Histopathology of the Liver, Kidney, and Spleen of Mice Exposed to Gold Nanoparticles

The effects of biological and chemical silver nanoparticles along with aerobic and anaerobic training protocols on tissues: Morphological and histopathological evaluation

Nanotechnology and its byproducts are used increasingly considering its global nanotechnology market size and many applications in the health field. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of aerobic and anaerobic exercises on cellular uptake of nanoparticles in body tissues. Fusarium oxysporum was used to synthesize biological AgNPs in silver nitrate solution and UV-vis spectrophotometer; XRD and TEM were used to confirm production of nanoparticles. Moreover, 45 male Wistar rats were purchased and randomly divided into 9 equal groups including healthy control groups, aerobic preparation, anaerobic preparation, biological AgNPs, chemical AgNPs, biological AgNPs+aerobic preparation, biological AgNPs+anaerobic preparation, chemical AgNPs+ aerobic preparation, chemical AgNPs+anaerobic preparation. In order to induce aerobic and anaerobic preparation and to create tissue adaptations, male rats completed two types of aerobic and anaerobic protocols three sessions per week for 10 weeks. At the end of the study, sampling was done for histopathology study. The size and shape of AgNPs was 20-30 nm and spherical to polygonal, respectively. The results showed that anaerobic exercise was significantly effective in weight loss. The chemical nanoparticle group led to more intensive tissue degradation in all variables and there were no significant tissue changes in the aerobic, anaerobic, the biological nanoparticles + aerobic and anaerobic groups. It seems that biological AgNPs are more effective than chemical AgNPs on body tissues and chemical AgNPs lead to more tissue damage in most variables. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: There were severe degradative histological effects in the chemical AgNPs groups compare biological AgNPs groups, in terms of most variables.

Smart Design of ZnFe and ZnFe@Fe Nanoparticles for MRI-Tracked Magnetic Hyperthermia Therapy: Challenging Classical Theories of Nanoparticles Growth and Nanomagnetism

Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (IONPs) hold the potential to exert significant influence on fighting cancer through their theranostics capabilities as contrast agents (CAs) for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and as mediators for magnetic hyperthermia (MH). In addition, these capabilities can be improved by doping IONPs with other elements. In this work, the synthesis and characterization of single-core and alloy ZnFe novel magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), with improved magnetic properties and more efficient magnetic-to-heat conversion, are reported. Remarkably, the results challenge classical nucleation and growth theories, which cannot fully predict the final size/shape of these nanoparticles and, consequently, their magnetic properties, implying the need for further studies to better understand the nanomagnetism phenomenon. On the other hand, leveraging the enhanced properties of these new NPs, successful tumor therapy by MH is achieved following their intravenous administration and tumor accumulation via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Notably, these results are obtained using a single low dose of MNPs and a single exposure to clinically suitable alternating magnetic fields (AMF). Therefore, as far as the authors are aware, for the first time, the successful application of intravenously administered MNPs for MRI-tracked MH tumor therapy in passively targeted tumor xenografts using clinically suitable conditions is demonstrated.

Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs)-Toxicity, Safety and Green Synthesis: A Critical Review

In recent years, the extensive exploration of Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) has captivated the scientific community due to their versatile applications across various industries. With sizes typically ranging from 1 to 100 nm, AuNPs have emerged as promising entities for innovative technologies. This article comprehensively reviews recent advancements in AuNPs research, encompassing synthesis methodologies, diverse applications, and crucial insights into their toxicological profiles. Synthesis techniques for AuNPs span physical, chemical, and biological routes, focusing on eco-friendly "green synthesis" approaches. A critical examination of physical and chemical methods reveals their limitations, including high costs and the potential toxicity associated with using chemicals. Moreover, this article investigates the biosafety implications of AuNPs, shedding light on their potential toxic effects on cellular, tissue, and organ levels. By synthesizing key findings, this review underscores the pressing need for a thorough understanding of AuNPs toxicities, providing essential insights for safety assessment and advancing green toxicology principles.

Hepatotoxic of polystyrene microplastics in aged mice: Focus on the role of gastrointestinal transformation and AMPK/FoxO pathway

Microplastic (MP) toxicity has attracted widespread attention, whereas before triggering hepatotoxicity, ingested MPs first undergo transportation and digestion processes in the gastrointestinal tract, possibly interacting with the gastrointestinal contents (GIC). More alarming is the need for more understanding of how this process may impact the liver health of aged animals. This study selected old mice. Firstly, we incubated polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs, 1 μm) with GIC extract. The results of SEM/EDS indicated a structural alteration in PS-MPs. Additionally, impurities resembling corona, rich in heteroatoms (O, N, and S), were observed. This resulted in an enhanced aggregating phenomenon of MPs. We conducted a 10-day experiment exposing aged mice to four concentrations of PS-MPs, ranging from 1 × 103 to 1 × 1012 particles/L. Subsequent measurements of tissue pathology and body and organ weights were conducted, revealing alterations in liver structure. In the liver, 12 crucial metabolites were found by LC-MS technology, including purines, lipids, and amino acids. The AMPK/FoxO pathway was enriched, activated, and validated in western blotting results. We also comprehensively examined the innate immune system, inflammatory factors, and oxidative stress indicators. The results indicated decreased C3 levels, stable C4 levels, inflammatory factors (IL-6 and IL-8), and antioxidant enzymes were increased to varying degrees. PS-MPs also caused DNA oxidative damage. These toxic effects exhibited a specific dose dependence. Overall, after the formation of the gastrointestinal corona, PS-MPs subsequently impact various cellular processes, such as cycle arrest (p21), leading to hepatic and health crises in the elderly. The presence of gastrointestinal coronas also underscores the MPs' morphology and characteristics, which should be distinguished after ingestion.

The Apoptotic, Oxidative and Histological Changes Induced by Different Diameters of Sphere Gold Nanoparticles (GNPs) with Special Emphasis on the Hepatoprotective Role of Quercetin

Purpose

Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) as pharmaceutical and drug delivery tools exhibited harmful effects on human health and other living species. Quercetin (Qur) reveals various pharmacological effects specially antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic. This study is directed to investigate hepatotoxicity of GNPs, in addition, to assess the impact of Qur in mitigating the toxicological effects of GNPs.

Methods

Groups of rats were treated with or without sphere GNPs (10, 20 and 50 nm) and Qur (200 mg/kg b.wt.). Blood and liver samples from euthanized rats were subjected to biochemical, hematological, histopathological, and immunohistochemical investigations.

Results

In comparison with 20 and 50 nm treated groups, the 10 nm GNPs significantly increased serum hepatic enzymes, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bilirubin. These 10 nm GNPs were associated with oxidative stress and markedly decreased antioxidant enzymes: catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Immunohistochemically, 10 nm GNPs expressed intense positive signals in nuclei of hepatocytes when stained with anti-caspase-3 antibody confirming extensive apoptosis. Pre-cotreatment with Qur decreased all tested hepatic enzymes and increased serum level of antioxidant enzymes compared to 10 nm GNPs. Qur treatment strongly exhibited anti-Ki67 antibody (proliferative marker) indicating high proliferation of hepatic parenchyma. Histopathologically, 10 nm GNPs revealed diffuse hydropic degenerations, severe sinusoidal congestion, coagulative necrosis, sever steatosis and diffuse hemosiderosis within the hepatic parenchyma. Qur treatment ameliorated most of these pathological effects.

Conclusion

The smaller diameters of GNPs induce potential oxidative stress, cytotoxic, and apoptotic effects in hepatic tissues rather than larger ones. In addition, Qur demonstrated a significant prophylactic role against hepatotoxicity of GNPs.

Biocompatibility assessment of bovine serum albumin conjugated manganese dioxide nanoparticle and their therapeutic role against microwave radiation induced haematological toxicity in male Wistar rats

Microwave (MW) radiations are widely used in communications, radar and medical treatment and thus human exposure to MW radiations have increased tremendously, raising health concerns as MW has been implicated in induction of oxidative stress condition in our body. Few metallic nanoparticles (NPs) have been shown to mimic the activity of antioxidant enzymes and hence can be applied for the modulation of adverse effects caused by MW. Present study aimed to assess the biocompatibility of Bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugated manganese dioxide nanoparticles (MNP*) and to counteract the impact of MW on the haematological system of male Wistar rats. Experiments were conducted in two sets. Set I involved biodistribution and antioxidant activity evaluation of MNP* at different doses. Results showed a dose-dependent increase in antioxidant potential and significant biodistribution in the liver, spleen, kidney, and testis, with no organ damage, indicating its biocompatibility. Experiment set II constituted the study of separate and combined effects of MW and MNP* on haematological parameters, oxidative status, and genotoxic study in the blood of rats. MW exposure significantly altered red blood cell count, hemoglobin, packed cell volume percentage, monocyte percentage, aspartate aminotransferase, Alanine aminotransferase and uric acid. MW also induced significant DNA damage in the blood. A significant increase in lipid peroxidation and a decrease in antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase was also observed in MW exposed group. However, these alterations were reduced significantly when MNP* was administered. Thus, MNP* showed biocompatibility and modulatory effects against MW-induced alterations in the haematological system of rats.

Cellular Alterations Due to Direct and Indirect Interaction of Nanomaterials with Nucleic Acids

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) represents the main reservoir of genetic information in the cells, which is why it is protected in the nucleus. Entry into the nucleus is, in general, difficult, as the nuclear membrane is a selective barrier to molecules longer than 40 kDa. However, in some cases, the size of certain nanoparticles (NPs) allows their internalization into the nucleus, thus causing a direct effect on the DNA structure. NPs can also induce indirect effects on DNA through reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. In this context, nanomaterials are emerging as a disruptive tool for the development of novel therapies in a broad range of biomedical fields; although their effect on cell viability is commonly studied, further interactions with DNA or indirect alterations triggered by the internalization of these materials are not always clarified, since the small size of these materials makes them perfectly suitable for interaction with subcellular structures, such as the nucleus. In this context, and using as a reference the predicted interactions presented in a computational model, we describe and discuss the observed direct and indirect effects of the implicated nanomaterials on DNA.

Acute Toxicity, Hematological Profile, and Histopathological Effects of MgO Nanoparticles on Gills, Muscle, Liver of Mrigal, Cirrhinus mrigala

Nanotechnology is an advancing and emerging field of all environmental, medical, and industrial applications. Magnesium oxide nanoparticles have been widely used in medicine, consumer products, industrial products, textiles, ceramics, alleviation of heartburn, stomach ulcers, and bone regeneration. In the present study, acute toxicity (LC50) of MgO nanoparticles and hematological and histopathological changes in Cirrhinus mrigala was analyzed. The lethal concentration for 50% of MgO nanoparticles was 4.2321 mg/L. Hematological parameters such as white blood cells, red blood cells, hematocrit, hemoglobin, platelets, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, as well as histopathological abnormalities in gills, muscle, and liver were observed on the 7th and 14th days of exposure. The WBC, RBC, HCT, Hb, and platelets count increased on the 14th day of exposure compared to the control and 7th day of exposure. The MCV, MCH, and MCHC levels decreased on the 7th day of exposure compared to the control and increased on the 14th day. Histopathological changes of MgO nanoparticles in gills, muscle, and liver highly damaged in the quantity of 3.6 mg/L compared to 12 mg/L on 7th and 14th days of exposure. This study finds the level of exposure in hematology and histopathological changes in tissues in relation to the exposure of MgO NPs.

Therapeutic potential of enzymatically extracted eumelanin from squid ink in type 2 diabetes mellitus ICR mice: Multifaceted intervention against hyperglycemia, oxidative stress and depression

BACKGROUND

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a prevalent metabolic disease that poses significant health risks due to its numerous complications. However, the effects of eumelanin on oxidative stress, hyperglycemia and depression in diabetic mice have not been extensively studied.

RESULTS

Our study employed an enzymatic approach to extract eumelanin from squid ink and characterized it using spectroscopic techniques. Remarkably, eumelanin extracted with alkaline-neutral-flavor protease (ANF) displayed superior inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase and α-amylase, while enhancing glucose utilization and hepatic glycogen synthesis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2) insulin resistance model. Further evaluation of ANF in a T2DM ICR mouse model demonstrated its significant potential in alleviating hyperglycemia, reducing glycosylated serum protein levels, improving glucose tolerance and modulating total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein levels, as well as antioxidant indices at a dosage of 0.04 g kg-1 . Additionally, ANF exhibited positive effects on energy levels and reduced immobility time in antidepressant behavioral experiments. Moreover, ANF positively influenced the density and infiltration state of renal cells, while mitigating inflammatory enlargement and deformation of liver cells, without inducing any adverse effects in mice.

CONCLUSION

Overall, these findings underscore the significant therapeutic potential of ANF in the treatment of T2DM and its associated complications. By augmenting lipid and glucose metabolism, mitigating oxidative stress and alleviating depression, ANF emerges as a promising candidate for multifaceted intervention. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Toxicological effects of dimethlybenzeneanthracene in Balb C mice and pharmacological intervention by silk sericin-conjugated silver nanoparticles

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as 7, 12-dimethylbenzneanthracene (DMBA), due to long-term bioaccumulation cause serious physiological processes and behavioral dysfunctions such as cancer, ageing, and hypertension. Silk sericin (SS) is instrumental in cancer applications due to presence of flavonoids and carotenoids which are natural pigments, present in the layer of sericin that has antioxidant and antityrosinase activity. It reduces oxidative stress and suppresses cancer cytokines while interacting with reactive oxygen species (ROS) to stand against lipid peroxidation. Recent research was focused to calculate the pharmacological intervention of sericin-conjugated silver nanoparticles (S-AgNO3 NPs) against DMBA-induced toxicity. For this purpose, SS protein was extracted from silkworm cocoons by degumming process and the prepared S-AgNO3 NPs via a green synthesis. In female albino mice, a total of 50 mg/kg oral administration of DMBA was used for the induction of toxicity which required almost 8 to 10 weeks approximately. After 60 days of experimentation, mice were dissected, blood samples were collected for further hematological and biochemical analysis and were euthanized via cervical dislocation. There was a significant rise in the level of red blood cells, platelets, lymphocytes, and hemoglobin at the highest applied concentration of sericin and its nanoparticles. Similarly, a reasonable decline was observed in the level of white blood cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes as compared to the cancer-inducing group. The level of glutathione, lactate dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase as well as immunoglobulins such as immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), and immunoglobulin M (IgM) were significantly reduced in all treatment groups as compared to the DMBA-induced group. Substantial effects were demonstrated in response to S-AgNO3 NPs II (T) at the highest concentrations (200 mg/kg, BW) as follows: glutathione (2.42 ± 0.26 μmol/L), lactate dehydrogenase (493.6 ± 5.78 U/L), alkaline phosphatase (158.4 ± 6.35 U/L), IgA (4.22 ± 0.19 g/L), IgG (70 ± 1.70 g/L), and IgM (4.76 ± 0.12). The histopathological study of the liver, kidneys, and brain revealed that the DMBA-induced group showed cytotoxic effects against all selected organs of mice that were recovered by treatment of selective compounds but highly effective recovery was seen in S-AgNO3 NPs II (T). These results concluded that silk S-AgNO3 NPs showed significant pharmacological potential against cancer-inducing toxicity.

Multimodal nanoparticle-containing modified suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid polymer conjugates to mitigate immune dysfunction in severe inflammation

Excessive immune activation and immunosuppression are opposing factors that contribute to the dysregulated innate and adaptive immune responses seen in severe inflammation and sepsis. Here, a novel analog of the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi), suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA-OH), was incorporated into immunomodulatory poly(lactic acid)-based nanoparticles (iNP-SAHA) by employing a prodrug approach through the covalent modification of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) with SAHA-OH. iNP-SAHA formulation allowed for controlled incorporation and delivery of SAHA-OH from iNP-SAHA and treatment led to multimodal biological responses including significant reductions in proinflammatory cytokine secretions and gene expression, while increasing the survival of primary macrophages under lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Using a lethal LPS-induced endotoxemia mouse model of sepsis, iNP-SAHA administration improved the survival of mice in a dose-dependent manner and tended to improve survival at the lowest doses compared to iNP control. Further, iNP-SAHA reduced the levels of plasma proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines associated with sepsis more significantly than iNP and similarly improved inflammation-induced spleen and liver toxicity as iNP, supporting its potential polypharmacological activity. Collectively, iNP-SAHA offers a potential drug delivery approach to modulate the multifaceted inflammatory responses observed in diseases such as sepsis.

Biogenic synthesis of gold nanoparticles using dual extract of tulsi-Vinca for breast cancer tumor regression in mice

Aim: This work aims to synthesize the gold nanoparticles (GNPs) using a dual extract of tulsi and Vinca (T+V-Gold) for breast cancer tumor regression. Methods: The GNPs were synthesized and characterized for their microscopic, spectroscopic and crystalline properties. Further, the GNPs were investigated for in vitro and in vivo studies for the treatment of the 4T1-induced triple-negative breast cancer murine model. Results: The GNPs for 4T1 tumor-challenged mice resulted in delayed tumor development and lower tumor burden, with T+V-Gold demonstrating the highest prevention of tumor spread. The antitumor effect of T+V-Gold is highly significant in the glutathione family antioxidants glutathione S-transferase and glutathione in tumor tissue samples. Conclusion: The bioefficacy and anticancer outcomes of T+V-Gold nanoformulation can be used as therapeutic agents and drug-delivery vehicles.

Mesoporous chitosan nanofibers loaded with norfloxacin and coated with phenylboronic acid perform as bioabsorbable active dressings to accelerate the healing of burn wounds

The paper reports new chitosan-based nanofibers, designed to address the healing of burn wounds. To this aim, mesoporous chitosan fiber mats were prepared by electrospinning using poly(ethylene oxide) as sacrificial additive, followed by loading with norfloxacin and coating with an antifungal agent via dynamic imine bonds. Dynamic vapor sorption experiment proved intra-fiber mesopores around 2.7 nm, and UV-vis, FTIR, and NMR spectroscopy confirmed the norfloxacin embedding and the imination reaction. SEM, AFM and POM techniques displayed semicrystalline nanofibers with average diameter around 170 nm entangled into a non-woven mat. Their mesoporous nature favored a rapid adsorption of fluids up to 17 g/g, and a biodegradation rate fitting the wound healing rate, i.e. up to 30 % mass loss in media of pH characteristic to wound exudate and total degradation in that characteristic to normal dermis. The composite fibers released the NFX and 2FPBA in a controlled manner, and showed antimicrobial activity against gram positive, gram negative and fungal strains. They had no cytotoxic effect on normal human dermal fibroblasts, and showed biocompatibility on experimental rats. The investigation of wound healing ability on second/third-degree burn model in rats revealed wound closure and total restoration of the fully functional dermis and epidermis.

Myricetin encapsulated chitosan nanoformulation for management of type 2 diabetes: Preparation, optimization, characterization and in vivo activity

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a serious and alarming disease attracting widespread attention. It is not a single metabolic disease; over time, it leads to serious disorders, namely, diabetic nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy and several cardiovascular, hepatocellular complications. The increase in T2DM cases in recent times has attracted significant attention. Currently, the medications available have side effects, and injectables are painful, causing trauma to the patients. Therefore, it is imperative to come up with oral delivery. In this background we report here a nanoformulation carrying natural small molecule Myricetin (MYR) encapsulated within Chitosan nanoparticles (CHT-NPs). MYR-CHT-NPs were prepared by ionic gelation method and evaluated using different characterization techniques. The in vitro release of MYR from CHT NPs in different physiological media showed pH dependence. in vivo pharmacodynamic study followed by oral administration in Albino Wistar rats showed better glycaemic control than existing drug. Further, the optimized nanoparticles also exhibited controlled increase in weight as compared to Metformin. The biochemistry profile of rats treated with nanoformulation reduced the levels of several pathological biomarkers, indicating additional benefits of MYR. Histopathological images exhibited no toxicity or changes in the major organs section in contrast to normal control, suggesting safe oral administration of the encapsulated MYR. Thus, we conclude that MYR-CHT-NPs represent an attractive delivery vehicle in improving the blood glucose level with controlled weight and have the potential to be safely administered orally for the management of T2DM.

Biodegradable trimethyl chitosan nanofiber mats by electrospinning as bioabsorbable dressings for wound closure and healing

The paper aimed to prepare quaternary chitosan-based nanofibers as bioabsorbable wound dressings. To this aim, fully biodegradable chitosan/N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC) nanofibers were designed and prepared via electrospinning, using poly(ethylene glycol) as sacrificial additive. The new biomaterials were structurally and morphologically characterized by FTIR and NMR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, and their properties required for wound dressings application were investigated and discussed in detail. Thus, the nanofiber behavior was investigated by swelling, dynamic vapor sorption, and in vitro biodegradation in media mimicking the wound exudate. The mechanical properties were analysed from the stress-strain curves, the bioadhesivity from the texture analysis and the mucoadhesivity from the Zeta potential and transmittance measurements. The antimicrobial activity was assessed against S. aureus and E. coli strains, and the biocompatibility was tested in vitro on normal human dermal fibroblasts, and in vivo on rats. The application of the fiber mats with the best balance of properties as dressings on deep burn wound models in rats showed wound closure and active healing, with fully restoration of epithelia. It was concluded that the combination of chitosan with TMC into nanofibers provides new potential bioabsorbable wound dressing, opening new perspectives in regenerative medicine.

Anti-inflammatory role of gold nanoparticles in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that causes memory and cognitive dysfunction and reduces a person's decision-making and reasoning functions. AD is the leading cause of dementia in the elderly. Patients with AD have increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the nervous system, and the sustained inflammatory response impairs neuronal function. Meanwhile, long-term use of anti-inflammatory drugs can reduce the incidence of AD to some extent. This confirms that anti-neuroinflammation may be an effective treatment for AD. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are an emerging nanomaterial with promising physicochemical properties, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. AuNPs reduce neuroinflammation by inducing macrophage polarization toward the M2 phenotype, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, blocking leukocyte adhesion, and decreasing oxidative stress. Therefore, AuNPs are gradually attracting the interest of scholars and are used for treating inflammatory diseases and drug delivery. Herein, we explored the role and mechanism of AuNPs in treating neuroinflammation in AD. The use of AuNPs for treating AD is a topic worth exploring in the future, not only to help solve a global public health problem but also to provide a reference for treating other neuroinflammatory diseases.

Nanotechnology innovations for increasing the productivity of poultry and the prospective of nanobiosensors

Nanotechnology is an innovative, promising technology with a great scope of applications and socioeconomic potential in the poultry industry sector. Nanoparticles (NPs) show the advantages of high absorption and bioavailability with more effective delivery to the target tissue than their bulk particles. Various nanomaterials are available in different forms, sizes, shapes, applications, surface modifications, charges and natures. Nanoparticles can be utilised in the delivery of medicines, targeting them to their right effective site in the body and, at the same time, decreasing their toxicity and side effects. Furthermore, nanotechnology can be beneficial in the diagnosis of diseases and prevention of them and in enhancing the quality of animal products. There are different mechanisms through which NPs could exert their action. Despite the vast benefits of NPs in poultry production, some concerns about their safety and hazardous effects should be considered. Therefore, this review article focuses on NPs' types, manufacture, mechanism of action and applications regarding safety and hazard impact.

Evaluation of farnesol orally and topically against experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis: In -vivo analysis

Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease transmitted by an obligate intra-macrophage protozoan of the genus Leishmania through the infective bite of a vector sandfly. This study investigated the therapeutic efficacy of farnesol, a sesquiterpene compound, for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) using in vivo BALB/c mouse model. In this study, farnesol's efficacy was compared with the standard drug, paromomycin. It was observed that farnesol significantly reduced lesion sizes and footpad thickness compared to the control group (paromomycin). Lymph node size was also significantly reduced in farnesol-treated mice, indicating its ability to control infection spread. Combination therapy with farnesol and Paromomycin did not demonstrate synergistic effects. These results highlight the potential of farnesol as an alternative therapeutic agent for CL. Further investigations are required to elucidate its mechanism of action and assess potential off-target effects. Optimization of oral delivery methods should be explored to enhance bioavailability. Overall, our findings support farnesol's efficacy in CL treatment, offering promising prospects for improved disease management.

Investigating the fate and toxicity of green synthesized gold nanoparticles in albino mice

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to investigate the acute and chronic adverse effects of ∼50 nm (nanometer) gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) synthesized using Ziziphus zizyphus leaf extract in mice.

SIGNIFICANCE

AuNPs have shown promise for medical applications, but their safety and biocompatibility need to be addressed. Understanding the potential adverse effects of AuNPs is crucial to ensure their safe use in medical applications.

METHODS

The ∼50 nm AuNPs were synthesized using Ziziphus zizyphus leaf extract and characterized using scanning electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and zeta potential analysis. Mice were subjected to a single intraperitoneal injection of AuNPs at a dose of 1 g/mg (grams per milligram) or a daily dose of 1 mg/kg for 28 days. Various parameters, including gold bioaccumulation, survival, behavior, body weight, and blood glucose levels, were measured. Histopathological changes and organ indices were assessed.

RESULTS

Gold levels in the blood and heart did not significantly increase with daily administration of AuNPs. However, there were proportional increases in gold content observed in the liver, spleen, and kidney, indicating effective tissue uptake. Histopathological alterations were predominantly observed in the kidney, suggesting potential tissue injury.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings of this study indicate that ∼50 nm AuNPs synthesized using Z. zizyphus leaf extract can induce adverse effects, particularly in the kidney, in mice. These results highlight the importance of addressing safety concerns when using AuNPs in medical applications. Further investigations that encompass a comprehensive set of toxicological parameters are necessary to confirm the long-term adverse effects of AuNP exposure.

Dataset of acute oral toxicity and subacute neurotoxicity risk assessments of flavonoid-enriched fraction extracted from Oroxylum Indicum on Sprague Dawley rats

Oroxylum indicum is a medicinal herb that garnered enormous attention in drug discovery for human diseases such as neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, arthritis and hepatitis diseases. Pharmacokinetic study confirmed that the pharmacological actions of this herb are associated with its prominent flavonoid bioactive components. Here, the data set of liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS), neurological functions, relative organ weight (ROW), hematological, biochemical and histopathological parameters of flavonoid-enriched fraction (FEF)-treated Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were presented. The data set was generated from three study groups namely: Sighting Study, Acute Toxicity Study and Subacute Neurotoxicity Study with study duration of 14 days (for Sighting Study and Acute Toxicity Study) and 28 days (for Subacute Neurotoxicity Study) by strictly following the procedures set in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Guidelines 420 and 424 in vivo. Rats in sighting study were treated with dosage of 5, 50, 300 and 2000 mg/kg FEF (n = 1/dosage/gender), respectively, and were observed for mortality, toxicity signs and behavioural changes. The highest dosage at which none of the animal showed sign of mortality in the sighting study was selected as the test dosage for subsequent acute toxicity study (n = 5/dosage/gender). Meanwhile, for subacute neurotoxicity study, SD rats (n = 5/dosage/gender) were treated with repeated dosage of 50 mg/kg for 28 days. Neurological behaviours of treated rats were observed daily, while their body weight were measured weekly. Whole blood was collected at the end of the study via cardiac puncture into ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) tubes for hematological evaluation that included the measurements of red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volumes (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), platelet, white blood cells (WBC) count and WBC differentials. Meanwhile, blood serum were collected into slow sand filter (SST) tubes for biochemical evaluation that included measurements of total protein (TP), albumin, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Vital organs such as brain, liver, kidneys, heart, lungs and reproductive organs also were collected, sliced and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) at the end of the study for histopathological assessments.

Suppression of VEGF and inflammatory cytokines, modulation of Annexin A1 and organ functions by galloylquinic acids in breast cancer model

The ongoing development of novel drugs for breast cancer aims to improve therapeutic outcomes, reduce toxicities, and mitigate resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. Doxorubicin (Dox) is known for its significant side effects caused by non-specific cytotoxicity. In this study, we investigated the antitumor activity of galloylquinic acids (BF) and the beneficial role of their combination with Dox in an Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC)-bearing mouse model, as well as their cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 cells. The EAC-mice were randomized into five experimental groups: normal saline, Dox (2 mg/kg, i.p), BF (150 mg/kg, orally), Dox and BF combined mixture, and a control group. Mice were subjected to a 14-day treatment regimen. Results showed that BF compounds exerted chemopreventive effects in EAC mice group by increasing mean survival time, decreasing tumor volume, inhibiting ascites tumor cell count, modulating body weight changes, and preventing multi-organ histopathological alterations. BF suppressed the increased levels of inflammatory mediators (IL-6 and TNF-α) and the angiogenic marker VEGF in the ascitic fluid. In addition, BF and their combination with Dox exhibited significant cytotoxic activity on MCF-7 cells by inhibiting cell viability and modulating Annexin A1 level. Moreover, BF treatments could revert oxidative stress, restore liver and kidney functions, and normalize blood cell counts.

Effect of different cooking methods on saponin content and hematopoietic effects of Panax notoginseng-steamed chicken on mice

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Panax notoginseng-steamed chicken (PNSC) is a medicinal food with ethnic characteristics developed by the Miao ethnic group in the southeast of Yunnan Province, China. PNSC has been eaten for hundreds of years, and its tonic effect has been widely recognized by the people. However, its cooking conditions and scientific connotation of its effect of toning blood and supplementing deficiency are also lack of in-depth analysis.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To optimize the cooking conditions of Panax notoginseng-steamed chicken (PNSC) and to explore its anemia-improving effects.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The ratio of P. notoginseng (PN) to chicken and the steaming time were systematically altered, and the PNSC cooking conditions was optimized with the response surface method. By establishing animal models of postpartum blood-deficiency anemia, acute hemorrhagic anemia and myelosuppressive anemia, the blood replenishing effect of PNSC was explored, and the blood replenishing mechanism of PNSC on myelosuppressive anemia was revealed by immunoblotting analyses and histopathological sectioning.

RESULTS

The optimal processing conditions included a ratio of chicken to P. notoginseng of 100:5 and a steaming time of 5.5 h. The amounts of P. notoginseng polysaccharides (PNPS), total protein and blood-enriching P. notoginseng saponins were 44.3 mg/g, 2.48% and 2.04%, respectively. Freeze-dried powder of P. notoginseng steamed chicken soup (FPSC) was found to promote the recovery of routine blood factors and organ indexes in the three models of anemia and to activate the JAK2-STAT5 signaling pathway, induce phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT5 and normalize the secretion of hematopoietic regulators EPO, IL-3, and TNF-α.

CONCLUSION

FPSC improves the symptoms of anemia in mice, and it plays a role in tonifying blood by activating the JAK2-STAT5 signaling pathway and altering the expression of hematopoiesis-related factors.

Acute toxicity study of onion peel-derived gold nano-bioconjugate

The acute anti-inflammatory activity of onion peel-derived gold nano-bioconjugate was already established earlier. The current study was aimed to investigate the acute oral toxicity of onion peel-derived gold nano-bioconjugate (GNBC) for safe therapeutic utilization in vivo. The acute toxicity study was carried out in female mice for 15 days and showed no mortality and any abnormal complications. The lethal dose (LD50) was evaluated and found to be higher than 2000 mg/kg. After 15 days, animals were euthanized and hematological, and biochemical analyses were performed. In all hematological and biochemical assays, treated animals did not show significant toxicity when compared to the control group. The body weight, behavior, and histopathological studies showed that GNBC is nontoxic. Thereby, the results suggest that onion peel-derived gold nano-bioconjugate GNBC can be utilized for therapeutic applications in vivo.

Nephrotoxicity induced by different diameters of sphere gold nanoparticles with special emphasis on the nephroprotective role of quercetin

Background

Although, gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are attracting more and more attention due to their ease of synthesis, modification, and great potential value in biomedical applications, exhibited harmful effects on human health and other living species. Quercetin (Qur) clarifies diverse pharmacological effects, especially anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and antioxidant ones.

Aim

This study aimed to evaluate the probable nephrotoxicity induced by different diameters of sphere GNPs, as well as the nephroprotective role of Qur.

Methods

A total of 54 healthy mature male albino rats were grouped and treated with or without sphere GNPs; 10, 20, and 50 nm and Qur (200 mg/kg b.wt.). The effects of GNPs and Qur were estimated through the collection of blood and kidney samples from euthanized rats and performed biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical investigations.

Results

In comparison between different diameters of GNPs, the 10 nm GNPs revealed more significant elevations in all renal function parameters: creatinine, urea, blood urea nitrogen, and uric acid followed by 20 nm then 50 nm. Pre-cotreatment with Qur decreased all renal functional values. Histopathologically, 10 nm revealed the most potent renal pathological changes represented in the renal cortex with cloudy swelling of renal tubules, hypercellularity of some glomeruli, severe congestion of renal blood vessels, focal inter tubular edema, and vascular endotheliosis (degeneration of endothelium). In addition, the renal medulla revealed perivascular inflammatory cellular infiltration, perivascular fibrosis, intra tubular glycogen deposition, and casts deposition of mainly cellular casts. On the other hand, the Qur treatment ameliorated most of these pathological changes.

Conclusion

The size of GNPs is pivotal in their pathological effect on renal tissues where the small-sized GNPs; 10 nm have more potent cytotoxic, inflammatory, and apoptotic effects rather than the larger ones. Otherwise, Qur clarified a significant mitigating role against the nephrotoxicity of the GNPs.

Immunotoxicity of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles: from toxic mechanisms to metabolism and outcomes

The influence of metal and metal oxide nanomaterials on various fields since their discovery has been remarkable. They have unique properties, and therefore, have been employed in specific applications, including biomedicine. However, their potential health risks cannot be ignored. Several studies have shown that exposure to metal and metal oxide nanoparticles can lead to immunotoxicity. Different types of metals and metal oxide nanoparticles may have a negative impact on the immune system through various mechanisms, such as inflammation, oxidative stress, autophagy, and apoptosis. As an essential factor in determining the function and fate of immune cells, immunometabolism may also be an essential target for these nanoparticles to exert immunotoxic effects in vivo. In addition, the biodegradation and metabolic outcomes of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles are also important considerations in assessing their immunotoxic effects. Herein, we focus on the cellular mechanism of the immunotoxic effects and toxic effects of different types of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, as well as the metabolism and outcomes of these nanoparticles in vivo. Also, we discuss the relationship between the possible regulatory effect of nanoparticles on immunometabolism and their immunotoxic effects. Finally, we present perspectives on the future research and development direction of metal and metal oxide nanomaterials to promote scientific research on the health risks of nanomaterials and reduce their adverse effects on human health.

Nanodrug delivery systems for metabolic chronic liver diseases: advances and perspectives

Nanomedicines are revolutionizing healthcare as recently demonstrated by the Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna COVID-2019 vaccines, with billions of doses administered worldwide in a safe manner. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is the most common noncommunicable chronic liver disease, posing a major growing challenge to global public health. However, due to unmet diagnostic and therapeutic needs, there is great interest in the development of novel translational approaches. Nanoparticle-based approaches offer novel opportunities for efficient and specific drug delivery to liver cells, as a step toward precision medicines. In this review, the authors highlight recent advances in nanomedicines for the generation of novel diagnostic and therapeutic tools for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and related liver diseases.

Gold Nanoparticles Reduce Food Sensation in Caenorhabditis elegans via the Voltage-Gated Channel EGL-19

Introduction

The increasing use of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) in the medical field has raised concerns about the potential adverse effect of Au NPs exposure. However, it is difficult to assess the health risks of Au NPs exposure at the individual organ level using current measurement techniques.

Methods

The physical and chemical properties of Au NPs were characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and zeta sizer. The RNA-seq data of Au NPs-exposed worms were analyzed. The food intake was measured by liquid culture and Pharyngeal pumping rate. The function of the smell and taste neurons was evaluated by the chemotaxis and avoidance assay. The activation of ASE neurons was analyzed by calcium imaging. The gene expression of ins-22 and egl-19 was obtained from the C. elegans single cell RNA-seq databases.

Results

Our data analysis indicated that 62.8% of the significantly altered genes were functional in the nervous system. Notably, developmental stage analysis demonstrated that exposure to Au NPs interfered with animal development by regulating foraging behavior. Also, our chemotaxis results showed that exposure to Au NPs reduced the sensation of C. elegans to NaCl, which was consistent with the decrease in calcium transit of ASEL. Further studies confirmed that the reduced calcium transit was dependent on voltage-gated calcium channel EGL-19. The neuropeptide INS-22 was partially involved in Au NPs-induced NaCl sensation defect. Therefore, we proposed that Au NPs reduced the calcium transit in the ASEL neuron through egl-19-dependent calcium channels. It was partially regulated by the DAF-16 targeting neuropeptide INS-22.

Discussion

Our results demonstrate that Au NPs affect food sensation by reducing the calcium transit in ASEL neurons, which further leads to reduced pharynx pumping and feeding defects. The toxicology studies of Au NPs from worms have great potential to guide the usage of Au NPs in the medical field such as targeted drug delivery.

Quaternized chitosan/chitosan nanofibrous mats: An approach toward bioactive materials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine

Chitosan based nanofibers are emerging biomaterials with a plethora of applications, especially in medicine and healthcare. Herein, binary quaternized chitosan/chitosan fibers are reported for the first time. Their preparation strategy consisted in the electrospinning of ternary chitosan/quaternized chitosan/poly(ethylene oxide) solutions followed by the selective removal of poly(ethylene oxide). Their morphology and performances were systematically investigated and discussed in detail. It was found that the fibers had reversible water vapor adsorption/desorption and showed swelling degrees similar to commercial wound dressings. They presented good mechanical properties and the content of quaternized chitosan modulated their bioadhesion, mucoadhesion and biodegradation rate and conferred them strong antimicrobial activity. Tests on normal human fibroblasts confirmed their safely use in contact with tissues and the biocompatibility investigation on rats showed no harmful effect when subcutaneous implanted. All these proved the binary quaternized chitosan/chitosan fibers as bioactive materials suitable for tissue regeneration, wound healing and drug delivery systems.

Effect of PEGylation on drug uptake, biodistribution, and tissue toxicity of efavirenz-ritonavir loaded PAMAM G4 dendrimers

The present investigations aimed to compare the efficiency of PAMAM G4 (PG4) and PEGylated PAMAM G4 (PPG4) dendrimers as novel nanocarriers for the treatment of HIV-1. Synthesized PG4 and PPG4 dendrimers were confirmed by electrospray ionization and particle size with its morphology. The anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drug efavirenz (EFV) with a booster dose of ritonavir (RTV) was encapsulated into PG4 and PPG4 formerly noted as PG4ER and PPG4ER, respectively. Further, evaluated for dendrimers mediated solubilization, drug release, cytotoxicity, drug uptake, plasma, and tissue pharmacokinetics, and histopathology. PG4ER and PPG4ER both promoted a prolonged release of EFV in weakly acidic pH 4 up to 84 h and 132 h, respectively. The results of the cytotoxicity assay and drug uptake study showed that PPG4ER was safe and biocompatible up to 12.5 µg/ml. The plasma pharmacokinetic profile of EFV and RTV was significantly increased by PPG4ER with prolonged t_1/2 up to three times as compared to free EFV-RTV and PG4ER. Histopathological analysis showed remarkably lower tissue toxicity in PPG4ER as compared to free EFV-RTV. Therefore, overall data suggested that PPG4 has a great potential for prolonged release of EFV and RTV with enhanced bioavailability and lower toxicity.

Molecular and phylogenetic analysis of a type K1 strain Trypanosoma evansi isolate from Nigerian cattle: An evaluation of the therapeutic effects of compounds from Brassica oleracea on the histopathology of infected wister rats

Background

Understanding the pathogenesis of animal trypanosomiasis can be improved by studying the genetics of bovine trypanosomes. Pathogenic animal trypanosomes are a major impediment to livestock production, with negative economic consequences spreading beyond Sub-Saharan Africa to subtropical regions of Northern Africa, Southeast Asia, and Central and South America. An atypical K1 strain of Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi) isolates from infected cattle in Nigeria was analyzed. The therapeutic effect of phenolic-rich compounds on the histopathology of wistar rats infected with the K1 strain was studied.

Methods

The K1 strain T. evansi was analyzed molecularly using PCR and sequence analysis of the Spacer-1 ribosomal RNA gene. To assess the evolutionary relationship, this was phylogenetically compared to other species studied in different parts of the world. Thirty adult male wistar rats were divided into six groups of five each. Animals in group A served as the standard control (not infected). Group B animals were infected but not treated. Group C animals were infected and given 3.5 mg/kg body weight of the standard drug diminazene aceturate. Animals in groups D, E, and F were infected and treated with phenolic-rich compounds isolated from Brassica oleracea (B. oleracea) at concentrations of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight, respectively. The phytochemicals were extracted using standard analytical procedures, and GCMS analysis revealed the presence of phenolic-rich compounds. The animals were given 0.2 mg/ml trypanosome intraperitoneally, diluted with normal saline. The vital organs of the animals were harvested and histologically examined.

Results

The nested PCR amplification of the trypanosome's ITS-1 region revealed a DNA amplicon of 627 base pairs. The rRNA nucleotide sequence was deposited in GenBank under the accession number MN462960. Basic Local Alignment search of the obtained ITS-1 rRNA sequences revealed that the K1 strain trypanosome and other strains from different regions have an evolutionary relationship. The phenolic-rich compounds had protective effects on the organs of infected animals, resulting in a decrease in parasitemia levels. They have anti-trypanosome activities at the minimum and maximum effective doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight, respectively.

Conclusions

The K1 strain T. evansi was isolated from naturally infected cattle in this study. The results indicate that phenolic-rich compounds have anti trypanosoma activities capable of healing organ damage caused by trypanosomiasis.

A Review on the Use of Gold Nanoparticles in Cancer Treatment

According to a 2020 WHO study, cancer is responsible for one in every six fatalities. One in four patients die due to side effects and intolerance to chemotherapy, making it a leading cause of patient death. Compared to traditional tumor therapy, emerging treatment methods, including immunotherapy, gene therapy, photothermal therapy, and photodynamic therapy, have proven to be more effective. The aim of this review is to highlight the role of gold nanoparticles in advanced cancer treatment. A systematic and extensive literature review was conducted using the Web of Science, PubMed, EMBASE, Google Scholar, NCBI, and various websites. Highly relevant literature from 141 references was chosen for inclusion in this review. Recently, the synergistic benefits of nano therapy and cancer immunotherapy have been shown, which could allow earlier diagnosis, more focused cancer treatment, and improved disease control. Compared to other nanoparticles, the physical and optical characteristics of gold nanoparticles appear to have significantly greater effects on the target. It has a crucial role in acting as a drug carrier, biomarker, anti-angiogenesis agent, diagnostic agent, radiosensitizer, cancer immunotherapy, photodynamic therapy, and photothermal therapy. Gold nanoparticle-based cancer treatments can greatly reduce current drug and chemotherapy dosages.

Immunization with recombinant DcaP-like protein and AbOmpA revealed protections against sepsis infection of multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ST2Pas in a C57BL/6 mouse model

BACKGROUNDS

The prevalence of infections associated with multi-drug resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii is increasing worldwide. Therefore, the introduction of effective vaccines against this bacterium seems necessary.

METHODS

AbOmpA and DcaP-like protein were selected as promising and putative immunogenic candidates based on previous in silico studies. Three formulations including AbOmpA, DcaP-like protein, and AbOmpA + DcaP-like protein were injected into C57BL/6 mice three times with Alum adjuvant. The specific production of IgG antibodies (e.g. total IgG, IgG1 and IgG2c) and cytokines (e.g. IL-4, IL-6, and IL-17A), were evaluated. LD50% of MDR A. baumannii ST2^Pas was measured using Probit's method. After the challenge with bacteria, a decrease in bacterial loads (DLs) in the lung and spleen of mice was measured. Then serum bactericidal assay was performed to determine the function of antibodies on day 42. In addition, histopathological examinations of the spleen and lung, the number of macrophage and neutrophil, as well as the rate of lymphocyte infiltration were assessed.

RESULTS

The highest level of total IgG was reported in the group immunized with DcaP-like protein on day 42. The survival rate of mice was 80% in the AbOmpA immunized group and 100% for the rest of two groups. DLs in the spleen of mice immunized with AbOmpA, DcaP-like protein, and combination form were 3.5, 3, and 3.4 Log₁₀ (CFU/g), respectively. While in the lung, the DLs were 7.5 Log₁₀ (CFU/g) for the AbOmpA group and 5 for the rest of two groups. The levels of IL-6, IL-4, and IL-17A were significantly decreased in all immunized groups after the bacterial challenge (except for IL-17A in the group of AbOmpA). The bactericidal effect of antibodies against DcaP-like protein was more effective. No histopathological damage was observed in the combination immunized group. The DcaP-like protein was more effective in neutrophil and macrophage deployment and decreased lymphocyte infiltration.

CONCLUSION

The results of immunization with AbOmpA + DcaP-like protein induced a protective reaction against the sepsis infection of MDR A. baumannii. It seems that in the future, these proteins can be considered as promising components in the development of the A. baumannii vaccine.

Comparative study between effects of ginkgo biloba extract and extract loaded on gold nanoparticles on hepatotoxicity induced by potassium bromate

In human organs, potassium bromate (KBrO3) produces toxicity. The main causes of KBrO3 hepatotoxicity are the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA damage. The purpose of this study is to show how ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) and extract loaded with nanogold particles (GBE@AuNPs) affect hepatotoxicity caused by KBrO3. The rats were separated into eight groups: control (group I), GBE (group II), AuNPs (group III), GBE@AuNPs (group IV), KBrO3 (group V), KBrO3 and GBE (group VI), KBrO3 and AuNPS (group VII), and KBrO3 and GBE@AuNPs (group VIII). KBrO3 generated DNA damage spots in a comet assay, which were associated with increased inflammatory indicators (IL-6), decreased anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, and increased apoptotic markers (Bax and caspase-3). The inflammatory, apoptotic, and ultrastructural alterations in liver tissue produced by KBrO3 were reduced in treated groups VI, VII, or VIII. The hepatotoxic effects of KBrO3 were reduced when GBE, AuNPs, or GBE@AuNPs were used; the particular GBE@AuNPs were the most effective.

Facile and Green Fabrication of Highly Competent Surface-Modified Chlorogenic Acid Silver Nanoparticles: Characterization and Antioxidant and Cancer Chemopreventive Potential

The eco-friendly, cost-effective, and green fabrication of nanoparticles is considered a promising area of nanotechnology. Here, we report on the green synthesis and characterization of bovine serum albumin (BSA)-decorated chlorogenic acid silver nanoparticles (AgNPs-CGA-BSA) and the studies undertaken to verify their plausible antioxidant and antineoplastic effects. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), dynamic light scattering, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared analyses depict an average mean particle size of ∼96 nm, spherical morphology, and nanocrystalline structure of AgNPs-CGA-BSA. DPPH scavenging and inhibition of lipid peroxidation signify the noticeable in vitro antioxidant potential of the nanoparticles. The in vitro experimental results demonstrate that AgNPs-CGA-BSA shows significant cytotoxicity to Dalton's lymphoma ascites (DLA) cells and generates an enhanced intracellular reactive oxygen species and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and reduced glutathione (GSH) in DLA cells. Furthermore, mechanism investigation divulges the pivotal role of the downregulated expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and these ultimately lead to apoptotic chromatin condensation in AgNPs-CGA-BSA-treated DLA cells. In addition, in vivo experiments reveal an excellent decrease in tumor cell count, an increase in serum GSH and CAT, SOD, and glutathione peroxidase activities, and a decrease in the malondialdehyde (MDA) level in DLA-bearing mice after AgNPs-CGA-BSA treatment. These findings suggest that the newly synthesized biogenic green silver nanoparticles have remarkable in vitro antioxidant and antineoplastic efficacy that triggers cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and chromatin condensation in DLA cells and in vivo anticancer efficacy that enhances the host antioxidant status, and these might open a new path in T-cell lymphoma therapy.

Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Chronic Kidney Disease

The kidney contains many mitochondria that generate ATP to provide energy for cellular processes. Oxidative stress injury can be caused by impaired mitochondria with excessive levels of reactive oxygen species. Accumulating evidence has indicated a relationship between oxidative stress and kidney diseases, and revealed new insights into mitochondria-targeted therapeutics for renal injury. Improving mitochondrial homeostasis, increasing mitochondrial biogenesis, and balancing mitochondrial turnover has the potential to protect renal function against oxidative stress. Although there are some reviews that addressed this issue, the articles summarizing the relationship between mitochondria-targeted effects and the risk factors of renal failure are still few. In this review, we integrate recent studies on oxidative stress and mitochondrial function in kidney diseases, especially chronic kidney disease. We organized the causes and risk factors of oxidative stress in the kidneys based in their mitochondria-targeted effects. This review also listed the possible candidates for clinical therapeutics of kidney diseases by modulating mitochondrial function.

In Vivo Analysis of Extract of Leaves of Mistletoe as a Benalu Duku: Clinical Chemical Value Associated with Histopathology, Liver, Kidneys, and Lethal Dose Determinate

The active compounds from the leaves of Dendrophthoe pentandra L. Miq., also known as, Benalu Duku (in Indonesia), are known to contain progesterone-like compounds (PLCs). This study aims to determine the effect of giving a single dose of PLCs on liver and kidney function in rats and the dose limit that causes the death of experimental animals. The PLCs were analyzed for chemical and physical characterization and compared to a pure standard of progesterone using HPLC, IR spectrometry, thermogravimetry, and NMR. The research was carried out in two sections. In section one, thirty-five healthy adult male rats were divided into six experimental groups and a control group of five rats each. The groups received, respectively, 50 to 75 mg/kg of PLCs (i.p.). The control group was given a 0.5 mL Aqua Pro injection. Alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen were assessed using the clinical chemistry of blood serum analysis. Cell disruptions were analyzed to determine the degeneration effects of PLCs on the liver and kidney in the experimental and control groups. In section two, thirty healthy adult male rats were divided into 6 groups, each group of 5 rats, and injected with PLCs at a dose of 0.9-2.1 g/kg BW, followed by a lethal dose test. The control groups were available for 5 individual rats at 0 g/kg BW of PLCs. Our findings indicated that PLCs have a similarity chemical and physical characterized each other compounds, then the following administration of 50 to 75 mg/kg of PLCs did not affect the parameters of clinical chemistry. Histopathology analysis of the liver and kidney revealed normal subcellular levels in the experimental group, with the nonlethal dose at 0.9 g/kg BW.

Early diagnosis of bladder cancer by photoacoustic imaging of tumor-targeted gold nanorods

Detection and removal of bladder cancer lesions at an early stage is crucial for preventing tumor relapse and progression. This study aimed to develop a new technological platform for the visualization of small and flat urothelial lesions of high-grade bladder carcinoma in situ (CIS). We found that the integrin α5β1, overexpressed in bladder cancer cell lines, murine orthotopic bladder cancer and human bladder CIS, can be exploited as a receptor for targeted delivery of GNRs functionalized with the cyclic CphgisoDGRG peptide (Iso4). The GNRs@Chit-Iso4 was stable in urine and selectively recognized α5β1 positive neoplastic urothelium, while low frequency ultrasound-assisted shaking of intravesically instilled GNRs@Chit-Iso4 allowed the distribution of nanoparticles across the entire volume of the bladder. Photoacoustic imaging of GNRs@Chit-Iso4 bound to tumor cells allowed for the detection of neoplastic lesions smaller than 0.5 mm that were undetectable by ultrasound imaging and bioluminescence.

Evaluation of acute toxicity, 28-day repeated dose toxicity, and genotoxicity of Moringa oleifera leaves infusion and powder

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves infusion and powder are widely used by population due the nutritional and medicinal potentials, however data regarding safety of use are still inconclusive, leading to prohibition of this plant in some countries.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The present work investigated the nutritional and phytochemical composition, acute and 28-day repeated dose toxicity, and genotoxicity of M. oleifera leaves infusion and powder.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

For nutritional characterization of leaf powder, it was determined: humidity; mineral residue (ash); total lipid, protein, carbohydrate, and crude fiber contents; and total caloric value. Phytochemical composition was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The acute toxicity assay used Swiss female albino mice and oral administration in a single dose at 2000 and 5000 mg/kg of infusion or powder. The 28-day repeated dose toxicity assay employed female and male mice, with oral administration of infusion or powder at the doses 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg. The animals were evaluated for body weight, water and feed consumption, biochemical and hematological parameters, and histology of the liver, spleen, and kidneys. In vivo genotoxicity and mutagenicity (2000 mg/kg) were evaluated by the comet assay and the micronucleus test, respectively.

RESULTS

Nutritional characterization confirmed that M. oleifera leaves are rich in proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, minerals, and fiber. HPLC indicated the presence of flavonoids and cinnamic derivatives as major polyphenols. Acute toxicity did not reveal alterations in weight gain and water and feed consumptions and no change in biochemical, hematological, and histological parameters. Behavior alterations was observed in the first 2 h after administration at 5000 mg/kg in both treatments. Infusion did not present toxicity when administered for 28 days. Conversely, the powder at 500 and 1000 mg/kg promoted liver and kidney damages observed through biochemical parameters and histopathology. Genotoxicity and mutagenicity were not detected at 2000 mg/kg.

CONCLUSIONS

The present study reveals that M. oleifera leaves are an important source of polyphenols and nutrients. Indiscriminate use of both infusion and crude leaf powder above 2000 mg/kg and powder at 500 and 1000 mg/kg are not recommended. Chronic toxicological studies and establishment of preparation protocols are suggested aiming to guarantee the safety in the use of M. oleifera leaves as nutraceutical by population.

Nanogold morphologies with the same surface chemistry provoke a different innate immune response: An in-vitro and in-vivo study

Gold nanomaterials (GNMs) have unique optical properties with less antigenicity, and their physicochemical properties have strong relation with an immunological response at bio-interface including antigenicity. An interpretation of this correlation would significantly impact on the clinical and theranostic applications of GNMs. Herein, we studied the effect of GNMs morphology on the cytotoxicity (in-vitro), innate immune responses, hepatotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity (in-vivo studies) using gold nano-cups (GNCs), porous gold nanospheres (PGNSs) and solid gold nano particles (SGNPs) coated with the same ligand to ensure similar surface chemistry. The cytotoxicity was assessed via sulfo-rhodamine B (SRB) assay, and the cytotoxicity data showed that morphological features at nanoscale dimensions like surface roughness and hollowness etc. have a significant impact on cellular viability. The biochemical and histopathological study of liver and kidney tissues also showed that all GNMs did not show any toxicity even at high concentration (100 μL). The relative quantification of cytokine gene expression of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-4, 1L-6, and 1L-17 (against each morphology) was checked after in-vivo activation in mice. Among the different nanogold morphologies, PVP stabilized GNCs (PVP-GNCs) showed the highest release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which might be due to their high surface energy and large surface area for exposure as compared to other nanogold morphologies studied. The pro-inflammatory cytokine release could be suppressed by coating with some anti-inflammatory polymer, i.e., inulin. The in-vitro results of pro-inflammatory (TNF-α, IL-1) cytokines also suggested that all GNMs may induce activation of macrophages and Th1 immune response. The in-vivo activation results showed a decrease in mRNA expression of the cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-4, 1L-6 and 1L-17). Based on these findings, we proposed that the shape and morphology of GNMs control their immune response at nano-bio interface, and it must be considered while designing their role for different biomedical applications like immuno-stimulation and bio-imaging.

Outstanding MRI contrast with dysprosium phosphate nanoparticles of tuneable size

The use of high-field magnets for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is expected to experience the fastest growth rate during the present decade. Although several CAs for MRI scanners using high magnetic fields have been reported, they are mostly based on fluoride matrices, which are known for their low chemical stability in aqueous suspensions. Chemically stable MRI CAs for high-field magnets are therefore needed to enable the advances in MRI technique. Herein, we synthesized uniform DyPO₄ nanoparticles (NPs) with tuneable sizes between 23 and 57 nm using homogeneous precipitation in butanol. The NPs were successfully functionalized with polyacrylic acid (PAA) and showed good colloidal stability in aqueous suspensions. Chemical stability was also assessed in PBS, showing negligible solubility. The effect of particle size on the transversal relaxivity value (r₂) was further explored at 9.4 T, finding a clear increase in r₂ with particle size. The r₂ value found for the largest NPs was 516 mM^-1 s^-1, which is, to the best of our knowledge, the highest r₂ value ever reported at 9.4 T for any Dy-based nanometric particles in the literature. Finally, the latter NPs were submitted to biosafety studies after polyethylene glycol (PEG) functionalization. Cell morphology, induction of necrotic/late apoptotic cells, and mitochondrial activity were thoroughly analyzed. The results clearly indicated negligible toxicity effects under the assayed conditions. Short- and long-term in vivo pharmacokinetics of the intravenously injected NPs were assessed by dynamic T₂-weighted MRI and quantitative T₂ mapping, revealing faster liver than spleen uptake, while no accumulation was observed in the kidneys. Finally, no histopathological changes were observed in any of the studied organs, including the liver, kidney, spleen, and lung, which provide further evidence of the biocompatibility of DyPO₄ NPs and, therefore, their suitability as bioimaging probes.

Histological Injury to Rat Brain, Liver, and Kidneys by Gold Nanoparticles is Dose-Dependent

Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) possess various interesting plasmonic properties that can provide a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic functionalities for biomedical applications. Compared to other inorganic metal nanoparticles (NPs), GNPs are less toxic and more biocompatible. However, the in vivo toxicity of gold nanoparticles on humans can be significant due to the size effect. This work aims to study the effect of multiple doses of small-size (≈20 nm) GNPs on the vital organs of Wistar rats. The study includes the oxidative stress in vital organs (liver, brain, and kidney) caused by GNPs and histopathology analysis. The rats were given a single caudal injection of NPs dispersed in PBS at 25, 50, 100, and 250 mg/kg of body weight. After sacrifice, both plasma and organs were collected for the determination of oxidant/antioxidant markers and histological studies. Our data show the high sensitivity of oxidative stress parameters to the GNPs in the brain, liver, and kidneys. However, the response to this stress is different between the organs and depends upon the antioxidant defense, where GSH levels control the MDA and PCO levels. Histological alterations are mild at 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg but significant at higher concentrations of 250 mg/kg. Therefore, histological impairments are shown to be dependent on the dose of GNPs. The results contribute to the understanding of oxidative stress and cellular interaction induced by nanoparticles.

Gold nanomaterials for oral cancer diagnosis and therapy: Advances, challenges, and prospects

Early diagnosis and treatment of oral cancer are vital for patient survival. Since the oral cavity accommodates the second largest and most diverse microbiome community after the gut, the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches with low invasiveness and minimal damage to surrounding tissues are keys to preventing clinical intervention-related infections. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are widely used in the research of cancer diagnosis and therapy due to their excellent properties such as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, surface plasma resonance, controlled synthesis, the plasticity of surface morphology, biological safety, and stability. AuNPs had been used in oral cancer detection reagents, tumor-targeted therapy, photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, and other combination therapies for oral cancer. AuNPs-based noninvasive diagnosis and precise treatments further reduce the clinical intervention-related infections. This review is focused on the recent advances in research and application of AuNPs for early screening, diagnostic typing, drug delivery, photothermal therapy, radiotherapy sensitivity treatment, and combination therapy of oral cancer. Distinctive reports from the literature are summarized to highlight the latest advances in the development and application of AuNPs in oral cancer diagnosis and therapy. Finally, this review points out the challenges and prospects of possible applications of AuNPs in oral cancer diagnosis and therapy.

A 3D macroporous and magnetic Mg2SiO4-CuFe2O4 scaffold for bone tissue regeneration: Surface modification, in vitro and in vivo studies

Macroporous scaffolds with bioactivity and magnetic properties can be a good candidate for bone regeneration and hyperthermia. In addition, modifying the surface of the scaffolds with biocompatible materials can increase their potential for in vivo applications. Here, we developed a multifunctional nanocomposite Mg₂SiO₄-CuFe₂O₄ scaffold for bone regeneration and hyperthermia. The surface of scaffold was coated with various concentrations of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (P3HB, 1-5% (w/v)). It was observed that 3% (w/v) of P3HB provided a favorable combination of porosity (79 ± 2.1%) and compressive strength (3.2 ± 0.11 MPa). The hyperthermia potential of samples was assessed in the presence of various magnetic fields in vitro. The coated scaffolds showed a lower degradation rate than the un-coated one up to 35 days of soaking in simulated biological medium. Due to the porous and specific morphology of P3HB, it was found that in vitro bioactivity and cell attachment were increased on the scaffold. Moreover, it was observed that the P3HB coating improved the cell viability, alkaline phosphatase activity, and mineralization of the scaffold. Finally, we studied the bone formation ability of the scaffolds in vivo, and implanted the developed scaffold in the rat's femur for 8 weeks. Micro-computed tomography results including bone volume fraction and trabecular thickness exhibited an improvement in the bone regeneration of the coated scaffold compared to the control. The overall results of this study introduce a highly macroporous scaffold with multifunctional performance, noticeable ability in bone regeneration, and hyperthermia properties for osteosarcoma.

Partial carbonization of quercetin boosts the antiviral activity against H1N1 influenza A virus

Inflenza A viruses (IAVs) are highly transmissible and pathogenic Orthomyxoviruses, which have led to worldwide outbreaks and seasonal pandemics of acute respiratory diseases, causing serious threats to public health. Currently used anti-influenza drugs may cause neurological side effects, and they are increasingly less effective against mutant strains. To help prevent the spread of IAVs, in this work, we have developed quercetin-derived carbonized nanogels (CNGs_Qur) that display potent viral inhibitory, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory activities. The antiviral CNGs_Qur were synthesized by mild carbonization of quercetin (Qur), which successfully preserved their antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties while also contributed enhanced properties, such as water solubility, viral binding, and biocompatibility. Antiviral assays of co-treatment, pre-treatment, and post-treatment indicate that CNGs_Qur interacts with the virion, revealing that the major antiviral mechanism resulting in the inhibition of the virus is by their attachment on the cell surface. Among them, the selectivity index (SI) of CNGs_Qur270 (>857.1) clearly indicated its great potential for clinical application in IAVs inhibition, which was much higher than that of pristine quercetin (63.7) and other clinical drugs (4-81). Compared with quercetin at the same dose, the combined effects of viral inhibition, antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities impart the superior therapeutic effects of CNGs_Qur270 aerosol inhalation in the treatment of IAVs infection, as evidenced by a mouse model. These CNGs_Qur effectively prevent the spread of IAVs and suppress virus-induced inflammation while also exhibiting good in vivo biocompatibility. CNGs_Qur shows much promise as a clinical therapeutic agent against infection by IVAs.

In vivo bio-distribution and acute toxicity evaluation of greenly synthesized ultra-small gold nanoparticles with different biological activities

Ultra-small gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) “≤ 10 nm diameters” have potent biomedical applications. Hence, the present study aimed to greenly synthesize ultra-small gold nanoparticles using Egyptian propolis extract. Different biological activities, in vivo bio-distribution and acute toxicity study were assessed. Results revealed that, Egyptian propolis extract can successfully synthesize the highly pure and stable ultra-small Au-NPs with average diameter 7.8 nm. In vitro antimicrobial and antimycobacterial activities revealed the powerful effect of the prepared Au-NPs. Moreover, the cytotoxic effect on human cancer cell lines revealed the potent inhibition of the cancer cells’ proliferation with high reactive oxygen species-mediated apoptosis induction. In vivo bio-distribution and acute toxicity studies were performed (10 and 100 mg/kg doses) in male albino rats. The ultra-small Au-NPs showed low or no toxicity upon using the Au-NPs low dose. The mean area accumulation (%) of the Au-NPs was higher in the liver, kidney, and brain tissues (4.41, 2.96, and 0.3 times, respectively) treated with high Au-NPs dosage compared to those treated with the low dose. Surprisingly, Au-NP accumulation in brain tissue was observed in the glial cells only. Accordingly, the low dose (10 mg/kg) of Au-NPs can be used safely in a variety of biomedical applications.

Biodegradable and biocompatible subcutaneous implants consisted of pH-sensitive mebendazole-loaded/folic acid-targeted chitosan nanoparticles for murine triple-negative breast cancer treatment

BACKGROUND

Mebendazole (MBZ) is a well-known anti-parasite drug with significant anti-cancer properties. However, MBZ exhibits low solubility, limited absorption efficacy, extensive first-pass effect, and low bioavailability. Therefore, multiple oral administration of high dose MBZ is required daily for achieving the therapeutic serum level which can cause severe side effects and patients' non-compliance.

METHOD

In the present study, MBZ-loaded/folic acid-targeted chitosan nanoparticles (CS-FA-MBZ) were synthesized, characterized, and used to form cylindrical subcutaneous implants for 4T1 triple-negative breast tumor (TNBC) treatment in BALB/c mice. The therapeutic efficacy of the CS-FA-MBZ implants was investigated after subcutaneous implantation in comparison with Control, MBZ (40 mg/kg, oral administration, twice a week for 2 weeks), and CS-FA implants, according to 4T1 tumors' growth progression, metastasis, and tumor-bearing mice survival time. Also, their biocompatibility was evaluated by blood biochemical analyzes and histopathological investigation of vital organs.

RESULTS

The CS-FA-MBZ implants were completely degraded 15 days after implantation and caused about 73.3%, 49.2%, 57.4% decrease in the mean tumors' volume in comparison with the Control (1050.5 ± 120.7 mm³), MBZ (552.4 ± 76.1 mm³), and CS-FA (658.3 ± 88.1 mm³) groups, respectively. Average liver metastatic colonies' number per microscope field at the CS-FA-MBZ group (2.3 ± 0.7) was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than the Control (9.6 ± 1.7), MBZ (5.0 ± 1.5), and CS-FA (5.2 ± 1) groups. In addition, the CS-FA-MBZ treated mice exhibited about 52.1%, 27.3%, and 17% more survival days after the cancer cells injection in comparison with the Control, MBZ, and CS-FA groups, respectively. Moreover, the CS-FA-MBZ implants were completely biocompatible based on histopathology and blood biochemical analyzes.

CONCLUSION

Taking together, CS-FA-MBZ implants were completely biodegradable and biocompatible with high therapeutic efficacy in a murine TNBC model.

In vitro and in vivo anti-cancer effects of hibernating common carp (Cyprinus carpio) plasma on metastatic triple-negative breast cancer

Uncontrollable proliferation is a hallmark of cancer cells. Cell proliferation and migration are significantly depressed during hibernation state. Many studies believe some factors in the plasma of hibernating animals cause these effects. This study aimed to assess the anti-cancer effects of hibernating common carp (Cyprinus carpio) plasma on 4T1 cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. The effect of hibernating plasma on cell viability, morphology, migration, apoptosis rate, and cell cycle distribution of 4T1 cells was investigated in vitro and in vivo. Hibernating plasma at a concentration of 16 mg/ml significantly reduced the viability of 4T1 cancer cells, without any toxicity on L929 normal fibroblast cells. It could change the morphology of cancer cells, induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase, and inhibited migration. Furthermore, intratumoral injection of hibernating plasma (200 µl, 16 mg/ml) in the tumor-bearing mice caused a significant inhibition of 4T1 breast tumors volume (46.9%) and weight (58.8%) compared with controls. A significant decrease in the number of metastatic colonies at the lungs (80%) and liver (52.8%) of hibernating plasma-treated animals was detected which increased the survival time (21.9%) compared to the control groups. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed a considerable reduction in the Ki-67-positive cells in the tumor section of the hibernating plasma-treated animals compared with controls. Taken together, the SDS-PAGE and mass spectrometry analysis indicated the alpha-2-macroglobulin level in the hibernating fish plasma was significantly increased. It could exert an anti-cancer effect on breast cancer cells and suggested as a novel cancer treatment strategy.

Photodynamic therapy-mediated extirpation of cutaneous resistant dermatophytosis with Ag@ZnO nanoparticles: an efficient therapeutic approach for onychomycosis

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine whether photodynamic therapy of resistant onychomycosis with Ag@ZnO nanoparticles can promote the treatment procedure and extirpates the recurrence of fungal infection. Methods: Ag@ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) under UVB-radiation were applied to treat T. rubrum and T. mentagrophytes in vitro through photodynamic therapy. In vivo therapeutic efficacy, biocompatibility and biodistribution of Ag@ZnO NPs were studied. Results: 40 μg/ml of UVB-activated Ag@ZnO NPs showed 100% antifungal activity against dermatophytosis in vitro and in vivo followed by complete growth prevention by degeneration of spores and mycelium after 180 days, while posed biocompatibility. Conclusion: This study showed the superiority of photodynamic therapy with Ag@ZnO NPs followed by proper regeneration of the skin with Zinc ion of the shell.

Screening for polystyrene nanoparticle toxicity on kidneys of adult male albino rats using histopathological, biochemical, and molecular examination results

Polystyrene Nanoparticles (PS-NPs) used for packaging foam, disposable cups, and food containers. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate PS- NPs toxic effects on kidney of adult male albino rats. A total of 30 rats divided into three groups (n = 10): group I negative control group; group II orally administered 3% PS-NPs (3 mg/kg body weight/day) and group III orally administered 3% PS-NPs (10 mg/kg body weight/day) for 35 days. Blood and kidney samples collected and processed for biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical examinations. Results showed that low and high doses PS-NPs had significantly increased serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, malondialdehyde, significantly further reduced glutathione, downregulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 and glutathione peroxidase, upregulation of caspase-3 and Cytochrome-c. Histopathological examination revealed several alterations. Low dose of PS-NPs exhibited dilated glomerular capillaries, hypotrophy of some renal corpuscles significantly decreases their diameter to 62 μm. Some proximal convoluted tubules and distal convoluted tubules showed loss of cellular architecture with pyknotic nuclei. Hyalinization and vacuolation in renal medulla. In high dose PS-NPs, alterations increased in severity. A significant increase in percentage area of cyclooxygenase-2 in low and high-doses. In conclusion, PS-NPs are a nephrotoxic causing renal dysfunction.