differently? A systematic review and meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2022; 11:450-465. [PMID: 35151908 PMCID: PMC9338341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The biomechanics of the trunk and lower limbs during walking and running gait are frequently assessed in individuals with low back pain (LBP). Despite substantial research, it is still unclear whether consistent and generalizable changes in walking or running gait occur in association with LBP. The purpose of this systematic review was to identify whether there are differences in biomechanics during walking and running gait in individuals with acute and persistent LBP compared with back-healthy controls. METHODS A search was conducted in PubMed, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and PsycINFO in June 2019 and was repeated in December 2020. Studies were included if they reported biomechanical characteristics of individuals with and without LBP during steady-state or perturbed walking and running. Biomechanical data included spatiotemporal, kinematic, kinetic, and electromyography variables. The reporting quality and potential for bias of each study was assessed. Data were pooled where possible to compare the standardized mean differences (SMD) between back pain and back-healthy control groups. RESULTS Ninety-seven studies were included and reviewed. Two studies investigated acute pain and the rest investigated persistent pain. Nine studies investigated running gait. Of the studies, 20% had high reporting quality/low risk of bias. In comparison with back-healthy controls, individuals with persistent LBP walked slower (SMD = -0.59, 95% confidence interval (95%CI): -0.77 to -0.42)) and with shorter stride length (SMD = -0.38, 95%CI: -0.60 to -0.16). There were no differences in the amplitude of motion in the thoracic or lumbar spine, pelvis, or hips in individuals with LBP. During walking, coordination of motion between the thorax and the lumbar spine/pelvis was significantly more in-phase in the persistent LBP groups (SMD = -0.60, 95%CI: -0.90 to -0.30), and individuals with persistent LBP exhibited greater amplitude of activation in the paraspinal muscles (SMD = 0.52, 95%CI: 0.23-0.80). There were no consistent differences in running biomechanics between groups. CONCLUSION There is moderate-to-strong evidence that individuals with persistent LBP demonstrate differences in walking gait compared to back-healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Armour Smith
- Department of Physical Therapy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA 92618, USA.
| | - Heidi Stabbert
- Department of Physical Therapy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
| | - Jennifer J Bagwell
- Department of Physical Therapy, California State University, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
| | - Hsiang-Ling Teng
- Department of Physical Therapy, California State University, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
| | - Vernie Wade
- Department of Physical Therapy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
| | - Szu-Ping Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
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Chung J, Mundy ME, McKenzie S. A Self-Managed Online Mindfulness Program in a University-Wide Learning Management System Orientation Site: A Real-World Ecological Validation Study. Front Psychol 2022; 13:869765. [PMID: 35602693 PMCID: PMC9121920 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.869765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of mindfulness-based interventions in randomised-controlled trials and large experimental studies has been demonstrated in university student populations. Whilst these investigations have provided insight into the nature of the delivery of mindfulness-based practices, there has been little research in the implementation of self-managed online student wellbeing and mindfulness programs at university. This ecological validation study conducted in 2020 evaluated a real-world implementation of a large, university-wide, online mindfulness-based program that was accessible fully online via the tertiary institutions’ Learning Management System (LMS) student orientation site. The total sample included 833 participants from a range of disciplines and faculties at Monash University, Australia. At the end of the study, 236 (28.3%) participants were retained and completed the follow-up survey. Participants had the option to engage with the fully self-managed online mindfulness program for a 12-week semester. The mindfulness practices were pre-recorded, audio-guided sessions, and 10–15 min in length. Baseline and end of semester questionnaires included the 14-item Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale, 10-item Perceived Stress Scale and the 18-item Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. Participants who engaged with the mindfulness program over 3 or more weeks showed significant improvements in all three outcome measures, and all participants showed significant improvements in wellbeing at the end of semester. Learning analytics obtained via the LMS revealed that 58.6% (n = 489) had not logged into the mindfulness program at all, almost a third (31.0%, n = 259) logged into the program materials once or twice, and 10.2% (n = 85) of the whole sample engaged with the program actively, having logged in three or more times. The total number of student logins peaked in week 2, reduced between week 2 and week 7 and thereafter activity remained stable until the end of the semester. We hypothesise that the changes in wellbeing, stress and mindfulness at the end of the semester seen in the low engagement participants may partly be explained by the circumstances of COVID-19 restrictions improving. This study has revealed and discusses the complexities of student behaviour and implications for implementing an online mindfulness program in the real- world setting of a university.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Chung
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew E Mundy
- Monash Centre for Professional Development and Monash Online Education, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen McKenzie
- School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Learning to Perceive Non-Native Tones via Distributional Training: Effects of Task and Acoustic Cue Weighting. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12050559. [PMID: 35624946 PMCID: PMC9138676 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12050559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As many distributional learning (DL) studies have shown, adult listeners can achieve discrimination of a difficult non-native contrast after a short repetitive exposure to tokens falling at the extremes of that contrast. Such studies have shown using behavioural methods that a short distributional training can induce perceptual learning of vowel and consonant contrasts. However, much less is known about the neurological correlates of DL, and few studies have examined non-native lexical tone contrasts. Here, Australian-English speakers underwent DL training on a Mandarin tone contrast using behavioural (discrimination, identification) and neural (oddball-EEG) tasks, with listeners hearing either a bimodal or a unimodal distribution. Behavioural results show that listeners learned to discriminate tones after both unimodal and bimodal training; while EEG responses revealed more learning for listeners exposed to the bimodal distribution. Thus, perceptual learning through exposure to brief sound distributions (a) extends to non-native tonal contrasts, and (b) is sensitive to task, phonetic distance, and acoustic cue-weighting. Our findings have implications for models of how auditory and phonetic constraints influence speech learning.
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21
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Zhao S, Dong Y, Luo J. Profiles of Teacher Professional Identity Among Student Teachers and Its Association With Mental Health. Front Public Health 2022; 10:735811. [PMID: 35462806 PMCID: PMC9019155 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.735811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, studies exploring the link between teacher professional identity and mental health are increasing. However, such research using latent profile analysis is still scarce. The aim of this study was to examine the heterogeneity of a sample of 923 student teachers' professional identity and its association with mental health (i.e., psychological wellbeing and anxiety). By using latent profile analysis, four different profiles were identified: (1) low professional identity (LPI, 5.1%), (2) moderate professional identity (MPI, 42.7%), (3) high occupational values (HOV, 12%), and (4) high professional identity (HPI, 40.2%). The results demonstrated that psychological wellbeing and anxiety were significantly different across the four profiles. In addition, the anxiety of HOV group was not significantly with LPI and MPI groups. This study indicated that student teachers in different groups may have different mental health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunying Zhao
- School of Education Science, Academic Affairs Office, Jiaying University, Meizhou, China
| | - Yang Dong
- Department of English, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Jian Luo
- School of Education Science, Academic Affairs Office, Jiaying University, Meizhou, China
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22
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Which Personal and Organizational Factors Influence the Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction of Shipyard Blue-Collar Workers? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19084849. [PMID: 35457719 PMCID: PMC9031882 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background: The purpose of this research was to analyze which personal and organizational factors are related to organizational commitment and job satisfaction of shipyard workers who work in different auxiliary shipyard military companies in the north of Spain. Methods: In total, 567 shipyard workers participated in this cross-sectional survey study. The ages were between 19 and 64 (M = 39.36, SD = 10.01), males 82.52%, females 17.48%. We used a survey that included questions about personal and organizational factors such as physical environment, occupational risks, and psychosocial risks, in addition to the job commitment and job satisfaction scales. Results: The results of this study show that job commitment is significantly related to a higher age, lower education, and environmental risk (low vs. high). Furthermore, job satisfaction (high vs. low) and organizational commitment (high vs. low) is related with environmental risk (low vs. high). Job commitment is also higher in workers with a low educational level and older workers. Job satisfaction is lower in workers with a high educational level. Conclusions: This study shows that different personal and environmental factors influence the shipyard workers’ organizational commitment and job satisfaction.
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Romanovska L, Janssen R, Bonte M. Longitudinal changes in cortical responses to letter-speech sound stimuli in 8-11 year-old children. NPJ SCIENCE OF LEARNING 2022; 7:2. [PMID: 35079026 PMCID: PMC8789908 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-021-00118-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
While children are able to name letters fairly quickly, the automatisation of letter-speech sound mappings continues over the first years of reading development. In the current longitudinal fMRI study, we explored developmental changes in cortical responses to letters and speech sounds across 3 yearly measurements in a sample of 18 8-11 year old children. We employed a text-based recalibration paradigm in which combined exposure to text and ambiguous speech sounds shifts participants' later perception of the ambiguous sounds towards the text. Our results showed that activity of the left superior temporal and lateral inferior precentral gyri followed a non-linear developmental pattern across the measurement sessions. This pattern is reminiscent of previously reported inverted-u-shape developmental trajectories in children's visual cortical responses to text. Our findings suggest that the processing of letters and speech sounds involves non-linear changes in the brain's spoken language network possibly related to progressive automatisation of reading skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Romanovska
- Maastricht Brain Imaging Center, Department Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Roef Janssen
- Maastricht Brain Imaging Center, Department Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Milene Bonte
- Maastricht Brain Imaging Center, Department Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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ZHANG N, LIU W, LIU F, GUO X. Relationship between depression and cognitive reappraisal in 8-12 years old children: The mediating role of attention bias toward sad expression. ACTA PSYCHOLOGICA SINICA 2022. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1041.2022.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Gallegos-Gonzalez G, Pineda-García G, Serrano-Medina A, Martinez AL, Ochoa-Ruiz E. Association between Stress and Metabolic Syndrome and its Mediating Factors in University Students. Am J Health Behav 2021; 45:1091-1102. [PMID: 34969419 DOI: 10.5993/ajhb.45.6.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this study, we evaluated the association between perceived stress and indicators of metabolic syndrome and how this association is mediated by sleep problems, unhealthy eating habits, and night eating syndrome, in addition to serum levels of ghrelin and cortisol in university students. METHODS We recruited 192 students from a public university in Mexico. Weight, height, waist circumference and blood pressure were taken in accordance with standard protocols. Validated questionnaires were used to assess perceived stress, sleep quality and eating habits. Fasting blood samples were taken to measure ghrelin, cortisol, triglycerides, glucose and HDL-C. RESULTS Path Analysis indicated direct positive effects of stress over PSQI (β = 0.341) and NES (β = 0.443); PSQI over NES (β = 0.233) and NES over glucose (β = 0.170), triglycerides over LDL-C (β = 0.215), waist circumference over SBP (β = 0.259). Likewise, standardized negative regression weights of PSQI over Diet Quality Index (β = -0.239) and ghrelin concentrations (β = -0.132), ghrelin over Diet Quality Index (β = -0.188) and waist circumference (β = -0.147). Diet Quality Index over triglycerides (β = -0.184); sleep duration over systolic blood pressure (β = -0.242); waist circumference over HDL-C (β = -0.256). CONCLUSION Psychological stress leads to increased indicators of MetS via decreased sleep quality, inadequate eating habits and eating behavior in university students.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gisela Pineda-García
- Faculty of Medicine and Psychology at the Autonomous University of Baja California, Tijuana, BC, México
| | - Aracely Serrano-Medina
- Faculty of Medicine and Psychology at the Autonomous University of Baja California, Tijuana, BC, México
| | - Ana Laura Martinez
- Faculty of Medicine and Psychology at the Autonomous University of Baja California, Tijuana, BC, México
| | - Estefanía Ochoa-Ruiz
- Faculty of Medicine and Psychology at the Autonomous University of Baja California, Tijuana, BC, México;,
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Kim C, Schmuhl M. Assessment of Research on Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) Among Sexual Minorities in the United States. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2021; 22:766-776. [PMID: 31630642 DOI: 10.1177/1524838019881732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although sexual minority couples experience intimate partner violence (IPV) similar to or higher than heterosexual couples, not much attention has been given to LGBTQ couples. Using content analysis, this integrative review seeks to examine the state of scholarly literature regarding IPV among LGBTQ+ communities in the United States. For studies to be eligible for inclusion in this review, studies were required to focus on LGBTQ+ populations within the United States, published in English, involved violence between intimate partners, were the result of peer-reviewed, original research, and were published between years 2008 and 2018. Using SocIndex as the search database, a total of 46 peer-reviewed journal articles met the inclusion criteria. This study found that most studies employed quantitative research designs aiming to examine the statistical relationship between IPV and other variables by using surveys. Demographic information of the participants was mostly used as predictors of IPV, whereas health-related risky behaviors were mostly used as outcomes variables that were associated with IPV. Theoretical frameworks, methodology, and policy suggestions used in each study were examined in depth. A discussion of future studies and policy implications follows the findings of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunrye Kim
- Sociology and Criminal Justice Department, 124477Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Margaret Schmuhl
- Public Justice Department, 14828State University of New York at Oswego, NY, USA
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Varela C, Oda-Montecinos C, Andrés A, Saldaña C. Effectiveness of web-based feedback interventions for people with overweight and obesity: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Eat Disord 2021; 9:75. [PMID: 34174949 PMCID: PMC8234624 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-021-00432-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Web-based delivered interventions have become an innovative option to treat health problems, like obesity. The aim of this systematic review and network meta-analysis was to analyze the effectiveness of web-based behavioral treatments for adults with overweight and obesity. Web-based interventions and comparison interventions (traditional weight control programs) were classified according to the following feedback characteristics: frequency, personalization, and provider (human versus machine). METHOD From the initial 1789 studies, 15 were included in this review. A network meta-analysis was conducted to analyze the efficacy of web-based programs with traditional interventions, considering direct and indirect comparisons. The main outcome was the weight loss mean difference (kg) between baseline and post-treatment. Heterogeneity and consistency assumptions were validated to conduct the network meta-analysis. RESULTS Network meta-analysis showed comparisons between different treatment options. The main results were that Intensive Contact Web-based programs were more effective than wait-list (Mean Difference - 1.86 kg; 95% Confidence Interval: - 3.61, - 0.12). Moreover, Intensive Contact Web-based programs were more effective than the other web-based options and self-help traditional interventions. However, the only significant comparison was Intensive Contact Web-based programs versus Guided Self-Help Web-based programs (Mean Difference - 4.31 kg; 95% Confidence Interval: - 5,22, - 3,41). Intensive Contact Web-based programs were the most effective treatment option according the obtained results, achieving the first place in the ranking provided by the network meta-analysis with 98.5% of probabilities. CONCLUSIONS Intensive Contact Web-based interventions have obtained the first position in the ranking, proving the relevance of frequent, personalized, and professional feedback and their association with a better prognosis for people with overweight and obesity. These results provide relevant information to design more effective treatments for people with overweight and obesity, in a new format especially appropriate for the current situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Varela
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Section of Personality, Assessment and Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebrón, 171, P.C. 08035, Barcelona, Cataluña, Spain
| | | | - Ana Andrés
- Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sport Sciences, Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmina Saldaña
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Section of Personality, Assessment and Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebrón, 171, P.C. 08035, Barcelona, Cataluña, Spain.
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Robson Day C, Nicholls K. " They Don't Think Like Us": Exploring Attitudes of Non-Transgender Students Toward Transgender People Using Discourse Analysis. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2021; 68:914-933. [PMID: 31652111 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2019.1667161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Literature concerned with attitudes toward transgender (TG) individuals has been found to be lacking. Predominant research is quantitative and the few qualitative studies either investigated TG experience or attitudes of those with personal experience of TG people.This study investigated this topic using a qualitative approach employing semi-structured interviews exploring beliefs, understanding, and experience of TG people. Foucauldian Discourse Analysis was used to analyze the language used to construct a "transgender" discourse. Participants were cisgender, heterosexual, female participants from Black and ethnic minority backgrounds (n = 6).Prevalent discourses were; "Heteronormativity as a Benchmark," "The Ease of Disclosure'" and "Actualising the Other." Participants consistently drew on discourse that constructed TG as "other." Findings indicate a need to attend to context, as well as content, when exploring attitudes and that covert forms of prejudice need to be addressed and could inform anti-prejudice interventions and the creation of future transphobia measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Robson Day
- Centre for Trust, Peace and Social Relations, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Kate Nicholls
- Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
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Jung HS, Jung YS, Yoon HH. COVID-19: The effects of job insecurity on the job engagement and turnover intent of deluxe hotel employees and the moderating role of generational characteristics. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT 2021; 92:102703. [PMID: 33041428 PMCID: PMC7538393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 has caused an unprecedented crisis in all industries around the world. This study sought to verify that job insecurity, as perceived by deluxe hotel employees, significantly affects their job engagement and turnover intent and to determine the moderating effect of generational characteristics. The finding showed that perceptions of job insecurity had negative effects on the engagement of deluxe hotel employees. Also, employees' job engagement can decrease turnover intent. The engagement of employees fully mediated the relationship between perceptions of job insecurity and turnover intent, and job insecurity caused by COVID-19 had a greater influence on Generation Y than Generation X in reducing job engagement, indicating that the negative impact of job insecurity is higher in Generation Y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Sun Jung
- Center for Converging Humanities, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Sik Jung
- Department of Culinary Science and Foodservice Management, Graduate School of Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Hyun Yoon
- College of Hotel & Tourism Management, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
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Dominguez I, Zumwalt A. Developing a Practical Medical Educator Training Program: Meeting A Need in Faculty Development. MEDEDPUBLISH 2020; 9:271. [PMID: 38058945 PMCID: PMC10697581 DOI: 10.15694/mep.2020.000271.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. Faculty who teach in medical schools typically do so because of their knowledge and expertise in their field, yet few receive training in best practices in teaching. Educator development programs that help faculty enhance their teaching skills while continuing to fulfill their existing professional responsibilities can help address this gap. Such programs may be developed and implemented locally by individuals within the institution. This guide is intended for individuals who are interested in developing educator training programs but who lack experience in program development. The article describes practical strategies for designing, implementing, and evaluating a collaborative program to teach skills and best practices in medical education. Key themes in program design, program implementation, and program evaluation and dissemination include appropriate goal setting, setting clear expectations, strong communication, and the benefits of diversity in collaboration. Educator training programs provide enhanced teaching skills and opportunities for career advancement for participants at all career stages, which in turn benefits the institution and the medical profession.
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Obregon M, Luo J, Shelton J, Blevins T, MacDowell M. Assessment of burnout in medical students using the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey: a cross-sectional data analysis. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2020; 20:376. [PMID: 33087080 PMCID: PMC7579892 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-020-02274-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medical student burnout can cause emotional and physical exhaustion and detachment. The objectives of this study were to evaluate burnout using the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey (MBI-SS), identify factors that may predict burnout, and assess wellness initiatives effectiveness at reducing burnout. METHODS The MBI-SS was administered to all medical students (Classes 2019 to 2022) at the University of Illinois College of Medicine (UICOM) from February to May 2019. Factor analysis and internal consistency of the MBI-SS were assessed. Mean MSBI-SS subscale scores for burnout were calculated for cynicism (CY), emotional exhaustion (EE), and academic efficacy (AE). Multiple regression analysis was used to identify student factors that may predict burnout. RESULTS A total of 273 (21.6%) UICOM students completed the survey and 110 (40.3%) respondents reported self-perceived burnout. MBI-SS subscale scores were significantly higher for CY and EE, and significantly lower for AE in students who reported suffering from burnout versus students who did not report burnout. Mean ± SD subscale scores for CY, EE, and AE in burnout students were 14.44 ± 5.59, 23.23 ± 4.74, and 24.81 ± 5.35, respectively. In comparison, mean ± SD subscale scores for CY, EE, and AE in non-burnout students were 7.59 ± 5.16, 14.96 ± 5.71, and 28.74 ± 3.21, respectively. Regression analysis denoted significant associations between burnout and being out-of-phase in the curriculum, the effectiveness of wellness initiatives, and strength of motivation for medical school (SMMS) in both the two- and three-dimensional MBI-SS models. Gender was significantly associated with burnout in only the two-dimensional model. CONCLUSIONS Self-reported burnout in medical students at UICOM was validated using the MBI-SS. Being out-of-phase in the curriculum, being female, rating wellness initiatives as less effective, and demonstrating lower motivation for continued medical school education may be used as predictors of medical student burnout. This investigation may act as a guide for measuring burnout in medical student populations and how the implementation of wellness initiatives may ameliorate burnout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Obregon
- University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, 1601 Parkview Ave, Rockford, IL, 61107, USA
| | - Jessica Luo
- University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, 1601 Parkview Ave, Rockford, IL, 61107, USA
| | - Jarod Shelton
- University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, 1601 Parkview Ave, Rockford, IL, 61107, USA.
| | - Terri Blevins
- Research Assistant Professor and Assistant Dean for Student Affairs and Academic Progress, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL, USA
| | - Martin MacDowell
- Research Professor and Associate Director Health Professions Education, Department of Family Medicine, National Center for Rural Health Professions, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL, USA
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Dysregulation of metabolic pathways by carnitine palmitoyl-transferase 1 plays a key role in central nervous system disorders: experimental evidence based on animal models. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15583. [PMID: 32973137 PMCID: PMC7519132 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72638-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiology of CNS diseases including multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis remains elusive despite decades of research resulting in treatments with only symptomatic effects. In this study, we provide evidence that a metabolic shift from glucose to lipid is a key mechanism in neurodegeneration. We show that, by downregulating the metabolism of lipids through the key molecule carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT1), it is possible to reverse or slowdown disease progression in experimental models of autoimmune encephalomyelitis-, SOD1G93A and rotenone models, mimicking these CNS diseases in humans. The effect was seen both when applying a CPT1 blocker or by using a Cpt1a P479L mutant mouse strain. Furthermore, we show that diet, epigenetics, and microbiota are key elements in this metabolic shift. Finally, we present a systemic model for understanding the complex etiology of neurodegeneration and how different regulatory systems are interconnected through a central metabolic pathway that becomes deregulated under specific conditions.
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Wang T, Potter CE, Saffran JR. Plasticity in second language learning: The case of Mandarin tones. LANGUAGE LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT 2020; 16:231-243. [PMID: 33716583 PMCID: PMC7954216 DOI: 10.1080/15475441.2020.1737072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Adults typically struggle to perceive non-native sound contrasts, especially those that conflict with their first language. Do the same challenges persist when the sound contrasts overlap but do not conflict? To address this question, we explored the acquisition of lexical tones. While tonal variations are present in many languages, they are only used contrastively in tonal languages. We investigated the perception of Mandarin tones by adults with differing experience with Mandarin, including naïve listeners, classroom learners, and native speakers. Naïve listeners discriminated Mandarin tones at above-chance levels, and performance significantly improved after just one month of classroom exposure. Additional evidence for plasticity came from advanced classroom learners, whose tonemic perception was indistinguishable from that of native speakers. The results suggest that unlike many other non-native contrasts, adults studying a language in the classroom can readily acquire the perceptual skills needed to discriminate Mandarin tones.
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Klumpp H, Kinney KL, Bhaumik R, Fitzgerald JM. Principal component analysis and brain-based predictors of emotion regulation in anxiety and depression. Psychol Med 2019; 49:2320-2329. [PMID: 30355375 PMCID: PMC9278874 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291718003148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reappraisal, an adaptive emotion regulation strategy, is associated with frontal engagement. In internalizing psychopathologies (IPs) such as anxiety and depression frontal activity is atypically reduced suggesting impaired regulation capacity. Yet, successful reappraisal is often demonstrated at the behavioral level. A data-driven approach was used to clarify brain and behavioral relationships in IPs. METHODS During functional magnetic resonance imaging, anxious [general anxiety disorder (n = 43), social anxiety disorder (n = 72)] and depressed (n = 47) patients reappraised negative images to reduce negative affect ('ReappNeg') and viewed negative images ('LookNeg'). After each trial, the affective state was reported. A cut-point (i.e. values <0 based on ΔReappNeg-LookNeg) demarcated successful reappraisers. Neural activity for ReappNeg-LookNeg, derived from 37 regions of interest, was submitted to Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to identify unique components of reappraisal-related brain response. PCA factors, symptom severity, and self-reported habitual reappraisal were submitted to discriminant function analysis and linear regression to examine whether these data predicted successful reappraisal (yes/no) and variance in reappraisal ability. RESULTS Most patients (63%) were successful reappraisers according to the behavioral criterion (values<0; ΔReappNeg-LookNeg). Discriminant function analysis was not significant for PCA factors, symptoms, or habitual reappraisal. For regression, more activation in a factor with high loadings for frontal regions predicted better reappraisal facility. Results were not significant for other variables. CONCLUSIONS At the individual level, more activation in a 'frontal' factor corresponded with better reappraisal facility. However, neither brain nor behavioral variables classified successful reappraisal (yes/no). Findings suggest individual differences in regions strongly implicated in reappraisal play a role in on-line reappraisal capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heide Klumpp
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology (HK, KLK), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kerry L. Kinney
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology (HK, KLK), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Runa Bhaumik
- Department of Psychiatry (RB), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Waring R, Rickard Liow S, Eadie P, Dodd B. Speech development in preschool children: evaluating the contribution of phonological short-term and phonological working memory. JOURNAL OF CHILD LANGUAGE 2019; 46:632-652. [PMID: 30829193 DOI: 10.1017/s0305000919000035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests domain-general processes, including working memory, may contribute to reduced speech production skills in young children. This study compared the phonological short-term (pSTM) and phonological working memory (pWM) abilities of 50 monolingual English-speaking children between 3;6 and 5;11 with typical speech production skills and percentage consonant correct (PCC) standard scores of 12 and above (n = 22) and typical speech production skills and PCC standard scores of between 8 and 11 (n = 28). A multiple hierarchical regression was also conducted to determine whether pSTM and/or pWM could predict PCC. Children with typical speech production skills and PCC standard scores of 12 and above had better pWM abilities than children with typical speech production skills and PCC standard scores of between 8 and 11. pSTM ability was similar in both groups. pWM accounted for 5.3% variance in overall phonological accuracy. Implications of phonological working memory in speech development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Waring
- University of Melbourne,Department of Audiology and Speech Pathology
| | | | | | - Barbara Dodd
- University of Melbourne,Department of Audiology and Speech Pathology
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Reliable and efficient recording of the error-related negativity with a speeded Eriksen Flanker Task. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2019; 31:135-142. [PMID: 30561291 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2018.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is accumulating evidence that the error-related negativity (ERN), an event-related potential elicited after erroneous actions, is altered in different psychiatric disorders and may help to guide treatment options. Thus, the ERN is a promising candidate as a psychiatric biomarker. Basic methodological requirements for a biomarker are that their measurements are standardised and reliable. The aim of the present study was to establish ERN acquisition in a reliable, time-efficient and patient-friendly way for use in clinical practice. METHODS Healthy subjects performed a speeded Eriksen Flanker Task that increases the number of errors. In a test-retest design (N = 14) with two sessions separated by 28 days we assessed the reliability of the ERN. To ensure external validity, we aimed to replicate previously reported correlation patterns of ERN amplitude with (A) number of errors and (B) negative affect. In order to optimise the clinical use of the task, we determined to which extent the task can be shortened while keeping reliability >0.80. RESULTS We found excellent reliability of the ERN (intraclass correlation coefficients = 0.806-0.947) and replicated ERN correlation patterns. The task can be halved to a patient-friendly length of 200 trials (recorded in 8 min) keeping reliability >0.80. CONCLUSIONS The modified task provides reliable and efficient recording of the ERN, facilitating its use as a psychiatric biomarker.
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Wayne PM, Yeh GY, Mehta DH. Minding the Mind-Body Literature: Burnout in Medicine and the Corporate Workforce. J Altern Complement Med 2019; 25:1-4. [PMID: 30657713 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2018.29062.pmw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Wayne
- Interim Director and Director of Research, Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital
| | - Gloria Y Yeh
- Director, Research Fellowship in Integrative Medicine, Director of Mind-Body Research, Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical Center
| | - Darshan H Mehta
- Medical Director, Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Associate Director of Education, Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital
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