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Nechchadi H, Nadir Y, Benhssaine K, Alem C, Sellam K, Boulbaroud S, Berrougui H, Ramchoun M. Hypolipidemic activity of phytochemical combinations: A mechanistic review of preclinical and clinical studies. Food Chem 2024; 459:140264. [PMID: 39068825 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia, a condition characterized by elevated levels of lipids in the blood, poses a significant risk factor for various health disorders, notably cardiovascular diseases. Phytochemical compounds are promising alternatives to the current lipid-lowering drugs, which cause many undesirable effects. Based on in vivo and clinical studies, combining phytochemicals with other phytochemicals, prebiotics, and probiotics and their encapsulation in nanoparticles is more safe and effective for managing hyperlipidemia than monotherapy. To this end, the results obtained and the mechanisms of action of these combinations were examined in detail in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habiba Nechchadi
- Department of Biology, Polydisciplinary Faculty, University Sultan Moulay Slimane, 23000 Beni Mellal, Morocco.
| | - Youssef Nadir
- Laboratory of Biological Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University Sultan Moulay Slimane, 23000 Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Khalid Benhssaine
- Department of Biology, Polydisciplinary Faculty, University Sultan Moulay Slimane, 23000 Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Chakib Alem
- Biochemistry of Natural Products Team, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Moulay Ismail University, 52000 Errachidia, Morocco
| | - Khalid Sellam
- Biology, Environment and Health Team, Faculty of sciences and Techniques, Moulay Ismail University, 52000 Errachidia, Morocco
| | - Samira Boulbaroud
- Department of Biology, Polydisciplinary Faculty, University Sultan Moulay Slimane, 23000 Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Hicham Berrougui
- Department of Biology, Polydisciplinary Faculty, University Sultan Moulay Slimane, 23000 Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Mhamed Ramchoun
- Department of Biology, Polydisciplinary Faculty, University Sultan Moulay Slimane, 23000 Beni Mellal, Morocco
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2
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Pires JM, Negri G, Duarte-Almeida JM, Carlini EA, Mendes FR. Phytochemical analysis and investigation of analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antispasmodic activities of hydroethanolic extracts of Alternanthera dentata, Ocimum carnosum, and Plectranthus barbatus, three species with vernacular names derived from analgesic drugs. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 334:118508. [PMID: 38950795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Plant vernacular names can provide clues about the popular use of a species in different regions and are valuable sources of information about the culture or vocabulary of a population. Several medicinal plants in Brazil have received names of medicines and brand-name products. AIM OF THE STUDY The present work aimed to evaluate the chemical composition and pharmacological activity in the central nervous system of three species known popularly by brand names of analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, and digestive drugs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Hydroethanolic extracts of Alternanthera dentata (AD), Ocimum carnosum (OC), and Plectranthus barbatus (PB) aerial parts were submitted to phytochemical analysis by HPLC-PAD-ESI-MS/MS and evaluated in animal models at doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg. Mice were tested on hot plate, acetic acid-induced writing, formalin-induced licking, and intestinal transit tests. Aspirin and morphine were employed as standard drugs. RESULTS The three extracts did not change the mice's response on the hot plate. Hydroethanolic extracts of AD and PB reduced the number of writhes and licking time, while OC was only effective on the licking test at dose of 1000 mg/kg. In addition, AD and OC reduced intestinal transit, while PB increased gut motility. CONCLUSIONS Pharmacological tests supported some popular uses, suggesting peripheral antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects, while the phytochemical analysis showed the presence of several flavonoids in the three hydroethanolic extracts and steroids in PB, with some barbatusterol derivatives described for the first time in the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Movilla Pires
- Department of Psychobiology. Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 862, São Paulo, 04023-062, SP, Brazil.
| | - Giuseppina Negri
- Department of Psychobiology. Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 862, São Paulo, 04023-062, SP, Brazil.
| | - Joaquim Mauricio Duarte-Almeida
- Centro Oeste Dona Lindu Campus / Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Av. Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, Divinópolis, 35501-296, MG, Brazil.
| | - Elisaldo Araújo Carlini
- Department of Psychobiology. Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 862, São Paulo, 04023-062, SP, Brazil.
| | - Fúlvio Rieli Mendes
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Universidade Federal do ABC, Alameda da Universidade, SN, São Bernardo do Campo, 09606-045, SP, Brazil.
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3
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Shen Y, Liu F, Zhang M. Therapeutic potential of plant-derived natural compounds in Alzheimer's disease: Targeting microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 178:117235. [PMID: 39094545 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia are resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS) with roles in sensing, housekeeping, and defense. Exploring the role of microglia in the occurrence and development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the possible therapeutic mechanism of plant-derived natural compounds (PDNCs) that regulate microglia-associated neuroinflammation may potentially help in elucidating the pathogenesis of AD and provide novel insights for its treatment. This review explores the role of abnormal microglial activation and its dominant neuroinflammatory response, as well as the activation of their target receptors and signaling pathways in AD pathogenesis. Additionally, we report an update on the potential pharmacological mechanisms of multiple PDNCs in modulating microglia-associated neuroinflammation in AD treatment. Dysregulated activation of microglial receptors and their downstream pathways impaired immune homeostasis in animal models of AD. Multiple signaling pathways, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), and Toll-like receptors, play important roles in microglial activation and can exacerbate microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. PDNCs, such as magnolol, stigmasterol, matrine, naringenin, naringin, and resveratrol, can delay the progression of AD by inhibiting the proinflammatory receptors of microglia, activating its anti-inflammatory receptors, regulating the receptors related to β-amyloid (Aβ) clearance, reversing immune dysregulation, and maintaining the immune homeostasis of microglial downstream pathways. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which microglia cause chronic inflammation in AD and evaluates the beneficial effects of PDNCs on immune regulation in AD by regulating microglial receptors and their downstream pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, China.
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China
| | - Mingjie Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, China.
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4
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Wang S, Yang Z, Zhai M, Guo P, Sun G. A comprehensive study of Tianma Toutong Tablets from the dual dimensions of quality and efficacy using fingerprint techniques and network pharmacology. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1318:342928. [PMID: 39067933 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The quality of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is the prerequisite for ensuring its safe and effective clinical application. With the increasing popularity of TCM worldwide, the quality control of TCM products has become increasingly crucial. Tianma toutong tablet (TMTTT) is mainly used for migraine caused by external wind and cold, blood stasis, or deficiency of blood and nourishment. However, the mechanism of action of TMTTT is still unclear, and there has been a lack of in vitro antioxidant activity research and migraine treatment mechanism research. Therefore, it is urgent to establish a set of comprehensive and effective evaluation methods. RESULTS three fingerprint profiles were established using HPLC, UV, and DSC analysis methods, and established three digital parameters simple complexity index (SX), simple clarity index (SY), simple complexity clarity ratio (Sω), 22 batches of samples were evaluated using a comprehensive linear quantitative fingerprint method (CLQFM). In addition, the antioxidant activity of the samples was determined using the DPPH method, and the relationship between fingerprint peaks in different fingerprints and antioxidant capacity was explored using Pearson correlation coefficients. Finally, network pharmacological research was conducted to investigate the potential targets, compounds, and pathways involved in the treatment of migraines with TMTTT. The results showed that the 22 batches of samples were classified into different quality grades. TMTTT exhibited good antioxidant activity, the fingerprint-efficacy relationship showed that gastrodin, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, imperatorin and isoimperatorin had strong antioxidant capacity, providing directions for the identification of active compounds. A total of 36 core targets were identified and screened by network pharmacology, which AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 (AKT1), albumin (ALB), insulin (INS), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and compounds such as β-sitosterol, chrysophanol, vanillin are the key to the treatment of migraine, providing references for subsequent clinical research and new drug development. SIGNIFICANCE This study examined the consistency of the quality of TMTTT and the mechanism of action in treating migraines from both quality and efficacy perspectives, providing a favorable direction for further research on TMTTT and offering new ideas for the quality control of TCM compound formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Ziyu Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Manhuayun Zhai
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China.
| | - Ping Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China.
| | - Guoxiang Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China.
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Dulay ANG, de Guzman JCC, Marquez ZYD, Santana ESD, Arce J, Orosco FL. The potential of Chlorella spp. as antiviral source against African swine fever virus through a virtual screening pipeline. J Mol Graph Model 2024; 132:108846. [PMID: 39151375 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2024.108846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) causes high mortality in pigs and threatens global swine production. There is still a lack of therapeutics available, with two vaccines under scrutiny and no approved small-molecule drugs. Eleven (11) viral proteins were used to identify potential antivirals in in silico screening of secondary metabolites (127) from Chlorella spp. The metabolites were screened for affinity and binding selectivity. High-scoring compounds were assessed through in silico ADMET (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, Toxicity) predictions, compared to structurally similar drugs, and checked for off-target docking with prepared swine receptors. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations determined binding stability while binding energy was measured in Molecular Mechanics - Generalized Born Surface Area (MMGBSA) or Poisson-Boltzmann Surface Area (MMPBSA). Only six (6) compounds passed until MD analyses, of which five (5) were stable after 100 ns of MD runs. Of these five compounds, only three had binding affinities that were comparable to or stronger than controls. Specifically, phytosterols 24,25-dihydrolanosterol and CID 4206521 that interact with the RNA capping enzyme (pNP868R), and ergosterol which bound to the Erv-like thioreductase (pB119L). The compounds identified in this study can be used as a theoretical basis for in vitro screening to develop potent antiviral drugs against ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Neil G Dulay
- Virology and Vaccine Research Program, Industrial Technology Development Institute, Department of Science and Technology, Taguig, 1632, Philippines
| | - John Christian C de Guzman
- Virology and Vaccine Research Program, Industrial Technology Development Institute, Department of Science and Technology, Taguig, 1632, Philippines
| | - Zyra Ysha D Marquez
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines - Manila, Manila, 1000, Philippines
| | - Elisha Sofia D Santana
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines - Manila, Manila, 1000, Philippines
| | - Jessamine Arce
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines - Manila, Manila, 1000, Philippines
| | - Fredmoore L Orosco
- Virology and Vaccine Research Program, Industrial Technology Development Institute, Department of Science and Technology, Taguig, 1632, Philippines; Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines - Manila, Manila, 1000, Philippines; S&T Fellows Program, Department of Science and Technology, Taguig, 1632, Philippines.
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Windyaswari AS, Nugraha MFI, Hartati R, Elfahmi. Isolation and antimicrobial activity of secondary metabolites of pothos tener wall. Nat Prod Res 2024:1-9. [PMID: 39102533 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2384081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
The Pothos genus is extensively utilised in traditional medicine in China and India. An underexplored species of Pothos tener Wall was identified in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Antimicrobial activity was assessed using microdilutions and streak plates against Staphylococcus aureus, Eschericia coli, Aeromonas hydrophila, Aspergillus niger, and Candida albicans. Significant effectiveness was observed in the methanol extract, as indicated by the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) values for three different extracts (methanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane) of P. tener. The isolates obtained were structurally analysed using Ultraviolet (UV)-spectroscopy, Fourier-transform Infra Red-Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Mass Spectroscopy (MS), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and antimicrobial testing after undergoing fractionation and subfractionation. The isolate obtained was stigmasterol with moderate antimicrobial activity against A. niger and A. hydrophila, with MIC equivalent to MBC of 500 µg/ml. The first report of stigmasterol from P. tener has potent antimicrobial properties, bolstering empirical data in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Sri Windyaswari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia
- Department of Biology Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jenderal Achmad Yani, Cimahi, Indonesia
| | - Media Fitri Isma Nugraha
- Research Centre for Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Traditional Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Rika Hartati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Elfahmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia
- University Centre of Excellence for Nutraceuticals, Bioscience and Biotechnology Research Centre, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia
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Tang W, Ye L, Guan M, He J, Liu J, Zhao P. Effect of linolenic acid on triterpenoids production by the liquid fermentation of Antrodia cinnamomea. J Food Sci 2024; 89:4856-4870. [PMID: 38923424 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.17170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Liquid state fermentation is now a commonly used route to obtain triterpenoids from Antrodia cinnamomea, and linolenic acid can significantly promote triterpenoids synthesis, whereas its action mechanism has not been studied. Here, we comprehensively performed an investigation on the mechanism of linolenic acid to promote triterpenoids production in liquid-state fermentation of A. cinnamomea. Results showed that the addition of linolenic acid increased the unsaturated fatty acid index, fluidity, and permeability in the cell membrane of A. cinnamomea mycelia, favored the absorption of nutrients in the medium by the mycelium, enhanced the material exchange inside and outside, and thus promoted mycelial growth and triterpenoids synthesis. Moreover, 767 significantly differentially expressed genes were detected by adding linolenic acid, including 212 upregulated genes and 555 downregulated genes. The upregulated genes were mainly enriched in metabolism, glycolytic pathway, TCA cycle, and pyruvate metabolism. It was seen that the addition of linolenic acid improved the cell metabolic activity and promoted the synthesis of secondary metabolites, proving that the addition of linolenic acid improved the metabolic viability of cells and promoted secondary metabolite synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- Whole Grain Nutritious Food Processing Technology Research and Experimental Base of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Longfei Ye
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- Whole Grain Nutritious Food Processing Technology Research and Experimental Base of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Meizhu Guan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jianfei He
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- Whole Grain Nutritious Food Processing Technology Research and Experimental Base of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- Whole Grain Nutritious Food Processing Technology Research and Experimental Base of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Peicheng Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
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Valitova J, Renkova A, Beckett R, Minibayeva F. Stigmasterol: An Enigmatic Plant Stress Sterol with Versatile Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8122. [PMID: 39125690 PMCID: PMC11311414 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Sterols play important structural and regulatory roles in numerous intracellular processes. Unlike animals, plants contain a distinctive and diverse variety of sterols. Recently, information has emerged showing that stigmasterol is a "stress sterol". Stigmasterol is synthesized via the mevalonate biosynthesis pathway and has structural similarity to β-sitosterol but differs in the presence of a trans-oriented double bond in the side chain. In plants, the accumulation of stigmasterol has been observed in response to various stresses. However, the precise ways that stigmasterol is involved in the stress responses of plants remain unclear. This comprehensive review provides an update on the biology of stigmasterol, particularly the physicochemical properties of this ethylsterol, its biosynthesis, and its occurrence in higher plants and extremophilic organisms, e.g., mosses and lichens. Special emphasis is given to the evolutionary aspects of stigmasterol biosynthesis, particularly the variations in the gene structure of C22-sterol desaturase, which catalyzes the formation of stigmasterol from β-sitosterol, in a diversity of evolutionarily distant organisms. The roles of stigmasterol in the tolerance of plants to hostile environments and the prospects for its biomedical applications are also discussed. Taken together, the available data suggest that stigmasterol plays important roles in plant metabolism, although in some aspects, it remains an enigmatic compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Valitova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, P.O. Box 261, Kazan 420111, Russia; (J.V.); (A.R.)
| | - Albina Renkova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, P.O. Box 261, Kazan 420111, Russia; (J.V.); (A.R.)
| | - Richard Beckett
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa;
| | - Farida Minibayeva
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, P.O. Box 261, Kazan 420111, Russia; (J.V.); (A.R.)
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Tocharus C, Sutheerawattananonda M. Hypoglycemic Ability of Sericin-Derived Oligopeptides (SDOs) from Bombyx mori Yellow Silk Cocoons and Their Physiological Effects on Streptozotocin (STZ)-Induced Diabetic Rats. Foods 2024; 13:2184. [PMID: 39063270 PMCID: PMC11276246 DOI: 10.3390/foods13142184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients with diabetes require daily medication to maintain blood sugar levels. Nevertheless, the long-term use of antidiabetics can lose efficacy and cause degeneration in some patients. For long-term diabetes care, integrating natural dietary foods and medicine is being considered. This study investigated the impact of SDOs on blood sugar levels and their physiological effects on diabetic rats. We induced diabetes in male Wistar rats with STZ (50 mg/kg) and then administered an oral glucose tolerance test to determine the SDO dosage comparable to glibenclamide. The rats were divided into nine groups: normal, diabetic, and diabetic with insulin (10 U/kg), glibenclamide (0.6 mg/kg), bovine serum albumin (BSA; 200 mg/kg), soy protein isolate (200 mg/kg), or SDOs (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg). Diabetic rats administered SDOs had a higher body weight and serum insulin but a lower blood sugar than diabetic control rats. Biochemical assays indicated lower AST/SGOT, ALT/SGPT, BUN, and triglycerides but higher HDL in the SDO groups. Immunohistochemistry showed that SDOs reduced damaged islet cells, increased beta-cell size, and improved insulin levels while decreasing alpha cell size and glucagon. The vascular effects of SDOs were like those of normal control treatment and insulin treatment in diabetic rats. SDOs, a yellow silk protein, show potential for long-term diabetes care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chainarong Tocharus
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Manote Sutheerawattananonda
- School of Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
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Sun M, Cao Y, Cheng J, Xu D, Li F, Wang J, Ge Y, Liu Y, Long X, Guo W, Liu J, Fu S. Stigmasterol Activates the mTOR Signaling Pathway by Inhibiting ORP5 Ubiquitination to Promote Milk Synthesis in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:14769-14785. [PMID: 38912664 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c03243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Stigmasterol (ST), a phytosterol found in food, has various biological activities. However, the effect of ST on milk synthesis in dairy cows remains unclear. Therefore, bovine primary mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) were isolated, cultured, and treated with ST to determine the effect of ST on milk synthesis. The study revealed that 10 μM ST significantly increased milk synthesis in BMECs by activating the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. Further investigation revealed that this activation depends on the regulatory role of oxysterol binding protein 5 (ORP5). ST induces the translocation of ORP5 from the cytoplasm to the lysosome, interacts with the mTOR, recruits mTOR to target the lysosomal surface, and promotes the activation of the mTOR signaling pathway. Moreover, ST was found to increase ORP5 protein levels by inhibiting its degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Specifically, the E3 ubiquitin ligase membrane-associated cycle-CH-type finger 4 (MARCH4) promotes the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of ORP5. ST mitigates the interaction between MARCH4 and ORP5, thereby enhancing the structural stability of ORP5 and reducing its ubiquitination. In summary, ST stabilizes ORP5 by inhibiting the interaction between MARCH4 and ORP5, thereby activating mTOR signaling pathway and enhancing milk synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yu Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Ji Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Dianwen Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jiaxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yusong Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yuhao Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xiaoyu Long
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Wenjin Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Juxiong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Shoupeng Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
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Lim JH, Kim SE, Kim HJ, Song GG, Jung JH. Intra-articular injection of stigmasterol-loaded nanoparticles reduce pain and inhibit the inflammation and joint destruction in osteoarthritis rat model: A pilot study. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024; 14:1969-1981. [PMID: 38200400 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-023-01501-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Stigmasterol, a plant-derived sterol, sharing structural similarity with cholesterol, has demonstrated anti-osteoarthritis (OA) properties, attributed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capabilities. Given that OA often arises in weight bearing or overused joints, prolonged localized treatment effectively targets inflammatory aspects of the disease. This research explored the impact of stigmasterol-loaded nanoparticles delivered via intra-articular injections in an OA rat model. Employing mesoporous silica nanomaterials (MSNs) combined with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) as a vehicle, stigmasterol was loaded in conjunction with tannic acid, forming stigmasterol/β-CD-MSNs to facilitate a sustained stigmasterol release. The study employed RAW 264.7 cells to examine the in vitro cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory effect of stigmasterol/β-CD-MSNs. For in vivo experimentation, we used healthy control rats and monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced OA rats, separated into five groups, varying the injection substances. In vitro findings indicated that stigmasterol/β-CD-MSNs suppressed the mRNA expression of key pro-inflammatory mediators such as interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and matrix metalloproteinase-3 in a dose-dependent manner. In vivo experiments revealed a substantial decrease in the mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory factors in the stigmasterol(50 µg)/β-CD-MSN group compared to the others. Macroscopic, radiographic, and histological evaluations established that intra-articular injections of stigmasterol/β-CD-MSNs inhibited cartilage degeneration and subchondral bone deterioration. Therefore, in a chemically induced OA rat model, intra-articular stigmasterol delivery was associated with reduction in both local and systemic inflammatory responses, alongside a slowdown in joint degradation and arthritic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun Lim
- Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Eun Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Nano-Based Disease Control Institute, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak-Jun Kim
- Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Nano-Based Disease Control Institute, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwan Gyu Song
- Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Jung
- Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Republic of Korea.
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Huo R, Yang WJ, Liu Y, Liu T, Li T, Wang CY, Pan BS, Wang BL, Guo W. Stigmasterol: Remodeling gut microbiota and suppressing tumor growth through Treg and CD8+ T cells in hepatocellular carcinoma. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 129:155225. [PMID: 38678948 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most primary malignant liver tumor and is ranked as the fifth most common malignancy worldwide. Despite various therapeutic approaches being used in clinical practice, the overall effectiveness remains insufficient. Stigmasterol, a compound known for its anti-tumor properties and ability to induce apoptosis in tumor cells, has been found to influenced the composition of the intestinal microbiota. However, the mechanism through which stigmasterol influences the intestinal microbial-host crosstalk in HCC remains elusive. PURPOSE This study was to investigate whether stigmasterol can remodel gut microbiota, and suppress tumor volume by regulating Treg and IFN-γ+ CD8+ cell in the host with HCC. METHOD Stigmasterol (at dosages of 0, 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg) was orally administered to Balb/c mice with subcutaneous tumor once every 2 days for 3 weeks. RESULTS We first found that tumors volume in the group treated with 100 mg/kg stigmasterol were significantly decreased compared with those in the control group (P < 0.05), which exhibited a similar effect as the sorafenib treatment in mice with HCC. This resulted in a significant upregulation of Caspase3, Bax, and P53 expressions, as well as a decrease in Cyclin D1 expression, ultimately leading to a reduction in tumor volume. Additionally, stigmasterol can alter the α and β diversity of the intestinal flora and significantly increase the abundance of Lactobacillus_johnsonii, Lactobacillus_murinus, and Lactobacillus_reuteri (P<0.05), which can lead to a decrease in the ratio of regulatory T cells (Tregs) to CD8+ T cells in the intestinal tract and tumor tissue, and consequently enhance immune response in the tumor microenvironment (TME) in the host with HCC. CONCLUSION In this study, we initially utilized different dosages of stigmasterol to intervene in mice with HCC and confirmed its inhibitory effects on tumor growth in vivo, and discovered that stigmasterol affected Lactobacillus johnsonii, Lactobacillus murinus, and Lactobacillus reuteri, resulting in an increased proportion of IFN-γ+ CD8+ T cells and Treg cells in both the intestinal mucosa and tumor tissues, and ultimately leading to increased levels of apoptotic proteins and the subsequent death of tumor cells, which shed light on the effect of stigmasterol on host intestinal tissue and intratumoral immune cells by reshaping the intestinal microbiota, and provide a theoretical foundation for the potential clinical application of stigmasterol in the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Huo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wen-Jing Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Te Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chu-Yu Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bai-Shen Pan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wusong Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bei-Li Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Geriatric Medical Center, Shanghai, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wusong Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Cancer Center, Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Geriatric Medical Center, Shanghai, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xiamen Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Xiamen, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wusong Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Cancer Center, Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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13
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Zaine NFZ, Zamakshshari NH, Abd Halim AN, Yi Mian VJ, Ngui Sing N. Isolation, derivatization, and anti-microbial evaluation of secondary metabolites from Garcinia dryobalanoides. Nat Prod Res 2024:1-7. [PMID: 38919065 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2371109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
A detailed study on secondary metabolites from the stem bark of Garcinia dryobalanoides has yielded one triterpenoid and four xanthones. Along with that, five novel rubraxanthone derivatives had been successfully synthesised via Williamson etherification with various alkyl halides. The antibacterial evaluation on crude extract, isolated secondary metabolites (1-5), and synthesised compounds (6-9) against Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Serratia marcescens demonstrated moderate to active activities outlining their bacteriostatic potential. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) study conducted revealed the presence of prenyl and hydroxy groups on the xanthone attributed to good bacterial inhibition. The introduction of the alkyl chain to the hydroxy part eventually decreases the antibacterial activity of the compound which is probably due to the bulkiness that causes steric hindrances, therefore limiting the ability to bind to its target site within the bacterial cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Fazlin Zafirah Zaine
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Malaysia
| | - Nor Hisam Zamakshshari
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Malaysia
| | - Ainaa Nadiah Abd Halim
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Malaysia
| | - Vivien Jong Yi Mian
- Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Malaysia
| | - Ngieng Ngui Sing
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Malaysia
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Anjum F, Touqeer S, Khan MY, Jamil Q, Rida A, Shirazi JH, Ejaz SA, Attaullah HM, Sarwar G, Khan ZH, Wazir MA, Malik B, Aufy M, Iqbal SM. Pharmacognostic Evaluation, Chemical Characterization, and Antibacterial Activity of Bassia indica (Wight) A.J. Scott. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1753. [PMID: 38999593 PMCID: PMC11244141 DOI: 10.3390/plants13131753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Bassia indica (Wight) A.J. Scott is an Indian origin plant with documented medicinal and nutritional value, but has not been fully characterized yet. The present study was designed to establish pharmacognostic standards for the proper identification of the B. indica plant and its chemical characterization. The plant was standardized with World Health Organization (WHO) standardization tools and chemically characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis. Antibacterial potential was assessed by the zone of inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and molecular docking studies were also performed. Pharmacognostic evaluation established the macroscopic and microscopic parameters for the identification of whole plant and its powder. Physicochemical parameters were also set forth while quantitative phytochemical analysis showed that the ethyl acetate fraction had the highest quantity of phenols, flavonoids, and tannins. FTIR analysis showed several functional groups such as phenols, alkanes, and alcohols while 55 phytochemicals were identified in the GC-MS analysis of the crude fraction. The crude extract and other fractions showed marked antibacterial activity, while the ethyl acetate fraction showed the least MIC (1.95-31.25 mg/mL). Phytochemicals identified in the GC-MS showed good molecular docking interactions against the DNA gyrase subunit B of bacteria with binding energies ranging from -4.2 to -9.4 kcal/mol. The current study describes the pharmacognostic characterization and phytochemical profiling of B. indica and provides scientific evidence to support its use in infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayyaz Anjum
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan; (F.A.)
| | - Saad Touqeer
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi 112612, United Arab Emirates
- AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi 112612, United Arab Emirates
| | - Muhammad Younus Khan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - QurratUlAin Jamil
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Rida
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan; (F.A.)
| | - Jafir Hussain Shirazi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Syeda Abida Ejaz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Attaullah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Sarwar
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Zaeem Hayat Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asif Wazir
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Barizah Malik
- School of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Mohammed Aufy
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, UZA II, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Shahid Muhammad Iqbal
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan; (F.A.)
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Premkumar T, Sajitha Lulu S. Targeting key players in Alzheimer's disease: bioactive compounds from Moringa oleifera, Desmodium gangeticum, and Centella asiatica as potential therapeutics. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-23. [PMID: 38887054 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2335300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is one of the critical reasons for dementia around the world, with a huge number of cases being reported every year. The breakdown of Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) plays a crucial role in AD development. The Beta-site APP Cleaving Enzyme 1 (BACE1) is a highly significant proteolytic enzyme found to be critically involved in the APP breakdown process and generates beta-amyloid plaques in the extracellular neuronal membrane. In this study, we have used natural compounds with cognitive and neuroprotective activities from three plants, Centella asiatica, Moringa oleifera, and Desmodium gangeticum to inhibit the activity of BACE1. We have identified nine compounds out of 73 compounds filtered out from the three plants showing high affinity with the catalytic dyad region of BACE1 through molecular docking studies. Interestingly, the 200 ns molecular dynamics simulation study further confirmed the stability of the complexes formed between 9 compounds and the BACE1 protein. Furthermore, the free energy calculations also revealed these complexes possess favorable energies. Astilbin, Delphinidin 3-glucoside, and kaempferol 7-O-glucoside showed good binding affinity and structural stability when compared to other compounds and the control CNP520. Following a preliminary screening, the Astilbin compound was chosen based on the grounds of binding affinity, ADMET Properties, Hbond formation, Molecular Dynamic simulation, and MM-PBSA studies. A subsequent 1microsecond molecular dynamics simulation was conducted for the Astilbin complex. Through microsecond simulation, it was found that Astilbin alters BACE1's behavior and induces conformational rearrangements. Thus, this study opens a gateway to inhibit the activity of BACE1 protein through Astilbin thereby disclosing the possibility of managing Alzheimer's Disease.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Premkumar
- Integrative Multiomics Laboratory, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Sajitha Lulu
- Integrative Multiomics Laboratory, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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16
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Liu G, He Y, Yin Z, Feng Z. An anoikis-related gene signature predicts prognosis, drug sensitivity, and immune microenvironment in cholangiocarcinoma. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32337. [PMID: 38947446 PMCID: PMC11214491 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Cholangiocarcinoma is a malignant invasive biliary tract carcinoma with a poor prognosis. Anoikis-related genes are prognostic features of a variety of cancers. However, the value of prognostication and therapeutic effect of anoikis-related genes in cholangiocarcinoma have not been reported. The aim of this research was developing an ARGs signature associated with cholangiocarcinoma patients. Methods We introduced transcriptome data to discover genes that were differentially expressed in cholangiocarcinoma. Subsequently, WGCNA was utilized to screen critical module genes in reference to anoikis. The univariate Cox, Lasso regression and Kaplan-Meier survival were executed to build a prognostic signature. We further performed gene functional enrichment, immune microenvironment and immunotherapy analysis between two risk subgroups. Finally, the pRRophetic algorithm was applied to compare the half inhibitory concentration value of several drugs. Results A grand total of 1844 genes with differential expression related to the cholangiocarcinoma patients were identified. Furthermore, we obtained 2678 key module genes related to anoikis. Then, a prognostic signature was developed using the 6 prognostic genes (FXYD2, PCBD1, C1RL, GMNN, LAMA4 and HACL1). Independent prognostic analysis showed that risk score and alcohol could function as separate prognostic variables. We found cetain distinction in the immune microenvironment between the two risk subgroups. Moreover, immunotherapy evaluation showed that the anoikis-related gene signature could be applied as a therapy predictor. Finally, Chemotherapeutic drug sensitivity results showed that the low-risk group responded better to bosutinib, gefitinib, gemcitabine, and paclitaxel, while the high-risk group responded better to axitinib, cisplatin, and imatinib. Conclusion The prognostic signature comprised of FXYD2, PCBD1, C1RL, GMNN, LAMA4 and HACL1 based on anoikis-related genes was established, which provided theoretical basis and reference value for the research and treatment of cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guochao Liu
- Department of Minimally Invasive and Biliary Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yujian He
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Hebei Institute of Gastroenterology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhaoqiang Yin
- Department of Minimally Invasive and Biliary Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhijie Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Hebei Institute of Gastroenterology, Shijiazhuang, China
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Maaloul S, Ghzaiel I, Mahmoudi M, Mighri H, Pires V, Vejux A, Martine L, de Barros JPP, Prost-Camus E, Boughalleb F, Lizard G, Abdellaoui R. Characterization of Silybum marianum and Silybum eburneum seed oils: Phytochemical profiles and antioxidant properties supporting important nutritional interests. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304021. [PMID: 38875282 PMCID: PMC11178192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Milk thistle seed oil is still not a well-known edible oil. Silybum marianum (milk thistle), is present in several countries and is the only known representative of the genus Silybum. However, Silybum eburneum, which is an endemic plant in Spain, Kenya, Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, is considered a marginalized species. The present work is the first report that gives information on the lipid and phenolic profiles of Tunisian S. eburneum seed oil compared to those of Tunisian S. marianum seed oil. In addition, the antioxidant properties of these oils were determined with DPPH, FRAP, and KRL assays, and their ability to prevent oxidative stress was determined on human monocytic THP-1 cells. These oils are characterized by high amounts of unsaturated fatty acids; linoleic acid and oleic acid are the most abundant. Campesterol, sitosterol, stigmasterol, and β-amyrin were the major phytosterols identified. α-tocopherol was the predominant tocopherol found. These oils also contain significant amounts of phenolic compounds. The diversity and richness of Silybum marianum and Silybum eburneum seed oils in unsaturated fatty acids, phenolic compounds, and tocopherols are associated with high antioxidant activities revealed by the DPPH, FRAP, and KRL assays. In addition, on THP-1 cells, these oils powerfully reduced the oxidative stress induced by 7-ketocholesterol and 7β-hydroxycholesterol, two strongly pro-oxidant oxysterols often present at increased levels in patients with age-related diseases. Silybum marianum and Silybum eburneum seed oils are therefore important sources of bioactive molecules with nutritional interest that prevent age-related diseases, the frequency of which is increasing in all countries due to the length of life expectancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah Maaloul
- Laboratory of Rangeland Ecosystems and Valorisation of Spontaneous Plants and Associated Microorganisms (LR16IRA03), Arid Regions Institute, University of Gabes, Medenine, Tunisia
| | - Imen Ghzaiel
- Team 'Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' (EA7270) University of Bourgogne/Inserm, Dijon, France
- University Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Maher Mahmoudi
- Laboratory of Rangeland Ecosystems and Valorisation of Spontaneous Plants and Associated Microorganisms (LR16IRA03), Arid Regions Institute, University of Gabes, Medenine, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Plant, Soil and Environement Interactions (LR21ES01)-University of Tunis El-Manar, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, El-Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Functional Physiology and Valorization of Bio-Ressources, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Beja (LR23ES08), University of Jendouba, Jendouba, Tunisia
| | - Hédi Mighri
- Laboratory of Rangeland Ecosystems and Valorisation of Spontaneous Plants and Associated Microorganisms (LR16IRA03), Arid Regions Institute, University of Gabes, Medenine, Tunisia
| | - Vivien Pires
- Team 'Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' (EA7270) University of Bourgogne/Inserm, Dijon, France
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Anne Vejux
- Team 'Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' (EA7270) University of Bourgogne/Inserm, Dijon, France
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | | | | | | | - Fayçal Boughalleb
- Laboratory of Rangeland Ecosystems and Valorisation of Spontaneous Plants and Associated Microorganisms (LR16IRA03), Arid Regions Institute, University of Gabes, Medenine, Tunisia
| | - Gérard Lizard
- Team 'Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' (EA7270) University of Bourgogne/Inserm, Dijon, France
| | - Raoudha Abdellaoui
- Laboratory of Rangeland Ecosystems and Valorisation of Spontaneous Plants and Associated Microorganisms (LR16IRA03), Arid Regions Institute, University of Gabes, Medenine, Tunisia
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Rabbani V, Garoosi GA, Haddad R, Farjaminezhad R, Japelaghi RH. Improvement and prediction of the extraction parameters of lupeol and stigmasterol metabolites of Melia azedarach with response surface methodology. BMC Biotechnol 2024; 24:39. [PMID: 38849803 PMCID: PMC11157759 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-024-00865-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melia azedarach is known as a medicinal plant that has wide biological activities such as analgesic, antibacterial, and antifungal effects and is used to treat a wide range of diseases such as diarrhea, malaria, and various skin diseases. However, optimizing the extraction of valuable secondary metabolites of M. azedarach using alternative extraction methods has not been investigated. This research aims to develop an effective, fast, and environmentally friendly extraction method using Ultrasound-assisted extraction, methanol and temperature to optimize the extraction of two secondary metabolites, lupeol and stigmasterol, from young roots of M. azedarach using the response surface methodology. METHODS Box-behnken design was applied to optimize different factors (solvent, temperature, and ultrasonication time). The amounts of lupeol and stigmasterol in the root of M. azedarach were detected by the HPLC-DAD. The required time for the analysis of each sample by the HPLC-DAD system was considered to be 8 min. RESULTS The results indicated that the highest amount of lupeol (7.82 mg/g DW) and stigmasterol (6.76 mg/g DW) was obtained using 50% methanol at 45 °C and ultrasonication for 30 min, and 50% methanol in 35 °C, and ultrasonication for 30 min, respectively. Using the response surface methodology, the predicted conditions for lupeol and stigmasterol from root of M. azedarach were as follows; lupeol: 100% methanol, temperature 45 °C and ultrasonication time 40 min (14.540 mg/g DW) and stigmasterol 43.75% methanol, temperature 34.4 °C and ultrasonication time 25.3 min (5.832 mg/g DW). CONCLUSIONS The results showed that the amount of secondary metabolites lupeol and stigmasterol in the root of M. azedarach could be improved by optimizing the extraction process utilizing response surface methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Rabbani
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Imam Khomeini International University (IKIU), P. O. Box 288, Qazvin, l34149-16818, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Ghasem-Ali Garoosi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Imam Khomeini International University (IKIU), P. O. Box 288, Qazvin, l34149-16818, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Raheem Haddad
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Imam Khomeini International University (IKIU), P. O. Box 288, Qazvin, l34149-16818, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Reza Farjaminezhad
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Imam Khomeini International University (IKIU), P. O. Box 288, Qazvin, l34149-16818, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Reza Heidari Japelaghi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Imam Khomeini International University (IKIU), P. O. Box 288, Qazvin, l34149-16818, Islamic Republic of Iran
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Emad AM, Mahrous EA, Rasheed DM, Gomaa FAM, Hamdan AME, Selim HMRM, Yousef EM, Abo-Zalam HB, El-Gazar AA, Ragab GM. Wound Healing Efficacy of Cucurbitaceae Seed Oils in Rats: Comprehensive Phytochemical, Pharmacological, and Histological Studies Tackling AGE/RAGE and Nrf2/Ho-1 Cue. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:733. [PMID: 38931399 PMCID: PMC11206300 DOI: 10.3390/ph17060733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The Cucurbitaceae family includes several edible species that are consumed globally as fruits and vegetables. These species produce high volumes of seeds that are often discarded as waste. In this study, we investigate the chemical composition and biological activity of three seed oils from Cucurbitaceae plants, namely, cantaloupe, honeydew, and zucchini, in comparison to the widely used pumpkin seed oil for their ability to enhance and accelerate wound healing in rats. Our results showed that honeydew seed oil (HSO) was effective in accelerating wound closure and enhancing tissue repair, as indicated by macroscopic, histological, and biochemical analyses, as compared with pumpkin seed oil (PSO). This effect was mediated by down-regulation of the advanced glycation end products (AGE) and its receptor (RAGE) cue, activating the cytoprotective enzymes nuclear factor erythroid 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), suppressing the inflammatory mediators tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), and reducing the levels of the skin integral signaling protein connexin (CX)-43. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining for epidermal growth factor (EGF) showed the lowest expression in the skin after treatment with HSO, indicating a well-organized and complete healing process. Other seed oils from cantaloupe and zucchini exhibited favorable activity when compared with untreated rats; however, their efficacy was comparatively lower than that of PSO and HSO. Gas chromatographic analysis of the derivatized oils warranted the superior activity of HSO to its high nutraceutical content of linoleic acid, which represented 65.9% of the fatty acid content. This study's findings validate the use of honeydew seeds as a wound-healing fixed oil and encourage further investigation into the potential of Cucurbitaceae seeds as sources of medicinally valuable plant oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayat M. Emad
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, Sixth of October City 12585, Egypt; (A.M.E.); (D.M.R.)
| | - Engy A. Mahrous
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt;
| | - Dalia M. Rasheed
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, Sixth of October City 12585, Egypt; (A.M.E.); (D.M.R.)
| | - Fatma Alzahraa M. Gomaa
- Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Baha University, Al Baha 65511, Saudi Arabia;
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 35527, Egypt
| | | | - Heba Mohammed Refat M. Selim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Diriyah, Riyadh 11597, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Einas M. Yousef
- Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin Elkom 3251, Egypt;
| | - Hagar B. Abo-Zalam
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, Sixth of October City 12585, Egypt;
| | - Amira A. El-Gazar
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, Sixth of October City 12585, Egypt;
| | - Ghada M. Ragab
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr University for Science & Technology (MUST), Sixth of October City 12585, Egypt;
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20
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Shen M, Yuan L, Zhang J, Wang X, Zhang M, Li H, Jing Y, Zeng F, Xie J. Phytosterols: Physiological Functions and Potential Application. Foods 2024; 13:1754. [PMID: 38890982 PMCID: PMC11171835 DOI: 10.3390/foods13111754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Dietary intake of natural substances to regulate physiological functions is currently regarded as a potential way of promoting health. As one of the recommended dietary ingredients, phytosterols that are natural bioactive compounds distributed in plants have received increasing attention for their health effects. Phytosterols have attracted great attention from scientists because of many physiological functions, for example, cholesterol-lowering, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects. In addition, the physiological functions of phytosterols, the purification, structure analysis, synthesis, and food application of phytosterols have been widely studied. Nowadays, many bioactivities of phytosterols have been assessed in vivo and in vitro. However, the mechanisms of their pharmacological activities are not yet fully understood, and in-depth investigation of the relationship between structure and function is crucial. Therefore, a contemporaneous overview of the extraction, beneficial properties, and the mechanisms, as well as the current states of phytosterol application, in the food field of phytosterols is provided in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jianhua Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; (M.S.); (L.Y.); (J.Z.); (X.W.); (M.Z.); (H.L.); (Y.J.); (F.Z.)
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21
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Kaewdaungdee S, Banlue T, Youngsanbhu N, Naeklang M, Lee SY, Ang A, Sudmoon R, Tanee T, Daduang S, Chaveerach A. A New Source and Large Quantity of Resveratrol in Cratoxylum Species and Their Activities on Normal Human and Cancer Cells. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:402. [PMID: 38927282 PMCID: PMC11200464 DOI: 10.3390/biology13060402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Cratoxylum formosum ssp. formosum (Cff), C. formosum ssp. pruniflorum (Cfp), and C. sumatranum (Cs) were investigated for phytochemical analysis. Toxicity testing, programmed cell death, and cell cycle arrest were tested on CHL-1, HCT-116, and HepG2 cancer cell lines, and human normal PBMCs. The results are revealed in the following order. The phytochemical percentages varied in each species, the quantity and concentration of α-amyrin and resveratrol were 0.038 mg/g and 0.955 mg/mL, and 0.064 mg/g and 0.640 mg/mL. The most studied Cratoxylum extracts showed IC50 values in PBMCs and cancer cell lines except for the hexane Cff and ethanol Cfp extracts. All studied extracts did not induce DNA breaks in PBMCs but caused significant DNA breaks in the cancer cell lines. All studied extracts induced both apoptosis and necrosis in cancer cell lines, and the DNA quantity in the S and G2-M phases decreased significantly but did not induce apoptosis and necrosis in PBMCs. Except for the ethanolic extracts of Cff and Cfp that induced PBMCs apoptosis and necrosis, these data confirmed that the three studied Cratoxylum samples have inhibiting properties for the growth of cancer cells and low toxicity to PBMCs. Cs showed more toxicity to cancer cell lines than Cf and cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanit Kaewdaungdee
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (S.K.); (T.B.); (N.Y.); (M.N.)
| | - Tankun Banlue
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (S.K.); (T.B.); (N.Y.); (M.N.)
| | - Napatsakon Youngsanbhu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (S.K.); (T.B.); (N.Y.); (M.N.)
| | - Mallika Naeklang
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (S.K.); (T.B.); (N.Y.); (M.N.)
| | - Shiou Yih Lee
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, INTI International University, Nilai 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia; (S.Y.L.); (A.A.)
| | - Arnold Ang
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, INTI International University, Nilai 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia; (S.Y.L.); (A.A.)
| | | | - Tawatchai Tanee
- Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand;
| | - Sakda Daduang
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Arunrat Chaveerach
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (S.K.); (T.B.); (N.Y.); (M.N.)
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Mir RA, Tyagi A, Hussain SJ, Almalki MA, Zeyad MT, Deshmukh R, Ali S. Saffron, a Potential Bridge between Nutrition and Disease Therapeutics: Global Health Challenges and Therapeutic Opportunities. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1467. [PMID: 38891276 PMCID: PMC11174376 DOI: 10.3390/plants13111467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Plants are an important source of essential bioactive compounds that not only have a beneficial role in human health and nutrition but also act as drivers for shaping gut microbiome. However, the mechanism of their functional attributes is not fully understood despite their significance. One such important plant is Crocus sativus, also known as saffron, which possesses huge medicinal, nutritional, and industrial applications like food and cosmetics. The importance of this plant is grossly attributed to its incredible bioactive constituents such as crocins, crocetin, safranal, picrocrocin, and glycosides. These bioactive compounds possess a wide range of therapeutic activities against multiple human ailments. Since a huge number of studies have revealed negative unwanted side effects of modern-day drugs, the scientific communities at the global level are investigating a large number of medicinal plants to explore natural products as the best alternatives. Taken into consideration, the available research findings indicate that saffron has a huge scope to be further explored to establish alternative natural-product-based drugs for health benefits. In this review, we are providing an update on the role of bioactive compounds of saffron as therapeutic agents (human disorders and antimicrobial activity) and its nutritional values. We also highlighted the role of omics and metabolic engineering tools for increasing the content of key saffron bioactive molecules for its mass production. Finally, pre-clinical and clinical studies seem to be necessary to establish its therapeutic potential against human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakeeb Ahmad Mir
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal 191201, India
| | - Anshika Tyagi
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sofi Javed Hussain
- Department of Botany, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal 191201, India;
| | - Mohammed A. Almalki
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Tarique Zeyad
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India;
| | - Rupesh Deshmukh
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendragarh 123031, India;
| | - Sajad Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea;
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23
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Juhi UH, El-Nashar HAS, Al Faruq A, Bhuia MS, Sultana I, Alam S, Abuyousef F, Saleh N, El-Shazly M, Islam MT. Phytochemical analysis and biological investigation of Cheilanthes tenuifolia (Burm.f.) Swartz. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1366889. [PMID: 38638865 PMCID: PMC11024464 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1366889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Cheilanthes tenuifolia is an evergreen ornamental small fern, belonging to the family Pteridaceae, that grows in warm and rocky regions worldwide. Many species of Cheilanthes genus are evidently endowed with important phytochemicals and bioactivities. This study aimed to perform a preliminary phytochemical analysis of Cheilanthes tenuifolia leaves alongside an evaluation of free radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and clot lysis activities of extract fractions. Materials and methods: A preliminary phytochemical analysis was done after fractionation of ethanolic extract (ECT) with n-hexane (HCT) and chloroform (CCT). Then, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, egg albumin and RBC membrane stabilization tests, disc diffusion, and human blood clot lysis assays were performed. Results: Phytochemical investigations suggested that the plant is rich in alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, and flavonoids. All obtained fractions exhibited concentration-dependent radical scavenging, inhibition of egg protein denaturation and RBC membrane lysis capacities. Except for antifungal tests, ECT exhibited better DPPH radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and clot lysis capacities than HCT and CCT fractions. However, all fractions exhibited a mild anti-inflammatory activity. Conclusion: C. tenuifolia might be a good source of antioxidant, anti-microbial, and anti-atherothrombotic agents. Further studies are required to isolate and characterize the active principles liable for each bioactivity, along with possible molecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umme Habiba Juhi
- Department of Pharmacy, Southern University Bangladesh, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Heba A. S. El-Nashar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdullah Al Faruq
- Department of Pharmacy, Southern University Bangladesh, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Shimul Bhuia
- Department of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Bangladesh
- Bioluster Research Center, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Irin Sultana
- Department of Pharmacy, Southern University Bangladesh, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Syedul Alam
- Forest Botany Division, Bangladesh Forest Research Institute (BFRI), Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Farah Abuyousef
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Na’il Saleh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed El-Shazly
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Muhammad Torequl Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Bangladesh
- Bioluster Research Center, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Pharmacy Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
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24
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Khound P, Devi R. Clerodendrum Glandulosum Lindl.: A Review of Ethnopharmacology, Pharmacological Potentials, and their Mechanism of Action. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202302121. [PMID: 38385775 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202302121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Clerodendrum glandulosum Lindl. is popularly known for its traditional herbal remedies and therapeutic properties among the people of Northeast Indian communities, as well as Chinese traditional medicine. For the myriad pharmacological properties, viz., anti-hypertensive, hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective, planting this species in kitchen gardens is a common practice to treat various ailments, especially hypertension, diabetes, and other metabolic complications. Different phytochemicals, representing the diverse classes of secondary metabolites comprising physiological and phytopharmaceutical significance, have been reported from C. glandulosum. Compounds with terpenoids, steroids, and phenolics are in demand in the pharmaceutical industry. An overview of the mechanism of action of the prominent compounds has also been collated for future research on C. glandulosum-based therapeutics. Current information focuses on this important medicinal plant's ethnomedicinal use, phytochemistry, pharmacology, associated mechanisms, and toxicology. This review will help explore this potential medicinal plant, which can pave the path for its application in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puspanjali Khound
- Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science & Technology (IASST), Vigyan Path, Paschim Boragaon, Guwahati, 781035, India
- Department of Zoology, Gauhati University, Jalukbari, Guwahati, 781014, India
| | - Rajlakshmi Devi
- Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science & Technology (IASST), Vigyan Path, Paschim Boragaon, Guwahati, 781035, India
- Department of Zoology, Gauhati University, Jalukbari, Guwahati, 781014, India
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25
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Valotto Neto LJ, Reverete de Araujo M, Moretti Junior RC, Mendes Machado N, Joshi RK, dos Santos Buglio D, Barbalho Lamas C, Direito R, Fornari Laurindo L, Tanaka M, Barbalho SM. Investigating the Neuroprotective and Cognitive-Enhancing Effects of Bacopa monnieri: A Systematic Review Focused on Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Apoptosis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:393. [PMID: 38671841 PMCID: PMC11047749 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13040393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The aging of the global population has increased the prevalence of neurodegenerative conditions. Bacopa monnieri (BM), an herb with active compounds, such as bacosides A and B, betulinic acid, loliolide, asiatic acid, and quercetin, demonstrates the potential for brain health. Limited research has been conducted on the therapeutic applications of BM in neurodegenerative conditions. This systematic review aims to project BM's beneficial role in brain disorders. BM has anti-apoptotic and antioxidant actions and can repair damaged neurons, stimulate kinase activity, restore synaptic function, improve nerve transmission, and increase neuroprotection. The included twenty-two clinical trials demonstrated that BM can reduce Nuclear Factor-κB phosphorylation, improve emotional function, cognitive functions, anhedonia, hyperactivity, sleep routine, depression, attention deficit, learning problems, memory retention, impulsivity, and psychiatric problems. Moreover, BM can reduce the levels of pro-inflammatory biomarkers and oxidative stress. Here, we highlight that BM provides notable therapeutic benefits and can serve as a complementary approach for the care of patients with neurodegenerative conditions associated with brain disorders. This review adds to the growing interest in natural products and their potential therapeutic applications by improving our understanding of the mechanisms underlying cognitive function and neurodegeneration and informing the development of new therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz José Valotto Neto
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil; (L.J.V.N.); (M.R.d.A.); (R.C.M.J.); (N.M.M.); (D.d.S.B.)
- Department of Education, Government of Uttarakhand, Nainital 263001, India;
| | - Matheus Reverete de Araujo
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil; (L.J.V.N.); (M.R.d.A.); (R.C.M.J.); (N.M.M.); (D.d.S.B.)
| | - Renato Cesar Moretti Junior
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil; (L.J.V.N.); (M.R.d.A.); (R.C.M.J.); (N.M.M.); (D.d.S.B.)
| | - Nathalia Mendes Machado
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil; (L.J.V.N.); (M.R.d.A.); (R.C.M.J.); (N.M.M.); (D.d.S.B.)
| | - Rakesh Kumar Joshi
- Department of Education, Government of Uttarakhand, Nainital 263001, India;
| | - Daiane dos Santos Buglio
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil; (L.J.V.N.); (M.R.d.A.); (R.C.M.J.); (N.M.M.); (D.d.S.B.)
| | - Caroline Barbalho Lamas
- Department of Gerontology, School of Gerontology, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil;
| | - Rosa Direito
- Laboratory of Systems Integration Pharmacology, Clinical & Regulatory Science, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy de Farmácia, University of Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal;
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Lucas Fornari Laurindo
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Medical School of Marilia (FAMEMA), Marília 17519-030, SP, Brazil;
| | - Masaru Tanaka
- Danube Neuroscience Research Laboratory, HUN-REN-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Hungarian Research Network, University of Szeged (HUN-REN-SZTE), Tisza Lajos krt. 113, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Sandra Maria Barbalho
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil; (L.J.V.N.); (M.R.d.A.); (R.C.M.J.); (N.M.M.); (D.d.S.B.)
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, School of Food and Technology of Marília (FATEC), Marília 17500-000, SP, Brazil
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26
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Jiang Q, Xiao D, Wang A, Yu Q, Yin Y, Wu J, Zhang Y, Jin T, Kuang B, Jia Y. CLEC4E upregulation in gastric cancer: A potential therapeutic target correlating with tumor-associated macrophages. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27172. [PMID: 38463883 PMCID: PMC10920739 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background CLEC4E has been reported to promote lung cancer progression. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play an important role in tumorigenesis. Whether the expression of CLEC4E in TAMs is associated with gastric carcinogenesis remains unclear. Methods The TIMER, UALCAN, UCSC Xena, and KM plotter databases are used to examine the expression of CLEC4E and its prognostic significance in gastric cancer (GC). Additionally, GO, KEGG, and GSEA analysis were conducted, and single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) datasets were utilized. The Coremine medical database was used to predict therapeutic drugs, and molecular docking was performed. Human GC samples were obtained, and co-culture models were constructed to evaluate the effects of CLEC4E in TAMs on tumor growth, migration, and invasion in vitro. Results CLEC4E was significantly upregulated in GC, and high CLEC4E expression was associated with poor prognosis. Western blotting and immunostaining showed increased protein levels of CLEC4E in GC. GO, KEGG, and GSEA results indicated that CLEC4E is involved in immune response. Immune infiltration analysis demonstrated that CLEC4E expression positively correlated with multiple immune cell types. scRNA-seq analyses revealed that CLEC4E was predominantly expressed in myeloid cells specifically TAMs, in GC. In vitro experiments confirmed that MFC induced CLEC4E expression in TAMs to mediate tumor progression. Specifically targeting CLEC4E by si-CLEC4E or stigmasterol inhibited cancer cell migration and invasion. Conclusion CLEC4E is a potential prognostic biomarker and new therapeutic target for GC that can be specifically targeted by stigmasterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Hospital of Wuhan, Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Dan Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Hospital of Wuhan, Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Ao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Hospital of Wuhan, Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Qiong Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Hospital of Wuhan, Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Ying Yin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Hospital of Wuhan, Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Jingchong Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Hospital of Wuhan, Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Hospital of Wuhan, Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Tian Jin
- Department of Pathology, Hanchuan People's Hospital, Hanchuan, 431600, China
| | - Baicheng Kuang
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yegui Jia
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Hospital of Wuhan, Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430000, China
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Manojkumar S, Thandeeswaran M, Thangavel SK, Arjunan A, Muthuselvam M, Kalaiarasi G, Gnanajothi K. Phytochemical Screening, In Silico Molecular Docking, ADME Properties, and In Vitro Antioxidant, Anticancer, and Antidiabetic Activity of Marine Halophyte Suaeda maritima (L.) Dumort. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:11200-11216. [PMID: 38496978 PMCID: PMC10938337 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Medicinally valuable components derived from natural resources are highly desirable as prospective alternatives to synthetic drugs to treat fatal diseases, such as cancer and diabetes mellitus. Suaeda maritima (L.) Dumort (Amaranthaceae) (S. maritima) is a halophyte plant that can thrive in saline environments and possesses excellent medicinal properties. Hence, for the present investigation, S. maritima has been chosen, and its phytochemical constituents have been extracted utilizing various solvents, including hexane, acetone, and methanol, and identified by GC-MS, LC-MS, and HPLC analyses. The antioxidant activity of the compounds using DPPH, ABTS, and reducing power assays demonstrated that all three extracts of S. maritima possessed significant radical scavenging activity comparable to standard ascorbic acid with lower IC50 values (69.20-95.58 μg/mL). In addition, the evaluation of antidiabetic activity by α-amylase inhibition and α-glucosidase inhibition methods revealed that the acetone extract of S. maritima (SMAE) displayed equipotent activity of standard acarbose with an IC50 of 32.6 μg/mL. Advantageously, SMAE also exhibited better inhibition activity against the growth of lung cancer cells with an IC50 of 78.19. μg/mL and less toxicity on the noncancerous HUVEC cells with a high IC50 of 300 μg/mL. In addition, the cancer cell death mechanism via the apoptotic pathway induced by SMAE was confirmed by DAPI staining and ROS analysis. The analysis of ADME properties, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, witnessed that the physicochemical and druglikeness factors were best catered by stigmasterol, γ-sitosterol, and vitamin E. Further, the key phytochemicals identified from SMAE were docked with CtBP1 and SOX2 bound to importin-α target proteins associated with carcinogenic pathways using Schrodinger software. The results showed that the phytochemicals, scilicet, stigmasterol, γ-sitosterol, octadecadienoic acid, and vitamin E, showed a good binding affinity with Glide scores in the range -2.845-4.018 kcal/mol. Overall, the findings support that the least investigated traditional edible medicinal mangrove-related S. maritima is high in pharmacologically active constituents and might be one of the finest sources of naturally derived molecules for drug development and delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampath Manojkumar
- Translational
Plant Research Laboratory, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Murugesan Thandeeswaran
- Metabolomics/Proteomics
Facility, Bharathiar Cancer Theranostics Research Centre, RUSA 2.0, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Annavi Arjunan
- Department
of Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manickam Muthuselvam
- Department
of Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Giriraj Kalaiarasi
- Centre
for Material Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Coimbatore 641021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kapildev Gnanajothi
- Translational
Plant Research Laboratory, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
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Micek A, Jagielski P, Bolesławska I, Witkowska AM, Waśkiewicz A, Wajda Z, Kamińska A, Cebula A, Godos J. Negative Association of Lignan and Phytosterol Intake with Stress Perception during the COVID-19 Pandemic-A Polish Study on Young Adults. Nutrients 2024; 16:445. [PMID: 38337729 PMCID: PMC10857242 DOI: 10.3390/nu16030445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been an increasing global prevalence of depression and other psychiatric diseases in recent years. Perceived stress has been proven to be associated with psychiatric and somatic symptoms. Some animal and human studies have suggested that consuming foods abundant in lignans and phytosterols may be associated with lower levels of stress, depression, and anxiety. Still, the evidence is not yet strong enough to draw firm conclusions. Thus, we investigated the association between dietary intake of these phytochemicals and the level of stress experienced by adult individuals. METHODS Diet was assessed using self-reported 7-day dietary records. The intakes of lignans and phytosterols were estimated using databases with their content in various food products. The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) was implemented to measure the level of perceived stress. A logistic regression analysis was used to test for associations. RESULTS The odds of elevated PSS were negatively associated with dietary intake of total phytosterols, stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol, with evidence of a decreasing trend across tertiles of phytochemicals. The analysis for doubling the intake reinforced the aforementioned relationships and found protective effects against PSS for total lignans, pinoresinol, and campesterol. CONCLUSIONS Habitual inclusion of lignans and phytosterols in the diet may play a role in psychological health. To address the global outbreak of depression and other mental health issues triggered by stress, it is important to take a holistic approach. There is a need to develop effective strategies for prevention and treatment, among which certain dietary interventions such as consumption of products abundant in lignans and phytosterols may play a substantial role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Micek
- Statistical Laboratory, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-126 Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Jagielski
- Department of Nutrition and Drug Research, Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-066 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Izabela Bolesławska
- Department of Bromatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Anna Maria Witkowska
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-295 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Anna Waśkiewicz
- Department of Epidemiology, Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, National Institute of Cardiology, 04-628 Warszawa, Poland;
| | - Zbigniew Wajda
- Faculty of Management and Social Communication, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Anna Kamińska
- Doctoral School of Medical and Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121 Kraków, Poland; (A.K.); (A.C.)
| | - Aneta Cebula
- Doctoral School of Medical and Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121 Kraków, Poland; (A.K.); (A.C.)
| | - Justyna Godos
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
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Tang S, Wang M, Peng Y, Liang Y, Lei J, Tao Q, Ming T, Shen Y, Zhang C, Guo J, Xu H. Armeniacae semen amarum: a review on its botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, clinical application, toxicology and pharmacokinetics. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1290888. [PMID: 38323080 PMCID: PMC10844384 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1290888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Armeniacae semen amarum-seeds of Prunus armeniaca L. (Rosaceae) (ASA), also known as Kuxingren in Chinese, is a traditional Chinese herbal drug commonly used for lung disease and intestinal disorders. It has long been used to treat coughs and asthma, as well as to lubricate the colon and reduce constipation. ASA refers to the dried ripe seed of diverse species of Rosaceae and contains a variety of phytochemical components, including glycosides, organic acids, amino acids, flavonoids, terpenes, phytosterols, phenylpropanoids, and other components. Extensive data shows that ASA exhibits various pharmacological activities, such as anticancer activity, anti-oxidation, antimicrobial activity, anti-inflammation, protection of cardiovascular, neural, respiratory and digestive systems, antidiabetic effects, and protection of the liver and kidney, and other activities. In clinical practice, ASA can be used as a single drug or in combination with other traditional Chinese medicines, forming ASA-containing formulas, to treat various afflictions. However, it is important to consider the potential adverse reactions and pharmacokinetic properties of ASA during its clinical use. Overall, with various bioactive components, diversified pharmacological actions and potent efficacies, ASA is a promising drug that merits in-depth study on its functional mechanisms to facilitate its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Minmin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuhui Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanjing Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiarong Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiu Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianqi Ming
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanqiao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuantao Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinlin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Haibo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Gao H, Chen Z, Halihaman B, Huang L, Wang Z, Ding X. Network Pharmacology and In vitro Experimental Verification to Explore the Mechanism of Chaiqin Qingning Capsule in the Treatment of Pain. Curr Pharm Des 2024; 30:278-294. [PMID: 38310568 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128280351240112044430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chaiqin Qingning capsule (CQQNC) has been used to relieve pain in practice. However, the active components, pain targets, and molecular mechanisms for pain control are unclear. OBJECTIVE To explore the active components and potential mechanisms of the analgesic effect of CQQNC through network pharmacology and in vitro experiments. METHODS The main active components and the corresponding targets of CQQNC were screened from the TCMSP and the SwissTargetPrediction databases. Pain-related targets were selected in the OMIM, Gene- Cards, and DrugBank databases. These targets were intersected to obtain potential analgesic targets. The analgesic targets were imported into the STRING and DAVID databases for protein-protein interaction (PPI), gene ontology (GO) function enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses. Cytoscape software (V3.7.1) was used to construct an active component-intersection network. Finally, the key components were docked with the core targets. The analgesic mechanism of CQQNC was verified by RAW264.7 cell experiment. RESULTS 30 active CQQNC components, 617 corresponding targets, and 3,214 pain-related target genes were found. The main active components were quercetin, kaempferol, and chenodeoxycholic acid etc. The key targets were ALB, AKT1, TNF, IL6, TP53, IL1B, and SRC. CQQNC can exert an analgesic effect through PI3K-Akt, MAPK signaling pathways, etc. Molecular docking showed that these active components had good binding activities with key targets. The results of in vitro experiments showed that CQQNC could exert antiinflammatory and analgesic effects through MAPK/AKT/NF-kB signaling pathways. CONCLUSION CQQNC exerts pain control through inhibiting MAPK/AKT/NF-kB signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjin Gao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Zhengwei Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Buliduhong Halihaman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Lianzhan Huang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Xuansheng Ding
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Precision Medicine Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
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Bouyahya A, Bakrim S, Chamkhi I, Taha D, El Omari N, El Mneyiy N, El Hachlafi N, El-Shazly M, Khalid A, Abdalla AN, Goh KW, Ming LC, Goh BH, Aanniz T. Bioactive substances of cyanobacteria and microalgae: Sources, metabolism, and anticancer mechanism insights. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 170:115989. [PMID: 38103309 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria and microalgae contain various phytochemicals, including bioactive components in the form of secondary metabolites, namely flavonoids, phenolic acids, terpenoids, and tannins, with remarkable anticancer effects. This review highlights the recent advances in bioactive compounds, with potential anticancer activity, produced by cyanobacteria and microalgae. Previous in vitro investigations showed that many of these bioactive compounds exhibit potent effects against different human cancer types, such as leukemia and breast cancers. Multiple mechanisms implicated in the antitumor effect of these compounds were elucidated, including their ability to target cellular, subcellular, and molecular checkpoints linked to cancer development and promotion. Recent findings have highlighted various mechanisms of action of bioactive compounds produced by cyanobacteria and microalgae, including induction of autophagy and apoptosis, inhibition of telomerase and protein kinases, as well as modulation of epigenetic modifications. In vivo investigations have demonstrated a potent anti-angiogenesis effect on solid tumors, as well as a reduction in tumor volume. Some of these compounds were examined in clinical investigations for certain types of cancers, making them potent candidates/scaffolds for antitumor drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelhakim Bouyahya
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, 10106, Morocco.
| | - Saad Bakrim
- Geo-Bio-Environment Engineering and Innovation Laboratory, Molecular Engineering, Biotechnologies, and Innovation Team, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taroudant, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Imane Chamkhi
- Geo-Biodiversity and Natural Patrimony Laboratory (GeoBio), Geophysics, Natural Patrimony Research Center (GEOPAC), Scientific Institute, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
| | - Douae Taha
- Laboratoire de Spectroscopie, Modélisation Moléculaire, Matériaux, Nanomatériaux, Eau et Environnement, CERNE2D, Faculté des Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10106, Morocco
| | - Nasreddine El Omari
- Laboratory of Histology, Embryology, and Cytogenetic, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10100, Morocco
| | - Naoual El Mneyiy
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, National Agency of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 34025 Taouanate, Morocco
| | - Naoufal El Hachlafi
- Microbial Biotechnology and Bioactive Molecules Laboratory, Sciences and Technologies Faculty, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Imouzzer Road Fez, Fez 30003, Morocco
| | - Mohamed El-Shazly
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt; Pharmaceutical Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, The German University in Cairo, Cairo 11432, Egypt
| | - Asaad Khalid
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, P.O. Box: 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; Medicinal and Aromatic Plants and Traditional Medicine Research Institute, National Center for Research, P.O. Box 2404, Khartoum, Sudan.
| | - Ashraf N Abdalla
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khang Wen Goh
- Faculty of Data Science and Information Technology, INTI International University, 71800 Nilai, Malaysia
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Sunway City 47500, Malaysia.
| | - Bey Hing Goh
- Sunway Biofunctional Molecules Discovery Centre (SBMDC), School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, 47500 Sunway City, Malaysia; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tarik Aanniz
- Biotechnology Laboratory (MedBiotech), Bioinova Research Center, Rabat Medical and Pharmacy School, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
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Jasemi SV, Khazaei H, Morovati MR, Joshi T, Aneva IY, Farzaei MH, Echeverría J. Phytochemicals as treatment for allergic asthma: Therapeutic effects and mechanisms of action. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 122:155149. [PMID: 37890444 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic asthma is an inflammatory disease caused by the immune system's reaction to allergens, inflammation and narrowing of the airways, and the production of more than normal mucus. One of the main reasons is an increased production of inflammatory cytokines in the lungs that leads to the appearance of symptoms of asthma, including inflammation and shortness of breath. On the other hand, it has been proven that phytochemicals with their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties can be useful in improving allergic asthma. PURPOSE Common chemical treatments for allergic asthma include corticosteroids, which have many side effects and temporarily relieve symptoms but are not a cure. Therefore, taking the help of natural compounds to improve the quality of life of asthmatic patients can be a valuable issue that has been evaluated in the present review. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS In this study, three databases (Scopus, PubMed, and Cochrane) with the keywords: allergic asthma, phytochemical, plant, and herb were evaluated. The primary result was 5307 articles. Non-English, repetitive, and review articles were deleted from the study. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Finally, after carefully reading the articles, 102 were included in the study (2006-2022). The results of this review state that phytochemicals suppress the inflammatory pathways via inhibition of inflammatory cytokines production/secretion, genes, and proteins involved in the inflammation process, reducing oxidative stress indicators and symptoms of allergic asthma, such as cough and mucus production in the lungs. CONCLUSION With their antioxidant effects, this study concluded that phytochemicals suppress cytokines and other inflammatory indicators and thus can be considered an adjunctive treatment for improving allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Vahid Jasemi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Hosna Khazaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Morovati
- Persian Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6714869914, Iran
| | - Tanuj Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bhimtal, Kumaun University (Nainital), Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ina Yosifova Aneva
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Mohammad Hosein Farzaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Javier Echeverría
- Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Si W, Li X, Jing B, Chang S, Zheng Y, Chen Z, Zhao G, Zhang D. Stigmasterol regulates microglial M1/M2 polarization via the TLR4/NF-κB pathway to alleviate neuropathic pain. Phytother Res 2024; 38:265-279. [PMID: 37871970 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
(Switching from the microglial M1 phenotype to the M2 phenotype is a promising therapeutic strategy for neuropathic pain (NP). This study aimed to investigate the potential use of stigmasterol for treating NP. In animal experiments, 32 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the sham operation group, chronic constriction injury (CCI) group, CCI + ibuprofen group, and CCI + stigmasterol group. We performed behavioral tests, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, hematoxylin-esoin staining (H&E) staining and immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and Western blotting. In cell experiments, we performed flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, Western blotting, and qRT-PCR. Stigmasterol reduced thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia and serum IL-1β and IL-8 levels and increased serum IL-4 and TGF-β levels in CCI rats. Stigmasterol reduced IL-1β, COX-2, and TLR4 expression in the right sciatic nerve and IL-1β expression in the spinal cord. Stigmasterol reduced the expression of Iba-1, TLR4, MyD88, pNF-κB, pP38 MAPK, pJNK, pERK, COX-2, IL-1β, and CD32 in the spinal cord of CCI rats while increasing the expression of IL-10 and CD206. Stigmasterol decreased M1 polarization markers and increased M2 polarization markers in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced microglia and decreased the expression of Iba-1, TLR4, MyD88, pNF-κB, pP38 MAPK, pJNK, pERK, iNOS, COX-2, and IL-1β in LPS-treated microglia while increasing the expression of Arg-1 and IL-10. Stigmasterol regulates microglial M1/M2 polarization via the TLR4/NF-κB pathway to alleviate NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waimei Si
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bei Jing
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiquan Chang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yachun Zheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenni Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guoping Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Di Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Ahmed HS, Mohamed EIA, Amin E, Moawad AS, Sadek Abdel-Bakky M, Almahmoud SA, Afifi N. Phytochemical investigation and anti-inflammatory potential of Atriplex leucoclada Boiss. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:464. [PMID: 38104070 PMCID: PMC10725009 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04281-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The plant kingdom has long been considered a valuable source for therapeutic agents, however, some plant species still untapped and need to be phytochemically and biologically explored. Although several Atriplex species have been investigated in depth, A. leucoclada, a halophytic plant native to Saudi Arabian desert, remains to be explored for its phytochemical content and biological potentials. Herein, the current study investigated the metabolic content and the anti-inflammatory potential of A. leucoclada. METHODS Powdered aerial parts of the plant were defatted with n-hexane then the defatted powder was extracted with 80% methanol. n-Hexane extract (ATH) was analyzed using GC-MS, while the defatted extract (ATD) was subjected to different chromatographic methods to isolate the major phytoconstituents. The structures of the purified compounds were elucidated using different spectroscopic methods including advanced NMR techniques. Anti-inflammatory activity of both extracts against COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes were examined in vitro. Molecular docking of the identified compounds into the active sites of COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes was conducted using pdb entries 6Y3C and 5IKV, respectively. RESULTS Phytochemical investigation of ATD extract led to purification and identification of nine compounds. Interestingly, all the compounds, except for 20-hydroxy ecdysone (1), are reported for the first time from A. leucoclada, also luteolin (6) and pallidol (8) are isolated for the first time from genus Atriplex. Inhibitory activity of ATD and ATH extracts against COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes revealed concentration dependent activity of both fractions with IC50 41.22, 14.40 μg/ml for ATD and 16.74 and 5.96 μg/ml for ATH against COX-1 and COX-2, respectively. Both extracts displayed selectivity indices of 2.86 and 2.80, respectively as compared to 2.56 for Ibuprofen indicating a promising selectivity towards COX-2. Molecular docking study supported in vitro testing results, where purified metabolites showed binding affinity scores ranged from -9 to -6.4 and -8.5 to -6.6 kcal/mol for COX-1 and 2, respectively, in addition the binding energies of GC-MS detected compounds ranged from -8.9 to -5.5 and -8.3 to -5.1 kcal/mol for COX-1 and 2, respectively as compared to Ibuprofen (-6.9 and -7.5 kcal/mol, respectively), indicating high binding affinities of most of the compounds. Analysis of the binding orientations revealed variable binding patterns depending on the nature of the compounds. Our study suggested A. leucoclada as a generous source for anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayam S Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62514, Egypt.
| | - Enas I A Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62514, Egypt
| | - Elham Amin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer S Moawad
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62514, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Sadek Abdel-Bakky
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11751, Egypt
| | - Suliman A Almahmoud
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naglaa Afifi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62514, Egypt
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Chen Q, Wang Y, Shi C, Tong M, Sun H, Dong M, Liu S, Wang L. Molecular Mechanism of the Asarum-Angelica Drug Pair in the Treatment of Periodontitis Based on Network Pharmacology and Experimental Verification. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17389. [PMID: 38139216 PMCID: PMC10744231 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) To examine the potential mechanism of the Asarum-Angelica drug pair against periodontitis and provide an experimental basis for the treatment of periodontitis with herbal medicine. (2) The core components and core targets of the Asarum-Angelica drug pair in the treatment of periodontitis were detected according to network pharmacology methods. Finally, the effect of the Asarum-Angelica drug pair on osteogenic differentiation was observed in mouse embryonic osteoblast precursor cells. (3) According to the results of network pharmacology, there are 10 potential active ingredients in the Asarum-Angelica drug pair, and 44 potential targets were obtained by mapping the targets with periodontitis treatment. Ten potential active ingredients, such as kaempferol and β-sitosterol, may play a role in treating periodontitis. Cell experiments showed that the Asarum-Angelica drug pair can effectively promote the expression of osteoblast markers alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Runt-related Transcription Factor 2 (RUNX2), and BCL2 mRNA and protein in an inflammatory environment (p < 0.05). (4) Network pharmacology effectively analyzed the molecular mechanism of Asarum-Angelica in the treatment of periodontitis, and the Asarum-Angelica drug pair can promote the differentiation of osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyang Chen
- Department of Endodontics and Periodontics, College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, 9 West Section, Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China
- Academician Laboratory of Immune and Oral Development and Regeneration, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yuhan Wang
- Department of Endodontics and Periodontics, College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, 9 West Section, Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Chun Shi
- Department of Endodontics and Periodontics, College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, 9 West Section, Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China
- Academician Laboratory of Immune and Oral Development and Regeneration, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Meichen Tong
- Department of Endodontics and Periodontics, College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, 9 West Section, Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China
- Academician Laboratory of Immune and Oral Development and Regeneration, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Haibo Sun
- Department of Endodontics and Periodontics, College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, 9 West Section, Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China
- Academician Laboratory of Immune and Oral Development and Regeneration, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Ming Dong
- Department of Endodontics and Periodontics, College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, 9 West Section, Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China
- Academician Laboratory of Immune and Oral Development and Regeneration, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- Department of Endodontics and Periodontics, College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, 9 West Section, Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China
- Academician Laboratory of Immune and Oral Development and Regeneration, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Department of Endodontics and Periodontics, College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, 9 West Section, Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China
- Academician Laboratory of Immune and Oral Development and Regeneration, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
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Siswina T, Rustama MM, Sumiarsa D, Apriyanti E, Dohi H, Kurnia D. Antifungal Constituents of Piper crocatum and Their Activities as Ergosterol Biosynthesis Inhibitors Discovered via In Silico Study Using ADMET and Drug-Likeness Analysis. Molecules 2023; 28:7705. [PMID: 38067436 PMCID: PMC10708292 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Along with the increasing resistance of Candida spp. to some antibiotics, it is necessary to find new antifungal drugs, one of which is from the medicinal plant Red Betel (Piper crocatum). The purpose of this research is to isolate antifungal constituents from P. crocatum and evaluate their activities as ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors via an in silico study of ADMET and drug-likeness analysis. Two new active compounds 1 and 2 and a known compound 3 were isolated, and their structures were determined using spectroscopic methods, while their bioactivities were evaluated via in vitro and in silico studies, respectively. Antifungal compound 3 was the most active compared to 1 and 2 with zone inhibition values of 14.5, 11.9, and 13.0 mm, respectively, at a concentration of 10% w/v, together with MIC/MFC at 0.31/1.2% w/v. Further in silico study demonstrated that compound 3 had a stronger ΔG than the positive control and compounds 1 and 2 with -11.14, -12.78, -12.00, and -6.89 Kcal/mol against ERG1, ERG2, ERG11, and ERG24, respectively, and also that 3 had the best Ki with 6.8 × 10-3, 4 × 10-4, 1.6 × 10-3, and 8.88 μM. On the other hand, an ADMET analysis of 1-3 met five parameters, while 1 had one violation of Ro5. Based on the research data, the promising antifungal constituents of P. crocatum allow P. crocatum to be proposed as a new antifungal candidate to treat and cure infections due to C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Siswina
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (T.S.); (D.S.); (E.A.)
- Department of Midwifery, Poltekkes Kemenkes Pontianak, Pontianak 78124, Indonesia
| | - Mia Miranti Rustama
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia;
| | - Dadan Sumiarsa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (T.S.); (D.S.); (E.A.)
| | - Eti Apriyanti
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (T.S.); (D.S.); (E.A.)
| | - Hirofumi Dohi
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan;
| | - Dikdik Kurnia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (T.S.); (D.S.); (E.A.)
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Liu Y, Bai Y, Zhang J, Silva-Filho R, Zhu Q, Lei Z. Utilizing network pharmacology and experimental validation to explore the potential molecular mechanisms of raw Pinellia ternate in treating esophageal cancer. J Gastrointest Oncol 2023; 14:2006-2017. [PMID: 37969842 PMCID: PMC10643601 DOI: 10.21037/jgo-23-684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Esophageal cancer (EC) is a highly lethal malignancy with a grim prognosis and high mortality rates, primarily treated through surgery and radiotherapy. Herbal remedies are emerging as complementary approaches in cancer therapy. Here, we explore the potential therapeutic benefits of Chinese medicine raw Pinellia ternata (RP) in EC using web-based pharmacological methods and cellular experiments. Methods The chemical components of RP were obtained by data mining via searches of the systematic pharmacology database, analysis platform, and literature on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The properties of the main components of RP were calculated using Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP). The potential targets of the components were mined and collected through multiple databases, and the relevant potential targets of efficacy were imported into Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins (STRING) database to obtain protein interactions. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) metabolic pathway enrichment analysis of the potential targets were performed through Metascape. A target-pathway network was established using Cytoscape, and topological analysis was performed on the network so as to obtain the relevant targets and pathways of RP in the treatment of EC. The inhibitory effect of RP on human EC cells was verified by cell experiments. Results Thirteen bioactive components of RP were screened, 87 related targets were obtained by construction, and 68 co-targets were obtained after taking intersection with EC related genes. The results of the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis of the targets showed that the pharmacodynamic targets of hemicellulose might be closely related to the signaling pathways such as PI3K-Akt, FOS/JUN, and HIF-1. Meanwhile, GO and KEGG enrichment analysis showed that PI3K-Akt was also significantly enriched. The in vitro cellular experiments further indicated that raw hemicrania could inhibit EC through the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Conclusions The pharmacodynamic mechanism of RP in the treatment of esophageal carcinoma was preliminarily revealed, which provided ideas and the basis for further experimental study of RP in the treatment of esophageal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxin Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yunfei Bai
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinbang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Zhengzhou, China
| | | | - Qingchun Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhen Lei
- Central Laboratory, Henan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Zhengzhou, China
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Vekic J, Stromsnes K, Mazzalai S, Zeljkovic A, Rizzo M, Gambini J. Oxidative Stress, Atherogenic Dyslipidemia, and Cardiovascular Risk. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2897. [PMID: 38001900 PMCID: PMC10669174 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11112897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is the consequence of an overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that exceeds the antioxidant defense mechanisms. Increased levels of ROS contribute to the development of cardiovascular disorders through oxidative damage to macromolecules, particularly by oxidation of plasma lipoproteins. One of the most prominent features of atherogenic dyslipidemia is plasma accumulation of small dense LDL (sdLDL) particles, characterized by an increased susceptibility to oxidation. Indeed, a considerable and diverse body of evidence from animal models and epidemiological studies was generated supporting oxidative modification of sdLDL particles as the earliest event in atherogenesis. Lipid peroxidation of LDL particles results in the formation of various bioactive species that contribute to the atherosclerotic process through different pathophysiological mechanisms, including foam cell formation, direct detrimental effects, and receptor-mediated activation of pro-inflammatory signaling pathways. In this paper, we will discuss recent data on the pathophysiological role of oxidative stress and atherogenic dyslipidemia and their interplay in the development of atherosclerosis. In addition, a special focus will be placed on the clinical applicability of novel, promising biomarkers of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Vekic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.V.); (A.Z.)
| | - Kristine Stromsnes
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (K.S.); (S.M.); (J.G.)
| | - Stefania Mazzalai
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (K.S.); (S.M.); (J.G.)
| | - Aleksandra Zeljkovic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.V.); (A.Z.)
| | - Manfredi Rizzo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| | - Juan Gambini
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (K.S.); (S.M.); (J.G.)
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Gwanya H, Cawe S, Egbichi I, Gxaba N, Mbuyiswa AA, Zonyane S, Mbolekwa B, Manganyi MC. Bowiea volubilis: From "Climbing Onion" to Therapeutic Treasure-Exploring Human Health Applications. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2081. [PMID: 37895462 PMCID: PMC10608581 DOI: 10.3390/life13102081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bowiea volubilis subsp. volubilis is primarily used to address human respiratory infections, coughs, and colds due to its diverse pharmaceutical properties. Notably, the plant contains alkaloids that exhibit notable antifungal, antibacterial, and cytotoxic properties. Additionally, the presence of saponins, with recognized antioxidant and anticancer attributes, further contributes to its medicinal potential. Steroid compounds inherent to the plant have been associated with anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. Moreover, the bulb of B. volubilis has been associated as a source of various cardiac glycosides. Despite these therapeutic prospects, B. volubilis remains inedible due to the presence of naturally occurring toxic substances that pose risks to both animals and humans. The review focuses on a comprehensive exploration concerning B. volubilis ethnobotanical applications, phytochemical properties, and diverse biological activities in relation to in vitro and in vivo applications for promoting human health and disease prevention. The aim of the study is to comprehensively investigate the phytochemical composition, bioactive compounds, and potential medicinal properties of Bowiea volubilis, with the ultimate goal of uncovering its therapeutic applications for human health. This review also highlights an evident gap in research, i.e., insufficient evidence-based research on toxicity data. This void in knowledge presents a promising avenue for future investigations, opening doors to expanded inquiries into the properties and potential applications of B. volubilis in the context of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Madira C. Manganyi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Botany Section, Walter Sisulu University, Nelson Mandela Drive, Mthatha Campus, Mthatha 5117, South Africa; (H.G.); (S.C.); (I.E.); (N.G.); (A.-A.M.); (S.Z.); (B.M.)
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Truong VL, Bae YJ, Rarison RHG, Bang JH, Park SY, Jeong WS. Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Activities of Lipophilic Fraction from Liriope platyphylla Seeds Using Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, and In Vitro Experiments. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14958. [PMID: 37834406 PMCID: PMC10573744 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms counteract the pathogenesis of chronic diseases, such as diabetes, aging, and cancer. Therefore, enhancing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions may help manage these pathological conditions. This study aimed to assess the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potentials of lipophilic fraction of Liriope platyphylla seeds (LLPS) using network pharmacology, molecular docking, and in vitro experiments. Here GC-MS analysis tentatively identified forty-three lipophilic compounds in LLPS. LLPS exhibited powerful antioxidant activity, according to the results from chemical-based antioxidant assays on DPPH, ABTS+, superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, and hydroxyl radicals scavenging, lipid peroxidation, reducing antioxidant powers, and total antioxidant capacity. Additionally, LLPS enhanced cellular antioxidant capacity by inhibiting reactive oxygen species formation and elevating antioxidant enzyme levels, including catalase and heme oxygenase-1. Moreover, LLPS attenuated inflammatory response by reducing nitric oxide secretion and downregulating the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, and interleukin-1β in lipopolysaccharide-treated macrophages. Network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses showed that key compounds in LPPS, particularly phytosterols and fatty acid esters, exerted antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties through regulating NFKB1, PTGS1, PTGS2, TLR4, PRKCA, PRKCD, KEAP1, NFE2L2, and NR1l2. Overall, these data suggest that LLPS may be a potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent for developing functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van-Long Truong
- School of Food Science & Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (V.-L.T.); (Y.-J.B.); (R.H.G.R.); (J.-H.B.); (S.-Y.P.)
- Food and Bio-Industry Research Institute, School of Food Science & Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Ji Bae
- School of Food Science & Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (V.-L.T.); (Y.-J.B.); (R.H.G.R.); (J.-H.B.); (S.-Y.P.)
| | - Razanamanana H. G. Rarison
- School of Food Science & Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (V.-L.T.); (Y.-J.B.); (R.H.G.R.); (J.-H.B.); (S.-Y.P.)
| | - Ji-Hong Bang
- School of Food Science & Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (V.-L.T.); (Y.-J.B.); (R.H.G.R.); (J.-H.B.); (S.-Y.P.)
| | - So-Yoon Park
- School of Food Science & Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (V.-L.T.); (Y.-J.B.); (R.H.G.R.); (J.-H.B.); (S.-Y.P.)
| | - Woo-Sik Jeong
- School of Food Science & Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (V.-L.T.); (Y.-J.B.); (R.H.G.R.); (J.-H.B.); (S.-Y.P.)
- Food and Bio-Industry Research Institute, School of Food Science & Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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Sánchez-Ramos M, Encarnación-García JG, Marquina-Bahena S, Sánchez-Carranza JN, Bernabé-Antonio A, Domínguez-Villegas V, Cabañas-García E, Cruz-Sosa F. Cytotoxic Activity of Wild Plant and Callus Extracts of Ageratina pichinchensis and 2,3-Dihydrobenzofuran Isolated from a Callus Culture. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1400. [PMID: 37895871 PMCID: PMC10609924 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ageratina pichinchensis (Kunth) R.M. King & H. Rob. belongs to the Asteraceae family and is a plant native to Mexico to which several biological properties are attributed. In this study, the cytotoxic effect of four extracts from the wild plants and two extracts from A. pichinchensis callus culture were evaluated against carcinogenic cell lines including prostate carcinoma, cervical cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatoma human, lung cancer, and cellular keratinocytes. The extracts were obtained with ethyl acetate and methanol using both leaves and stems or the callus. Only the ethyl acetate extract of the callus culture influenced the cervical cancer cell line (HeLa) with an IC50 of 94.79 ± 2.0 µg/mL. From the ethyl acetate callus extract, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran was isolated and purified and also evaluated against cancer cells. The cytotoxic evaluation of this compound showed a significant effect against the HeLa cell line with an IC50 of 23.86 ± 2.5 µg/mL. Our results contribute to the development of biotechnological alternatives and extraction processes to produce compounds with possible potential against certain types of human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Sánchez-Ramos
- Departament of Biotechnology Autonomous Metropolitan University-Iztapalapa Campus, Av. Ferrocarril de San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Leyes de Reforma 1ª. Sección, Alcaldía Iztapalapa, México City 09310, Mexico
| | - José Guillermo Encarnación-García
- Faculty of Chemical Science and Engineering, Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico; (J.G.E.-G.); (V.D.-V.)
| | - Silvia Marquina-Bahena
- Chemical Research Center—IICBA, Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico;
| | - Jessica Nayelli Sánchez-Carranza
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico;
| | - Antonio Bernabé-Antonio
- Departament of Wood, Pulp and Paper, University Center of Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Guadalajara, Km. 15.5 Guadalajara-Nogales, Col. Las Agujas, Zapopan 45200, Jalisco, Mexico;
| | - Valeri Domínguez-Villegas
- Faculty of Chemical Science and Engineering, Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico; (J.G.E.-G.); (V.D.-V.)
| | - Emmanuel Cabañas-García
- Scientific and Technological Studies Center No. 18, National Polytechnic Institute, Blvd. Del Bote 202 Cerro del Gato, Ejido La Escondida, Co. Ciudad Administrativa, Zacatecas 98160, Zacatecas, Mexico;
| | - Francisco Cruz-Sosa
- Departament of Biotechnology Autonomous Metropolitan University-Iztapalapa Campus, Av. Ferrocarril de San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Leyes de Reforma 1ª. Sección, Alcaldía Iztapalapa, México City 09310, Mexico
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Islam F, Islam MS, Ahmed K, Amanat M. Unveiling the Anthelminthic Potential of Merremia vitifolia Stem through in Vitro and in Silico Approach. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202300860. [PMID: 37715726 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202300860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the anthelmintic activity of methanol extracts from Merremia vitifolia stems using a combination approach encompassing experimental, in vitro, and in silico evaluations. Despite the well-recognized pharmacological properties of M. vitifolia, its potential as an anthelmintic agent remained unexplored. This plant's anthelmintic potential was assessed on adult earthworms (Pheretima posthuma), revealing a dose-dependent reduction in spontaneous motility leading to paralysis and eventual mortality. The most effective dose of M. vitifolia (200 mg/ml) for anthelmintic effects on Pheretima posthuma was identified. Complementary in silico investigations were also conducted, employing Autodock PyRx 0.8 for docking studies of reported M. vitifolia compounds. Notably, quercetin emerged as a promising candidate with superior binding energies against β-tubulin (-8.3 Kcal/mol). Moreover, this comprehensive research underlines the anthelmintic potential of Merremia vitifolia stem extract and highlights quercetin as a noteworthy compound for further investigation in the quest for novel anthelmintic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fakhrul Islam
- M. Pharm, Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Shariful Islam
- M. Pharm, Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Kawser Ahmed
- M. Pharm, Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammed Amanat
- PhD Scholar, Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, 151401, India
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Bains A, Chawla P, Inbaraj BS. Evaluation of In Vitro Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Anti-Quorum Sensing Activity of Edible Mushroom ( Agrocybe aegerita). Foods 2023; 12:3562. [PMID: 37835214 PMCID: PMC10572136 DOI: 10.3390/foods12193562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, ethanol extract obtained from the mycelial culture of Agrocybe aegerita was evaluated for its antioxidant activity as well for its potential to inhibit the virulence factor responsible for quorum-sensing activity and antibiofilm activity of pathogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 strain. The extract of mushroom at different concentrations showed percentage inhibition in a dose-dependent manner for DPPH and nitric oxide assays with the lowest as 38.56 ± 0.11% and 38.87 ± 0.04% at 50 µg/mL and the highest as 85.63 ± 0.12% and 82.34 ± 0.12% at 200 µg/mL. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of functional group -OH, O-H bending bonds, C=C stretching, pyranose ring, and H-C-H stretch, confirming the presence of phenol, carotenoid, and ascorbic acid. HPLC analysis revealed that the concentration of gallic acid present in the extract is 27.94 mg/100 g which is significantly (p < 0.05) more than the concentration of rutin (i.e., 7.35 mg/100 g). GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 5-methyl-1-heptanol, 2-heptadecenal, phthalic acid, butyl hept-4-yl ester, 2-dodecanol, benzoic acid, TMS derivative. The extract showed significantly (p < 0.05) more inhibition of pyocyanin (61.32%) and pyoverdine (54.02%). At higher concentrations of mushroom extract, there was a significant (p < 0.05) reduction (56.32%) in the swarming motility of the test organism. The extract showed 72.35% inhibition in biofilm formation. Therefore, it has been concluded from the present study that mushroom extract, which is rich in phenolic compounds interferes with the virulence factor responsible for quorum sensing, thereby inhibiting biofilm formation, and can be utilized as therapeutic agents against multi-drug resistant pathogenic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Bains
- Department of Microbiology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Prince Chawla
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India;
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Dube NP, Tembu VJ, Nyemba GR, Davison C, Rakodi GH, Kemboi D, de la Mare JA, Siwe-Noundou X, Manicum ALE. In vitro cytotoxic effect of stigmasterol derivatives against breast cancer cells. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:316. [PMID: 37697361 PMCID: PMC10496295 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04137-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stigmasterol is an unsaturated phytosterol that belong to the class of tetracyclic steroids abundant in Rhoicissus tridentata. Stigmasterol is an important constituent since it has shown impressive pharmacological effects such as anti-osteoarthritis, anticancer, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, antiparasitic, immunomodulatory, antifungal, antioxidant, antibacterial, and neuroprotective activities. Furthermore, due to the presence of π system and hydroxyl group, stigmasterol is readily derivatized through substitution and addition reactions, allowing for the synthesis of a wide variety of stigmasterol derivatives. METHODS Stigmasterol (1) isolated from Rhoicissus tridentata was used as starting material to yield eight bio-active derivatives (2-9) through acetylation, epoxidation, epoxide ring opening, oxidation, and dihydroxylation reactions. The structures of all the compounds were established using spectroscopic techniques, NMR, IR, MS, and melting points. The synthesized stigmasterol derivatives were screened for cytotoxicity against the hormone receptor-positive breast cancer (MCF-7), triple-negative breast cancer (HCC70), and non-tumorigenic mammary epithelial (MCF-12 A) cell lines using the resazurin assay. RESULTS Eight stigmasterol derivatives were successfully synthesized namely; Stigmasterol acetate (2), Stigmasta-5,22-dien-3,7-dione (3), 5,6-Epoxystigmast-22-en-3β-ol (4), 5,6-Epoxystigmasta-3β,22,23-triol (5), Stigmastane-3β,5,6,22,23-pentol (6), Stigmasta-5-en-3,7-dion-22,23-diol (7), Stigmasta-3,7-dion-5,6,22,23-ol (8) and Stigmast-5-ene-3β,22,23-triol (9). This is the first report of Stigmasta-5-en-3,7-dion-22,23-diol (7) and Stigmasta-3,7-dion-5,6,22,23-ol (8). The synthesized stigmasterol analogues showed improved cytotoxic activity overall compared to the stigmasterol (1), which was not toxic to the three cell lines tested (EC50 ˃ 250 µM). In particular, 5,6-Epoxystigmast-22-en-3β-ol (4) and stigmast-5-ene-3β,22,23-triol (9) displayed improved cytotoxicity and selectivity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells (EC50 values of 21.92 and 22.94 µM, respectively), while stigmastane-3β,5,6,22,23-pentol (6) showed improved cytotoxic activity against the HCC70 cell line (EC50: 16.82 µM). CONCLUSION Natural products from Rhoicissus tridentata and their derivatives exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities, including anticancer activity. The results obtained from this study indicate that molecular modification of stigmasterol functional groups can generate structural analogues with improved anticancer activity. Stigmasterol derivatives have potential as candidates for novel anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nondumiso Premilla Dube
- Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Vuyelwa Jacqueline Tembu
- Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Getrude R Nyemba
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Female Cancers Research at Rhodes University (FemCR2U), Makhanda/Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Candace Davison
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Female Cancers Research at Rhodes University (FemCR2U), Makhanda/Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | | | - Douglas Kemboi
- Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
- Department of Physical Sciences, University of Kabianga, Kericho, 2030, Kenya
| | - Jo-Anne de la Mare
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Female Cancers Research at Rhodes University (FemCR2U), Makhanda/Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Xavier Siwe-Noundou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, 0204, South Africa
| | - Amanda-Lee Ezra Manicum
- Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
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45
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Evtyugin DD, Evtuguin DV, Casal S, Domingues MR. Advances and Challenges in Plant Sterol Research: Fundamentals, Analysis, Applications and Production. Molecules 2023; 28:6526. [PMID: 37764302 PMCID: PMC10535520 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant sterols (PS) are cholesterol-like terpenoids widely spread in the kingdom Plantae. Being the target of extensive research for more than a century, PS have topped with evidence of having beneficial effects in healthy subjects and applications in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. However, many gaps in several fields of PS's research still hinder their widespread practical applications. In fact, many of the mechanisms associated with PS supplementation and their health benefits are still not fully elucidated. Furthermore, compared to cholesterol data, many complex PS chemical structures still need to be fully characterized, especially in oxidized PS. On the other hand, PS molecules have also been the focus of structural modifications for applications in diverse areas, including not only the above-mentioned but also in e.g., drug delivery systems or alternative matrixes for functional foods and fats. All the identified drawbacks are also superimposed by the need of new PS sources and technologies for their isolation and purification, taking into account increased environmental and sustainability concerns. Accordingly, current and future trends in PS research warrant discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry D. Evtyugin
- CICECO, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (D.D.E.); (D.V.E.)
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Dmitry V. Evtuguin
- CICECO, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (D.D.E.); (D.V.E.)
| | - Susana Casal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Rosário Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Guzmán-Flores JM, Pérez-Vázquez V, Martínez-Esquivias F, Isiordia-Espinoza MA, Viveros-Paredes JM. Molecular Docking Integrated with Network Pharmacology Explores the Therapeutic Mechanism of Cannabis sativa against Type 2 Diabetes. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:7228-7241. [PMID: 37754241 PMCID: PMC10529732 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45090457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is rising, and finding new treatments is important. C. sativa is a plant suggested as a potential treatment for T2D, but how it works needs to be clarified. This study explored the pharmacological mechanism of C. sativa in treating T2D. We identified the active compounds in C. sativa and their targets. From there, we examined the genes associated with T2D and found overlapping genes. We conducted an enrichment analysis and created a protein-protein and target-compound interactions network. We confirmed the binding activities of the hub proteins and compounds with molecular docking. We identified thirteen active compounds from C. sativa, which have 150 therapeutic targets in T2D. The enrichment analysis showed that these proteins are involved in the hormone, lipid, and stress responses. They bind transcription factors and metals and participate in the insulin, PI3K/Akt, HIF-1, and FoxO signaling pathways. We found four hub proteins (EGFR, ESR1, HSP90AA1, and SRC) that bind to the thirteen bioactive compounds. This was verified using molecular docking. Our findings suggest that C. sativa's antidiabetic action is carried out through the insulin signaling pathway, with the participation of HIF-1 and FoxO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Guzmán-Flores
- Instituto de Investigación en Biociencias, Centro Universitario de los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tepatitlán de Morelos C.P. 47620, Jalisco, Mexico;
| | - Victoriano Pérez-Vázquez
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Guanajuato, Campus León, León C.P. 37220, Guanajuato, Mexico;
| | - Fernando Martínez-Esquivias
- Instituto de Investigación en Biociencias, Centro Universitario de los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tepatitlán de Morelos C.P. 47620, Jalisco, Mexico;
| | - Mario Alberto Isiordia-Espinoza
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Médicas, Departamento de Clínicas, Centro Universitario de los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tepatitlan de Morelos C.P. 47620, Jalisco, Mexico;
| | - Juan Manuel Viveros-Paredes
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo Farmacéutico, Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara C.P. 44430, Jalisco, Mexico;
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Mejía-Méndez JL, Lorenzo-Leal AC, Bach H, López-Mena ER, Navarro-López DE, Hernández LR, Juárez ZN, Sánchez-Arreola E. Antimicrobial, Cytotoxic, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Tigridia vanhouttei Extracts. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3136. [PMID: 37687382 PMCID: PMC10489859 DOI: 10.3390/plants12173136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, bulb extracts of Tigridia vanhouttei were obtained by maceration with solvents of increasing polarity. The extracts were evaluated against a panel of pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains using the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay. The cytotoxicity of the extracts was tested against two cell lines (THP-1 and A549) using the MTT assay. The anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts was evaluated in THP-1 cells by measuring the secretion of pro-inflammatory (IL-6 and TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines by ELISA. The chemical composition of the extracts was recorded by FTIR spectroscopy, and their chemical profiles were evaluated using GC-MS. The results revealed that only hexane extract inhibited the growth of the clinical isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 200 μg/mL. Against THP-1 cells, hexane and chloroform extracts were moderately cytotoxic, as they exhibited LC50 values of 90.16, and 46.42 μg/mL, respectively. Treatment with methanol extract was weakly cytotoxic at LC50 443.12 μg/mL against the same cell line. Against the A549 cell line, hexane, chloroform, and methanol extracts were weakly cytotoxic because of their LC50 values: 294.77, 1472.37, and 843.12 μg/mL. The FTIR analysis suggested the presence of natural products were confirmed by carboxylic acids, ketones, hydroxyl groups, or esters. The GC-MS profile of extracts revealed the presence of phytosterols, tetracyclic triterpenes, multiple fatty acids, and sugars. This report confirms the antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and anti-inflammatory activities of T. vanhouttei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L. Mejía-Méndez
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry Research, Chemical Biological Sciences Department, Universidad de las Américas Puebla, Ex Hacienda Sta. Catarina Mártir S/N, San Andrés Cholula 72810, Mexico;
| | - Ana C. Lorenzo-Leal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada;
| | - Horacio Bach
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada;
| | - Edgar R. López-Mena
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Campus Guadalajara, Av. Gral. Ramón Corona No 2514, Colonia Nuevo México, Zapopan 45121, Mexico; (E.R.L.-M.); (D.E.N.-L.)
| | - Diego E. Navarro-López
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Campus Guadalajara, Av. Gral. Ramón Corona No 2514, Colonia Nuevo México, Zapopan 45121, Mexico; (E.R.L.-M.); (D.E.N.-L.)
| | - Luis R. Hernández
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry Research, Chemical Biological Sciences Department, Universidad de las Américas Puebla, Ex Hacienda Sta. Catarina Mártir S/N, San Andrés Cholula 72810, Mexico;
| | - Zaida N. Juárez
- Chemistry Area, Deanship of Biological Sciences, Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla, 21 Sur 1103 Barrio Santiago, Puebla 72410, Mexico;
| | - Eugenio Sánchez-Arreola
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry Research, Chemical Biological Sciences Department, Universidad de las Américas Puebla, Ex Hacienda Sta. Catarina Mártir S/N, San Andrés Cholula 72810, Mexico;
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Agarwal A, Rizwana, Tripathi AD, Kumar T, Sharma KP, Patel SKS. Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1413. [PMID: 37507952 PMCID: PMC10376479 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) and chia (Salvia hispanica) are essential traditional crops with excellent nutritional properties. Quinoa is known for its high and good quality protein content and nine essential amino acids vital for an individual's development and growth, whereas chia seeds contain high dietary fiber content, calories, lipids, minerals (calcium, magnesium, iron, phosphorus, and zinc), and vitamins (A and B complex). Chia seeds are also known for their presence of a high amount of omega-3 fatty acids. Both quinoa and chia seeds are gluten-free and provide medicinal properties due to bioactive compounds, which help combat various chronic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic diseases such as cancer. Quinoa seeds possess phenolic compounds, particularly kaempferol, which can help prevent cancer. Many food products can be developed by fortifying quinoa and chia seeds in different concentrations to enhance their nutritional profile, such as extruded snacks, meat products, etc. Furthermore, it highlights the value-added products that can be developed by including quinoa and chia seeds, alone and in combination. This review focused on the recent development in quinoa and chia seeds nutritional, bioactive properties, and processing for potential human health and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Agarwal
- Department of Food & Nutrition and Food Technology, Lady Irwin College, Sikandra Road, New Delhi 110001, India
| | - Rizwana
- Department of Food Technology, Bhaskaracharya College of Applied Sciences, Sector-2, Dwarka, New Delhi 110075, India
| | - Abhishek Dutt Tripathi
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Tarika Kumar
- Department of Environmental Studies, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002, India
| | - Kanti Prakash Sharma
- Department of Nutrition Biology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh 123031, India
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Xuan X, Zhang S. Exploring the active ingredients and mechanism of Shenzhi Tongxin capsule against microvascular angina based on network pharmacology and molecular docking. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e34190. [PMID: 37390241 PMCID: PMC10313304 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000034190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microvascular angina (MVA) substantially threatens human health, and the Shenzhi Tongxin (SZTX) capsule demonstrates a remarkable cardioprotective effect, making it a potential treatment option for MVA. However, the precise mechanism of action for this medication remains unclear. This study utilized network pharmacology and molecular docking technology to investigate the active components and potential mechanisms underlying the efficacy of the SZTX capsule in alleviating MVA. METHODS The main ingredients of the SZTX capsule, along with their targets proteins and potential disease targets associated with MVA, were extracted from public available databases. This study utilized the STRING database and Cytoscape 3.7.2 software to establish a protein-protein interaction network and determine key signaling pathway targets. Subsequently, the DAVID database was utilized to conduct Gene Ontology and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses on the intersection targets. To further investigate the molecular interactions, Autodock and PyMOL software were employed to perform molecular docking and visualize the resulting outcomes. RESULTS A total of 130 and 142 bioactive ingredients and intersection targets were identified respectively. Six core targets were obtained through protein-protein interaction network analysis. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis showed that 610 biological processes, 75 cellular components, and 92 molecular functions were involved. The results of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses indicated that SZTX capsule molecular mechanism in the treatment of MVA may be related to several pathways, including mitogen-activated protein kinases, PI3K-Akt, HIF-1, and others. The results of molecular docking showed that the 7 key active ingredients of SZTX capsule had good binding ability to 6 core proteins. CONCLUSION SZTX capsule potentially exerts its effects by targeting multiple signaling pathways, including the mitogen-activated protein kinases signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and HIF-1 signaling pathway. This multi-target approach enables SZTX capsule to inhibit inflammation, alleviate oxidative stress, regulate angiogenesis, and enhance endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Xuan
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Shiliang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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50
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Nguyen TV, Vo CT, Vo VM, Nguyen CTT, Pham TM, Piao CH, Fan YJ, Chai OH, Bui TT. Phaeanthus vietnamensis Ban Ameliorates Lower Airway Inflammation in Experimental Asthmatic Mouse Model via Nrf2/HO-1 and MAPK Signaling Pathway. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1301. [PMID: 37372031 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic airway inflammatory disease listed as one of the top global health problems. Phaeanthus vietnamensis BÂN is a well-known medicinal plant in Vietnam with its anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory potential, and gastro-protective properties. However, there is no study about P. vietnamensis extract (PVE) on asthma disease. Here, an OVA-induced asthma mouse model was established to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and anti-asthmatic effects and possible mechanisms of PVE. BALB/c mice were sensitized by injecting 50 μg OVA into the peritoneal and challenged by nebulization with 5% OVA. Mice were orally administered various doses of PVE once daily (50, 100, 200 mg/kg) or dexamethasone (Dex; 2.5 mg/kg) or Saline 1 h before the OVA challenge. The cell infiltrated in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was analyzed; levels of OVA-specific immunoglobulins in serum, cytokines, and transcription factors in the BALF were measured, and lung histopathology was evaluated. PVE, especially PVE 200mg/kg dose, could improve asthma exacerbation by balancing the Th1/Th2 ratio, reducing inflammatory cells in BALF, depressing serum anti-specific OVA IgE, anti-specific OVA IgG1, histamine levels, and retrieving lung histology. Moreover, the PVE treatment group significantly increased the expressions of antioxidant enzymes Nrf2 and HO-1 in the lung tissue and the level of those antioxidant enzymes in the BALF, decreasing the oxidative stress marker MDA level in the BALF, leading to the relieving the activation of MAPK signaling in asthmatic condition. The present study demonstrated that Phaeanthus vietnamensis BÂN, traditionally used in Vietnam as a medicinal plant, may be used as an efficacious agent for treating asthmatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Van Nguyen
- Department of Anatomy, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54896, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Chau Tuan Vo
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Science, University of Science and Education, The University of Danang, Danang 59000, Vietnam
| | - Van Minh Vo
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Science, University of Science and Education, The University of Danang, Danang 59000, Vietnam
| | - Cong Thuy Tram Nguyen
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Science, University of Science and Education, The University of Danang, Danang 59000, Vietnam
| | - Thi My Pham
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Science, University of Science and Education, The University of Danang, Danang 59000, Vietnam
| | - Chun Hua Piao
- Department of Anatomy, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54896, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Yan Jing Fan
- Department of Anatomy, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54896, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok Hee Chai
- Department of Anatomy, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54896, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Medical Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Thi Tho Bui
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Science, University of Science and Education, The University of Danang, Danang 59000, Vietnam
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