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Norman H, Munson A, Cortese D, Koeck B, Killen SS. The interplay between sleep and ecophysiology, behaviour and responses to environmental change in fish. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb247138. [PMID: 38860399 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.247138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Evidence of behavioural sleep has been observed in every animal species studied to date, but current knowledge of the behaviour, neurophysiology and ecophysiology associated with sleep is concentrated on mammals and birds. Fish are a hugely diverse group that can offer novel insights into a variety of sleep-related behaviours across environments, but the ecophysiological relevance of sleep in fish has been largely overlooked. Here, we systematically reviewed the literature to assess the current breadth of knowledge on fish sleep, and surveyed the diverse physiological effects and behaviours associated with sleep. We also discuss possible ways in which unstudied external factors may alter sleep behaviours. For example, predation risk may alter sleep patterns, as has been shown in mammalian, avian and reptilian species. Other environmental factors - such as water temperature and oxygen availability - have the potential to alter sleep patterns in fish differently than for terrestrial endotherms. Understanding the ecological influences on sleep in fish is vital, as sleep deprivation has the potential to affect waking behaviour and fitness owing to cognitive and physiological impairments, possibly affecting ecological phenomena and sensitivity to environmental stressors in ways that have not been considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Norman
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Amelia Munson
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Daphne Cortese
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Barbara Koeck
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Shaun S Killen
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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Zhou J, Seo JH, Mittal R. Effect of schooling on flow generated sounds from carangiform swimmers. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2024; 19:036015. [PMID: 38569526 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ad3a4e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Computational models are used to examine the effect of schooling on flow generated noise from fish swimming using their caudal fins. We simulate the flow as well as the far-field hydrodynamic sound generated by the time-varying pressure loading on these carangiform swimmers. The effect of the number of swimmers in the school, the relative phase of fin flapping of the swimmers, and their spatial arrangement is examined. The simulations indicate that the phase of the fin flapping is a dominant factor in the total sound radiated into the far-field by a group of swimmers. For small schools, a suitable choice of relative phase between the swimmers can significantly reduce the overall intensity of the sound radiated to the far-field. The relative positioning of the swimmers is also shown to have an impact on the total radiated noise. For a larger school, even highly uncorrelated phases of fin movement between the swimmers in the school are very effective in significantly reducing the overall intensity of sound radiated into the far-field. The implications of these findings for fish ethology as well as the design and operation of bioinspired vehicles are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Zhou
- Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States of America
| | - Jung-Hee Seo
- Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States of America
| | - Rajat Mittal
- Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States of America
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Tu Z, Tang L, Khan FU, Hu M, Shen H, Wang Y. Low-frequency noise impairs righting reflex behavior by disrupting central nervous system in the sea slug Onchidium reevesii. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 918:170552. [PMID: 38309332 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Anthropogenic noise has significantly increased due to human activities, posing a threat to the health and survival of marine organisms. However, current studies have often emphasized its effects on the physiological aspects of marine organisms, while ignored the relationship between the neuroendocrine system and behavior. This study aimed to evaluate the righting behavior and relevant physiological functions of the central nervous system (CNS) in sea slug (Onchidium reevesii) exposed to low-frequency noise and subsequent noise removal. The duration of the sea slugs' righting reflex increased with longer noise exposure time. The degree of neuronal cell damage and apoptosis were significantly increased and relevant gene expressions were affected (Glu, AChE, FMRFamide and CaMKII) (P < 0.05). After the removal of noise, the righting reflex speed gradually recovered, and the degree of neuronal cell damage, apoptosis and the expression levels of genes continued to decrease. Pearson correlation analysis showed that the righting time was positively correlated with CNS tissue and DNA damage, apoptosis rate, and negatively correlated with the expression levels of genes. Therefore, low-frequency noise exposure causes damage to the CNS of sea slugs, subsequently impairing their normal behavior. Sea slugs exhibited partial recovery within 384 h after removing noise. These findings provide valuable insights into the effects of low-frequency noise on the CNS and behavior of marine invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihan Tu
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Liusiqiao Tang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Fahim Ullah Khan
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Menghong Hu
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Heding Shen
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Youji Wang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
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Tu Z, Tang L, Khan FU, Hu M, Shen H, Wang Y. Low-frequency noise aggravates the toxicity of cadmium in sea slug Onchdium reevesii. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169558. [PMID: 38135081 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Industrial development not only triggers heavy metal pollution but also introduces a less easily discernible disturbance: low-frequency noise pollution. Low-frequency noise can disrupt wildlife behavior, potentially exerting complex effects through interacting with heavy metals. Nevertheless, the cumulative impacts of low-frequency noise and cadmium (Cd) pollution on marine organisms remain largely unexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the immune defense response of sea slugs (Onchdium reevesii) exposed to Cd (1.32 mg/L) and low-frequency noise (500 Hz, 1000 Hz). Our results show that Cd exposure results in Cd2+ accumulation in the sea slug's hepatopancreas, leading to a decrease in total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and a significant increase in enzyme activities, including glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidation (LPO), and aspartate transferase (AST). Additionally, there is a substantial upregulation in the expression of genes related to tumor protein p53 (p53), Cytochrome C (CytC), Caspase 3, and Caspase 9, as well as metallothionein (MT) and heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) genes. Concurrently, an excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) occurs in the hemocytes, resulting in apoptosis and subsequent diminished cell viability, with these effects positively correlating with the exposure duration. Furthermore, when sea slugs were exposed to both Cd and low-frequency noise, there was a decrease in the hepatopancreas's antioxidant capacity and an enhancement in hemocytes immune responses, which positively correlated with low-frequency noise frequency. The comprehensive assessment of biomarker responses highlights that low-frequency noise has the potential to amplify the deleterious effects of Cd on sea slug physiology, with this negative impact positively linked to noise frequency. Consequently, our study underscores that the combined influence of low-frequency noise and Cd pollution magnifies the effects on sea slug health. This could potentially disrupt the population stability of this species within its natural habitat, providing fresh insights into the evaluation of cumulative environmental pollution risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihan Tu
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Liusiqiao Tang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Fahim Ullah Khan
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Menghong Hu
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Heding Shen
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Youji Wang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
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Tu Z, Tang L, Abo-Raya MH, Sun M, Shen H, Wang Y. Cloning and characterization of heat shock transcription factor 1 and its functional role for Hsp70 production in the sea slug Onchidium reevesii. Gene 2024; 893:147945. [PMID: 38381511 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
To investigate the regulatory role of heat shock transcription factor 1 of sea slug Onchidium reevesii (OrHSF1) on Hsp70 expression in the sea slug under stress , the OrHSF1 gene was cloned and bioinformatics analysis was performed, then the gene and protein expressions by RNA interference (RNAi) mediated knockdown of OrHSF1 expression were measured to clarify the regulatory relationship between OrHSF1 and Hsp70 under low-frequency noise (LFN) stress. Our study was the first to clone a 1572 bp sequence of the OrHSF1 gene, with the sequence coding for amino acids (CDS) being 729 bp, encoding 243 amino acids. O. reevesii shared a close evolutionary relationship with mollusks such as the Aplysia californica. OrHSF1 gene is widely expressed in different tissues of sea slugs, with the highest expression in the intestine and the lowest in the reproductive glands. Furthermore, we used RNA interference (RNAi) as a tool to silence the OrHSF1 gene in the central nervous system (CNS) and the results indicated that gene silencing was occurring systematically in the CNS and the suppression of OrHSF1 expression by RNAi-mediated gene silencing altered the expression of Hsp70; besides, the expression trends of OrHSF1 gene and Hsp70 were consistent in the 3 and 5-day RNAi experiment. Moreover, in sea slugs injected with siHSF1 and exposed to LFN, the mRNA expression and protein expression of Hsp70 in the CNS were significantly decreased compared to the low-frequency noise group (P < 0.05). This study demonstrated that OrHSF1 regulates Hsp70 expression in marine mollusks under low-frequency noise, and HSF1-Hsp70 axis plays a key role in stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihan Tu
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Liusiqiao Tang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Mohamed H Abo-Raya
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Mengying Sun
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Heding Shen
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Youji Wang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
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S N X E, Nair NR, Raju RP, Sajeev R. Statistical study on shallow water soundscape variability of Eastern Arabian Sea using noise level metrics. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1314. [PMID: 37831220 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11912-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Underwater soundscape that spans a broad frequency band shows variability consistent with contributing noise sources and ocean environment. However, increased anthropogenic activities result in noise proliferation which can harm natural marine habitat. Continuous monitoring of background sound is useful to assess such spatio-temporal variability of soundscape. Standard noise level metrics, for instance, mean (μ), 90th percentiles (90P), standard deviation (σ), and kurtosis (β), are constructed from noise field measured from three coastal stations in Eastern Arabian Sea. These metrics are found to be suitable to describe the soundscape variability with respect to season, frequency, and depth. Mean and 90P are used to compare the seasonal variations while kurtosis metrics are exercised to check the impulsive nature of composite signal. Histogram representation and probability density function (PDF) were utilized to analyze the spectral variation in soundscape with respect to season. Analysis was carried out at 500-ms temporal window in two spectral bands corresponding to traffic and wind noise fields. Seasonal analysis shows that in summer, mean noise level decreases as hydrophone depth increases, while in winter, deeper depths have higher mean value with the presence of seasonal surface duct. This implication of sound speed profile on noise field has also been confirmed using appropriate noise model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S N X
- Department of Physical Oceanography, School of Marine Science, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, Kerala, 682016, India.
| | - Nimmi R Nair
- Naval Physical and Oceanographic Laboratory, Ministry of Defense, Thrikkakara, Kochi, Kerala, 682021, India
| | - R P Raju
- Naval Physical and Oceanographic Laboratory, Ministry of Defense, Thrikkakara, Kochi, Kerala, 682021, India
| | - R Sajeev
- Department of Physical Oceanography, School of Marine Science, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, Kerala, 682016, India
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7
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Zhang Z, Wu Y, Zhou S, Fu P, Yan H. Effects of Music and White Noise Exposure on the Gut Microbiota, Oxidative Stress, and Immune-Related Gene Expression of Mice. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2272. [PMID: 37764116 PMCID: PMC10536120 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbiota in gastrointestinal tracts is recognized to play a pivotal role in the health of their hosts. Music and noise are prevalent environmental factors in human society and animal production and are reported to impact their welfare and physiological conditions; however, the information on the relationship between the microbiota, physiological status, and sound is limited. This study investigated the impact of music and white noise exposure in mice through 16s rRNA gene sequencing, enzyme assay, and qPCR. The results demonstrate that white noise induced oxidative stress in animals by decreasing serum SOD and GSH-PX activity while increasing LDH activity and MDA levels (p < 0.05). Conversely, no oxidative stress was observed in the music treatment group. The relative gene expression of IFN-γ and IL-1β decreased in the white noise group compared to the music and control groups. The 16s rRNA gene amplicon sequencing revealed that Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Verrucomicrobia, and Proteobacteria were dominant among all the groups. Furthermore, the proportion of Firmicutes increased in the music treatment group but decreased in the white noise treatment group compared to the control group. In conclusion, white noise has detrimental impacts on the gut microbiota, antioxidant activity, and immunity of mice, while music is potentially beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pengcheng Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Hong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
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Rodríguez Y, Silva MA, Pham CK, Duncan EM. Cetaceans playing with single-use plastics (SUPs): A widespread interaction with likely severe impacts. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 194:115428. [PMID: 37639865 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Play is a common behaviour in wild cetaceans that includes the manipulation of natural, as well as artificial objects such as marine debris. Yet, very little is known about these interactions despite the potential impacts on cetacean health. We combined a detailed review of the scientific literature and social media with 12 years of observations to examine cetacean interactions with plastic litter. A total of 11 odontocete species (Tursiops truncatus, Stenella longirostris, Delphinus delphis, Grampus griseus, Steno bredanensis, Stenella frontalis, Sotalia guianensis, Pseudorca crassidens, Orcinus orca, Globicephala melas and Physeter macrocephalus) were documented in 59 events carrying or throwing plastic litter with their head and/or flippers suggesting a form of play. Interactions occurred in the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean, and Red Sea, with single-use plastics composing the main typology registered. While these interactions appeared harmless to the observers, they can pose a significant risk through subsequent entanglement or ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmina Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigação em Ciências do Mar - OKEANOS, Universidade dos Açores, 9900-138 Horta, Portugal.
| | - Mónica A Silva
- Instituto de Investigação em Ciências do Mar - OKEANOS, Universidade dos Açores, 9900-138 Horta, Portugal
| | - Christopher K Pham
- Instituto de Investigação em Ciências do Mar - OKEANOS, Universidade dos Açores, 9900-138 Horta, Portugal
| | - Emily M Duncan
- Instituto de Investigação em Ciências do Mar - OKEANOS, Universidade dos Açores, 9900-138 Horta, Portugal
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Landrigan PJ, Raps H, Cropper M, Bald C, Brunner M, Canonizado EM, Charles D, Chiles TC, Donohue MJ, Enck J, Fenichel P, Fleming LE, Ferrier-Pages C, Fordham R, Gozt A, Griffin C, Hahn ME, Haryanto B, Hixson R, Ianelli H, James BD, Kumar P, Laborde A, Law KL, Martin K, Mu J, Mulders Y, Mustapha A, Niu J, Pahl S, Park Y, Pedrotti ML, Pitt JA, Ruchirawat M, Seewoo BJ, Spring M, Stegeman JJ, Suk W, Symeonides C, Takada H, Thompson RC, Vicini A, Wang Z, Whitman E, Wirth D, Wolff M, Yousuf AK, Dunlop S. The Minderoo-Monaco Commission on Plastics and Human Health. Ann Glob Health 2023; 89:23. [PMID: 36969097 PMCID: PMC10038118 DOI: 10.5334/aogh.4056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Plastics have conveyed great benefits to humanity and made possible some of the most significant advances of modern civilization in fields as diverse as medicine, electronics, aerospace, construction, food packaging, and sports. It is now clear, however, that plastics are also responsible for significant harms to human health, the economy, and the earth's environment. These harms occur at every stage of the plastic life cycle, from extraction of the coal, oil, and gas that are its main feedstocks through to ultimate disposal into the environment. The extent of these harms not been systematically assessed, their magnitude not fully quantified, and their economic costs not comprehensively counted. Goals The goals of this Minderoo-Monaco Commission on Plastics and Human Health are to comprehensively examine plastics' impacts across their life cycle on: (1) human health and well-being; (2) the global environment, especially the ocean; (3) the economy; and (4) vulnerable populations-the poor, minorities, and the world's children. On the basis of this examination, the Commission offers science-based recommendations designed to support development of a Global Plastics Treaty, protect human health, and save lives. Report Structure This Commission report contains seven Sections. Following an Introduction, Section 2 presents a narrative review of the processes involved in plastic production, use, and disposal and notes the hazards to human health and the environment associated with each of these stages. Section 3 describes plastics' impacts on the ocean and notes the potential for plastic in the ocean to enter the marine food web and result in human exposure. Section 4 details plastics' impacts on human health. Section 5 presents a first-order estimate of plastics' health-related economic costs. Section 6 examines the intersection between plastic, social inequity, and environmental injustice. Section 7 presents the Commission's findings and recommendations. Plastics Plastics are complex, highly heterogeneous, synthetic chemical materials. Over 98% of plastics are produced from fossil carbon- coal, oil and gas. Plastics are comprised of a carbon-based polymer backbone and thousands of additional chemicals that are incorporated into polymers to convey specific properties such as color, flexibility, stability, water repellence, flame retardation, and ultraviolet resistance. Many of these added chemicals are highly toxic. They include carcinogens, neurotoxicants and endocrine disruptors such as phthalates, bisphenols, per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), brominated flame retardants, and organophosphate flame retardants. They are integral components of plastic and are responsible for many of plastics' harms to human health and the environment.Global plastic production has increased almost exponentially since World War II, and in this time more than 8,300 megatons (Mt) of plastic have been manufactured. Annual production volume has grown from under 2 Mt in 1950 to 460 Mt in 2019, a 230-fold increase, and is on track to triple by 2060. More than half of all plastic ever made has been produced since 2002. Single-use plastics account for 35-40% of current plastic production and represent the most rapidly growing segment of plastic manufacture.Explosive recent growth in plastics production reflects a deliberate pivot by the integrated multinational fossil-carbon corporations that produce coal, oil and gas and that also manufacture plastics. These corporations are reducing their production of fossil fuels and increasing plastics manufacture. The two principal factors responsible for this pivot are decreasing global demand for carbon-based fuels due to increases in 'green' energy, and massive expansion of oil and gas production due to fracking.Plastic manufacture is energy-intensive and contributes significantly to climate change. At present, plastic production is responsible for an estimated 3.7% of global greenhouse gas emissions, more than the contribution of Brazil. This fraction is projected to increase to 4.5% by 2060 if current trends continue unchecked. Plastic Life Cycle The plastic life cycle has three phases: production, use, and disposal. In production, carbon feedstocks-coal, gas, and oil-are transformed through energy-intensive, catalytic processes into a vast array of products. Plastic use occurs in every aspect of modern life and results in widespread human exposure to the chemicals contained in plastic. Single-use plastics constitute the largest portion of current use, followed by synthetic fibers and construction.Plastic disposal is highly inefficient, with recovery and recycling rates below 10% globally. The result is that an estimated 22 Mt of plastic waste enters the environment each year, much of it single-use plastic and are added to the more than 6 gigatons of plastic waste that have accumulated since 1950. Strategies for disposal of plastic waste include controlled and uncontrolled landfilling, open burning, thermal conversion, and export. Vast quantities of plastic waste are exported each year from high-income to low-income countries, where it accumulates in landfills, pollutes air and water, degrades vital ecosystems, befouls beaches and estuaries, and harms human health-environmental injustice on a global scale. Plastic-laden e-waste is particularly problematic. Environmental Findings Plastics and plastic-associated chemicals are responsible for widespread pollution. They contaminate aquatic (marine and freshwater), terrestrial, and atmospheric environments globally. The ocean is the ultimate destination for much plastic, and plastics are found throughout the ocean, including coastal regions, the sea surface, the deep sea, and polar sea ice. Many plastics appear to resist breakdown in the ocean and could persist in the global environment for decades. Macro- and micro-plastic particles have been identified in hundreds of marine species in all major taxa, including species consumed by humans. Trophic transfer of microplastic particles and the chemicals within them has been demonstrated. Although microplastic particles themselves (>10 µm) appear not to undergo biomagnification, hydrophobic plastic-associated chemicals bioaccumulate in marine animals and biomagnify in marine food webs. The amounts and fates of smaller microplastic and nanoplastic particles (MNPs <10 µm) in aquatic environments are poorly understood, but the potential for harm is worrying given their mobility in biological systems. Adverse environmental impacts of plastic pollution occur at multiple levels from molecular and biochemical to population and ecosystem. MNP contamination of seafood results in direct, though not well quantified, human exposure to plastics and plastic-associated chemicals. Marine plastic pollution endangers the ocean ecosystems upon which all humanity depends for food, oxygen, livelihood, and well-being. Human Health Findings Coal miners, oil workers and gas field workers who extract fossil carbon feedstocks for plastic production suffer increased mortality from traumatic injury, coal workers' pneumoconiosis, silicosis, cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lung cancer. Plastic production workers are at increased risk of leukemia, lymphoma, hepatic angiosarcoma, brain cancer, breast cancer, mesothelioma, neurotoxic injury, and decreased fertility. Workers producing plastic textiles die of bladder cancer, lung cancer, mesothelioma, and interstitial lung disease at increased rates. Plastic recycling workers have increased rates of cardiovascular disease, toxic metal poisoning, neuropathy, and lung cancer. Residents of "fenceline" communities adjacent to plastic production and waste disposal sites experience increased risks of premature birth, low birth weight, asthma, childhood leukemia, cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lung cancer.During use and also in disposal, plastics release toxic chemicals including additives and residual monomers into the environment and into people. National biomonitoring surveys in the USA document population-wide exposures to these chemicals. Plastic additives disrupt endocrine function and increase risk for premature births, neurodevelopmental disorders, male reproductive birth defects, infertility, obesity, cardiovascular disease, renal disease, and cancers. Chemical-laden MNPs formed through the environmental degradation of plastic waste can enter living organisms, including humans. Emerging, albeit still incomplete evidence indicates that MNPs may cause toxicity due to their physical and toxicological effects as well as by acting as vectors that transport toxic chemicals and bacterial pathogens into tissues and cells.Infants in the womb and young children are two populations at particularly high risk of plastic-related health effects. Because of the exquisite sensitivity of early development to hazardous chemicals and children's unique patterns of exposure, plastic-associated exposures are linked to increased risks of prematurity, stillbirth, low birth weight, birth defects of the reproductive organs, neurodevelopmental impairment, impaired lung growth, and childhood cancer. Early-life exposures to plastic-associated chemicals also increase the risk of multiple non-communicable diseases later in life. Economic Findings Plastic's harms to human health result in significant economic costs. We estimate that in 2015 the health-related costs of plastic production exceeded $250 billion (2015 Int$) globally, and that in the USA alone the health costs of disease and disability caused by the plastic-associated chemicals PBDE, BPA and DEHP exceeded $920 billion (2015 Int$). Plastic production results in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions equivalent to 1.96 gigatons of carbon dioxide (CO2e) annually. Using the US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) social cost of carbon metric, we estimate the annual costs of these GHG emissions to be $341 billion (2015 Int$).These costs, large as they are, almost certainly underestimate the full economic losses resulting from plastics' negative impacts on human health and the global environment. All of plastics' economic costs-and also its social costs-are externalized by the petrochemical and plastic manufacturing industry and are borne by citizens, taxpayers, and governments in countries around the world without compensation. Social Justice Findings The adverse effects of plastics and plastic pollution on human health, the economy and the environment are not evenly distributed. They disproportionately affect poor, disempowered, and marginalized populations such as workers, racial and ethnic minorities, "fenceline" communities, Indigenous groups, women, and children, all of whom had little to do with creating the current plastics crisis and lack the political influence or the resources to address it. Plastics' harmful impacts across its life cycle are most keenly felt in the Global South, in small island states, and in disenfranchised areas in the Global North. Social and environmental justice (SEJ) principles require reversal of these inequitable burdens to ensure that no group bears a disproportionate share of plastics' negative impacts and that those who benefit economically from plastic bear their fair share of its currently externalized costs. Conclusions It is now clear that current patterns of plastic production, use, and disposal are not sustainable and are responsible for significant harms to human health, the environment, and the economy as well as for deep societal injustices.The main driver of these worsening harms is an almost exponential and still accelerating increase in global plastic production. Plastics' harms are further magnified by low rates of recovery and recycling and by the long persistence of plastic waste in the environment.The thousands of chemicals in plastics-monomers, additives, processing agents, and non-intentionally added substances-include amongst their number known human carcinogens, endocrine disruptors, neurotoxicants, and persistent organic pollutants. These chemicals are responsible for many of plastics' known harms to human and planetary health. The chemicals leach out of plastics, enter the environment, cause pollution, and result in human exposure and disease. All efforts to reduce plastics' hazards must address the hazards of plastic-associated chemicals. Recommendations To protect human and planetary health, especially the health of vulnerable and at-risk populations, and put the world on track to end plastic pollution by 2040, this Commission supports urgent adoption by the world's nations of a strong and comprehensive Global Plastics Treaty in accord with the mandate set forth in the March 2022 resolution of the United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA).International measures such as a Global Plastics Treaty are needed to curb plastic production and pollution, because the harms to human health and the environment caused by plastics, plastic-associated chemicals and plastic waste transcend national boundaries, are planetary in their scale, and have disproportionate impacts on the health and well-being of people in the world's poorest nations. Effective implementation of the Global Plastics Treaty will require that international action be coordinated and complemented by interventions at the national, regional, and local levels.This Commission urges that a cap on global plastic production with targets, timetables, and national contributions be a central provision of the Global Plastics Treaty. We recommend inclusion of the following additional provisions:The Treaty needs to extend beyond microplastics and marine litter to include all of the many thousands of chemicals incorporated into plastics.The Treaty needs to include a provision banning or severely restricting manufacture and use of unnecessary, avoidable, and problematic plastic items, especially single-use items such as manufactured plastic microbeads.The Treaty needs to include requirements on extended producer responsibility (EPR) that make fossil carbon producers, plastic producers, and the manufacturers of plastic products legally and financially responsible for the safety and end-of-life management of all the materials they produce and sell.The Treaty needs to mandate reductions in the chemical complexity of plastic products; health-protective standards for plastics and plastic additives; a requirement for use of sustainable non-toxic materials; full disclosure of all components; and traceability of components. International cooperation will be essential to implementing and enforcing these standards.The Treaty needs to include SEJ remedies at each stage of the plastic life cycle designed to fill gaps in community knowledge and advance both distributional and procedural equity.This Commission encourages inclusion in the Global Plastic Treaty of a provision calling for exploration of listing at least some plastic polymers as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) under the Stockholm Convention.This Commission encourages a strong interface between the Global Plastics Treaty and the Basel and London Conventions to enhance management of hazardous plastic waste and slow current massive exports of plastic waste into the world's least-developed countries.This Commission recommends the creation of a Permanent Science Policy Advisory Body to guide the Treaty's implementation. The main priorities of this Body would be to guide Member States and other stakeholders in evaluating which solutions are most effective in reducing plastic consumption, enhancing plastic waste recovery and recycling, and curbing the generation of plastic waste. This Body could also assess trade-offs among these solutions and evaluate safer alternatives to current plastics. It could monitor the transnational export of plastic waste. It could coordinate robust oceanic-, land-, and air-based MNP monitoring programs.This Commission recommends urgent investment by national governments in research into solutions to the global plastic crisis. This research will need to determine which solutions are most effective and cost-effective in the context of particular countries and assess the risks and benefits of proposed solutions. Oceanographic and environmental research is needed to better measure concentrations and impacts of plastics <10 µm and understand their distribution and fate in the global environment. Biomedical research is needed to elucidate the human health impacts of plastics, especially MNPs. Summary This Commission finds that plastics are both a boon to humanity and a stealth threat to human and planetary health. Plastics convey enormous benefits, but current linear patterns of plastic production, use, and disposal that pay little attention to sustainable design or safe materials and a near absence of recovery, reuse, and recycling are responsible for grave harms to health, widespread environmental damage, great economic costs, and deep societal injustices. These harms are rapidly worsening.While there remain gaps in knowledge about plastics' harms and uncertainties about their full magnitude, the evidence available today demonstrates unequivocally that these impacts are great and that they will increase in severity in the absence of urgent and effective intervention at global scale. Manufacture and use of essential plastics may continue. However, reckless increases in plastic production, and especially increases in the manufacture of an ever-increasing array of unnecessary single-use plastic products, need to be curbed.Global intervention against the plastic crisis is needed now because the costs of failure to act will be immense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J. Landrigan
- Global Observatory on Planetary Health, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, US
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Medical Biology Department, MC
| | - Hervé Raps
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Medical Biology Department, MC
| | - Maureen Cropper
- Economics Department, University of Maryland, College Park, US
| | - Caroline Bald
- Global Observatory on Planetary Health, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, US
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Patrick Fenichel
- Université Côte d’Azur
- Centre Hospitalier, Universitaire de Nice, FR
| | - Lora E. Fleming
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, UK
| | | | | | | | - Carly Griffin
- Global Observatory on Planetary Health, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, US
| | - Mark E. Hahn
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, US
- Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, US
| | - Budi Haryanto
- Department of Environmental Health, Universitas Indonesia, ID
- Research Center for Climate Change, Universitas Indonesia, ID
| | - Richard Hixson
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, UK
| | - Hannah Ianelli
- Global Observatory on Planetary Health, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, US
| | - Bryan D. James
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
- Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, US
| | | | - Amalia Laborde
- Department of Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of the Republic, UY
| | | | - Keith Martin
- Consortium of Universities for Global Health, US
| | - Jenna Mu
- Global Observatory on Planetary Health, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, US
| | | | - Adetoun Mustapha
- Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
- Lead City University, NG
| | - Jia Niu
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, US
| | - Sabine Pahl
- University of Vienna, Austria
- University of Plymouth, UK
| | | | - Maria-Luiza Pedrotti
- Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche sur mer (LOV), Sorbonne Université, FR
| | | | | | - Bhedita Jaya Seewoo
- Minderoo Foundation, AU
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, AU
| | | | - John J. Stegeman
- Biology Department and Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, US
| | - William Suk
- Superfund Research Program, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, US
| | | | - Hideshige Takada
- Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry (LOG), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, JP
| | | | | | - Zhanyun Wang
- Technology and Society Laboratory, WEmpa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials and Technology, CH
| | - Ella Whitman
- Global Observatory on Planetary Health, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, US
| | | | | | - Aroub K. Yousuf
- Global Observatory on Planetary Health, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, US
| | - Sarah Dunlop
- Minderoo Foundation, AU
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, AU
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10
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Trabulo R, Amorim MCP, Fonseca PJ, Vieira M, Matos AB, Marin-Cudraz T, Lemos MFL, Moutinho AB, Novais SC, Pousão-Ferreira P, Candeias-Mendes A, Faria AM. Impact of anthropogenic noise on the survival and development of meagre (Argyrosomus regius) early life stages. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 185:105894. [PMID: 36738699 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.105894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The growth of human populations has been driving an unprecedent and widespread increase in marine traffic, posing a real threat to marine biodiversity. Even though we are now aware of the negative effects of shipping noise exposure on fish, information about the impact on their early life stages continues to lack. Meagre (Argyrosomus regius) is a vocal fish that uses estuaries with high levels of anthropogenic noise pollution as both breeding areas and nurseries. Here, the effects of boat noise exposure on the development and survival of meagre larvae were studied. Embryos and larvae were exposed to either noise (boat noise playback) or control treatments (coils producing a similar electric field to the speakers) and hatching rate, survival rate, morphometric traits and stress-related biomarkers, at hatching and at 2 days-post-hatching (dph) were analyzed. Results showed no conclusive effects of the impact of boat noise playback, even though there was an increased lipid droplet consumption and a decrease in body depth at 2dph larvae under this stressor. The assessment of oxidative stress and energy metabolism-related biomarkers at hatching showed a marginal decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and no changes in DNA damage or electron transport system activity (ETS), although it cannot be disregarded that those effects could only be visible at later stages of larval development. Whether these morphological and developmental results have implications in later stages remains to be investigated. Further studies with longer exposure and wild meagre could help deepen this knowledge and provide a better understanding of how anthropogenic noise can impact meagre early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Trabulo
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ARNET - Aquatic Research Network, ISPA - Instituto Universitário, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - M Clara P Amorim
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ARNET - Aquatic Research Network, ISPA - Instituto Universitário, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paulo J Fonseca
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; cE3c - Center for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Manuel Vieira
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ARNET - Aquatic Research Network, ISPA - Instituto Universitário, Lisbon, Portugal; cE3c - Center for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - André B Matos
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ARNET - Aquatic Research Network, ISPA - Instituto Universitário, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Thibaut Marin-Cudraz
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marco F L Lemos
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ARNET - Aquatic Research Network, ESTM, Politécnico de Leiria, Peniche, Portugal
| | - Ariana B Moutinho
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ARNET - Aquatic Research Network, ESTM, Politécnico de Leiria, Peniche, Portugal
| | - Sara C Novais
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ARNET - Aquatic Research Network, ESTM, Politécnico de Leiria, Peniche, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pousão-Ferreira
- Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, Av. 5 de Outubro, 8700-305, Olhão, Portugal
| | - Ana Candeias-Mendes
- Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, Av. 5 de Outubro, 8700-305, Olhão, Portugal
| | - Ana M Faria
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ARNET - Aquatic Research Network, ISPA - Instituto Universitário, Lisbon, Portugal
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11
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Arcangeli G, Lulli LG, Traversini V, De Sio S, Cannizzaro E, Galea RP, Mucci N. Neurobehavioral Alterations from Noise Exposure in Animals: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:591. [PMID: 36612911 PMCID: PMC9819367 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ecosystems are increasingly involved and influenced by human activities, which are ever-increasing. These activities are mainly due to vehicular, air and sea transportation, thus causing possible repercussions on the fauna that exists there. The aim of this systematic review is to investigate the possible consequences that these activities may have in the field of animal neurobehavior, with special emphasis on the species involved, the most common environment concerned, the noise source and the disturbance that is caused. This research includes articles published in the major databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Embase, Web of Sciences); the online search yielded 1901 references. After selection, 49 articles (14 reviews and 35 original articles) were finally scrutinized. The main problems that were reported were in relation to movement, reproduction, offspring care and foraging. In live experiments carried out, the repercussions on the marine environment mainly concerned altered swimming, shallower descents, less foraging and an escape reaction for fear of cetaceans and fish. In birds, alterations in foraging, vocalizations and nests were noted; laboratory studies, on the other hand, carried out on small mammals, highlighted spatio-temporal cognitive alterations and memory loss. In conclusion, it appears that greater attention to all ecosystems should be given as soon as possible so as to try to achieve a balance between human activity and the well-being of terrestrial fauna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Arcangeli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | | | - Veronica Traversini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Simone De Sio
- R.U. of Occupational Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Raymond Paul Galea
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta
| | - Nicola Mucci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
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12
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Zhang Y, Liu C, Liu J, Liu X, Tu Z, Zheng Y, Xu J, Fan H, Wang Y, Hu M. Multi-omics reveals response mechanism of liver metabolism of hybrid sturgeon under ship noise stress. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158348. [PMID: 36055508 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Underwater noise from ship engines can affect the metabolism and immune system of various fish species. Meanwhile, changes in the metabolic pathways in liver are important for fish to adapt to adverse environments. We used a combined multi-omics analysis to investigate the response mechanism of hybrid sturgeon to continuously played ship noise. A control group and a noise group (simulated ship noise: 12 h) were set up, and liver tissues were extracted for high-throughput transcriptome and metabolome sequencing. The results show that a total of 588 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 58 DEGs metabolites were detected. The joint analysis of transcriptome and metabolome showed that under noise stress, apoptosis and cell motility were intensified, DNA replication, RNA transcription and translation, and protein synthesis were inhibited, and lipid metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, and vitamin D3 metabolic pathways were also inhibited. Interestingly, the initiation of a partial immune responses ensured their normal immunity abilities. Moreover, material and energy requirements of the organism under noise stress were guaranteed by upregulation of carbohydrate and amino acid metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Chunhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jiehao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Ximei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Zhihan Tu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yueping Zheng
- Joint Laboratory for Monitoring and Conservation of Aquatic Living Resources in the Yangtze Estuary, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Aquatic Wildlife Conservation and Research Center, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Jianan Xu
- Joint Laboratory for Monitoring and Conservation of Aquatic Living Resources in the Yangtze Estuary, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Aquatic Wildlife Conservation and Research Center, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Houyong Fan
- Joint Laboratory for Monitoring and Conservation of Aquatic Living Resources in the Yangtze Estuary, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Aquatic Wildlife Conservation and Research Center, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Youji Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Menghong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
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13
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Stauber JL, Adams MS, Batley GE, Golding LA, Hargreaves I, Peeters L, Reichelt-Brushett AJ, Simpson SL. A generic environmental risk assessment framework for deep-sea tailings placement. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 845:157311. [PMID: 35839877 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Deep-sea tailings placement (DSTP) involves the oceanic discharge of tailings at depth (usually >100 m), with the intent of ultimate deposition of tailings solids on the deep-sea bed (>1000 m), well below the euphotic zone. DSTP discharges consist of a slurry of mine tailings solids (finely crushed rock) and residual process liquor containing low concentrations of metals, metalloids, flotation agents and flocculants. This slurry can potentially affect both pelagic and benthic biota inhabiting coastal waters, the continental slope and the deep-sea bed. Building on a conceptual model of DSTP exposure pathways and receptors, we developed a stressor-driven environmental risk assessment (ERA) framework using causal pathways/causal networks for each of eight pelagic and benthic impact zones. For the risk characterisation, each link in each causal pathway in each zone was scored using four levels of likelihood (not possible, possible, likely and certain) and two levels of consequence (not material, material) to give final risk rankings of low, potential, high or very high risk. Of the 246 individual causal pathways scored, 11 and 18 pathways were considered to be of very high risk and high risk respectively. These were confined to the benthic zones in the mixing zone (continental slope) and the primary and secondary deposition zones. The new risk framework was then tested using a case study of the Batu Hijau copper mine in Indonesia, the largest DSTP operation globally. The major risk of DSTP is smothering of benthic biota, even outside the predicted deposition zones. Timescales for recovery are slow and may lead to different communities than those that existed prior to tailings deposition. We make several recommendations for monitoring programs for existing, proposed and legacy DSTP operations and illustrate how georeferenced causal networks are valuable tools for ERA in DSTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Stauber
- CSIRO Land and Water, Lucas Heights, NSW, Australia; La Trobe University, Albury-Wodonga, NSW, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | - Luk Peeters
- CSIRO Land and Water, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
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14
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Bucuci S, Constantin A, Paun M, Pastorcici MN, Tamas RD, Danisor A, Constantinescu R. A Compact Monopole Antenna for Underwater Acoustic Monitoring Beacons. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:8392. [PMID: 36366087 PMCID: PMC9657470 DOI: 10.3390/s22218392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Protected wetlands such as deltas, lakes or rivers provide a sanctuary for many endangered species. In order to protect these areas from illegal human interventions, it is necessary to monitor the unauthorized entrance of motor boats. In order to mitigate such an impact, we have developed a network of floating beacons for underwater acoustic monitoring, using LoRa communication modules operating at 433 MHz. Such beacons should be equipped with compact antennas. In this paper, we use a genetic algorithm approach to design the compact, monopole antennas required for the beacons; size constraints would apply not only to the radiating element but also to the ground plane. Although the antenna input is unbalanced, such a small ground plane may yield common mode currents on the antenna feeder, which distort the radiation pattern of the antenna. In order to investigate the effect of the common mode currents, we developed a distance averaging method, while, for characterizing the antenna, we used a single-antenna method. For the experimental validation of the system in real conditions, a continuous monitoring of the lake was carried out. During the monitoring, multiple events generated by incursions of motor boats were successfully detected and recorded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Bucuci
- Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Constanta Maritime University, 900663 Constanta, Romania
| | - Andreea Constantin
- Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Constanta Maritime University, 900663 Constanta, Romania
| | - Mirel Paun
- Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Constanta Maritime University, 900663 Constanta, Romania
| | - Marius N. Pastorcici
- Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Constanta Maritime University, 900663 Constanta, Romania
| | - Razvan D. Tamas
- Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Constanta Maritime University, 900663 Constanta, Romania
| | - Alin Danisor
- Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Constanta Maritime University, 900663 Constanta, Romania
| | - Rodica Constantinescu
- Department of Applied Electronics, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 061071 Bucharest, Romania
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15
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Day RD, Fitzgibbon QP, McCauley RD, Baker KB, Semmens JM. The impact of seismic survey exposure on the righting reflex and moult cycle of Southern Rock Lobster (Jasus edwardsii) puerulus larvae and juveniles. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 309:119699. [PMID: 35787424 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic aquatic noise is recognised as an environmental pollutant with the potential to negatively affect marine organisms. Seismic surveys, used to explore subseafloor oil reserves, are a common source of aquatic noise that have garnered attention due to their intense low frequency inputs and their frequent spatial overlap with coastal fisheries. Commercially important Southern Rock Lobster (Jasus edwardsii) adults have previously shown sensitivity to signals from a single seismic air gun. Here, the sensitivity of J. edwardsii juveniles and puerulus to the signals of a full-scale seismic survey were evaluated to determine if early developmental stages were affected similarly to adults, and the range of impact. To quantify impact, lobster mortality rates, dorsoventral righting reflex and progression through moult cycle were evaluated following exposure. Exposure did not result in mortality in either developmental stage, however, air gun signals caused righting impairment to at least 500 m in lobsters sampled immediately following exposure, as had previously been reported in adults with corresponding sensory system damage following exposure. Impairment resulting from close range (0 m) exposure appeared to be persistent, as previously reported in adults, whereas juveniles exposed at a more distant range (500 m) showed recovery, indicating that exposure at a range of 500 m may not cause lasting impairment to righting. Intermoult duration was (time between moults) significantly increased in juveniles exposed at 0 m from the source, indicating the potential for slowed development, growth, and physiological stress. These results demonstrate that exposure to seismic air gun signals have the potential to negatively impact early life history stages of Southern Rock Lobsters. The similarity of both the impacts and the sound exposure levels observed here compared to previous exposure using a single air gun offer validation for the approach, which opens the potential for accessible field-based experimental work into the impact of seismic surveys on marine invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Day
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia.
| | - Quinn P Fitzgibbon
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Robert D McCauley
- Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, 6845, Australia
| | - Katherine B Baker
- Ecology and Biodiversity Centre, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Jayson M Semmens
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
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16
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Underwater Noise Measurements around a Tidal Turbine in a Busy Port Setting. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse10050632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Acoustic emissions from current energy converters remain an environmental concern for regulators because of their potential effects on marine life and uncertainties about their effects stemming from a lack of sufficient observational data. Several recent opportunities to characterize tidal turbine sound emissions have begun to fill knowledge gaps and provide a context for future device deployments. In July 2021, a commercial-off-the-shelf hydrophone was deployed in a free-drifting configuration to measure underwater acoustic emissions and characterize a 25 kW-rated tidal turbine at the University of New Hampshire’s Living Bridge Project in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Sampling methods and analysis were performed in alignment with the recently published IEC 62600-40 Technical Specification for acoustic characterization of marine energy converters. Results from this study indicate acoustic emissions from the turbine were below ambient sound levels and therefore did not have a significant impact on the underwater noise levels of the project site. As a component of Pacific Northwest National Laboratory’s Triton Field Trials (TFiT) described in this Special Issue, this effort provides a valuable use case for the IEC 62600-40 Technical Specification framework and further recommendations for cost-effective technologies and methods for measuring underwater noise at future current energy converter project sites.
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A Risk-Based Model Using Communication Distance Reduction for the Assessment of Underwater Continuous Noise: An Application to the Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) Inhabiting the Spanish North Atlantic Marine Demarcation. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse10050605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, national authorities and European administrations have made great efforts to establish methodological standards for the assessment of underwater continuous noise, especially under the requirements set by the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). Through the MSFD implementation across EU Member States Marine Reporting Units (MRUs), it is intended to establish the Good Environmental Status (GES) whether it is achieved or not. The evaluation of the Sound Pressure Level (SPL) at the local or regional scale for 1/3 octave band of 63 Hz and 125 Hz and the identification of long temporary trends were considered to be a priority due to the valuable information they can offer in relation to continuous low-frequency noise. Nevertheless, the methodology to determine threshold values from which to evaluate the GES has become difficult to define, and new approaches and considerations are currently being discussed by groups of experts, such as the technical subgroup on underwater acoustics (TGnoise) and regional commissions (e.g., OSPAR). This work presents a methodology to perform the assessment of a given area, providing a risk index that is related to potential appearance of masking effect due to the underwater noise produced by marine traffic. The risk index is hinged on the calculation of area under curves defined by the density of animals and a variable related to underwater noise SPL, defined as percentage of communication distance reduction. At this stage, the methodology presented does not consider physiological or behavioral mechanisms to overcome the masking by animals. The methodology presented has been applied to the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) inhabiting the ABIES—NOR marine demarcation to illustrate the possible use of risk-based models to manage marine areas related to human pressures, such as marine traffic, with the potential adverse impact on a given species (e.g., masking effect).
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Chahouri A, Elouahmani N, Ouchene H. Recent progress in marine noise pollution: A thorough review. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132983. [PMID: 34801565 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The increase in urbanization and the progressive development of marine industries have led to the appearance of a new kind of pollution called "noise pollution". This pollution exerts an increasing pressure on marine mammals, fish species, and invertebrates, which constitutes a new debate that must be controlled in a sustainable way by environmental and noise approaches with the objective of preserving marine and human life. Despite, noise pollution can travel long distances underwater, cover large areas, and have secondary effects on marine animals; by masking their ability to hear their prey or predators, finding their way, or connecting group members. During the COVID-19 pandemic, except for the transportation of essential goods and emergency services, all the public transport services were suspended including aircraft and ships. This lockdown has impacted positively on the marine environment through reduction of the noise sources. In this article, we are interested in noise pollution in general, its sources, impacts, and the management and future actions to follow. And since this pollution is not studied in Morocco, we focused on the different sources that can generate it on the Moroccan coasts. This is the first review article, which focuses on the impact of the COVID 19 pandemic on this type of pollution in the marine environment; which we aim to identify the impact of this pandemic on underwater noise and marine species. Finally, and given the increase in noise levels, preventive management, both at the national and international level, is required before irreversible damage is caused to biodiversity and the marine ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir Chahouri
- Aquatic System Laboratory: Marine and Continental Environment, Faculty of Sciences Agadir, Department of Biology, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco.
| | - Nadia Elouahmani
- Aquatic System Laboratory: Marine and Continental Environment, Faculty of Sciences Agadir, Department of Biology, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Hanan Ouchene
- Aquatic System Laboratory: Marine and Continental Environment, Faculty of Sciences Agadir, Department of Biology, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
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Butt N, Halpern BS, O'Hara CC, Allcock AL, Polidoro B, Sherman S, Byrne M, Birkeland C, Dwyer RG, Frazier M, Woodworth BK, Arango CP, Kingsford MJ, Udyawer V, Hutchings P, Scanes E, McClaren EJ, Maxwell SM, Diaz‐Pulido G, Dugan E, Simmons BA, Wenger AS, Linardich C, Klein CJ. A trait‐based framework for assessing the vulnerability of marine species to human impacts. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Butt
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science The University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Benjamin S. Halpern
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California USA
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California USA
| | - Casey C. O'Hara
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California USA
| | - A. Louise Allcock
- Department of Zoology National University of Ireland Galway Galway Ireland
- The Ryan Institute's Centre for Ocean Research & Exploration (COREx) National University of Ireland Galway Galway Ireland
| | - Beth Polidoro
- School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Arizona State University Glendale Arizona USA
| | - Samantha Sherman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Earth to Oceans Research Group Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia Canada
- TRAFFIC Cambridge UK
| | - Maria Byrne
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Charles Birkeland
- Department of Biology University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu Hawaii USA
| | - Ross G. Dwyer
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering University of the Sunshine Coast Sippy Downs Queensland Australia
| | - Melanie Frazier
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California USA
| | - Bradley K. Woodworth
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science The University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
| | | | - Michael J. Kingsford
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies and Marine Biology and Aquaculture College of Science and Engineering, JCU Townsville Queensland Australia
| | - Vinay Udyawer
- Arafura Timor Research Facility Australian Institute of Marine Science—Darwin Brinkin Northern Territory Australia
| | - Pat Hutchings
- Department of Marine Invertebrates Australian Museum Research Institute Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University North Ryde New South Wales Australia
| | - Elliot Scanes
- Climate Change Cluster, Faculty of Science University of Technology Sydney Ultimo New South Wales Australia
| | - Emily Jane McClaren
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Sara M. Maxwell
- School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences University of Washington, Bothell Campus Bothell Washington USA
| | - Guillermo Diaz‐Pulido
- School of Environment & Science Griffith University, Nathan Campus Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Emma Dugan
- College of Letters & Science University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California USA
| | | | - Amelia S. Wenger
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science The University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Christi Linardich
- International Union for Conservation of Nature Marine Biodiversity Unit, Department of Biological Sciences Old Dominion University Norfolk Virginia USA
| | - Carissa J. Klein
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science The University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
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Triton Field Trials: Promoting Consistent Environmental Monitoring Methodologies for Marine Energy Sites. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse10020177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Uncertainty surrounding the potential environmental impacts of marine energy (ME) has resulted in extensive and expensive environmental monitoring requirements for ME deployments. Recently, there have been more ME deployments and associated environmental data collection efforts, but no standardized methodologies for data collection. This hinders the use of previously collected data to inform new ME project permitting efforts. Triton Field Trials (TFiT), created at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory by the United States (U.S.) Department of Energy, explores ways to promote more consistent environmental data collection and enable data transferability across ME device types and locations. Documents from 118 previous ME projects or ME-related research studies in the U.S. and internationally were reviewed to identify the highest priority stressor–receptor relationships to be investigated and the technologies and methodologies used to address them. Thirteen potential field sites were assessed to determine suitable locations for testing the performance of relevant monitoring technologies. This introductory paper provides an overview of how priority research areas and associated promising technologies were identified as well as how testing locations were identified for TFiT activities. Through these scoping efforts, TFiT focused on four activity areas: collision risk, underwater noise, electromagnetic fields, and changes in habitat. Technologies and methodologies were tested at field sites in Alaska, Washington, California, and New Hampshire. Detailed information on the effectiveness of the identified methodologies and specific recommendations for each of the four focus areas are included in the companion papers in this Special Issue.
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Leiva L, Scholz S, Giménez L, Boersma M, Torres G, Krone R, Tremblay N. Noisy waters can influence young-of-year lobsters' substrate choice and their antipredatory responses. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 291:118108. [PMID: 34520946 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Offshore human activities lead to increasing amounts of underwater noise in coastal and shelf environments, which may affect commercially-important benthic invertebrate groups like the re-stocked Helgoland European lobster (Homarus gammarus) in the German Bight (North Sea). It is crucial to understand the impact tonal low-frequency noises, like maritime transport and offshore energy operations, may have on substrate choice and lobsters' behavior to assess potential benefits or bottlenecks of new hard-substrate artificial offshore environments that become available. In this study, we investigated the full factorial effect of a tonal low-frequency noise and predator presence on young-of-year (YOY) European lobsters' in a diurnal and nocturnal experiment. Rocks and European oyster shells (Ostrea edulis) were offered as substrate to YOY lobsters for 3 h. Video recordings (n = 134) allowed the identification of lobsters' initial substrate choice, diel activity and key behaviors (peeking, shelter construction, exploration and hiding). To ensure independence, YOY lobsters in the intermolt stage were randomly selected and assigned to the experimental tanks and used only once. We provide the first evidence that stressors alone, and in combination, constrain YOY lobsters' initial substrate choice towards rocks. During nighttime, the joint effect of exposure to a constant low-frequency noise and predator presence decreased antipredator behavior (i.e., hiding) and increased exploration behavior. Noise may thus interfere with YOY lobsters' attention and decision-making processes. This outcome pinpoints that added tonal low-frequency noise in the environment have the potential to influence the behavior of early-life stages of European lobsters under predator pressure and highlights the importance of including key benthic invertebrates' community relationships in anthropogenic noise risk assessments. Among others, effects of noise must be taken into consideration in plans involving the multi-use of any offshore area for decapods' stock enhancement, aquaculture, and temporary no-take zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Leiva
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Shelf Sea System Ecology, Helgoland, 27498, Germany.
| | - Sören Scholz
- Universität Bielefeld, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld, 33615, Germany
| | - Luis Giménez
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Shelf Sea System Ecology, Helgoland, 27498, Germany; School of Ocean Sciences, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, LL59 5AB, UK
| | - Maarten Boersma
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Shelf Sea System Ecology, Helgoland, 27498, Germany; Universität Bremen, FB2, Bremen, 28359, Germany
| | - Gabriela Torres
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Shelf Sea System Ecology, Helgoland, 27498, Germany
| | - Roland Krone
- Reefauna - Spezialisten für Rifftiere, Bremerhaven, 27568, Germany
| | - Nelly Tremblay
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Shelf Sea System Ecology, Helgoland, 27498, Germany
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Obusan MCM, Caras JAA, Lumang LSL, Calderon EJS, Villanueva RMD, Salibay CC, Siringan MAT, Rivera WL, Masangkay JS, Aragones LV. Bacteriological and histopathological findings in cetaceans that stranded in the Philippines from 2017 to 2018. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0243691. [PMID: 34762695 PMCID: PMC8584710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The relatively high frequency of marine mammal stranding events in the Philippines provide many research opportunities. A select set of stranders (n = 21) from 2017 to 2018 were sampled for bacteriology and histopathology. Pertinent tissues and bacteria were collected from individuals representing eight cetacean species (i.e. Feresa attenuata, Kogia breviceps, Globicephala macrorhynchus, Grampus griseus, Lagenodelphis hosei, Peponocephala electra, Stenella attenuata and Stenella longirostris) and were subjected to histopathological examination and antibiotic resistance screening, respectively. The antibiotic resistance profiles of 24 bacteria (belonging to genera Escherichia, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Proteus, and Shigella) that were isolated from four cetaceans were determined using 18 antibiotics. All 24 isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic class, and 79.17% were classified as multiple antibiotic resistant (MAR). The MAR index values of isolates ranged from 0.06 to 0.39 with all the isolates resistant to erythromycin (100%; n = 24) and susceptible to imipenem, doripenem, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, and gentamicin (100%; n = 24). The resistance profiles of these bacteria show the extent of antimicrobial resistance in the marine environment, and may inform medical management decisions during rehabilitation of stranded cetaceans. Due to inadequate gross descriptions and limited data gathered by the responders during the stranding events, the significance of histopathological lesions in association with disease diagnosis in each cetacean stranding or mortality remained inconclusive; however, these histopathological findings may be indicative or contributory to the resulting debility and stress during their strandings. The findings of the study demonstrate the challenges faced by cetacean species in the wild, such as but not limited to, biological pollution through land-sea movement of effluents, fisheries interactions, and anthropogenic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Christine M. Obusan
- Microbial Ecology of Terrestrial and Aquatic Systems, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
- Natural Sciences Research Institute, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Jamaica Ann A. Caras
- Microbial Ecology of Terrestrial and Aquatic Systems, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
- Marine Mammal Research Stranding Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Science and Meteorology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Lara Sabrina L. Lumang
- Microbial Ecology of Terrestrial and Aquatic Systems, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Erika Joyce S. Calderon
- Microbial Ecology of Terrestrial and Aquatic Systems, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Ren Mark D. Villanueva
- Microbial Ecology of Terrestrial and Aquatic Systems, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Cristina C. Salibay
- College of Science and Computer Studies, De La Salle University-Dasmariñas, City of Dasmariñas Cavite, Philippines
| | - Maria Auxilia T. Siringan
- Natural Sciences Research Institute, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Windell L. Rivera
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Joseph S. Masangkay
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Lemnuel V. Aragones
- Marine Mammal Research Stranding Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Science and Meteorology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
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23
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Puig-Pons V, Soliveres E, Pérez-Arjona I, Espinosa V, Poveda-Martínez P, Ramis-Soriano J, Ordoñez-Cebrián P, Moszyński M, de la Gándara F, Bou-Cabo M, Cort JL, Santaella E. Monitoring of Caged Bluefin Tuna Reactions to Ship and Offshore Wind Farm Operational Noises. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21216998. [PMID: 34770305 PMCID: PMC8588185 DOI: 10.3390/s21216998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Underwater noise has been identified as a relevant pollution affecting marine ecosystems in different ways. Despite the numerous studies performed over the last few decades regarding the adverse effect of underwater noise on marine life, a lack of knowledge and methodological procedures still exists, and results are often tentative or qualitative. A monitoring methodology for the behavioral response of bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) when exposed to ship and wind turbine operational noises was implemented and tested in a fixed commercial tuna feeding cage in the Mediterranean sea. Fish behavior was continuously monitored, combining synchronized echosounder and video recording systems. Automatic information extracted from acoustical echograms was used to describe tuna reaction to noise in terms of average depth and vertical dimensions of the school and the indicators of swimming speed and tilt direction. Video recordings allowed us to detect changes in swimming patterns. Different kinds of stimuli were considered during bluefin tuna cage monitoring, such as noise generated by feeding boats, wind farm operational noise, and other synthetic signals projected in the medium using a broadband underwater projector. The monitoring system design was revealed as a successful methodological approach to record and quantify reactions to noise. The obtained results suggested that the observed reactions presented a strong relationship with insonification pressure level and time. Behavioral changes associated with noise are difficult to observe, especially in semi-free conditions; thus, the presented approach offered the opportunity to link anthropogenic activity with possible effects on a given marine species, suggesting the possibility of achieving a more realistic framework to assess the impacts of underwater noise on marine animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Puig-Pons
- Intitut d’Investigació per a la Gestió Integrada de Zones Costaneres, Universitat Politécnica de València, C/Paranimf 1, Grau de Gandia, 46730 València, Spain; (E.S.); (I.P.-A.); (V.E.)
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Tecnología para Estudios Marinos IEO-UPV (UTEM), Muelle Frutero, Port de Gandia, Grau de Gandia, 46730 València, Spain; (F.d.l.G.); (M.B.-C.); (J.L.C.); (E.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ester Soliveres
- Intitut d’Investigació per a la Gestió Integrada de Zones Costaneres, Universitat Politécnica de València, C/Paranimf 1, Grau de Gandia, 46730 València, Spain; (E.S.); (I.P.-A.); (V.E.)
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Tecnología para Estudios Marinos IEO-UPV (UTEM), Muelle Frutero, Port de Gandia, Grau de Gandia, 46730 València, Spain; (F.d.l.G.); (M.B.-C.); (J.L.C.); (E.S.)
| | - Isabel Pérez-Arjona
- Intitut d’Investigació per a la Gestió Integrada de Zones Costaneres, Universitat Politécnica de València, C/Paranimf 1, Grau de Gandia, 46730 València, Spain; (E.S.); (I.P.-A.); (V.E.)
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Tecnología para Estudios Marinos IEO-UPV (UTEM), Muelle Frutero, Port de Gandia, Grau de Gandia, 46730 València, Spain; (F.d.l.G.); (M.B.-C.); (J.L.C.); (E.S.)
| | - Victor Espinosa
- Intitut d’Investigació per a la Gestió Integrada de Zones Costaneres, Universitat Politécnica de València, C/Paranimf 1, Grau de Gandia, 46730 València, Spain; (E.S.); (I.P.-A.); (V.E.)
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Tecnología para Estudios Marinos IEO-UPV (UTEM), Muelle Frutero, Port de Gandia, Grau de Gandia, 46730 València, Spain; (F.d.l.G.); (M.B.-C.); (J.L.C.); (E.S.)
| | - Pedro Poveda-Martínez
- Institut Universitari de Física Aplicada a les Ciències i les Tecnologies, Universitat d’Alacant, Ap. de Correus 99, 03080 Alacant, Spain; (P.P.-M.); (J.R.-S.)
| | - Jaime Ramis-Soriano
- Institut Universitari de Física Aplicada a les Ciències i les Tecnologies, Universitat d’Alacant, Ap. de Correus 99, 03080 Alacant, Spain; (P.P.-M.); (J.R.-S.)
| | | | - Marek Moszyński
- Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Politechnika Gdańska, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80233 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Fernando de la Gándara
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Tecnología para Estudios Marinos IEO-UPV (UTEM), Muelle Frutero, Port de Gandia, Grau de Gandia, 46730 València, Spain; (F.d.l.G.); (M.B.-C.); (J.L.C.); (E.S.)
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Ocenográfico de Murcia, C/Varadero, 1, San Pedro del Pinatar, 30740 Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Bou-Cabo
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Tecnología para Estudios Marinos IEO-UPV (UTEM), Muelle Frutero, Port de Gandia, Grau de Gandia, 46730 València, Spain; (F.d.l.G.); (M.B.-C.); (J.L.C.); (E.S.)
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Ocenográfico de Murcia, C/Varadero, 1, San Pedro del Pinatar, 30740 Murcia, Spain
| | - José L. Cort
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Tecnología para Estudios Marinos IEO-UPV (UTEM), Muelle Frutero, Port de Gandia, Grau de Gandia, 46730 València, Spain; (F.d.l.G.); (M.B.-C.); (J.L.C.); (E.S.)
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Ocenográfico de Murcia, C/Varadero, 1, San Pedro del Pinatar, 30740 Murcia, Spain
| | - Eladio Santaella
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Tecnología para Estudios Marinos IEO-UPV (UTEM), Muelle Frutero, Port de Gandia, Grau de Gandia, 46730 València, Spain; (F.d.l.G.); (M.B.-C.); (J.L.C.); (E.S.)
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Ocenográfico de Murcia, C/Varadero, 1, San Pedro del Pinatar, 30740 Murcia, Spain
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Pine MK, Wilson L, Jeffs AG, McWhinnie L, Juanes F, Scuderi A, Radford CA. A Gulf in lockdown: How an enforced ban on recreational vessels increased dolphin and fish communication ranges. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:4839-4848. [PMID: 34254409 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
From midnight of 26 March 2020, New Zealand became one of the first countries to enter a strict lockdown to combat the spread of COVID-19. The lockdown banned all non-essential services and travel both on land and sea. Overnight, the country's busiest coastal waterway, the Hauraki Gulf Marine Park, became devoid of almost all recreational and non-essential commercial vessels. An almost instant change in the marine soundscape ensued, with ambient sound levels in busy channels dropping nearly threefold the first 12 h. This sudden drop led fish and dolphins to experience an immediate increase in their communication ranges by up to an estimated 65%. Very low vessel activity during the lockdown (indicated by the presence of vessel noise over the day) revealed new insights into cumulative noise effects from vessels on auditory masking. For example, at sites nearer Auckland City, communication ranges increased approximately 18 m (22%) or 50 m (11%) for every 10% decrease in vessel activity for fish and dolphins, respectively. However, further from the city and in deeper water, these communication ranges were increased by approximately 13 m (31%) or 510 m (20%). These new data demonstrate how noise from small vessels can impact underwater soundscapes and how marine animals will have to adapt to ever-growing noise pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K Pine
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Louise Wilson
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew G Jeffs
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lauren McWhinnie
- School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Francis Juanes
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Alessia Scuderi
- Marine and Environmental Science Faculty, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
- Association Nereide, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Craig A Radford
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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25
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Ormaza-Gonzaìlez FI, Castro-Rodas D, Statham PJ. COVID-19 Impacts on Beaches and Coastal Water Pollution at Selected Sites in Ecuador, and Management Proposals Post-pandemic. FRONTIERS IN MARINE SCIENCE 2021. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2021.669374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has obliged Governments all around the world to implement confinement and social distancing measures. Leisure and business activities on beaches and in ports have restricted direct and indirect contamination from, for example, plastics, hydrocarbon spillage, microbiological loads, and noise levels. This has led to temporarily improved environmental conditions, and the beaches having conditions closer to Marine Protected Areas. Here we report some impacts that have been studied using local surveys and qualitative observations in Ecuador at the popular beaches and ports of Salinas, Manta, and Galapagos. Satellite data support this information. Online surveys were carried out at critical moments of the pandemic: May (15th) and just after when measures were relaxed a little, but within lockdown in July (21st) 2020. Respondents were asked to compare conditions before and during the pandemic lockdown. Most (97–99%) suggested that beaches had significantly improved from visual observations during confinement. On a scale from 1 (worst) to 5 (best), the beaches of Salinas and Manta respectively were rated 2.2 and 2.8 (less than acceptable) before quarantine, and 4.5 and 4.3 after; results from the second survey (after 18 weeks of restrictions) were much the same. Replies from Galapagos showed a similar trend but with less marked differences. In addition to the beaches having less plastic and garbage, more fish, and large marine organisms, including humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae), dolphin (bottlenose, Tursiops truncatus), and manta ray (Manta sp.) were observed near to shore. At Galapagos beaches, turtles, sea lions, and sharks were observed many more times than pre COVID. Quantitative satellite data on Chlorophyl and attenuation coefficient (Kd, 490 nm) support the qualitative survey data that there is an improvement in coastal environment quality. Here we recommend that this unique opportunity resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic is used locally, regionally and globally to construct baseline data sets that include information on physical, chemical, biological, and microbiological factors in coastal zones. These parameters can then help establish an effective Coastal Zone Management Plan based on beach description and quality (water standards, noise pollution), as well as the human dimension (tourist load, cultural heritage, and economic value indices). This data and information gathering ideally should be done before the beaches become more heavily used again as the pandemic recedes.
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Nabi G, Robeck TR, Yujiang H, Tang B, Zheng J, Wang K, Wang D. Circulating concentrations of thyroid hormones and cortisol in wild and semi-natural Yangtze finless porpoise ( Neophocaena asiaeorientalis). CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 9:coab034. [PMID: 35559363 PMCID: PMC8120013 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coab034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding about how environmental and biological variables may influence circulating thyroid and adrenal hormones in free-ranging cetaceans is limited. As such, we used liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine concentrations of circulating cortisol and thyroid hormones (THs; tT3, tT4) in 132 Yangtze finless porpoises (YFPs) located in Poyang Lake, (PL, n = 92) and Tian-E-Zhou Oxbow reserve (TZO, n = 40). For overall hormone comparisons, animals were partitioned by age [juvenile and adult (male and non-pregnant, non-lactating female)], sex, season (winter or spring) and geographical location. Geographically, during winter, circulating THs were significantly higher in the PL versus TZO population. Seasonally, within PL, THs were significantly higher in the winter versus spring season. Animals were further binned into groups as follows: juvenile male (JM) and juvenile female (JF), adult male (AM), non-pregnant adult female, pregnant female and non-pregnant lactating female. Intra-group comparisons between locations showed a significant increase in JM THs at PL. Significant increases in THs during winter compared to spring were detected between JM and JF groups. Mean comparisons of cortisol within and between locations for each group identified a significant increase for TZO AM versus TZO pregnant female and JM and JF. Seasonally, in PL, only JF has significantly higher cortisol in winter versus spring. Finally, we established reference values of THs and cortisol for YFPs in different geographical locations. These references are important baselines from which the effects of environmental and biological variables on THs and cortisol may be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Nabi
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | | | - Hao Yujiang
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Bin Tang
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jinsong Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Kexiong Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ding Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
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Soto EH, Botero CM, Milanés CB, Rodríguez-Santiago A, Palacios-Moreno M, Díaz-Ferguson E, Velázquez YR, Abbehusen A, Guerra-Castro E, Simoes N, Muciño-Reyes M, Filho JRS. How does the beach ecosystem change without tourists during COVID-19 lockdown? BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION 2021; 255:108972. [PMID: 36533087 PMCID: PMC9746931 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2021.108972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Urban tourist beach ecosystems provide the essential service of recreation. These ecosystems also support critical ecological functions where biodiversity conservation is not usually a priority. The sudden lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic created a unique opportunity to evaluate the effects of human absence in these urban-coastal ecosystems. This study examined bioindicators from 29 urban tourist beaches in seven Latin-American countries and assesses their response to lockdown about some relevant anthropogenic stressors such as pollution, noise, human activities, and user density. The presence of animals and plants, as well as the intensity of stressors, were assessed through a standardized protocol during lockdown conditions. Additionally, the environmental conditions of the beaches before and during lockdown were qualitatively compared using multivariate non-parametric statistics. We found notable positive changes in biological components and a clear decrease in human stressors on almost all the beaches. Dune vegetation increased on most sites. Similarly, high burrow densities of ghost crabs were observed on beaches, except those where cleaning activity persisted. Because of the lockdown, there was an exceptionally low frequency of beach users, which in turn reduced litter, noise and unnatural odors. The observed patterns suggest that tourist beaches can be restored to natural settings relatively quickly. We propose several indicators to measure changes in beaches once lockdown is relaxed. Adequate conservation strategies will render the recreational service of tourist beaches more environmental-friendly.
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Affiliation(s)
- E H Soto
- Centro de Observación Marino para Estudios de Riesgos del Ambiente Costero (COSTAR), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Valparaíso, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Proplayas Network
| | - C M Botero
- Escuela de Derecho, Universidad Sergio Arboleda, Santa Marta, Colombia
- Proplayas Network
| | - C B Milanés
- Universidad de La Costa, Departamento Civil y Ambiental, Barranquilla, Colombia
- Proplayas Network
| | | | | | - E Díaz-Ferguson
- Estación Científica Coiba (Coiba AIP), Ciudad del Saber, Clayton, Panamá
- Proplayas Network
| | - Y R Velázquez
- Centro de Estudios Multidisciplinarios de Zonas Costeras (CEMZOC), Universidad de Oriente, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
- Proplayas Network
| | - A Abbehusen
- Universidade Católica do Salvador, Centro de Ecologia e Conservação animal, ECOA, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Proplayas Network
| | - E Guerra-Castro
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Mérida, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mérida, Yucatán, México
- Laboratorio Nacional de Resiliencia Costera, Laboratorios Nacionales, CONACYT, Mexico
- Proplayas Network
| | - N Simoes
- Laboratorio Nacional de Resiliencia Costera, Laboratorios Nacionales, CONACYT, Mexico
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación Sisal (UMDI-SISAL), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sisal, Yucatán, México
- Proplayas Network
| | - M Muciño-Reyes
- Laboratorio Nacional de Resiliencia Costera, Laboratorios Nacionales, CONACYT, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
- Proplayas Network
| | - J R Souza Filho
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Baiano - IFBAIANO, Bahia, Brazil
- Proplayas Network
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Duarte CM, Chapuis L, Collin SP, Costa DP, Devassy RP, Eguiluz VM, Erbe C, Gordon TAC, Halpern BS, Harding HR, Havlik MN, Meekan M, Merchant ND, Miksis-Olds JL, Parsons M, Predragovic M, Radford AN, Radford CA, Simpson SD, Slabbekoorn H, Staaterman E, Van Opzeeland IC, Winderen J, Zhang X, Juanes F. The soundscape of the Anthropocene ocean. Science 2021; 371:371/6529/eaba4658. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aba4658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M. Duarte
- Red Sea Research Centre (RSRC) and Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
- Arctic Research Centre, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Allé 8, DK-8000 Århus C, Denmark
| | - Lucille Chapuis
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Prince of Wales Road, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Shaun P. Collin
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Daniel P. Costa
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Reny P. Devassy
- Red Sea Research Centre (RSRC) and Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Victor M. Eguiluz
- Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos IFISC (CSIC-UIB), E07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Christine Erbe
- Centre for Marine Science & Technology, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Timothy A. C. Gordon
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Prince of Wales Road, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Benjamin S. Halpern
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Harry R. Harding
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Michelle N. Havlik
- Red Sea Research Centre (RSRC) and Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mark Meekan
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Nathan D. Merchant
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft NR33 0HT, UK
| | - Jennifer L. Miksis-Olds
- Center for Acoustics Research and Education, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Miles Parsons
- Centre for Marine Science & Technology, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Milica Predragovic
- Red Sea Research Centre (RSRC) and Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Andrew N. Radford
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Craig A. Radford
- Institute of Marine Science, Leigh Marine Laboratory, University of Auckland, P.O. Box 349, Warkworth 0941, New Zealand
| | - Stephen D. Simpson
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Prince of Wales Road, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Hans Slabbekoorn
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Ilse C. Van Opzeeland
- Alfred-Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | | | - Xiangliang Zhang
- Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Francis Juanes
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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A Structural Analysis for the Categorization of the Negative Externalities of Transport and the Hierarchical Organization of Sustainable Mobility’s Strategies. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12156011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Transport systems are capable of contributing to the economic robustness of a geographic area and the well-being of its inhabitants via the supply of the necessary assets for the mobility of people and goods. However, transport projects have the capacity to produce several negative externalities such as water pollution, air pollution, barrier effects, noise, and ecological impact, which affect the quality of people’s life. Considering these facts, the main purpose of this study is to indicate methodologically how the negative externalities of transport are interlinked, so that to promote sustainable mobility development. This paper reveals via the method of structural analysis, the interrelations between the negative externalities of transport, firstly to organize them hierarchically and secondly to evaluate the potential of sustainable mobility strategies concerning the co-benefits generated by their implementation for society. The results show that the negative externalities of transport are not isolated phenomena; on the contrary, they are interlinked and can be organised hierarchically according to the relationships between them so that certain public policies can be prioritized and the negative impacts of transport can be tackled more effectively. The most critical negative externalities are the invasion of public space for the construction of more roads, along with road accidents, congestion, and local air pollution. On the other hand, the most important group of strategies for sustainable mobility are the ones oriented to urban design, and more specifically to transit-oriented development.
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Carter EE, Tregenza T, Stevens M. Ship noise inhibits colour change, camouflage, and anti-predator behaviour in shore crabs. Curr Biol 2020; 30:R211-R212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Jägerbrand AK, Brutemark A, Barthel Svedén J, Gren IM. A review on the environmental impacts of shipping on aquatic and nearshore ecosystems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 695:133637. [PMID: 31422318 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
There are several environmental and ecological effects of shipping. However, these are rarely assessed in total in the scientific literature. Thus, the aim of this study was to summarize the different impacts of water-based transport on aquatic and nearshore ecosystems and to identify knowledge gaps and areas for future research. The review identified several environmental and ecological consequences within the main impact categories of water discharges, physical impacts, and air emissions. However, although quantitative data on these consequences are generally scarce the shipping contribution to acidification by SOx- and NOx-emissions has been quantified to some extent. There are several knowledge gaps regarding the ecological consequences of, for example, the increasing amount of chemicals transported on water, the spread of non-indigenous species coupled with climate change, and physical impacts such as shipping noise and artificial light. The whole plethora of environmental consequences, as well as potential synergistic effects, should be seriously considered in transport planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika K Jägerbrand
- Calluna AB, Hästholmsvägen 28, SE-131 30 Nacka, Sweden; Department of Construction Engineering and Lighting Science, School of Engineering, Jönköping University, P.O. Box 1026, SE-551 11 Jönköping, Sweden.
| | | | | | - Ing-Marie Gren
- Department of Economics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7013, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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Enguix IF, Sánchez Egea M, Guerrero González A, Arenas Serrano D. Underwater Acoustic Impulsive Noise Monitoring in Port Facilities: Case Study of the Port of Cartagena. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E4672. [PMID: 31661829 PMCID: PMC6864617 DOI: 10.3390/s19214672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recording underwater impulsive noise data is an important aspect of mitigating its environmental impact and improving maritime environmental management systems. This paper describes the method used and results of the spatial monitoring of both the baseline noise level and the impulsive noise sources in the Port of Cartagena. An autonomous vessel was equipped with a smart digital hydrophone with a working frequency range between 10 and 200 kHz and a received voltage response (RVR) of, approximately, -170 dB re 1V/µPa. A GIS map was drawn up with the spatiotemporal distribution of the basal sound pressure levels by coupling the acoustic data with the vessel's GPS positions to identify the sources of the impulsive noise of interest and their temporal characteristics. The loading of cargo containers was identified as the main source of impulse noise. This study is the first of a series designed to obtain accurate information on underwater noise pollution and its potential impact on biodiversity in the Port of Cartagena.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antonio Guerrero González
- Department of Automation and Systems Engineering, Technical University of Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Murcia, Spain.
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Wohlsein P, Seibel H, Beineke A, Baumgärtner W, Siebert U. Morphological and Pathological Findings in the Middle and Inner Ears of Harbour Porpoises (Phocoena phocoena). J Comp Pathol 2019; 172:93-106. [PMID: 31690422 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hearing represents the major sense in harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) and impairment of hearing has a great impact on the survival of these animals. In this communication, some anatomical and histological aspects of the tympanoperiotic complex of harbour porpoises are presented. In addition, the ears of 21 incidentally bycaught or stranded freshly dead harbour porpoises of different age groups and sex were investigated histologically. At the entrance to the middle ear cavity, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue was present that was often hyperplastic in juvenile (9/10) and adult individuals (7/8). Solitary lymphoid follicles were additionally found in the corpus cavernosum and adjacent to the stapedius muscle in single porpoises. The nematode Stenurus minor represented the most common pathogen observed in the middle ear cavity of juvenile and adult harbour porpoises and the parasite was associated with chronic inflammation with metaplastic and hyperplastic epithelial changes. An unusual bone formation at the attachment of the corpus cavernosum to the perioticum was a common finding, even in young individuals. Whether this represents a normal structure or a metaplastic change remains undetermined. Acute haemorrhages in the cochlea and/or the tympanic cavity occurred in all animals and were most likely agonal changes. Single porpoises suffered from purulent otitis media, mycotic otitis media with osteolysis or chronically fractured tympanic bones, likely causing impairment of hearing that may have contributed to by-catch. There was no evidence that stranding in five porpoises was associated with the aural changes. Histological examination of the ears in harbour porpoises is a valuable part of the assessment of their health status. Damage to hearing structures may explain starvation due to impaired ability to catch prey or unusual behaviour such as stranding or entanglement in nets.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Wohlsein
- Department of Pathology, Hannover, Germany.
| | - H Seibel
- Institute of Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - A Beineke
- Department of Pathology, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - U Siebert
- Institute of Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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Putland RL, Montgomery JC, Radford CA. Ecology of fish hearing. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2019; 95:39-52. [PMID: 30447064 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Underwater sound is directional and can convey important information about the surrounding environment or the animal emitting the sound. Therefore, sound is a major sensory channel for fishes and plays a key role in many life-history strategies. The effect of anthropogenic noise on aquatic life, which may be causing homogenisation or fragmentation of biologically important signals underwater is of growing concern. In this review we discuss the role sound plays in the ecology of fishes, basic anatomical and physiological adaptations for sound reception and production, the effects of anthropogenic noise and how fishes may be coping to changes in their environment, to put the ecology of fish hearing into the context of the modern underwater soundscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalyn L Putland
- Leigh Marine Laboratory, Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Biology, Swenson Science Building, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - John C Montgomery
- Leigh Marine Laboratory, Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Craig A Radford
- Leigh Marine Laboratory, Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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A First Implementation of Underwater Communications in Raw Water Using the 433 MHz Frequency Combined with a Bowtie Antenna. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19081813. [PMID: 30995733 PMCID: PMC6514603 DOI: 10.3390/s19081813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In 2016, there were 317 serious water pollution incidents in the UK, with 78,000 locations where businesses discharge controlled quantities of pollutants into rivers; therefore, continuous monitoring is vital. Since 1998, the environment agency has taken over 50 million water samples for water quality monitoring. The Internet of Things has grown phenomenally in recent years, reaching all aspects of our lives, many of these connected devices use wireless sensor networks to relay data to internet-connected nodes, where data can be processed, analyzed and consumed. However, Underwater wireless communications rely mainly on alternative communication methods such as optical and acoustic, with radio frequencies being an under-exploited method. This research presents real world results conducted in the Leeds and Liverpool Canal for the novel use of the 433 MHz radio frequency combined with a bowtie antenna in underwater communications in raw water, achieving distances of 7 m at 1.2 kbps and 5 m at 25 kbps.
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Shi W, Han Y, Guan X, Rong J, Du X, Zha S, Tang Y, Liu G. Anthropogenic Noise Aggravates the Toxicity of Cadmium on Some Physiological Characteristics of the Blood Clam Tegillarca granosa. Front Physiol 2019; 10:377. [PMID: 31001147 PMCID: PMC6456685 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Widespread applications of cadmium (Cd) in various products have caused Cd contamination in marine ecosystems. Meanwhile, human activities in the ocean have also generated an increasing amount of noise in recent decades. Although anthropogenic noise and Cd contaminants could be present simultaneously in marine environments, the physiological responses of marine bivalve mollusks upon coexposure to anthropogenic noise and toxic metal contaminants, including Cd remain unclear. Therefore, the combined effects of anthropogenic noise and Cd on the physiological characteristics of the blood clam Tegillarca granosa were investigated in this study. The results showed that 10 days of coexposure to anthropogenic noise and Cd can enhance adverse impacts on metabolic processes, as indicated by the clearance rate, respiration rate, ammonium excretion rate, and O:N ratio of T. granosa. In addition, both the ATP content, ATP synthase activity and genes encoding important enzymes in ATP synthesis significantly declined after coexposures to anthropogenic noise and Cd, which have resulted from reduced feeding activity and respiration. Furthermore, the expressions of neurotransmitter-related genes (MAO, AChE, and mAChR3) were all significantly down-regulated after coexposure to anthropogenic noise and Cd, which suggests an enhanced neurotoxicity under coexposure. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that anthropogenic noise and Cd would have synergetic effects on the feeding activity, metabolism, and ATP synthesis of T. granosa, which may be due to the add-on of stress responses and neurotransmitter disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shi
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Han
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofan Guan
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiahuan Rong
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xueying Du
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shanjie Zha
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Tang
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guangxu Liu
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Evans JC, Dall SRX, Kight CR. Effects of ambient noise on zebra finch vigilance and foraging efficiency. PLoS One 2019; 13:e0209471. [PMID: 30596692 PMCID: PMC6312262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ambient noise can affect the availability of acoustic information to animals, altering both foraging and vigilance behaviour. Using captive zebra finches Taeniopygia guttata, we examined the effect of ambient broadband noise on foraging decisions. Birds were given a choice between foraging in a quiet area where conspecific calls could be heard or a noisy area where these calls would be masked. Birds foraging in noisy areas spent a significantly more time vigilant than those in quiet areas, resulting in less efficient foraging. Despite this there was no significant difference in the amount of time spent in the two noise regimes. However there did appear a preference for initially choosing quiet patches during individuals’ second trial. These results emphasise how masking noise can influence the foraging and anti-predation behaviour of animals, which is particularly relevant as anthropogenic noise becomes increasingly prevalent in the natural world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian C. Evans
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Sasha R. X. Dall
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, United Kingdom
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Chang HY, Lin TH, Anraku K, Shao YT. The Effects of Continuous Acoustic Stress on ROS Levels and Antioxidant-related Gene Expression in the Black Porgy ( Acanthopagrus schlegelii). Zool Stud 2018; 57:e59. [PMID: 31966299 PMCID: PMC6409914 DOI: 10.6620/zs.2018.57-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hao-Yi Chang, Tzu-Hao Lin, Kazuhiko Anraku, and Yi Ta Shao (2018) Short-term exposure to strong underwater noise is known to seriously impact fish. However, the chronic physiological effects of continuous exposure to weak noise, i.e. the operation noise from offshore wind farms (OWF), remain unclear. Since more and more OWF will be built in the near future, their operation noise is an emerging ecological issue. To investigate the long-term physiological effects of such underwater noise on fish, black porgies (Acanthopagrus schlegelii) were exposed to two types of simulated wind farm noise-quiet (QC: 109 dB re 1 μPa / 125.4 Hz; approx. 100 m away from the wind turbine) and noisy (NC: 138 dB re 1 μPa / 125.4 Hz; near the turbine)-for up to 2 weeks. Measurement of auditory-evoked potentials showed that black porgies can hear sound stimuli under both NC and QC scenarios. Although no significant difference was found in plasma cortisol levels, the fish under NC conditions exhibited higher plasma reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels than the control group at week 2. Moreover, alterations were found in mRNA levels of hepatic antioxidant-related genes (sod1, cat and gpx), with cat downregulated and gpx upregulated after one week of QC exposure. Our results suggest that the black porgy may adapt to QC levels of noise by modulating the antioxidant system to keep ROS levels low. However, such antioxidant response was not observed under NC conditions; instead, ROS accumulated to measurably higher levels. This study suggests that continuous OWF operation noise represents a potential stressor to fish. Furthermore, this is the first study to demonstrate that chronic exposure to noise could induce ROS accumulation in fish plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yi Chang
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan. E-mail:
| | - Tzu-Hao Lin
- Department of Marine Biodiversity Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Kanagawa, 237-0061, Japan. E-mail:
| | - Kazuhiko Anraku
- Fisheries Department, Kagoshima University, Kaogoshima 890-0056, Japan. E-mail:
| | - Yi Ta Shao
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan. E-mail:
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan
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Nabi G, Hao Y, McLaughlin RW, Wang D. The Possible Effects of High Vessel Traffic on the Physiological Parameters of the Critically Endangered Yangtze Finless Porpoise ( Neophocaena asiaeorientalis ssp. asiaeorientalis). Front Physiol 2018; 9:1665. [PMID: 30546317 PMCID: PMC6280126 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Poyang is the largest freshwater lake in China, where the acoustic environment and space for the critically endangered Yangtze finless porpoises (YFPs) has been altered by heavy vessel traffic and dredging activities. The density of vessel and the rate of dredging increases annually, especially in the area with the highest density of YFPs. The heavy vessel traffic can cause an increase in the physical activities and direct physical injuries to the YFPs. Furthermore, noise is a potent stressor to all cetaceans irrespective of age and can compromise all their physiological functions. The objective of this study was to examine the possible effects of heavy vessel traffic and dredging on the biochemistry, hematology, adrenal, thyroid, and reproductive hormones of two different YFP populations. One population was living in Poyang Lake and the second living in the Tian-E-Zhou Oxbow which is a semi-natural resserve. Results: The results showed statistically significantly higher levels of serum cortisol, fT3, fT4, and lowered testosterone in both adult and juvenile YFPs living in Poyang Lake vs. adult YFPs living in the Tian-E-Zhou Oxbow. The serum biochemical parameters (Aspartate Amino Transferase, Alkaline Phosphatase, High Density Lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, Globulin, Uric acid, Glucose, K+, and Amylase) and the hematology parameters (Red Blood Cells, Hematocrit, Mean Corpuscular Volume, White Blood Cells, and Eosinophils) were statistically significantly higher in the adult Poyang Lake YFPs vs. adult Tian-E-Zhou Oxbow YFPs. On the other hand, adult males of the Tian-E-Zhou Oxbow also showed significantly higher levels of the serum biochemical parameters (Total Cholesterol, Light Density Lipoprotein cholesterol, Direct Bilirubin, Albumin, Lactate Dehydrogenase, CO2, and Na+) and the blood parameters (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin and Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration). In Poyang Lake YFPs, various parameters showed significantly positive (fT4, amylase, neutrophil, Ca+2) or negative (total protein, lymphocyte) correlations with cortisol levels. Conclusions: The hyperactivity of adrenal glands in response to heavy vessel traffic and dredging resulted in significantly elevated cortisol levels in Poyang Lake YFPs. The higher cortisol level could possibly have affected various hormonal, hematological, and biochemical parameters, and ultimately the YFPs physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Nabi
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yujiang Hao
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Ding Wang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Smott S, Monczak A, Miller ME, Montie EW. Boat noise in an estuarine soundscape - A potential risk on the acoustic communication and reproduction of soniferous fish in the May River, South Carolina. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 133:246-260. [PMID: 30041312 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The impact of boat related noise on marine life is a subject of concern, particularly for fish species that utilize acoustic communication for spawning purposes. The goal of this study was to quantify and examine the risk of boat noise on fish acoustic communication by performing acoustic monitoring of the May River, South Carolina (USA) from February to November 2013 using DSG-Ocean recorders. The number of boats detected increased from the source to the mouth with the highest detections near the Intracoastal Waterway (ICW). Boat noise frequency ranges overlapped with courtship sounds of silver perch (Bairdiella chrysoura), black drum (Pogonias cromis), oyster toadfish (Opsanus tau), spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus), and red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). In the May River estuary, red drum may experience the greatest risk of auditory masking because of late afternoon choruses (21% time overlap with boat noise) and only one spawning location near the noisy ICW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somers Smott
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA; Department of Natural Sciences, University of South Carolina Beaufort, One University Boulevard, Bluffton, SC 29909, USA
| | - Agnieszka Monczak
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of South Carolina Beaufort, One University Boulevard, Bluffton, SC 29909, USA
| | - Michaela E Miller
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of South Carolina Beaufort, One University Boulevard, Bluffton, SC 29909, USA
| | - Eric W Montie
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of South Carolina Beaufort, One University Boulevard, Bluffton, SC 29909, USA.
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Cafaro V, Piazzolla D, Melchiorri C, Burgio C, Fersini G, Conversano F, Piermattei V, Marcelli M. Underwater noise assessment outside harbor areas: The case of Port of Civitavecchia, northern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 133:865-871. [PMID: 30041388 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Underwater noise assessment is particularly important in coastal areas where a wide range of natural and anthropogenic sounds generate complex and variable soundscapes. In the last century, the number and size of noise sources has increased significantly, thereby increasing the ocean's background noise. Shipping is the main source of lower-frequency underwater noises (<500 Hz). This research aimed to provide an initial assessment of underwater noise levels in a coastal area of the northern Tyrrhenian Sea (Italy) using short-term recordings. Spatial and temporal variations in the noise level, and the type and number of ships sailing through the port were recorded. A significant correlation was found between ferry boats and sound pressure levels, indicating their role as a prevalent source of low frequency underwater noise in the project area. This research could provide the baseline for implementation of distribution and point-source underwater noise models that are required for sustainable coastal management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Cafaro
- Laboratory of Experimental Oceanology and Marine Ecology, DEB, Tuscia University, Molo Vespucci, Port of Civitavecchia, 00053 Civitavecchia (RM), Italy.
| | - Daniele Piazzolla
- Laboratory of Experimental Oceanology and Marine Ecology, DEB, Tuscia University, Molo Vespucci, Port of Civitavecchia, 00053 Civitavecchia (RM), Italy
| | - Cristiano Melchiorri
- Laboratory of Experimental Oceanology and Marine Ecology, DEB, Tuscia University, Molo Vespucci, Port of Civitavecchia, 00053 Civitavecchia (RM), Italy
| | - Calogero Burgio
- Port Authority System of the Central Northern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy
| | - Giorgio Fersini
- Port Authority System of the Central Northern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy
| | | | - Viviana Piermattei
- Laboratory of Experimental Oceanology and Marine Ecology, DEB, Tuscia University, Molo Vespucci, Port of Civitavecchia, 00053 Civitavecchia (RM), Italy
| | - Marco Marcelli
- Laboratory of Experimental Oceanology and Marine Ecology, DEB, Tuscia University, Molo Vespucci, Port of Civitavecchia, 00053 Civitavecchia (RM), Italy
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Kelley JL, Chapuis L, Davies WIL, Collin SP. Sensory System Responses to Human-Induced Environmental Change. Front Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Warwick C, Jessop M, Arena P, Pilny A, Steedman C. Guidelines for Inspection of Companion and Commercial Animal Establishments. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:151. [PMID: 30035114 PMCID: PMC6043639 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Various establishments exist in which animals are held for a variety of reasons. Historically, the management and inspection of animals in commerce and in private keeping have involved a considerable degree of arbitrary evaluation based on the personal experience of the vendor, keeper, advisor, or inspector. Accordingly, relevant protocols and standards are subject to considerable variation. Relatedly, diversity of traded and privately kept species generates significant challenges for those responsible for facility management and inspection alike. Animal welfare and public health and safety are constant and major concerns that require objective methodologies to monitor and control. This report focuses on establishments concerned with the boarding, breeding, storage, vending or handover of animals intended for human “companions” or “pets”, and aims to provide universal objective information for essential husbandry, inspection protocols and an allied inspection assessment tool for scoring establishments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Phillip Arena
- Pro-Vice Chancellor (Education) Department, Murdoch University, Mandurah, WA, Australia
| | - Anthony Pilny
- Access Specialty Animal Hospital, Culver City, CA, United States
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Noise pollution limits metal bioaccumulation and growth rate in a filter feeder, the Pacific oyster Magallana gigas. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194174. [PMID: 29617387 PMCID: PMC5884495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Shipping has increased dramatically in recent decades and oysters can hear them. We studied the interaction between noise pollution and trace metal contamination in the oyster Magallana gigas. Four oyster-groups were studied during a 14-day exposure period. Two were exposed to cadmium in the presence of cargo ship-noise ([Cd++]w ≈ 0.5 μg∙L-1; maximum sound pressure level 150 dBrms re 1 μPa), and 2 were exposed only to cadmium. The Cd concentration in the gills ([Cd]g) and the digestive gland ([Cd]dg), the valve closure duration, number of valve closures and circadian distribution of opening and closure, the daily shell growth-rate and the expression of 19 genes in the gills were studied. Oysters exposed to Cd in the presence of cargo ship-noise accumulated 2.5 times less Cd in their gills than did the controls without ship noise and their growth rate was 2.6 times slower. In the presence of ship noise, oysters were closed more during the daytime, and their daily valve activity was reduced. Changes in gene activity in the gills were observed in 7 genes when the Cd was associated with the ship noise. In the absence of ship noise, a change in expression was measured in 4 genes. We conclude that chronic exposure to cargo ship noise has a depressant effect on the activity in oysters, including on the volume of the water flowing over their gills (Vw). In turn, a decrease in the Vw and valve-opening duration limited metal exposure and uptake by the gills but also limited food uptake. This latter conclusion would explain the slowing observed in the fat metabolism and growth rate. Thus, we propose that cargo ship noise exposure could protect against metal bioaccumulation and affect the growth rate. This latter conclusion points towards a potential risk in terms of ecosystem productivity.
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Heyward A, Colquhoun J, Cripps E, McCorry D, Stowar M, Radford B, Miller K, Miller I, Battershill C. No evidence of damage to the soft tissue or skeletal integrity of mesophotic corals exposed to a 3D marine seismic survey. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 129:8-13. [PMID: 29680570 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Scleractinian corals, primarily plate corals in families Agaricidae and Acroporidae, were monitored in situ before, during and after a 3D marine seismic survey. An initial four day seismic run, resulting in a maximum 24 h received sound exposure level (SEL24) of 204 dB re 1 μPa2·s and received 0-to-peak pressure (PK Pressure) of 226 dB re 1 μPa, had no detectable effect on soft tissues or skeletal integrity. Subsequently, a full marine seismic survey (Maxima 3D MSS), proceeded over two months and included seismic acquisition lines at 240 m spacing over the broader reef lagoon (South Scott Reef), generating maximum received SEL24 of 197 dB re 1 μPa2·s and received PK Pressure of 220 dB re 1 μPa at the coral monitoring sites. The analysis detected no effect of seismic activity measured as coral mortality, skeletal damage or visible signs of stress immediately after and up to four months following the 3D marine seismic survey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Heyward
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, M096 UWA, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Australia; Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, University of Western Australia, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Jamie Colquhoun
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, M096 UWA, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Australia; Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, University of Western Australia, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Edward Cripps
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Denise McCorry
- Environmental Resources Management, 16/F Berkshire House 25 Westlands Road, Quarry Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Marcus Stowar
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3, Townsville, Qld 4810, Australia
| | - Ben Radford
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, M096 UWA, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Australia; Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, University of Western Australia, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Karen Miller
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, M096 UWA, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Australia; Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, University of Western Australia, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Ian Miller
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3, Townsville, Qld 4810, Australia
| | - Chris Battershill
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3, Townsville, Qld 4810, Australia
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Abstract
Omics technologies have been developed in recent decades and applied to different subjects, although the greatest advancements have been achieved in human biology and disease. Genome sequencing and the exploration of its coding and noncoding regions are rapidly yielding meaningful answers to diverse questions, relating genome information to protein activity to environmental changes. In the past, marine mammal genetic and transcriptional studies have been restricted due to the lack of reference genomes. But the advance of high-throughput sequencing is revolutionizing the life sciences technologies. As long-lived organisms, at the top of the food chain, marine mammals play an important role in marine ecosystems and while their protected status is in favor of conservation of the species, it also complicates the researcher's approach to traditional measurements of health. Omics data generated by high-throughput technologies will represent an important key for improving the scientific basis for understanding both marine mammal and environment health.
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47
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Fitzgibbon QP, Day RD, McCauley RD, Simon CJ, Semmens JM. The impact of seismic air gun exposure on the haemolymph physiology and nutritional condition of spiny lobster, Jasus edwardsii. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 125:146-156. [PMID: 28807415 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There is a critical knowledge gap regarding the impacts of seismic air gun signals on the physiology of adult crustaceans. We conducted four controlled field experiments to examine the impact of seismic acoustic signals on spiny lobster, Jasus edwardsii. Seismic air gun exposure suppressed total haemocyte count (THC) for up to 120days post-exposure, suggesting a chronic negative impact of immune competency. THC levels after 365days post-exposure, were elevated two fold, potentially indicating an immune response to infection. Haemolymph refractive index was reduced after 120days post exposure in one experiment, suggesting a chronic impairment of nutritional condition. There was no effect of air gun exposure on 24 haemolymph biochemical parameters, hepatopancreas index or survival. Collectively these results indicate that the biochemical haematological homeostasis of J. edwardsii is reasonably resilient to seismic acoustic signals, however, air gun exposure may negatively influence the lobster's nutritional condition and immunological capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinn P Fitzgibbon
- Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, Centre for Fisheries and Aquaculture, University Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
| | - Ryan D Day
- Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, Centre for Fisheries and Aquaculture, University Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Robert D McCauley
- Centre Marine Science and Technology, Curtin University, GPO Box U 1987, Perth 6845, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Cedric J Simon
- Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, Centre for Fisheries and Aquaculture, University Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Jayson M Semmens
- Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, Centre for Fisheries and Aquaculture, University Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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48
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Zha S, Liu S, Su W, Shi W, Xiao G, Yan M, Liu G. Laboratory simulation reveals significant impacts of ocean acidification on microbial community composition and host-pathogen interactions between the blood clam and Vibrio harveyi. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 71:393-398. [PMID: 29056489 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
It has been suggested that climate change may promote the outbreaks of diseases in the sea through altering the host susceptibility, the pathogen virulence, and the host-pathogen interaction. However, the impacts of ocean acidification (OA) on the pathogen components of bacterial community and the host-pathogen interaction of marine bivalves are still poorly understood. Therefore, 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing and host-pathogen interaction analysis between blood clam (Tegillarca granosa) and Vibrio harveyi were conducted in the present study to gain a better understanding of the ecological impacts of ocean acidification. The results obtained revealed a significant impact of ocean acidification on the composition of microbial community at laboratory scale. Notably, the abundance of Vibrio, a major group of pathogens to many marine organisms, was significantly increased under ocean acidification condition. In addition, the survival rate and haemolytic activity of V. harveyi were significantly higher in the presence of haemolymph of OA treated T. granosa, indicating a compromised immunity of the clam and enhanced virulence of V. harveyi under future ocean acidification scenarios. Conclusively, the results obtained in this study suggest that future ocean acidification may increase the risk of Vibrio pathogen infection for marine bivalve species, such as blood clams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanjie Zha
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Saixi Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Wenhao Su
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Wei Shi
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Guoqiang Xiao
- Zhejiang Mariculture Research Institute, Wenzhou, PR China
| | - Maocang Yan
- Zhejiang Mariculture Research Institute, Wenzhou, PR China
| | - Guangxu Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China.
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49
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Charifi M, Sow M, Ciret P, Benomar S, Massabuau JC. The sense of hearing in the Pacific oyster, Magallana gigas. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185353. [PMID: 29069092 PMCID: PMC5656301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing concern that anthropogenic noise could have a significant impact on the marine environment, but there is still insufficient data for most invertebrates. What do they perceive? We investigated this question in oysters Magallana gigas (Crassostrea gigas) using pure tone exposures, accelerometer fixed on the oyster shell and hydrophone in the water column. Groups of 16 oysters were exposed to quantifiable waterborne sinusoidal sounds in the range of 10 Hz to 20 kHz at various acoustic energies. The experiment was conducted in running seawater using an experimental flume equipped with suspended loudspeakers. The sensitivity of the oysters was measured by recording their valve movements by high-frequency noninvasive valvometry. The tests were 3 min tone exposures including a 70 sec fade-in period. Three endpoints were analysed: the ratio of responding individuals in the group, the resulting changes of valve opening amplitude and the response latency. At high enough acoustic energy, oysters transiently closed their valves in response to frequencies in the range of 10 to <1000 Hz, with maximum sensitivity from 10 to 200 Hz. The minimum acoustic energy required to elicit a response was 0.02 m∙s-2 at 122 dBrms re 1 μPa for frequencies ranging from 10 to 80 Hz. As a partial valve closure cannot be differentiated from a nociceptive response, it is very likely that oysters detect sounds at lower acoustic energy. The mechanism involved in sound detection and the ecological consequences are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohcine Charifi
- University of Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, Arcachon, France
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, Talence, France
- Unit of Research on Biological Rhythms, Neuroscience and Environment, Faculty of Science, Mohammed V-Agdal University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohamedou Sow
- University of Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, Arcachon, France
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, Talence, France
| | - Pierre Ciret
- University of Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, Arcachon, France
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, Talence, France
| | - Soumaya Benomar
- Unit of Research on Biological Rhythms, Neuroscience and Environment, Faculty of Science, Mohammed V-Agdal University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Jean-Charles Massabuau
- University of Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, Arcachon, France
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, Talence, France
- * E-mail:
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Use of Multibeam and Dual-Beam Sonar Systems to Observe Cavitating Flow Produced by Ferryboats: In a Marine Renewable Energy Perspective. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse5030030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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