Role of Vitamin A in the Immune System

Bidirectional causality between micronutrients and mental illness: Mendelian randomization studies

BACKGROUND

Previous observational clinical research has suggested a link between micronutrients and psychiatric conditions. However, the causal relationship between these nutrients and mental health disorders remains uncertain. This study endeavors to fill this knowledge gap by employing a Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis on pooled data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS), aiming to explore the potential causal associations between 20 prevalent micronutrients and 7 common psychiatric disorders.

METHODS

A collection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with 20 micronutrients and seven common psychiatric disorders and extracted from a dataset comprising 7,368,835 individuals. MR analysis, including inverse variance weighting (IVW), Mendelian randomization-egger, weighted median, and sensitivity analysis, was used to evaluate the reliability of the study results. A significance threshold of p < 0.05 was used to identify evidence of potential associations.

RESULTS

Our forward MR analysis found some commonalities between certain micronutrients and psychiatric disorders. Notably, Vitamin D level is related to the risk of reducing depression and emotional disorders. Carotene levels were associated with an elevated risk of depression, mood disorders, bipolar disorder (BIPO), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Additionally, multivitamins ± minerals and retinol were associated with a decreased risk of BIPO, while folate and selenium levels were associated with decreased risks of dementia and schizophrenia, respectively. The study found a significant association between elevated copper levels and an increased likelihood of Bipolar Disorder (BD), while magnesium levels were observed to be positively correlated with a heightened risk of depression. Our sensitivity study confirmed the results of the IVW MR primary analysis.

CONCLUSION

Our study suggests that carotene, copper, and magnesium are important risk factors for depression, mood disorders, PTSD, phobia, BIPO, and dementia. Elevated levels of these micronutrients are related to an increased likelihood of these disorders.

Retinoids Molecular Probes by Late-stage Azide Insertion - Functional Tools to Decrypt Retinoid Metabolism

Studying the complex and intricate retinoids metabolic pathways by chemical biology approaches requires design and synthesis of biologically functional molecular probes. Only few of such molecular retinoid probes could be found in literature, most of them bearing a molecular structure quite different from natural retinoids. To provide close-to-native retinoid probes, we have developed a versatile late-stage method for the insertion of azide function at the C4 position of several retinoids. This one-step process opens straightforward access to different retinoid and carotenoid probes from commercially available precursors. We have further demonstrated that the different molecular probes retain ability of the original compound to activate genes' transcription, despite azide insertion, highlighting biological activities that were further validated in zebrafish in vivo model. The present work paves the way to future studies on vitamin A's metabolism.

Early activation of hepatic stellate cells induces rapid initiation of retinyl ester breakdown while maintaining lecithin:retinol acyltransferase (LRAT) activity

Lecithin:retinol acyltransferase (LRAT) is the main enzyme producing retinyl esters (REs) in quiescent hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). When cultured on stiff plastic culture plates, quiescent HSCs activate and lose their RE stores in a process similar to that in the liver following tissue damage, leading to fibrosis. Here we validated HSC cultures in soft gels to study RE metabolism in stable quiescent HSCs and investigated RE synthesis and breakdown in activating HSCs. HSCs cultured in a soft gel maintained characteristics of quiescent HSCs, including the size, amount and composition of their characteristic large lipid droplets. Quiescent gel-cultured HSCs maintained high expression levels of Lrat and a RE storing phenotype with low levels of RE breakdown. Newly formed REs are highly enriched in retinyl palmitate (RP), similar to freshly isolated quiescent HSCs, which is associated with high LRAT activity. Comparison of these quiescent gel-cultured HSCs with activated plastic-cultured HSCs showed that although during early activation the total RE levels and RP-enrichment are reduced, levels of RE formation are maintained and mediated by LRAT. Loss of REs was caused by enhanced RE breakdown in activating HSCs. Upon prolonged culturing, activated HSCs have lost their LRAT activity and produce small amounts of REs by DGAT1. This study reveals unexpected dynamics in RE metabolism during early HSC activation, which might be important in liver disease as early stages are reversible. Soft gel cultures provide a promising model to study RE metabolism in quiescent HSCs, allowing detailed molecular investigations on the mechanisms for storage and release.

Assessment of Supplementation with Different Biomolecules in the Prevention and Treatment of COVID-19

Consequences of the disease produced by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have led to an urgent search for preventive and therapeutic strategies. Besides drug treatments, proposals have been made for supplementation with biomolecules possessing immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties. The objective of this study was to review published evidence on the clinical usefulness of supplementation with vitamin D, antioxidant vitamins (vitamin A, vitamin E, and vitamin C), melatonin, lactoferrin and natural products found in food (curcumin, luteolin, ginger, allicin, magnesium and zinc) as supplements in SARS-CoV-2 infection. In general, supplementation of conventional treatments with these biomolecules has been found to improve the clinical symptoms and severity of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), with some indications of a preventive effect. In conclusion, these compounds may assist in preventing and/or improving the symptoms of COVID-19. Nevertheless, only limited evidence is available, and findings have been inconsistent. Further investigations are needed to verify the therapeutic potential of these supplements.

Review of Liquid Vitamin A and E Formulations in Veterinary and Livestock Production: Applications and Perspectives

Vitamins A and E are vital fat-soluble micronutrients with distinct yet intertwined roles in various biological processes. This review delves into their functions, nutritional requirements across different animal species, the consequences of deficiencies, and the impact of liquid formulations on veterinary medicine and livestock production. Vitamin A exists in multiple forms, essential for vision, immunity, and growth, while vitamin E acts primarily as an antioxidant, safeguarding cell membranes from oxidative damage. Hypovitaminosis in these vitamins can lead to severe health consequences, affecting vision, immunity, growth, reproduction, and neurological functions. Hence, supplementation, particularly through innovative liquid formulations, becomes pivotal in addressing deficiencies and enhancing overall animal health and productivity. Injectable forms of vitamins A and E show promise in enhancing reproductive performance, growth, and immune function in livestock. Administering these vitamins through drinking water offers a convenient way to enhance livestock health and productivity, particularly during times of stress or increased nutritional needs. Liquid vitamin A and E drops offer a flexible and effective solution in veterinary practice, allowing precise dosing and easy administration, particularly for companion animals. Future research may aim to optimize formulations and explore targeted therapies and precision feeding via nutrigenomics, promising advancements in veterinary medicine and livestock production.

Transcriptome analysis of Scylla paramamosain hepatopancreas response to mud crab dicistrovirus-1 infection

Scylla paramamosain, an economically significant crab, is widely cultivated worldwide. In recent years, S. paramamosain has faced a serious threat from viral diseases due to the expansion of culture scale and increased culture density. Among these, mud crab dicistrovirus-1 (MCDV-1) stands out as highly pathogenic, presenting substantial challenges to the healthy development of mud crab aquaculture. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the mud crab immune response to MCDV-1 infection is imperative for devising effective disease prevention strategies. In this study, transcriptomic analyses were conducted on the hepatopancreas of mud crabs infected with MCDV-1. The findings revealed a total of 5139 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between healthy and MCDV-1 infected mud crabs, including 3327 upregulated and 1812 downregulated DEGs. Further analysis showed that mud crabs resist MCDV-1 infection by activating humoral immune-related pathways, including the MAPK signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway-fly, and Toll and Imd signaling pathway. In contrast, MCDV-1 infection triggers host metabolic disorders. Several immune-related vitamin metabolism pathways (ascorbate and aldarate metabolism, retinol metabolism, and nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism) were significantly inhibited, which may create favorable conditions for the virus's self-replication. Notably, endocytosis emerged as significantly upregulated both in GO terms and KEGG pathways, with several viral endocytosis-related pathways showing significant activation. PPI network analysis identified 9 hub genes associated with viral endocytosis within the endocytosis. Subsequent GeneMANIA analysis confirmed the association of these hub genes with viral endocytosis. Both transcriptome data and qPCR analysis revealed a significant upregulation of these hub genes post MCDV-1 infection, suggesting MCDV-1 may use viral endocytosis to enter cells and facilitate replication. This study represents the first comprehensive report on the transcriptomic profile of mud crab hepatopancreas response to MCDV-1 infection. Future investigations should focus on elucidating the mechanisms through which MCDV-1 enters cells via endocytosis, as this may holds critical implications for the development of vaccine targets.

Micronutrient Deficiencies in Older Adults in Latin America: A Narrative Review

BACKGROUND

The population in Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) has experienced a major demographic transition with increased numbers of older adults (OA). This change brings opportunities in the public health sector to implement health prevention interventions and delay the onset of geriatric syndromes. Micronutrients play an important role in the maintenance of biological function which contributes to longevity. Micronutrient deficiencies (MD) in OA increase the risk for onset of chronic comorbidities and geriatric syndromes.

AIM

To review and summarize the existing data on micronutrient status in OA in the LAC region and discuss the gaps and challenges in public health approaches to address deficiencies.

METHODS

Literature review in Medline for records describing nutritional biomarkers in older adults (≥ 60y) from community dwelling and population-based studies in LAC.

RESULTS

Few countries (including Chile, Ecuador, Costa Rica, Brazil, and Mexico) have documented one or more nutritional deficiencies for OA in national health surveys, however across the entire region, evidence of micronutrient levels is scarce. Some surveys have documented a high prevalence and large heterogeneity in the prevalence of vitamin D followed by B12 deficiency, being the 2 MDs most studied due their effects on cognition, frailty, and bone mineral density in the OA population. Other MD including C, E, A, copper, zinc, iron, and selenium have also been reported.

CONCLUSION

Information on the micronutrient status in OA from LAC is poorly documented. Research and capacity building initiatives in the region are crucial to develop tailored strategies that address the specific nutritional needs and challenges faced by the ageing population in Latin America.

Mechanistic perspective on the actions of vitamin a in autism spectrum disorder etiology

Vitamin A (VA) has many functions in the body, some of which are key for the development and functioning of the nervous system, while some others might indirectly influence neural function. Both hypovitaminosis and hypervitaminosis A can lead to clinical manifestations of concern for individuals and for general global health. Scientific evidence on the link between VA and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is growing, with some clinical studies and accumulating results obtained from basic research using cellular and animal models. Remarkably, it has been shown that VA deficiency can exacerbate autistic symptomatology. In turn, VA supplementation has been shown to be able to improve autistic symptomatology in selected groups of individuals with ASD. However, it is important to recognize that ASD is a highly heterogeneous condition. Therefore, it is important to clarify how and when VA supplementation can be of benefit for affected individuals. Here we delve into the relationship between VA and ASD, discussing clinical observations and mechanistic insights obtained from research on selected autistic syndromes and laboratory models to advance in defining how the VA signaling pathway can be exploited for treatment of ASD.

Evaluating the Protective Role of Vitamin A Supplementation in Periodontal Health: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: Recent studies suggest a potential role for vitamin A supplementation in improving periodontal health, though evidence remains inconclusive. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the protective role of vitamin A supplementation on periodontal health, focusing on outcomes such as gingival inflammation, pocket depth reduction, and alveolar bone preservation. Methods: A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science up until May 2024, adhering to strict inclusion criteria that required studies to involve human participants diagnosed with periodontal diseases and to assess the impact of vitamin A through dietary intake or supplementation. This review excluded studies not explicitly focused on vitamin A and those lacking clear, quantifiable outcomes. The risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for observational studies and the Cochrane Collaboration's tool for randomized controlled trials. Meta-analysis was performed to synthesize data and quantify the effectiveness of vitamin A on periodontal health outcomes. Results: A total of six studies were included in the final analysis with a total of 50,722 participants. The meta-analysis revealed a pooled odds ratio (OR) of 0.97 (95% CI: 0.94-1.00) for the association between vitamin A supplementation and periodontal health, indicating a slight protective effect. Notably, two high-quality studies reported ORs of 0.92 (95% CI: 0.85-1.00) and 0.83 (95% CI: 0.69-1.00), respectively, suggesting a potential reduction in periodontal disease risk with sufficient vitamin A levels. However, high heterogeneity (I2 = 86.93%) across studies indicates variability in outcomes, possibly influenced by demographic and lifestyle factors. Conclusions: Vitamin A supplementation may offer a marginal protective effect against periodontal disease, although results vary significantly across different populations and study designs. Further research is needed to clarify these relationships and to explore the mechanisms through which vitamin A influences periodontal health, considering the high degree of observed heterogeneity.

A review on vitamin A deficiency and depleted immunity in South Asia: From deficiency to resilience

In the developing world, the twin challenges of depleted health and growing issue of food waste management loom large, demanding simultaneous attention and innovative solutions. This review explores how these issues can be effectively mitigated while shedding light on the transformative impact of food waste valorization on health management. A spotlight is cast on vitamin A deficiency (VAD), an acute public health concern, especially prevalent in South Asia, driven by economic constraints, sociocultural factors, inadequate diets, and poor nutrient absorption. VAD's devastating effects are exacerbated by limited education, lack of sanitation, ineffective food regulations, and fragile monitoring systems, disproportionately affecting children and women of childbearing age. Recent studies in South Asian countries have revealed rising rates of illness and death, notably among children and women of childbearing age, due to VAD. To address inadequate dietary intake in children utilizing vegetable waste, particularly from carrots and beetroot, which are rich in β-carotene, and betalains, respectively, offers a sustainable solution. Extracting these compounds from vegetable waste for supplementation, fortification, and dietary diversification could significantly improve public health, addressing both food waste and health disparities economically. This approach presents a compelling avenue for exploration and implementation. In summary, this review presents an integrated approach to tackle health and food waste challenges in the developing world. By tapping into the nutritional treasure troves within vegetable waste, we can enhance health outcomes while addressing food waste, forging a brighter and healthier future for communities in need.

The Effect of Vitamins on the Immune Systems of Pigs

In modern pig farming, there are many environmental, physiological or social stresses that weaken the immune response and increase susceptibility to disease. Nutritional management has a significant impact on the efficiency of the immune system in pigs. Among the various nutrients, vitamins have been shown to have specific effects on immune system activity. However, the needs of modern genetic types are not met by the dietary recommendations for vitamins in pig diets. The present study therefore summarises the data on dietary integration with supranutritional doses of vitamins in gestating and lactating sows and post-weaning piglets in terms of the immune response. The present data highlight that high doses of dietary vitamins are an effective way to improve the immune system, antioxidant status and gut health. Further studies are needed to deepen the understanding of the role of dietary supplementation with vitamins in pigs on immune system and gut functionality.

Calculation of reference intervals for the concentrations of α-tocopherol and retinol in serum using indirect data-mining procedures

BACKGROUND

Establishing adequate reference intervals (RIs) for vitamins A and E is essential for diagnosing and preventing deficiencies. Due to the current boom in data mining and its easy applicability, more laboratories are establishing RIs using indirect methods. Our study aims to obtain RIs using four indirect data-mining procedures (Bhattacharya, Hoffmann, Kosmic, and RefineR) for vitamins A and E.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

8943 individuals were collected to establish the RIs. After using different data cleaning steps and checking whether these data should be divided according to age and gender based on multiple linear regression and variance component analyses, indirect RIs were calculated using specific Excel spreadsheets or R-packages software.

RESULTS

A total of 2004 records were eligible. For vitamin A, the RIs obtained were (1.11 - 2.68) µmol/L, (1.13 - 2.70) µmol/L, (1.13 - 2.71) µmol/L, and (1.17 - 2.66) µmol/L using the Bhattacharya, Hoffmann, Kosmic and RefineR approaches, respectively. For vitamin E, these intervals were (17.3 - 49.9) µmol/L (Bhattacharya), (17.3 - 48.9) µmol/L (Hoffmann), (19.6 - 50.3) µmol/L (Kosmic), and (19.4 - 50.9) µmol/L (RefineR). In all cases, the RIs were comparable.

CONCLUSIONS

Suitable RIs for vitamins A and E were calculated using four indirect methods that are suitable and adapted to our population's demographic characteristics.

Bioactivity and Bioavailability of Carotenoids Applied in Human Health: Technological Advances and Innovation

This article presents a groundbreaking perspective on carotenoids, focusing on their innovative applications and transformative potential in human health and medicine. Research jointly delves deeper into the bioactivity and bioavailability of carotenoids, revealing therapeutic uses and technological advances that have the potential to revolutionize medical treatments. We explore pioneering therapeutic applications in which carotenoids are used to treat chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and age-related macular degeneration, offering novel protective mechanisms and innovative therapeutic benefits. Our study also shows cutting-edge technological innovations in carotenoid extraction and bioavailability, including the development of supramolecular carriers and advanced nanotechnology, which dramatically improve the absorption and efficacy of these compounds. These technological advances not only ensure consistent quality but also tailor carotenoid therapies to each patient's health needs, paving the way for personalized medicine. By integrating the latest scientific discoveries and innovative techniques, this research provides a prospective perspective on the clinical applications of carotenoids, establishing a new benchmark for future studies in this field. Our findings underscore the importance of optimizing carotenoid extraction, administration, bioactivity, and bioavailability methods to develop more effective, targeted, and personalized treatments, thus offering visionary insight into their potential in modern medical practices.

A comprehensive review on nutritional interventions and nutritive elements: Strengthening immunity for effective defense mechanism during pandemic

The pandemic has brought attention to the importance of a healthy immune system in preventing infectious diseases. In this in-depth review, the process by which nutritional interventions and fundamental nutrients affect immune function has been discussed with the goal of enhancing the body's natural defenses against viral infections. We explored the complex interplay between diet and immunology, highlighting the essential nutrients, vitamins, minerals, and bioactive substances that are crucial for enhancing immune response. We also investigated the effect of dietary patterns and supplementation methods on immune function. We assessed the effectiveness and potential mechanisms of action of various nutritional therapies in modifying immune responses through a thorough examination of scientific literature. Additionally, we go through the significance of individualized nutrition and highlight possible factors to consider for vulnerable groups, such as the elderly and people with chronic conditions. This review attempts to provide a thorough understanding of the role of diet in boosting immunity by synthesizing available research. It also offers insights into practical methods for enhancing the immune function during the current epidemic and in the future.

Qualitative Exploration of Health Professionals' Perceptions of Addressing Malnutrition Within the First 1,000 Days

OBJECTIVE

Explore health professionals' perceptions toward how to address malnutrition within the first 1,000 days of life in underresourced communities.

DESIGN

A qualitative explorative-descriptive study using 8 face-to-face focus group discussions.

SETTING

Health facilities serving underresourced communities within Nelson Mandela Bay, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa.

PARTICIPANTS

Fifty-six health professionals (n = 13 doctors, n = 28 nurses, n = 6 dietitians, and n = 9 social workers) aged between 20 and 60 years, with 1-16 years (5 years average) of working experience. The majority (n = 53; 94.6%) were women.

PHENOMENON OF INTEREST

Health professionals' perceptions of effective methods or strategies to address malnutrition are referred to as undernutrition.

ANALYSIS

Content analysis.

RESULTS

Health professionals perceived socioeconomic conditions; caregiver lack of nutrition knowledge; and behavioral, cultural, and generational infant feeding practices as contributing factors to malnutrition. Participants recommended efforts to strengthen the availability, accessibility, and utilization of contraception, especially for teenagers, increase support to caretakers of children from families, health facilities, and communities, and a multisector and multidisciplinary approach to improve social determinants of health in underresourced communities.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

To address malnutrition within the first 1,000 days of life, data supports that health professionals in underresourced communities require a multisector, multidisciplinary approach. This approach entails educational interventions, peer mentoring and community empowerment through support to and involvement of caregivers of children.

Fabrication and evaluation of a bi-layered electrospun PCL/PVA patch for wound healing: Release of vitamins and silver nanoparticle

There is still little research on the co-delivery of vitamins and AgNPs to accelerate wound healing. In this study, a bi-layered electrospun PCL/PVA patch loaded with Vitamin C, Vitamin B12, and AgNPs was fabricated using a co-spinning technique. SEM, FTIR, degradation, swelling, tensile strength, disk diffusion, and MTT assay were studied. Nine rats were placed in three groups (control: no treatment, G1: without agents, and G2: with agents) for 14 days in an in-vivo study. H&E and Masson Trichrome staining were employed for histological analysis. Results showed that the final electrospun wound dressings depicted nanofibers with diameters ranging from 100 to 500 nm. The presence of AgNP enhanced the mechanical strength (40-50 MPs). An appropriate swelling (100 %) and degradation (50 %) rate was observed for groups with no significant difference (P > 0.05). G1 and G2 did not show a significant difference in terms of porosity (65 % vs. 69 %). Regarding WVTR, G2 demonstrated higher WVTR (88 vs. 95 g/m2. h). G2 showed a vitamin release of more than 90 % after 48 h. Compared to G1, G2 demonstrated good antibacterial activity (>3 cm) against E. Coli and S. aureous (P < 0.01), with cell viability of more than 93 % (P > 0.05). Furthermore, the in-vivo study approved that G2 accelerated wound healing in full-thickness wounds, compared to the control groups, with notable wound size reduction (8 mm), epithelialization, and collagen formation. The findings support the use of this simple but potent electrospun wound dressing for the healing of full-thickness wounds.

Immunological Insights Into Nutritional Deficiency Disorders

Essential nutrients play a vital role in influencing immune cell development. This chapter explores the crucial relationship between nutrition and the immune system, delving into the profound impact of dietary choices on overall health. Research highlights the benefits of nutrient-rich foods in supporting optimal immune function, while deficiencies in key nutrients (vitamins A, D, zinc, and iron) compromise immune responses, increasing susceptibility to infections. The bidirectional nature of the relationship is emphasized, underscoring the critical role of a balanced diet in supporting immune cell development, activation, and function. Case studies illustrate immunological vulnerabilities linked to inadequate nutritional status, stressing the importance of maintaining optimal nutrient levels for a robust immune system. In summary, an individual's nutritional status significantly influences immune response effectiveness. Addressing deficiencies through supplementation, dietary interventions, and public health initiatives is crucial for improving immune function.

Retinoic acid signalling inhibits myogenesis by blocking MYOD translation in pig skeletal muscle cells

Vitamin A is an essential nutrient in animals, playing important roles in animal health. In the pig industry, proper supplementation of vitamin A in the feed can improve pork production performance, while deficiency or excessive intake can lead to growth retardation or disease. However, the specific molecular mechanisms through which vitamin A operates on pig skeletal muscle growth as well as muscle stem cell function remain unexplored. Therefore, in this study, we isolated the pig primary skeletal muscle stem cells (pMuSCs) and treated with retinoic acid (RA), the natural metabolite of vitamin A, and then examined the myogenic capacity of pMuSCs via immunostaining, real-time PCR, CCK8 and western-blot analysis. Unexpectedly, the RA caused a significant decrease in the proliferation and differentiation of pMuSCs. Mechanistically, the RA addition induced the activation of retinoic acid receptor gamma (RARγ), which inhibited the myogenesis through the blockage of protein translation of the master myogenic regulator myogenic differentiation 1 gene (MYOD). Specifically, RARγ inactivate AKT kinase (AKT) signalling and lead to dephosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (eIF4EBP1), which in turn repress the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) complex and block mRNA translation of MYOD. Inhibition of AKT could rescue the myogenic defects of RA-treated pMuSCs. Our findings revealed that retinoid acid signalling inhibits the skeletal muscle stem cell proliferation and differentiation in pigs. Therefore, the vitamin A supplement in the feedstuff should be cautiously optimized to avoid the potential adverse consequences on muscle development associated with the excessive levels of retinoic acid.

Contribution of infectious diseases to the selection of ADH1B and ALDH2 gene variants in Asian populations

BACKGROUND

The gene variants ADH1B*2 (Arg48His, rs1229984) and ALDH2*2 (Glu504Lys, rs671) are common in East Asian populations but rare in other populations. We propose that selective pressures from pathogen exposure and dietary changes during the neolithic transition favored these variants. Thus, their current association with differences in alcohol sensitivity likely results from phenotypic plasticity rather than direct natural selection.

METHODS

Samples sourced from the Allele Frequency Database (ALFRED) were utilized to compute the average frequency of ADH1B*2 and ALDH2*2 across 88 and 61 countries, respectively. Following computation of the average national allele frequencies, we tested the significance of their correlations with ecological variables. Subsequently, we subjected them to Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Elastic Net regularization. For comprehensive evaluation, we collected individual-level phenotypic associations, compiling a Phenome-Wide Association Study (PheWAS) spanning multiple ethnicities.

RESULTS

Following multiple testing correction, ADH1B*2 displayed significant correlations with Neolithic transition timing (r = 0.405, p.adj = 2.013e-03, n = 57) and historical trypanosome burden (r = -0.418, p.adj = 0.013, n = 57). The first two components of PCA explained 47.7% of the total variability across countries, with the top three contributors being the historical indices of population density and trypanosome and leprosy burdens. Historical burdens of the Mycobacteria tuberculosis and leprosy were the sole predictive variables with positive coefficients that survived Elastic Net regularization.

CONCLUSIONS

Our analyses suggest that Mycobacteria may have played a role in the joint selection of ADH1B*2 and ALDH2*2, expanding the "toxic aldehyde hypothesis" to include Mycobacterium leprae. Additionally, our hypothesis, linked to dietary shifts from rice domestication, emphasizes nutritional deficiencies as a key element in the selective pressure exerted by Mycobacteria. This offers a plausible explanation for the high frequency of ADH1B*2 and ALDH2*2 in Asian populations.

Antioxidants activities of phytochemicals perspective modulation of autophagy and apoptosis to treating cancer

The study of chemicals extracted from natural sources should be encouraged due to the significant number of cancer deaths each year and the financial burden imposed by this disease on society. The causes of almost all cancers involve a combination of lifestyle, environmental factors, and genetic and inherited factors. Modern medicine researchers are increasingly interested in traditional phytochemicals as they hold potential for new bioactive compounds with medical applications. Recent publications have provided evidence of the antitumor properties of phytochemicals, a key component of traditional Chinese medicine, thereby opening new avenues for their use in modern medicine. Various studies have demonstrated a strong correlation between apoptosis and autophagy, two critical mechanisms involved in cancer formation and regulation, indicating diverse forms of crosstalk between them. Phytochemicals have the ability to activate both pro-apoptotic and pro-autophagic pathways. Therefore, understanding how phytochemicals influence the relationship between apoptosis and autophagy is crucial for developing a new cancer treatment strategy that targets these molecular mechanisms. This review aims to explore natural phytochemicals that have demonstrated anticancer effects, focusing on their role in regulating the crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy, which contributes to uncontrolled tumor cell growth. Additionally, the review highlights the limitations and challenges of current research methodologies while suggesting potential avenues for future research in this field.

The Role of Vitamins in Mitigating the Effects of Various Stress Factors in Pigs Breeding

Good practices in farm animal care are crucial for upholding animal well-being, efficiency, and health. Pigs, like other farm animals, are exposed to various stressors, including environmental, nutritional, chemical, psychological, physiological, and metabolic stressors, which can disrupt their internal balance and compromise their well-being. Oxidative stress can adversely affect animal performance, fertility, and immunity, leading to economic losses for farmers. Dietary considerations are hugely important in attaining these objectives. This paper reviews studies investigating the impact of additional vitamin supplementation on stress reduction in pigs. Vitamin A can be beneficial in counteracting viral and parasitic threats. Vitamin B can be a potential solution for reproductive issues, but it might also be beneficial in reducing the effects of inappropriate nutrition. Vitamin C plays a vital role in reducing the effects of heat stress or exposure to toxins in pigs. Vitamin D proves to be beneficial in addressing stress induced mostly by infections and weaning, while vitamin E has been shown to mitigate the effects of toxins, heat stress, or transport stress. This review highlights the potential benefits of these dietary antioxidants in maintaining pig health, enhancing productivity, and counteracting the adverse effects of various stressors. Understanding the role of vitamins in pig nutrition and stress management is vital for optimising farm animal welfare and production efficiency.

Genotype and ripening method affect carotenoid content and bio-accessibility in banana

Bananas (Musa spp.) are a target crop for provitamin A carotenoids (pVACs) biofortification programs aiming at reducing the negative impact on health caused by vitamin A deficiency in vulnerable populations. However, studies to understand the effect of ripening methods and stages and the genotype on carotenoid content and bioaccessibility in the banana germplasm are scarce. This study evaluated carotenoid content and bioaccessibility in 27 different banana accessions at three maturation stages and two ripening methods (natural ripening and ethylene ripening). Across most accessions, total carotenoid content (TCC) increased from unripe to ripe fruit; only two accessions showed a marginal decrease. The ripening method affected carotenoid accumulation; 18 accessions had lower TCC when naturally ripened compared with the ethylene ripening group, while nine accessions showed higher TCC when ripened with exogenous ethylene, suggesting that treating bananas with exogenous ethylene might directly affect TCC accumulation, but the response is accession dependent. Additionally, carotenoid bioaccessibility varied across genotypes and was correlated with the amount of soluble starch and resistant starch. These findings highlight the importance of ripening methods and genotypes in maximizing banana carotenoid content and bioaccessibility, which could contribute to improving pVACs delivery in biofortification programs.

Insufficient nutrient intake in individuals with disabling hearing loss and the restoration of nutritional sufficiency in hearing aid users

Hearing loss affects some nutrient intake. Disabling hearing loss may exacerbate these issues. We aimed to evaluate nutrient intake and assess deficiencies based on functional hearing status. The study included 6907 participants with information on demographic factors, nutrient intake, weight, height, disease status, and hearing level in the eighth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, conducted from 2019 to 2021. We categorized the participants into 3 groups based on their functional hearing status: bilateral hearing, unilateral hearing, and disabling hearing loss. The disabling hearing loss group showed lower intake of most major nutrients (P < 0.05), dietary fiber (P < 0.001), and most minerals and vitamins (P < 0.05), with some insufficiencies. The unilateral hearing group showed lower intake only for potassium (P = 0.036) compared to the bilateral hearing group and significantly higher intake of hydration (P = 0.039), dietary fiber (P = 0.039), and calcium (P = 0.009) than the disabling hearing loss group. Nutrient insufficiency in the disabling hearing loss group was more prominent in women, and was partially resolved by using hearing aids. Clinicians and nutritionists should consider undernourishment in these patients, and appropriate interventions for nutrition and hearing aids should be recommended.

Pet Wellness and Vitamin A: A Narrative Overview

The health of companion animals, particularly dogs and cats, is significantly influenced by nutrition, with vitamins playing a crucial role. Vitamin A, in particular, is indispensable, with diverse roles ranging from vision to immune modulation and reproduction. Despite its importance, the metabolism and dietary requirements of vitamin A in companion animals remain complex and not fully understood. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the historical perspective, the digestion, the metabolism, the physiological roles, the deficiency, the excess, and the interactions with other micronutrients of vitamin A in companion animals. Additionally, it highlights future research directions and gaps in our understanding. Insights into the metabolism of vitamin A in companion animals, personalized nutrition strategies based on genetic variability, longitudinal studies tracking the status of vitamin A, and investigations into its immunomodulatory effects are crucial for optimizing pet health and wellness. Furthermore, understanding the stability and bioavailability of vitamin A in pet food formulations is essential for ensuring the provision of adequate micronutrients. Overall, this review underscores the importance of vitamin A in companion animal nutrition and the need for further research to enhance our understanding and to optimize dietary recommendations for pet health and well-being.

Mechanistic understanding of the stabilisation of vitamin A in oil by wheat bran: The interplay between vitamin A degradation, lipid oxidation, and lipase activity

Wheat bran stabilises vitamin A (retinyl palmitate, RP) in oil during storage, but the stabilisation mechanism remains unknown. We here studied the effect of the concentration of RP in oil (0.1-2%) and of RP-enriched oil in the system (5-50%) on the RP retention during accelerated storage of systems with native and toasted wheat bran. Generally, toasted bran showed better RP stabilisation than native bran. After four weeks of storage, up to 65% RP was retained in toasted bran systems, whereas the RP retention for native bran was below 10%. For native bran, a higher oil-to-bran ratio and, thus, a lower wheat lipase level resulted in better RP retention. For toasted bran, combined high oil and high RP concentrations resulted in the lowest RP retention. We, therefore, conclude that wheat bran protects RP and lipids from oxidation. This protection is reduced by the pro-oxidative effect of RP, lipid oxidation and lipase.

Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells: Therapeutic Target for Gastrointestinal Cancers

Gastrointestinal cancers represent one of the more challenging cancers to treat. Current strategies to cure and control gastrointestinal (GI) cancers like surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy have met with limited success, and research has turned towards further characterizing the tumor microenvironment to develop novel therapeutics. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have emerged as crucial drivers of pathogenesis and progression within the tumor microenvironment in GI malignancies. Many MDSCs clinical targets have been defined in preclinical models, that potentially play an integral role in blocking recruitment and expansion, promoting MDSC differentiation into mature myeloid cells, depleting existing MDSCs, altering MDSC metabolic pathways, and directly inhibiting MDSC function. This review article analyzes the role of MDSCs in GI cancers as viable therapeutic targets for gastrointestinal malignancies and reviews the existing clinical trial landscape of recently completed and ongoing clinical studies testing novel therapeutics in GI cancers.

Antioxidant Metabolism Pathways in Vitamins, Polyphenols, and Selenium: Parallels and Divergences

Free radicals (FRs) are unstable molecules that cause reactive stress (RS), an imbalance between reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in the body and its ability to neutralize them. These species are generated by both internal and external factors and can damage cellular lipids, proteins, and DNA. Antioxidants prevent or slow down the oxidation process by interrupting the transfer of electrons between substances and reactive agents. This is particularly important at the cellular level because oxidation reactions lead to the formation of FR and contribute to various diseases. As we age, RS accumulates and leads to organ dysfunction and age-related disorders. Polyphenols; vitamins A, C, and E; and selenoproteins possess antioxidant properties and may have a role in preventing and treating certain human diseases associated with RS. In this review, we explore the current evidence on the potential benefits of dietary supplementation and investigate the intricate connection between SIRT1, a crucial regulator of aging and longevity; the transcription factor NRF2; and polyphenols, vitamins, and selenium. Finally, we discuss the positive effects of antioxidant molecules, such as reducing RS, and their potential in slowing down several diseases.

Supplement Use and Increased Risks of Cancer: Unveiling the Other Side of the Coin

There is a rising trend in the consumption of dietary supplements, especially among adults, with the purpose of improving health. While marketing campaigns tout the potential health benefits of using dietary supplements, it is critical to evaluate the potential harmful effects associated with these supplements as well. The majority of the scarce research on the potential harmful effects of vitamins focuses on the acute or chronic toxicities associated with the use of dietary supplements. Quality research is still required to further investigate the risks of long-term use of dietary supplements, especially the risk of developing cancers. The present review concentrates on studies that have investigated the association between the risk of developing cancers and associated mortality with the risk of dietary supplements. Such an association has been reported for several vitamins, minerals, and other dietary supplements. Even though several of these studies come with their own shortcomings and critics, they must draw attention to further investigate long-term adverse effects of dietary supplements and advise consumers and healthcare providers to ponder the extensive use of dietary supplements.

A Comprehensive Review of COVID-19-Related Olfactory Deficiency: Unraveling Associations with Neurocognitive Disorders and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings

Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is one of the most common symptoms in COVID-19 patients and can impact patients' lives significantly. The aim of this review was to investigate the multifaceted impact of COVID-19 on the olfactory system and to provide an overview of magnetic resonance (MRI) findings and neurocognitive disorders in patients with COVID-19-related OD. Extensive searches were conducted across PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar until 5 December 2023. The included articles were 12 observational studies and 1 case report that assess structural changes in olfactory structures, highlighted through MRI, and 10 studies correlating the loss of smell with neurocognitive disorders or mood disorders in COVID-19 patients. MRI findings consistently indicate volumetric abnormalities, altered signal intensity of olfactory bulbs (OBs), and anomalies in the olfactory cortex among COVID-19 patients with persistent OD. The correlation between OD and neurocognitive deficits reveals associations with cognitive impairment, memory deficits, and persistent depressive symptoms. Treatment approaches, including olfactory training and pharmacological interventions, are discussed, emphasizing the need for sustained therapeutic interventions. This review points out several limitations in the current literature while exploring the intricate effects of COVID-19 on OD and its connection to cognitive deficits and mood disorders. The lack of objective olfactory measurements in some studies and potential validity issues in self-reports emphasize the need for cautious interpretation. Our research highlights the critical need for extensive studies with larger samples, proper controls, and objective measurements to deepen our understanding of COVID-19's long-term effects on neurological and olfactory dysfunctions.

Hepatic Vitamin A Concentrations and Association with Infectious Causes of Child Death

OBJECTIVES

To assess postmortem vitamin A (VA) concentrations in children under 5 years of age and evaluate the association between VA deficiency (VAD) and infectious causes of death (CoD).

STUDY DESIGN

In this cross-sectional study from the Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance (CHAMPS) Network, liver biopsies collected within 72 hours of death were analyzed from 405 stillbirths and children under 5 years in Kenya and South Africa. Total liver VA (TLVA) concentrations were quantified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography, and cutoffs of ≤0.1 μmol/g, >0.1 to <0.7 μmol/g, ≥0.7 to <1.0 μmol/g, and ≥1.0 μmol/g were used to define VAD, adequate VA status, high VA, and hypervitaminosis A, respectively. CoD were determined by expert panel review.

RESULTS

Among 366 liver samples with viable extraction, pooled prevalences of VAD, adequacy, high VA, and hypervitaminosis were 34.2%, 51.1%, 6.0%, and 8.7%, respectively. VAD was more common among neonates compared with stillbirths, infants, or children, and among those with low birthweight (LBW), underweight, or stunting (P < .05). When adjusting for site, age, and sex, there was no significant association of VAD with increased infectious CoD (OR 1.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.9, 3.8, P = .073). In stratified analyses, VA deficient boys, but not girls, had an increased risk of infectious CoD (OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.3, 10.3, P = .013).

CONCLUSIONS

Definitive postmortem assessment of VA status identified both VAD and VA excess among children under 5 years of age in Kenya and South Africa. VAD in boys was associated with increased risk of infectious mortality. Our findings may inform a transition from universal VA supplementation (VAS) to targeted strategies in certain countries.

Exploratory 5-year follow-up study of retinol, tocopherols, and carotenoids in multiple sclerosis

BACKGROUND

Retinol, tocopherols, and carotenoids (RTC) have physiological roles as vitamins, pro-vitamins, and antioxidants, and provide biomarkers of dietary vegetable and fruit intake. The goal was to investigate RTC in multiple sclerosis (MS).

METHODS

This exploratory study included 106 people with MS (71 relapsing-remitting MS or RR-MS; and 35 progressive MS or PMS) and 31 healthy controls (HC) at baseline and 5-year follow-up (5YFU). Serum retinol, α-carotene, β-carotene, α-tocopherol, δ-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein/zeaxanthin, and lycopene were measured using high performance liquid chromatography. Serum neurofilament light chain (sNfL) levels were measured using the single molecule array method. Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and low contrast letter acuity (LCLA) were used as disability measures.

RESULTS

Retinol in MS was positively correlated with α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein/zeaxanthin, and α-tocopherol but negatively correlated with δ-tocopherol. EDSS was associated with α-tocopherol, δ-tocopherol, and lycopene. Greater retinol levels were associated with greater LCLA in RR-MS and PMS; high contrast visual acuity was not associated. Greater γ-tocopherol levels were associated with lower LCLA and high contrast visual acuity in PMS.

CONCLUSIONS

RTC exhibit distinctive associations with LCLA and EDSS in MS.

Vitamin A, D, E, and K as Matrix Metalloproteinase-2/9 Regulators That Affect Expression and Enzymatic Activity

Fat-soluble vitamins (vitamin A, D, E, and K) assume a pivotal role in maintaining human homeostasis by virtue of their enzymatic functions. The daily inclusion of these vitamins is imperative to the upkeep of various physiological processes including vision, bone health, immunity, and protection against oxidative stress. Current research highlights fat-soluble vitamins as potential therapeutics for human diseases, especially cancer. Fat-soluble vitamins exert their therapeutic effects through multiple pathways, including regulation of matrix metalloproteinases' (MMPs) expression and enzymatic activity. As MMPs have been reported to be involved in the pathology of various diseases, such as cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological disorders, regulating the expression and/or activity of MMPs could be considered as a potent therapeutic strategy. Here, we summarize the properties of fat-soluble vitamins and their potential as promising candidates capable of effectively modulating MMPs through multiple pathways to treat human diseases.

Nutrition and thyroid disease

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

The aim of this review was to determine, based on the most recent findings, the involvement of trace elements and vitamins critical for thyroid function and combating thyroid disease.

RECENT FINDINGS

Nutritional guidance is pivotal to reducing the risk of thyroid disease and to managing it when it arises, this meaning the prescription of diets rich in such micronutrients as iodine, selenium, iron, zinc, and vitamins B12, D3, and A. Most of the above micronutrients are good antioxidants, building up an anti-inflammatory profile, reducing thyroid autoantibodies and body fat, and improving thyroid function. Diets are increasingly being prescribed, especially for those suffering from Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Notable among prescribed diets is the Mediterranean diet. Rich in critical elements, it benefits patients at the immune endocrine and biomolecular levels.

SUMMARY

Importantly, it is likely that widespread adherence to the Mediterranean diet, together with a reduction of meat consumption and potential elimination of gluten and lactose may improve inflammation and have an impact on public health while possibly diminishing thyroiditis symptoms. It is hoped that this review can direct policymakers towards undertaking cost-effective interventions to minimize deficiency of essential minerals and vitamins and thus protect both general and thyroid health.

Vitamin A-Mediated Birth Defects: A Narrative Review

Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) or excess in expectant mothers can result in fetal abnormalities such as night blindness, bone anomalies, or epithelial cell problems. In contrast, excessive vitamin A in pregnancy can precipitate fetal central nervous system deformities. During pregnancy, a pregnant woman should monitor her vitamin A intake ensuring she gets the recommended dosage, but also ensuring she doesn't exceed the recommended dosage, because either one can result in teratogenicity in the fetus. The widespread and unregulated use of multivitamins and supplements makes consuming doses greater than the recommended quantity more common in developed countries. While vitamin A excess is more common in developed countries, deficiency is most prevalent in developing countries. With proper maintenance, regulation, and education about VAD and excess, a pregnant mother can diminish potential harm to her fetus and potential teratogenic risks.

In ovo administration of retinoic acid enhances cell-mediated immune responses against an inactivated H9N2 avian influenza virus vaccine

The H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) is a low pathogenic AIV that infects avian species and lead to huge economical losses in the poultry industry. The unique immunomodulatory properties of Retinoic acid (RA), an active component of vitamin A, highlights its potential to enhance chicken's resistance to infectious diseases and perhaps vaccine-induced immunity. Therefore, the present study evaluated the effects of in ovo supplementation of RA on the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of an inactivated avian influenza virus vaccine. On embryonic day 18, eggs were inoculated with either 90 μmol RA/200 μL/egg or diluent into the amniotic sac. On days 7 and 21 post-hatch, birds were vaccinated with 15 μg of β-propiolactone (BPL) inactivated H9N2 virus via the intramuscular route. One group received BPL in combination with an adjuvant, while the other group received saline solution and served as a non-vaccinated control group. Serum samples were collected on days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 post-primary vaccination (ppv) for antibody analysis. On day 24 ppv, spleens were collected, and splenocytes were isolated to analyze cytokine expression, interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production, and cell population. On day 28 ppv, birds in all groups were infected with H9N2 virus and oral and cloacal swabs were collected for TCID50 (50 % Tissue Culture Infectious Dose) assay up to day 7 post-infection. The results demonstrated that in ovo administration of RA did not significantly enhance the AIV vaccine-induced antibody response against H9N2 virus compared to the group that received the vaccine alone. However, RA supplementation enhanced the frequency of macrophages (KUL01+), expression of inflammatory cytokines and production of IFN-γ by splenocytes. In addition, RA administration reduced oral shedding of AIV on day 5 post-infection. In conclusion, these findings suggest that RA can be supplemented in ovo to enhance AIV vaccine efficacy against LPAIV.

Retinol Levels and Severity of Patients with COVID-19

The new coronavirus infection represents a serious threat to global health and economies. In this sense, it is paramount to know the nutritional factors that may be related to the prognosis of the disease. Evidence shows that vitamin A may play an important preventive and therapeutic role in supporting respiratory infections as in COVID-19. The aim of our study was to evaluate the association of vitamin A (retinol) status with the prognosis of the disease. A case-control study from a cohort study was conducted in Brazil between May and October 2020. The study population was chosen by convenience, consisting of participants diagnosed with COVID-19. Recruitment was carried out using different approaches, including through dissemination on social media and in four hospitals in the city of Natal/RN, Brazil, recruiting participants from the COVID-19 ward and hospitalized participants who tested positive for the disease. The participants were allocated into two groups according to severity, with a group of mild (n = 88) or critical (n = 106) patients and compared to a control group (selected before the pandemic, n = 46). The extraction of retinol serum was performed and analyzed using the high-performance liquid chromatography method (HPLC). The retinol level was calculated in mmol/L, and levels below 0.7 μmol/L (20 µg/dL) were considered to be a vitamin A deficiency. Our findings suggest that the participants with mild and critical COVID-19 had lower retinol levels compared to the healthy controls (p = 0.03). In addition, milder cases of COVID-19 were associated with increased symptoms and prolonged symptoms after 90 days since the beginning of infection. However, the survival analysis showed no association with higher cases of death among participants with vitamin A deficiency (p = 0.509). More studies are needed to understand how nutritional status, including vitamin A levels, can influence prognosis and is a risk factor for the development of long COVID syndrome.

An overview of food lipids toward food lipidomics

Increasing evidence regarding lipids' beneficial effects on human health has changed the common perception of consumers and dietary officials about the role(s) of food lipids in a healthy diet. However, lipids are a wide group of molecules with specific nutritional and bioactive properties. To understand their true nutritional and functional value, robust methods are needed for accurate identification and quantification. Specific analytical strategies are crucial to target specific classes, especially the ones present in trace amounts. Finding a unique and comprehensive methodology to cover the full lipidome of each foodstuff is still a challenge. This review presents an overview of the lipids nutritionally relevant in foods and new trends in food lipid analysis for each type/class of lipids. Food lipid classes are described following the LipidMaps classification, fatty acids, endocannabinoids, waxes, C8 compounds, glycerophospholipids, glycerolipids (i.e., glycolipids, betaine lipids, and triglycerides), sphingolipids, sterols, sercosterols (vitamin D), isoprenoids (i.e., carotenoids and retinoids (vitamin A)), quinones (i.e., coenzyme Q, vitamin K, and vitamin E), terpenes, oxidized lipids, and oxylipin are highlighted. The uniqueness of each food group: oil-, protein-, and starch-rich, as well as marine foods, fruits, and vegetables (water-rich) regarding its lipid composition, is included. The effect of cooking, food processing, and storage, in addition to the importance of lipidomics in food quality and authenticity, are also discussed. A critical review of challenges and future trends of the analytical approaches and computational methods in global food lipidomics as the basis to increase consumer awareness of the significant role of lipids in food quality and food security worldwide is presented.

Assessment of acute toxicity of crude extract rich in carotenoids from Cantaloupe melon (Cucumis melo L.) and the gelatin-based nanoparticles using the zebrafish (Danio rerio) model

Cantaloupe melon is known for its carotenoid-rich orange pulp. However, carotenoids are sensitive to oxygen, light, and heat, potentially reducing their benefits. Nanoencapsulation can preserve these benefits but raises concerns about toxicity. We aimed to assess the safety and bioactive potential of crude extract-rich carotenoids (CE) and nanoparticles based on gelatin loaded with CE (EPG) by investigating parameters such as cardio or neurotoxicity, especially acute toxicity. EPG was obtained by O/W emulsification and characterized by different methods. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to CE and EPG at 12.5 mg/L and 50 mg/L for 96h and were investigated for survival, hatching, malformations, and seven days post fertilization (dpf) larvae's visual motor response. Adult fish underwent behavioral tests after acute exposure of 96h. CE and EPG showed no acute toxicity in zebrafish embryos, and both improved the visual motor response in 7dpf larvae (p = 0.01), suggesting the potential antioxidant and provitamin A effect of carotenoids in cognitive function and response in the evaluated model. Adult fish behavior remained with no signs of anxiety, stress, swimming pattern changes, or sociability that would indicate toxicity. This study highlights the safety and potential benefits of carotenoids in zebrafish. Further research is needed to explore underlying mechanisms and long-term effects.

A Multifaceted Presentation of Xerophthalmia in Autistic Patients

We report the manifestations of vitamin A deficiency (VAD) in three children with underlying autism of different stages. These children were under developmental paediatrician follow-up for autism, and the VAD was not detected until these children presented to Ophthalmology screening for varying stages of signs and symptoms. On further assessment, all of our patients have VAD secondary to poor dietary intake, as autistic patients are associated with having selective eating habits. In our case series, we discuss the spectrum of xerophthalmia presentations, which can be mild and can manifest as punctate epithelial erosions to the more blinding complications at the advanced stage of the disease, mainly irreversible optic neuropathy. The primary management is to address the dietary routine coupled with systemic administration of vitamin A.

Efficacy and mechanism of retinyl palmitate against UVB-induced skin photoaging

Retinyl palmitate (RP) is a vitamin A derivative that has been widely used in anti-aging and skin treatment. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of RP on UVB (Ultraviolet radiation B) induced photoaging and its potential mechanism. Immunofluorescence assay demonstrates that RP can reduce collagen degradation in skin cells by UVB radiation and reduce apoptosis of skin cells. Cell migration assay reveals that RP can increase cell migration rate, helping to repair skin damage and restore cell viability. Immunohistochemical assays indicate that RP can significantly reduce the expression of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α induced by UVB radiation. Moreover, metabolomics and transcriptomics results suggest that RP regulates several metabolic pathways and gene expression, particularly in inflammatory signaling pathways, collagen synthesis and apoptosis, exhibiting significant regulatory effects. Furthermore, network pharmacological analysis predicts that RP may affect UVB-induced photoaging by regulating multiple key proteins and signaling pathways. Overall, this study demonstrates that RP has significant anti-photoaging ability, acting through several pathways including inhibition of inflammatory response, promotion of collagen synthesis and inhibition of apoptosis. These results provide a scientific basis for the application of RP in skin anti-photoaging and therapy, enabling the potential usage of RP to skin care products.

The Effect of Beta-Carotene on Cognitive Function: A Systematic Review

β-carotene is a powerful antioxidant and dietary precursor of vitamin A whose role in maintaining mental health and cognitive performance, either alone or in combination with other dietary compounds, has been a topic of recent research. However, its effectiveness is still unclear. This systematic review, conducted according to the PRISMA guideline and assisted by the MySLR platform, addressed this issue. A total of 16 eligible original research articles were identified. Dietary intake or β-carotene serum levels were associated with improved measures of cognitive function in 7 out of 10 epidemiological studies included. In intervention studies, β-carotene consumption alone did not promote better cognitive function in the short term, but only in a long-term intervention with a mean duration of 18 years. However, all but one intervention study suggested the beneficial effects of β-carotene supplementation at doses ranging from 6 mg to 50 mg per day in combination with a multicomplex such as vitamin E, vitamin C, zinc, or selenium for a period of 16 weeks to 20 years. Despite the current limitations, the available evidence suggests a potential association between β-carotene dietary/supplementary intake and the maintenance of cognitive function. The β-carotene most probably does not act alone but in synergy with other micronutrients.

Relationship Between Dairy Intake and Hospitalization Risk and Disease Severity in Patients With COVID-19

The aim of this study was to investigate whether dairy intake was associated with the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease and the probability of hospitalization of patients. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 141 patients with COVID-19 with an average age of 46.23 ± 15.88 years. The number of men (52.5%) participating in this study was higher than that of women. The association between dairy intake and COVID-19 was evaluated by multivariable logistic regression analysis. The risk of hospitalization in the highest tertile of dairy intake was 31% lower than in the lowest tertile (odds ratio [OR], 0.69; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.37-1.25, p trend = 0.023). Higher milk and yogurt intake was associated with a reduced risk of hospitalization due to COVID-19. Patients in the third tertiles were about 65% (p for trend = 0.014) and 12% (p for trend = 0.050) less likely to be hospitalized than those in the first tertile, respectively. Dairy consumption, especially low-fat ones, was associated with a lower risk of hospitalization due to COVID-19 and lower severity of COVID-19.

Genetic Variability in Carotenoid Contents in a Panel of Genebank Accessions of Temperate Maize from Southeast Europe

Carotenoids are an abundant group of lipid-soluble antioxidants in maize kernels. Maize is a key target crop for carotenoid biofortification focused on using conventional plant breeding in native germplasm of temperate areas traced back partially to traditional cultivars (landraces). In this study, the objectives were to determine the variability of lutein (LUT), zeaxanthin (ZEA), α-cryptoxanthin (αCX), β-cryptoxanthin (βCX), α-carotene (αC), and β-carotene (βC) contents in the grain of 88 accessions of temperate maize from the Croatian genebank, and to evaluate the relationships among the contents of different carotenoids as well as the relationships between kernel color and hardness and carotenoid content. Highly significant variability among the 88 accessions was detected for all carotenoids. On average, the most abundant carotenoid was LUT with 13.2 μg g-1 followed by ZEA with 6.8 μg g-1 dry matter. A Principal Component Analysis revealed a clear distinction between α- (LUT, αCX, and αC) and β-branch (ZEA; βCX, and βC) carotenoids. β-branch carotenoids were positively correlated with kernel color, and weakly positively associated with kernel hardness. Our results suggest that some genebank accessions with a certain percentage of native germplasm may be a good source of carotenoid biofortification in Southeast Europe. However, due to the lack of association between LUT and ZEA, the breeding process could be cumbersome.

Implementing micronutrient fortification programs as a potential practical contribution to achieving sustainable diets

Due to sustainability concerns related to current diets and environmental challenges, it is crucial to have sound policies to protect human and planetary health. It is proposed that sustainable diets will improve public health and food security and decrease the food system's effect on the environment. Micronutrient deficiencies are a well-known major public health concern. One-third to half of the world's population suffers from nutrient deficiencies, which have a negative impact on society in terms of unrealised potential and lost economic productivity. Large-scale fortification with different micronutrients has been found to be a useful strategy to improve public health. As a cost-effective strategy to improve micronutrient deficiency, this review explores the role of micronutrient fortification programmes in ensuring the nutritional quality (and affordability) of diets that are adjusted to help ensure environmental sustainability in the face of climate change, for example by replacing some animal-sourced foods with nutrient-dense, plant-sourced foods fortified with the micronutrients commonly supplied by animal-sourced foods. Additionally, micronutrient fortification considers food preferences based on the dimensions of a culturally sustainable diet. Thus, we conclude that investing in micronutrient fortification could play a significant role in preventing and controlling micronutrient deficiencies, improving diets and being environmentally, culturally and economically sustainable.

Coping with the COVID-19 pandemic by strengthening immunity as a nonpharmaceutical intervention: A major public health challenge

Background and Aims

The global Coronavirus-2 outbreak has emerged as a significant threat to majority of individuals around the world. The most effective solution for addressing this viral outbreak is through vaccination. Simultaneously, the virus's mutation capabilities pose a potential risk to the effectiveness of both vaccines and, in certain instances, newly developed drugs. Conversely, the human body's immune system exhibits a robust ability to combat viral outbreaks with substantial confidence, as evidenced by the ratio of fatalities to affected individuals worldwide. Hence, an alternative strategy to mitigate this pandemic could involve enhancing the immune system's resilience.

Methods

The research objective of the review is to acquire a comprehensive understanding of the role of inflammation and immunity in COVID-19. The pertinent literature concerning immune system functions, the impact of inflammation against viruses like SARS-CoV-2, and the connection between nutritional interventions, inflammation, and immunity was systematically explored.

Results

Enhancing immune function involves mitigating the impact of key factors that negatively influence the immune response. Strengthening the immune system against emerging diseases can be achieved through nonpharmaceutical measures such as maintaining a balanced nutrition, engaging in regular exercise, ensuring adequate sleep, and managing stress.

Conclusion

This review aims to convey the significance of and provide recommendations for immune-strengthening strategies amidst the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.

The Association between Malaria and β-Carotene Levels: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND

β-Carotene, which is a prominent carotenoid with notable antioxidant properties, may play a role in countering the oxidative stresses induced by malaria. The association between β-carotene levels and malaria is not yet fully understood, prompting this systematic review and meta-analysis.

METHODS

A rigorous search of databases, including Nursing and Allied Health Premium, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Ovid, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, was undertaken to collate studies that focused on β-carotene levels in malaria patients. The selected studies underwent critical appraisal, followed by data extraction for a meta-analysis.

RESULTS

Of the 2498 records initially identified, 10 were deemed suitable for synthesis. A considerable number of these studies indicated a pronounced reduction in β-carotene levels among malaria patients in contrast with uninfected individuals. The meta-analysis, encompassing 421 malaria patients and 240 uninfected controls, revealed a significant correlation between reduced β-carotene levels and malaria (p < 0.01, Hedges's g: -1.26, 95% CI: -2.00-(-0.53), I2: 93.86%, seven studies).

CONCLUSIONS

The conducted systematic review and meta-analysis corroborated the correlation between lower β-carotene levels and malaria. The intricate relationship between malaria and β-carotene merits deeper exploration. A comprehensive understanding of this association might pave the way for innovative therapeutic approaches leveraging the antioxidant attributes of β-carotene to combat malaria-induced oxidative stress.

Ramifications of Heat Stress on Rabbit Production and Role of Nutraceuticals in Alleviating Its Negative Impacts: An Updated Review

Heat stress has become a widespread concern worldwide, which is a major environmental stress that causes substantial economic loss in the rabbit industry. Compared to other agricultural animals, rabbits are more sensitive to heat stress as they have fewer sweat glands and a thicker coat of fur, increasing the heat dissipation complexity. Thus, heat stress hurts rabbits' productivity, meat quality, reproductive performance, antioxidative properties, immune responsiveness, intestinal histomorphology, and microbiome. Nutraceuticals include vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, organic acids, fatty acids, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, enzymes, and medicinal plants due to the possible impacts on maintaining common biological situations, strengthening immune response, and preventing illness, which ultimately led to an increase in productivity. Nutraceuticals have recently attracted a lot of attention to alleviate the adverse impacts of heat stress in rabbit farms. The objective of the current review is to provide acquaintance with the recent findings about the impact of heat stress on rabbit productivity and the advantages of dietary supplementation of nutraceuticals in mitigating it.

Molecular insights into the catalytic promiscuity of a bacterial diterpene synthase

Diterpene synthase VenA is responsible for assembling venezuelaene A with a unique 5-5-6-7 tetracyclic skeleton from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. VenA also demonstrates substrate promiscuity by accepting geranyl pyrophosphate and farnesyl pyrophosphate as alternative substrates. Herein, we report the crystal structures of VenA in both apo form and holo form in complex with a trinuclear magnesium cluster and pyrophosphate group. Functional and structural investigations on the atypical 115DSFVSD120 motif of VenA, versus the canonical Asp-rich motif of DDXX(X)D/E, reveal that the absent second Asp of canonical motif is functionally replaced by Ser116 and Gln83, together with bioinformatics analysis identifying a hidden subclass of type I microbial terpene synthases. Further structural analysis, multiscale computational simulations, and structure-directed mutagenesis provide significant mechanistic insights into the substrate selectivity and catalytic promiscuity of VenA. Finally, VenA is semi-rationally engineered into a sesterterpene synthase to recognize the larger substrate geranylfarnesyl pyrophosphate.

Preventing bacterial disease in poultry in the post-antibiotic era: a case for innate immunity modulation as an alternative to antibiotic use

The widespread use of antibiotics in the poultry industry has led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which pose a significant health risk to humans and animals. These public health concerns, which have led to legislation limiting antibiotic use in animals, drive the need to find alternative strategies for controlling and treating bacterial infections. Modulation of the avian innate immune system using immunostimulatory compounds provides a promising solution to enhance poultry immune responses to a broad range of bacterial infections without the risk of generating antibiotic resistance. An array of immunomodulatory compounds have been investigated for their impact on poultry performance and immune responses. However, further research is required to identify compounds capable of controlling bacterial infections without detrimentally affecting bird performance. It is also crucial to determine the safety and effectiveness of these compounds in conjunction with poultry vaccines. This review provides an overview of the various immune modulators known to enhance innate immunity against avian bacterial pathogens in chickens, and describes the mechanisms involved.

Stabilisation of vitamin A by wheat bran is affected by wheat bran antioxidants, bound lipids and endogenous lipase activity

Food fortification is an efficient strategy to combat vitamin A deficiency. However, the stability of vitamin A during storage is low. Cereal bran can be used as a natural and affordable stabilising agent, but the mechanism behind this stabilisation remains unclear. To unravel this mechanism, vitamin A stabilisation was studied during an accelerated storage experiment (60 °C, 70% relative humidity) using a set of 30 in-house modified wheat bran samples. The characteristics of these samples were linked to vitamin A stabilisation during storage using forward regression modelling. While all wheat bran samples could stabilise vitamin A to a significant extent, the stabilising effect was more pronounced for samples with a high antioxidant capacity, high bound lipid content and low lipase activity. The main effect of lipase activity was more than thrice as large as the main effects of antioxidant capacity and bound lipid content. These results suggest that wheat bran antioxidants and bound lipids protect vitamin A from degradation during storage, while endogenous lipase activity counteracts the stabilising effect. Based on these findings, modified wheat bran mixed with vitamin A can be a cost-effective and healthy aid in food fortification by providing high vitamin A stability.