Zinc as a Gatekeeper of Immune Function

Gut microbiota and epigenetic choreography: Implications for human health: A review

The interwoven relationship between gut microbiota and the epigenetic landscape constitutes a pivotal axis in understanding human health and disease. Governed by a myriad of dietary, genetic, and environmental influences, the gut microbiota orchestrates a sophisticated metabolic interplay, shaping nutrient utilization, immune responses, and defenses against pathogens. Recent strides in genomics and metabolomics have shed light on the intricate connections between these microbial influencers and the host's physiological dynamics, presenting a dynamic panorama across diverse disease spectra. DNA methylation and histone modifications, as key players in epigenetics, intricately align with the dynamic orchestration of the gut microbiota. This seamless collaboration, notably evident in conditions like inflammatory bowel disease and obesity, has captured the attention of researchers, prompting an exploration of its nuanced choreography. Nevertheless, challenges abound. Analyzing data is intricate due to the multifaceted nature of the gut microbiota and the limitations of current analytical methods. This underscores the need for a multidisciplinary approach, where diverse disciplines converge to pave innovative research pathways. The integration of insights from microbiome and epigenome studies assumes paramount importance in unraveling the complexities of this intricate partnership. Deciphering the synchronized interactions within this collaboration offers a deeper understanding of these delicate interplays, potentially heralding revolutionary strides in treatment modalities and strategies for enhancing public health.

Zinc status in cystic fibrosis patients; a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive hereditary disease causes concentration of secretions and this affects the lungs and digestive system. These patients are exposed to zinc (zn) deficiency. In this review, we decided to investigate the status of zn in CF patients compared to control group. Also, the clinical trials that have so far performed zinc supplementation in these patients are examined.

Method

ISI Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed/Medline, and Cochrane database were searched, up to December 2023, for studies that reported the association between zn levels of CF patients compared to a healthy control group. A random-effect model was used to compute the pooled weighted mean difference (WMD) with 95 % confidence intervals (CI). Subgroup analysis was done for region, sample and method of measurement, zinc supplementation and age.

Result

Overall, meta-analysis of 9 studies (n = 383 participants) revealed that the zn levels were significantly lower in children and adolescents with CF compared with healthy subjects (WMD = -11.97 μg/dL, 95 % CI: -22.57 to -1.37; I2 = 92.83 %). Meta-analysis of 8 studies (n = 320 participants) revealed that the serum and plasma level of zn was significantly lower in CF patients compared with healthy subjects (WMD = -14.31 μg/dL, 95 % CI: -25.09 to -3.53; I2 = 88.14 %, P-heterogeneity <0.001) While the zn level in saliva and sputum was significantly higher in CF patients.

Conclusion

CF patients have decreased zn levels in circulatory reservoirs. zn may effective for the diminish the respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms in CF patients, further well-designed clinical trial studies is required to prove these effects.

Zinc as a Possible Critical Element to Prevent Harmful Effects of COVID-19 on Testicular Function: a Narrative Review

Research into innovative non-pharmacological therapeutic routes via the utilization of natural elements like zinc (Zn) has been motivated by the discovery of new severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV2) variants and the ineffectiveness of certain vaccination treatments during COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, research on SARS-COV-2's viral cellular entry and infection mechanism has shown that it may seriously harm reproductive system cells and impair testicular function in young men and adolescents, which may lead to male infertility over time. In this context, we conducted a narrative review to give an overview of the data pertaining to Zn's critical role in testicular tissue, the therapeutic use of such micronutrients to enhance male fertility, as well as in the potential mitigation of COVID-19, with the ultimate goal of elucidating the hypothesis of the potential use of Zn supplements to prevent the possible harmful effects of SARS-COV2 infection on testis physiological function, and subsequently, on male fertility.

Zinc Toxicity: Understanding the Limits

Zinc, a vital trace element, holds significant importance in numerous physiological processes within the body. It participates in over 300 enzymatic reactions, metabolic functions, regulation of gene expression, apoptosis and immune modulation, thereby demonstrating its essential role in maintaining overall health and well-being. While zinc deficiency is associated with significant health risks, an excess of this trace element can also lead to harmful effects. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 6.7 to 15 mg per day are referred to be the dietary reference value. An excess of the recommended daily intake may result in symptoms such as anemia, neutropenia and zinc-induced copper deficiency. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) defines the tolerable upper intake level (UL) as 25 mg per day, whereas the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) allows 40 mg per day. This review will summarize the current knowledge regarding the calculation of UL and other health risks associated with zinc. For example, zinc intake is not limited to oral consumption; other routes, such as inhalation or topical application, may also pose risks of zinc intoxication.

Emerging Perspectives in Zinc Transporter Research in Prostate Cancer: An Updated Review

Dysregulation of zinc and zinc transporters families has been associated with the genesis and progression of prostate cancer. The prostate epithelium utilizes two types of zinc transporters, the ZIP (Zrt-, Irt-related Protein) and the ZnTs (Zinc Transporter), to transport zinc from the blood plasma to the gland lumen. ZIP transporters uptake zinc from extracellular space and organelle lumen, while ZnT transporters release zinc outside the cells or to organelle lumen. In prostate cancer, a commonly observed low zinc concentration in prostate tissue has been correlated with downregulations of certain ZIPs (e.g., ZIP1, ZIP2, ZIP3, ZIP14) and upregulations of specific ZnTs (e.g., ZnT1, ZnT9, ZnT10). These alterations may enable cancer cells to adapt to toxic high zinc levels. While zinc supplementation has been suggested as a potential therapy for this type of cancer, studies have yielded inconsistent results because some trials have indicated that zinc supplementation could exacerbate cancer risk. The reason for this discrepancy remains unclear, but given the high molecular and genetic variability present in prostate tumors, it is plausible that some zinc transporters-comprising 14 ZIP and 10 ZnT members-could be dysregulated in others patterns that promote cancer. From this perspective, this review highlights novel dysregulation, such as ZIP-Up/ZnT-Down, observed in prostate cancer cell lines for ZIP4, ZIP8, ZnT2, ZnT4, ZnT5, etc. Additionally, an in silico analysis of an available microarray from mouse models of prostate cancer (Nkx3.1;Pten) predicts similar dysregulation pattern for ZIP4, ZIP8, and ZnT2, which appear in early stages of prostate cancer progression. Furthermore, similar dysregulation patterns are supported by an in silico analysis of RNA-seq data from human cancer tumors available in cBioPortal. We discuss how these dysregulations of zinc transporters could impact zinc supplementation trials, particularly focusing on how the ZIP-Up/ZnT-Down dysregulation through various mechanisms might promote prostate cancer progression.

Endogenous Antimicrobial-Immunomodulatory Molecules: Networking Biomolecules of Innate Immunity

Endogenous antimicrobial-immunomodulatory molecules (EAIMs) are essential to immune-mediated human health and evolution. Conventionally, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been regarded as the dominant endogenous antimicrobial molecule; however, AMPs are not sufficient to account for the full spectrum of antimicrobial-immunomodulatory duality occurring within the human body. The threat posed by pathogenic microbes is pervasive with the capacity for widespread impact across many organ systems and multiple biochemical pathways; accordingly, the host needs the capacity to react with an equally diverse response. This can be attained by having EAIMs that traverse the full range of molecular size (small to large molecules) and structural diversity (including molecules other than peptides). This review identifies multiple molecules (peptide/protein, lipid, carbohydrate, nucleic acid, small organic molecule, and metallic cation) as EAIMs and discusses the possibility of cooperative, additive effects amongst the various EAIM classes during the host response to a microbial assault. This comprehensive consideration of the full molecular diversity of EAIMs enables the conclusion that EAIMs constitute a previously uncatalogued structurally diverse and collectively underappreciated immuno-active group of integrated molecular responders within the innate immune system's first line of defence.

Regulation of anti-tumor immunity by metal ion in the tumor microenvironment

Metal ions play an essential role in regulating the functions of immune cells by transmitting intracellular and extracellular signals in tumor microenvironment (TME). Among these immune cells, we focused on the impact of metal ions on T cells because they can recognize and kill cancer cells and play an important role in immune-based cancer treatment. Metal ions are often used in nanomedicines for tumor immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss seven metal ions related to anti-tumor immunity, elucidate their roles in immunotherapy, and provide novel insights into tumor immunotherapy and clinical applications.

The effect of dietary zinc and zinc physiological status on the composition of the gut microbiome in vivo

Zinc serves critical catalytic, regulatory, and structural roles. Hosts and their resident gut microbiota both require zinc, leading to competition, where a balance must be maintained. This systematic review examined evidence on dietary zinc and physiological status (zinc deficiency or high zinc/zinc overload) effects on gut microbiota. This review was conducted according to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines and registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021250566). PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched for in vivo (animal) studies, resulting in eight selected studies. Study quality limitations were evaluated using the SYRCLE risk of bias tool and according to ARRIVE guidelines. The results demonstrated that zinc deficiency led to inconsistent changes in α-diversity and short-chain fatty acid production but led to alterations in bacterial taxa with functions in carbohydrate metabolism, glycan metabolism, and intestinal mucin degradation. High dietary zinc/zinc overload generally resulted in either unchanged or decreased α-diversity, decreased short-chain fatty acid production, and increased bacterial metal resistance and antibiotic resistance genes. Additional studies in human and animal models are needed to further understand zinc physiological status effects on the intestinal microbiome and clarify the applicability of utilizing the gut microbiome as a potential zinc status biomarker.

Increased Total Antioxidant Capacity Value Improves Survival of Fat Grafts in Rat Model

BACKGROUND

Although studies aiming to increase fat graft survival continue, in this study, the authors aimed to investigate the effects of different antioxidants on total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and their effect on graft survival.

METHODS

Thirty-two male Wistar rats were divided into four equally sized groups, including a control group and three antioxidant groups receiving either melatonin (10 mg/kg), zinc (2 mg/kg), or vitamins E and C (100 mg/kg). Autologous fat grafts (1.7 ± 0.4 g) were transferred to the dorsal subcutaneous region, and total antioxidant capacity was measured on days 0 and 1, week 1, and monthly until the third month. Transferred graft volume and mass (1.3 ± 0.4 g) were measured using the liquid overflow method and precision scales at the end of the study. Routine hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry against perilipin were performed for semiqualitative analysis and H-score for viable adipose cells, respectively.

RESULTS

Collected fat grafts measured significantly less in weight and volume and the survival rate was lower in the control group ( P < 0.01). The control group exhibited a reduction in TAC, whereas all groups receiving antioxidants had an increase in TAC during the first week ( P = 0.02, P = 0.008, and P = 0.004 for melatonin, zinc, and vitamins, respectively). Immunohistochemistry of the antioxidant group demonstrated a statistically significant excess and reactivity of cells staining with perilipin antibodies.

CONCLUSION

In this animal study, the beneficial effect of antioxidants on fat graft survival can be related to the significant increase in TAC following the first week of their administration.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT

Antioxidants improve fat graft survival and quality in this rat model, by increasing total antioxidant capacity in the first week of administration.

Modulation of Adverse Health Effects of Environmental Cadmium Exposure by Zinc and Its Transporters

Zinc (Zn) is the second most abundant metal in the human body and is essential for the function of 10% of all proteins. As metals cannot be synthesized or degraded, they must be assimilated from the diet by specialized transport proteins, which unfortunately also provide an entry route for the toxic metal pollutant cadmium (Cd). The intestinal absorption of Zn depends on the composition of food that is consumed, firstly the amount of Zn itself and then the quantity of other food constituents such as phytate, protein, and calcium (Ca). In cells, Zn is involved in the regulation of intermediary metabolism, gene expression, cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, and antioxidant defense mechanisms. The cellular influx, efflux, subcellular compartmentalization, and trafficking of Zn are coordinated by transporter proteins, solute-linked carriers 30A and 39A (SLC30A and SLC39A), known as the ZnT and Zrt/Irt-like protein (ZIP). Because of its chemical similarity with Zn and Ca, Cd disrupts the physiological functions of both. The concurrent induction of a Zn efflux transporter ZnT1 (SLC30A1) and metallothionein by Cd disrupts the homeostasis and reduces the bioavailability of Zn. The present review highlights the increased mortality and the severity of various diseases among Cd-exposed persons and the roles of Zn and other transport proteins in the manifestation of Cd cytotoxicity. Special emphasis is given to Zn intake levels that may lower the risk of vision loss and bone fracture associated with Cd exposure. The difficult challenge of determining a permissible intake level of Cd is discussed in relation to the recommended dietary Zn intake levels.

Zinc and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: From Clinical Study to Animal Experiment

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract (GI) with a high incidence rate globally, and IBD patients are often accompanied by zinc deficiency. This review aims to summarize the potential therapeutic value of zinc supplementation in IBD clinical patients and animal models. Zinc supplementation can relieve the severity of IBD especially in patients with zinc deficiency. The clinical severity of IBD were mainly evaluated through some scoring methods involving clinical performance, endoscopic observation, blood biochemistry, and pathologic biopsy. Through conducting animal experiments, it has been found that zinc plays an important role in alleviating clinical symptoms and improving pathological lesions. In both clinical observation and animal experiment of IBD, the therapeutic mechanisms of zinc interventions have been found to be related to immunomodulation, intestinal epithelial repair, and gut microbiota's balance. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of zinc was clarified in animal experiment. Appropriate zinc supplementation is beneficial for IBD therapy, and the present evidence highlights that alleviating zinc-deficient status can effectively improve the severity of clinical symptoms in IBD patients and animal models.

Protective effect of zinc gluconate on intestinal mucosal barrier injury in antibiotics and LPS-induced mice

Objective

The aim of the study is to investigate the function and mechanism of Zinc Gluconate (ZG) on intestinal mucosal barrier damage in antibiotics and Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mice.

Methods

We established a composite mouse model by inducing intestinal mucosal barrier damage using antibiotics and LPS. The animals were divided into five groups: Control (normal and model) and experimental (low, medium, and high-dose ZG treatments). We evaluated the intestinal mucosal barrier using various methods, including monitoring body weight and fecal changes, assessing pathological damage and ultrastructure of the mouse ileum, analyzing expression levels of tight junction (TJ)-related proteins and genes, confirming the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, and examining the structure of the intestinal flora.

Results

In mice, the dual induction of antibiotics and LPS led to weight loss, fecal abnormalities, disruption of ileocecal mucosal structure, increased intestinal barrier permeability, and disorganization of the microbiota structure. ZG restored body weight, alleviated diarrheal symptoms and pathological damage, and maintained the structural integrity of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Additionally, ZG reduced intestinal mucosal permeability by upregulating TJ-associated proteins (ZO-1, Occludin, Claudin-1, and JAM-A) and downregulating MLCK, thereby repairing intestinal mucosal barrier damage induced by dual induction of antibiotics and LPS. Moreover, ZG suppressed the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, demonstrating anti-inflammatory properties and preserving barrier integrity. Furthermore, ZG restored gut microbiota diversity and richness, evidenced by increased Shannon and Observed features indices, and decreased Simpson's index. ZG also modulated the relative abundance of beneficial human gut bacteria (Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Verrucomicrobia, Parabacteroides, Lactobacillus, and Akkermansia) and harmful bacteria (Proteobacteria and Enterobacter), repairing the damage induced by dual administration of antibiotics and LPS.

Conclusion

ZG attenuates the dual induction of antibiotics and LPS-induced intestinal barrier damage and also protects the intestinal barrier function in mice.

Exploring the Interplay of Food Security, Safety, and Psychological Wellness in the COVID-19 Era: Managing Strategies for Resilience and Adaptation

The global population surge presents a dual challenge and opportunity in the realms of food consumption, safety, and mental well-being. This necessitates a projected 70% increase in food production to meet growing demands. Amid this backdrop, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic exacerbates these issues, underscoring the need for a deeper understanding of the intricate interplay between food consumption patterns and mental health dynamics during this crisis. Mitigating the spread of COVID-19 hinges upon rigorous adherence to personal hygiene practices and heightened disease awareness. Furthermore, maintaining stringent food quality and safety standards across both public and private sectors is imperative for safeguarding public health and containing viral transmission. Drawing upon existing research, this study delves into the pandemic's impact on mental health, food consumption habits, and food safety protocols. Through a comprehensive analysis, it aims to elucidate the nuanced relationship among food, food safety, and mental well-being amid the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting synergistic effects and dynamics that underpin holistic human welfare. Our study offers a novel approach by integrating psychological wellness with food security and safety. In conceiving this review, we aimed to comprehensively explore the intricate interplay among food security, safety, and psychological wellness amid the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic. Our review is structured to encompass a thorough examination of existing research, synthesizing insights into the multifaceted relationships among food consumption patterns, mental health dynamics, and food safety protocols during the crisis. Our findings provide valuable insights and practical recommendations for enhancing food security and psychological well-being, thus supporting both academic research and real-world applications in crisis management and policy development.

Chemical Genetics in C. elegans Identifies Anticancer Mycotoxins Chaetocin and Chetomin as Potent Inducers of a Nuclear Metal Homeostasis Response

C. elegans numr-1/2 (nuclear-localized metal-responsive) is an identical gene pair encoding a nuclear protein previously shown to be activated by cadmium and disruption of the integrator RNA metabolism complex. We took a chemical genetic approach to further characterize regulation of this novel metal response by screening 41,716 compounds and extracts for numr-1p::GFP activation. The most potent activator was chaetocin, a fungal 3,6-epidithiodiketopiperazine (ETP) with promising anticancer activity. Chaetocin activates numr-1/2 strongly in the alimentary canal but is distinct from metal exposure, because it represses canonical cadmium-responsive metallothionine genes. Chaetocin has diverse targets in cancer cells including thioredoxin reductase, histone lysine methyltransferase, and acetyltransferase p300/CBP; further work is needed to identify the mechanism in C. elegans as genetic disruption and RNAi screening of homologues did not induce numr-1/2 in the alimentary canal and chaetocin did not affect markers of integrator dysfunction. We demonstrate that disulfides in chaetocin and chetomin, a dimeric ETP analog, are required to induce numr-1/2. ETP monomer gliotoxin, despite possessing a disulfide linkage, had almost no effect on numr-1/2, suggesting a dimer requirement. Chetomin inhibits C. elegans growth at low micromolar levels, and loss of numr-1/2 increases sensitivity; C. elegans and Chaetomiaceae fungi inhabit similar environments raising the possibility that numr-1/2 functions as a defense mechanism. There is no direct orthologue of numr-1/2 in humans, but RNaseq suggests that chaetocin affects expression of cellular processes linked to stress response and metal homeostasis in colorectal cancer cells. Our results reveal interactions between metal response gene regulation and ETPs and identify a potential mechanism of resistance to this versatile class of preclinical compounds.

Zinc about it - zinc and calf immunity

Micronutrients, such as vitamins and trace minerals, are critical for supporting growth, performance, health and maintaining redox balance. Zinc (Zn), an essential micronutrient, aids the functioning of innate and adaptive immune cells. This scoping review aims to assemble and evaluate the evidence available for the role of Zn within calf immunity. Relevant literature was identified within Web of Science, PubMed, and CABI using search terms specific to the major innate and adaptive immune cell populations. There was no evidence that Zn supplementation altered neutrophil, natural killer cell, or T-cell functions. However, there was limited evidence to support Zn supplementation with reduced monocyte numbers, but there was no evidence to associate the monocytopenia with improvements in monocyte function. There is moderate evidence to suggest that Zn supplementation was beneficial for maintaining epithelial barriers of integumental and mucosal surfaces. The evidence supports supplementation above the current industry recommendations for improving immunoglobulin (Ig) production, with the strongest results being observed for IgG and IgM. Moreover, Zn supplementation was associated with reduced proinflammatory cytokine production, which may reduce inflammation-associated hypophagia and warrants further investigation. Furthermore, Zn reduced the duration of clinical signs in animals facing respiratory disease and diarrhea. However, consensus is needed about the optimal dose, route, and Zn formulation most appropriate for supporting immunity. In conclusion, while the literature supports that Zn could enhance calf immunity, there is insufficient evidence to adequately determine the extent to which Zn impacts innate immune cell and T-cell functions. Determination of the immune cell functions susceptible to modification by Zn supplementation is an important knowledge gap for enhancing the understanding of Zn and calf immunity.

The MED_EAT-IT approach: A modelling study to develop feasible, sustainable and nutritionally targeted dietary patterns based on the Planetary health diet

In 2019, the EAT-Lancet Commission introduced the Planetary Health Diet (PHD), a guide for creating 2500 kcal/day country-specific sustainable diets that promote health while reducing the environmental impact associated with food systems. The PHD was previously adapted to the Italian food context, resulting in the EAT-IT dietary pattern. However, this adaptation revealed several challenges in terms of nutritional adequacy, feasibility, and environmental impact. This study reports on strategies to improve the previous pattern and align it more closely with the Mediterranean Diet, resulting in the MED_EAT-IT pattern. The study also explores feasible strategies for adapting this pattern to different energy targets, enhancing its scalability and promoting personalized approaches. For the optimization of this pattern, a specific calculation tool was developed to introduce variation to the pattern, considering realistic and feasible serving sizes and frequency of consumption. This tool integrates a defined food ontology, food composition data, and two environmental impact metrics (Carbon and Water Footprint). To optimize nutritional adequacy, several adaptations of the amount within the different food groups were made, for instance by increasing cereals and animal source by 25.5% kcal/day and 36.2% kcal/day respectively compared to EAT-IT. The resulting 2500 kcal/die pattern meets all nutritional requirements except for vitamin D and does not hamper the possibility to limit environmental impact (Carbon Footprint increased only by 12.2% but Water Footprint decreased by 6.3%). Lower energy targets were achieved by modulating amounts of the different food groups to ensure nutritional adequacy. The strategies and tools proposed here could aid in optimizing dietary plans, evaluating their potential for environmental impact reduction, and identifying issues that could hinder their adoption. Furthermore, the analyses carried out pave the way for the potential future development of new or improved foods that may contribute to the optimization of nutritional and environmental impact of diets.

Systemic Anti-Inflammatory Agents in the Prevention of Chemoradiation-Induced Mucositis: A Review of Randomised Controlled Trials

Mucositis is a pathological condition characterised by inflammation and ulceration of the mucous membranes lining the alimentary canal, particularly in the mouth (oral mucositis) and the gastrointestinal tract. It is a common side effect of cancer treatments, including chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and it is sometimes responsible for treatment interruptions. Preventing mucositis throughout the alimentary tract is therefore crucial. However, current interventions mainly target either oral or gastrointestinal side effects. This review aimed to investigate the use of systemically administered anti-inflammatory agents to prevent mucositis in cancer patients undergoing cancer treatment. PubMed, Ovid, Scopus, Web of Science, WHO ICTRP and ClinicalTrials.gov were screened to identify eligible randomised controlled trials (RCTs). The published literature on anti-inflammatory agents provides mixed evidence regarding the degree of efficacy in preventing/reducing the severity of mucositis in most anticancer treatments; however, sample size continued to be a significant limitation, alongside others discussed. Our review yielded a list of several anti-inflammatory agents that exhibit potential mucositis-preventive effects in cancer patients undergoing cancer treatment, which can be used to inform clinical practice.

Association between dietary zinc intake and asthma in overweight or obese children and adolescents: A cross-sectional analysis of NHANES

Background

Asthma, characterized by recurrent wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing, is a major health concern among children and adolescents worldwide, currently affecting more than 5 million children. The increasing prevalence of obesity and overweight among the pediatric population has made the issue of childhood respiratory health more complex. Compared with children of healthy weight, the risk of asthma is higher in overweight and obese children. Zinc, a nutrient that regulates the oxidant-antioxidant balance, has been studied for its potential protective effects against asthma in adults and children. However, the results are controversial, with some studies reporting a beneficial effect and others showing no effect. Therefore, our objective was to assess the correlation between zinc intake from diet and asthma occurrence among children and adolescents who are overweight or obese.

Methods

The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (2011-2020) provided data on individuals aged ≤20 who were overweight or obese, had asthma, and consumed zinc in their diet. The association between dietary zinc and asthma was evaluated using a variety of statistical methods, including multivariate logistic regression, restricted cubic spline analysis, and subgroup analysis.

Results

A total of 4597 pediatrics and adolescents were enrolled, with 20.9% (963/4597) suffering from asthma. After adjusting for all covariates in the multivariate logistic regression, compared with the lowest zinc intake group Q1(≤5.68 mg/day), the adjusted OR values for zinc intake and asthma in Q2 (5.69-8.36 mg/day), Q3 (8.37-11.95 mg/day), and Q4 (≥11.96 mg/day) were 0.78 (95% CI: 0.62-0.98, p = 0.03), 0.76 (95% CI: 0.6∼0.98, p = 0.032), 0.71 (95% CI: 0.53∼0.95, p = 0.022), respectively. Stratified analysis showed no interactive role for dietary zinc intake and asthma in overweight or obese children and adolescents.

Conclusions

Dietary zinc intake is inversely associated with asthma in overweight or obese children and adolescents.

Zinc as a potential regulator of the BCR-ABL oncogene in chronic myelocytic leukemia cells

BACKGROUND

Generally, decreased zinc in the serum of tumor patients but increased zinc in tumor cells can be observed. However, the role of zinc homeostasis in myeloid leukemia remains elusive. BCR-ABL is essential for the initiation, maintenance, and progression of chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML). We are currently investigating the association between zinc homeostasis and CML.

METHODS

Genes involved in zinc homeostasis were examined using three GEO datasets. Western blotting and qPCR were used to investigate the effects of zinc depletion on BCR-ABL expression. Furthermore, the effect of TPEN on BCR-ABL promoter activity was determined using the dual-luciferase reporter assay. MRNA stability and protein stability of BCR-ABL were assessed using actinomycin D and cycloheximide.

RESULTS

Transcriptome data mining revealed that zinc homeostasis-related genes were associated with CML progression and drug resistance. Several zinc homeostasis genes were affected by TPEN. Additionally, we found that zinc depletion by TPEN decreased BCR-ABL mRNA stability and transcriptional activity in K562 CML cells. Zinc supplementation and sodium nitroprusside treatment reversed BCR-ABL downregulation by TPEN, suggesting zinc- and nitric oxide-dependent mechanisms.

CONCLUSION

Our in vitro findings may help to understand the role of zinc homeostasis in BCR-ABL regulation and thus highlight the importance of zinc homeostasis in CML.

Cancer Nanovaccines: Nanomaterials and Clinical Perspectives

Cancer nanovaccines represent a promising frontier in cancer immunotherapy, utilizing nanotechnology to augment traditional vaccine efficacy. This review comprehensively examines the current state-of-the-art in cancer nanovaccine development, elucidating innovative strategies and technologies employed in their design. It explores both preclinical and clinical advancements, emphasizing key studies demonstrating their potential to elicit robust anti-tumor immune responses. The study encompasses various facets, including integrating biomaterial-based nanocarriers for antigen delivery, adjuvant selection, and the impact of nanoscale properties on vaccine performance. Detailed insights into the complex interplay between the tumor microenvironment and nanovaccine responses are provided, highlighting challenges and opportunities in optimizing therapeutic outcomes. Additionally, the study presents a thorough analysis of ongoing clinical trials, presenting a snapshot of the current clinical landscape. By curating the latest scientific findings and clinical developments, this study aims to serve as a comprehensive resource for researchers and clinicians engaged in advancing cancer immunotherapy. Integrating nanotechnology into vaccine design holds immense promise for revolutionizing cancer treatment paradigms, and this review provides a timely update on the evolving landscape of cancer nanovaccines.

ZIP transporters-regulated Zn2+ homeostasis: A novel determinant of human diseases

As an essential trace element for organisms, zinc participates in various physiological processes, such as RNA transcription, DNA replication, cell proliferation, and cell differentiation. The destruction of zinc homeostasis is associated with various diseases. Zinc homeostasis is controlled by the cooperative action of zinc transporter proteins that are responsible for the influx and efflux of zinc. Zinc transporter proteins are mainly categorized into two families: Zrt/Irt-like protein (SLC39A/ZIP) family and zinc transporter (SLC30A/ZNT) family. ZIP transporters contain 14 members, namely ZIP1-14, which can be further divided into four subfamilies. Currently, ZIP transporters-regulated zinc homeostasis is one of the research hotspots. Cumulative evidence suggests that ZIP transporters-regulated zinc homeostasis may cause physiological dysfunction and contribute to the onset and progression of diverse diseases, such as cancers, neurological diseases, and cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we initially discuss the structure and distribution of ZIP transporters. Furthermore, we comprehensively review the latest research progress of ZIP transporters-regulated zinc homeostasis in diseases, providing a new perspective into new therapeutic targets for treating related diseases.

The Protective Effect of the Crosstalk between Zinc Hair Concentration and Lymphocyte Count-Preliminary Report

BACKGROUND

An imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory mechanisms is indicated in the pathophysiology of atherosclerotic plaque. The coronary artery and carotid disease, despite sharing similar risk factors, are developed separately. The aim of this study was to analyze possible mechanisms between trace element hair-scalp concentrations and whole blood counts that favor atherosclerotic plaque progression in certain locations.

METHODS

There were 65 (36 (55%) males and 29 (45%) females) patients with a median age of 68 (61-73) years enrolled in a prospective, preliminary, multicenter analysis. The study group was composed of 13 patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD group) referred for surgical revascularization due to multivessel coronary disease, 34 patients with carotid artery disease (carotid group) admitted for vascular procedure, and 18 patients in a control group (control group).

RESULTS

There was a significant difference between the CAD and carotid groups regarding lymphocyte (p = 0.004) counts. The biochemical comparison between the coronary and carotid groups revealed significant differences regarding chromium (Cr) (p = 0.002), copper (Cu) (p < 0.001), and zinc (Zn) (p < 0.001) concentrations. Spearman Rank Order Correlations between lymphocyte counts and trace elements in the analyzed groups were performed, revealing a strong correlation with zinc (R = 0.733, p < 0.001) in the control group (non-CAD, non-carotid).

CONCLUSION

Significant differences in hair-scalp concentrations related to atherosclerosis location were observed in our analysis. The interplay between zinc concentration and lymphocyte count may play a pivotal role in cardiovascular disease development.

Association between multiple-heavy-metal exposures and systemic immune inflammation in a middle-aged and elderly Chinese general population

BACKGROUND

Exposure to heavy metals alone or in combination can promote systemic inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate potential associations between multiple plasma heavy metals and markers of systemic immune inflammation.

METHODS

Using a cross-sectional study, routine blood tests were performed on 3355 participants in Guangxi, China. Eight heavy metal elements in plasma were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Immunoinflammatory markers were calculated based on peripheral blood WBC and its subtype counts. A generalised linear regression model was used to analyse the association of each metal with the immunoinflammatory markers, and the association of the metal mixtures with the immunoinflammatory markers was further assessed using weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression.

RESULTS

In the single-metal model, plasma metal Fe (log10) was significantly negatively correlated with the levels of immune-inflammatory markers SII, NLR and PLR, and plasma metal Cu (log10) was significantly positively correlated with the levels of immune-inflammatory markers SII and PLR. In addition, plasma metal Mn (log10 conversion) was positively correlated with the levels of immune inflammatory markers NLR and PLR. The above associations remained after multiple corrections. In the mixed-metal model, after WQS regression analysis, plasma metal Cu was found to have the greatest weight in the positive effects of metal mixtures on SII and PLR, while plasma metals Mn and Fe had the greatest weight in the positive effects of metal mixtures on NLR and LMR, respectively. In addition, blood Fe had the greatest weight in the negative effects of the metal mixtures for SII, PLR and NLR.

CONCLUSION

Plasma metals Cu and Mn were positively correlated with immunoinflammatory markers SII, NLR and PLR. While plasma metal Fe was negatively correlated with immunoinflammatory markers SII, NLR, and PLR.

Intestinal Barrier Impairment Induced by Gut Microbiome and Its Metabolites in School-Age Children with Zinc Deficiency

Zinc deficiency affects the physical and intellectual development of school-age children, while studies on the effects on intestinal microbes and metabolites in school-age children have not been reported. School-age children were enrolled to conduct anthropometric measurements and serum zinc and serum inflammatory factors detection, and children were divided into a zinc deficiency group (ZD) and control group (CK) based on the results of serum zinc. Stool samples were collected to conduct metagenome, metabolome, and diversity analysis, and species composition analysis, functional annotation, and correlation analysis were conducted to further explore the function and composition of the gut flora and metabolites of children with zinc deficiency. Beta-diversity analysis revealed a significantly different gut microbial community composition between ZD and CK groups. For instance, the relative abundances of Phocaeicola vulgatus, Alistipes putredinis, Bacteroides uniformis, Phocaeicola sp000434735, and Coprococcus eutactus were more enriched in the ZD group, while probiotic bacteria Bifidobacterium kashiwanohense showed the reverse trend. The functional profile of intestinal flora was also under the influence of zinc deficiency, as reflected by higher levels of various glycoside hydrolases in the ZD group. In addition, saccharin, the pro-inflammatory metabolites, and taurocholic acid, the potential factor inducing intestinal leakage, were higher in the ZD group. In conclusion, zinc deficiency may disturb the gut microbiome community and metabolic function profile of school-age children, potentially affecting human health.

The nutritional roles of zinc for immune system and COVID-19 patients

Zinc (Zn) is a vital micronutrient that strengthens the immune system, aids cellular activities, and treats infectious diseases. A deficiency in Zn can lead to an imbalance in the immune system. This imbalance is particularly evident in severe deficiency cases, where there is a high susceptibility to various viral infections, including COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2. This review article examines the nutritional roles of Zn in human health, the maintenance of Zn concentration, and Zn uptake. As Zn is an essential trace element that plays a critical role in the immune system and is necessary for immune cell function and cell signaling, the roles of Zn in the human immune system, immune cells, interleukins, and its role in SARS-CoV-2 infection are further discussed. In summary, this review paper encapsulates the nutritional role of Zn in the human immune system, with the hope of providing specific insights into Zn research.

Nutritional Support: The Use of Antioxidants in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

The problem of treating inflammatory bowel disease continues to be a topic of great interest for researchers. Despite the complexity surrounding their treatment and strategies to prolong periods of remission, there is a promising exploration of various compounds that have potential in combating inflammation and alleviating symptoms. Selenium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, and iron are among these compounds, offering a glimpse of hope in the treatment of IBD. These essential minerals not only hold the promise of reducing inflammation in these diseases, but also show the potential to enhance immune function and possibly influence the balance of intestinal microflora. By potentially modulating the gut microbiota, they may help support overall immune health. Furthermore, these compounds could play a crucial role in mitigating inflammation and minimising complications in patients with IBD. Furthermore, the protective effect of these compounds against mucosal damage in IBD and the protective effect of calcium itself against osteoporosis in this group of patients are notable.

Multiscale architecture design of 3D printed biodegradable Zn-based porous scaffolds for immunomodulatory osteogenesis

Reconciling the dilemma between rapid degradation and overdose toxicity is challenging in biodegradable materials when shifting from bulk to porous materials. Here, we achieve significant bone ingrowth into Zn-based porous scaffolds with 90% porosity via osteoinmunomodulation. At microscale, an alloy incorporating 0.8 wt% Li is employed to create a eutectoid lamellar structure featuring the LiZn4 and Zn phases. This microstructure optimally balances high strength with immunomodulation effects. At mesoscale, surface pattern with nanoscale roughness facilitates filopodia formation and macrophage spreading. At macroscale, the isotropic minimal surface G unit exhibits a proper degradation rate with more uniform feature compared to the anisotropic BCC unit. In vivo, the G scaffold demonstrates a heightened efficiency in promoting macrophage polarization toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype, subsequently leading to significantly elevated osteogenic markers, increased collagen deposition, and enhanced new bone formation. In vitro, transcriptomic analysis reveals the activation of JAK/STAT pathways in macrophages via up regulating the expression of Il-4, Il-10, subsequently promoting osteogenesis.

The Potential of Integrative Cancer Treatment Using Melatonin and the Challenge of Heterogeneity in Population-Based Studies: A Case Report of Colon Cancer and a Literature Review

Melatonin is a multifunctional hormone regulator that maintains homeostasis through circadian rhythms, and desynchronization of these rhythms can lead to gastrointestinal disorders and increase the risk of cancer. Preliminary clinical studies have shown that exogenous melatonin alleviates the harmful effects of anticancer therapy and improves quality of life, but the results are still inconclusive due to the heterogeneity of the studies. A personalized approach to testing clinical parameters and response to integrative treatment with nontoxic and bioavailable melatonin in patient-centered N-of-1 studies deserves greater attention. This clinical case of colon cancer analyzes and discusses the tumor pathology, the adverse effects of chemotherapy, and the dynamics of markers of inflammation (NLR, LMR, and PLR ratios), tumors (CEA, CA 19-9, and PSA), and hemostasis (D-dimer and activated partial thromboplastin time). The patient took melatonin during and after chemotherapy, nutrients (zinc, selenium, vitamin D, green tea, and taxifolin), and aspirin after chemotherapy. The patient's PSA levels decreased during CT combined with melatonin (19 mg/day), and melatonin normalized inflammatory markers and alleviated symptoms of polyneuropathy but did not help with thrombocytopenia. The results are analyzed and discussed in the context of the literature on oncostatic and systemic effects, alleviating therapy-mediated adverse effects, association with survival, and N-of-1 studies.

The Function of the Immune System, Beyond Strategies Based on Cell-Autonomous Mechanisms, Determines Cancer Development: Immune Response and Cancer Development

Although cancer remains a challenging disease to treat, early detection and removal of primary tumors through surgery or chemotherapy/radiotherapy can offer hope for patients. The privilege paradigm in cancer biology suggests that cell-autonomous mechanisms play a central role in tumorigenesis. According to this paradigm, these cellular mechanisms are the primary focus for the prevention and treatment of cancers. However, this point of view does not present a comprehensive theory for the initiation of cancer and an effective therapeutic strategy. Having an incomplete understanding of the etiology of cancer, it is essential to re-examine previous assumptions about carcinogenesis and develop new, practical theories that can account for all available clinical and experimental evidence. This will not only help to gain a better understanding of the disease, but also offer new avenues for treatment. This review provides evidence suggesting a shift in focus from a cell-autonomous mechanism to systemic mechanisms, particularly the immune system, that are involved in cancer formation.

Sustainable whey proteins-nanostructured zinc oxide-based films for the treatment of chronic wounds: New insights from biopharmaceutical studies

Chronic wounds represent silent epidemic affecting a large portion of the world population, especially the elders; in this context, the development of advanced bioactive dressings is imperative to accelerate wound healing process, while contrasting or preventing infections. The aim of the present work was to provide a deep characterization of the functional and biopharmaceutical properties of a sustainable thin and flexible films, composed of whey proteins alone (WPI) and added with nanostructured zinc oxide (WPZ) and intended for the management of chronic wounds. The potential of whey proteins-based films as wound dressings has been confirmed by their wettability, hydration properties, elastic behavior upon hydration, biodegradation propensity and, when added with nanostructured zinc oxide, antibacterial efficacy against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, i.e. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. In-vitro experiments, performed on normal human dermal fibroblasts, confirmed film cytocompatibility, also revealing the possible role of Zn2+ ions in promoting fibroblast proliferation. Finally, in-vivo studies on rat model confirmed film suitability to act as wound dressing, since able to ensure a regular healing process while providing effective protection from infections. In particular, both films WPI and WPZ are responsible for the formation in the wound bed of a continuous collagen layer similar to that of healthy skin.

Minerals and the Menstrual Cycle: Impacts on Ovulation and Endometrial Health

The role of minerals in female fertility, particularly in relation to the menstrual cycle, presents a complex area of study that underscores the interplay between nutrition and reproductive health. This narrative review aims to elucidate the impacts of minerals on key aspects of the reproductive system: hormonal regulation, ovarian function and ovulation, endometrial health, and oxidative stress. Despite the attention given to specific micronutrients in relation to reproductive disorders, there is a noticeable absence of a comprehensive review focusing on the impact of minerals throughout the menstrual cycle on female fertility. This narrative review aims to address this gap by examining the influence of minerals on reproductive health. Each mineral's contribution is explored in detail to provide a clearer picture of its importance in supporting female fertility. This comprehensive analysis not only enhances our knowledge of reproductive health but also offers clinicians valuable insights into potential therapeutic strategies and the recommended intake of minerals to promote female reproductive well-being, considering the menstrual cycle. This review stands as the first to offer such a detailed examination of minerals in the context of the menstrual cycle, aiming to elevate the understanding of their critical role in female fertility and reproductive health.

Dietary Zinc Supplementation in Steers Modulates Labile Zinc Concentration and Zinc Transporter Gene Expression in Circulating Immune Cells

Zinc (Zn) is critical for immune function, and marginal Zn deficiency in calves can lead to suboptimal growth and increased disease susceptibility. However, in contrast to other trace minerals such as copper, tissue concentrations of Zn do not change readily in conditions of supplementation or marginal deficiency. Therefore, the evaluation of Zn status remains challenging. Zinc transporters are essential for maintaining intracellular Zn homeostasis, and their expression may indicate changes in Zn status in the animal. Here, we investigated the effects of dietary Zn supplementation on labile Zn concentration and Zn transporter gene expression in circulating immune cells isolated from feedlot steers. Eighteen Angus crossbred steers (261 ± 14 kg) were blocked by body weight and randomly assigned to two dietary treatments: a control diet (58 mg Zn/kg DM, no supplemental Zn) or control plus 150 mg Zn/kg DM (HiZn; 207 mg Zn/kg DM total). After 33 days, Zn supplementation increased labile Zn concentrations (as FluoZin-3 fluorescence) in monocytes, granulocytes, and CD4 T cells (P < 0.05) but had the opposite effect on CD8 and γδ T cells (P < 0.05). Zn transporter gene expression was analyzed on purified immune cell populations collected on days 27 or 28. ZIP11 and ZnT1 gene expression was lower (P < 0.05) in CD4 T cells from HiZn compared to controls. Expression of ZIP6 in CD8 T cells (P = 0.02) and ZnT7 in B cells (P = 0.01) was upregulated in HiZn, while ZnT9 tended (P = 0.06) to increase in B cells from HiZn. These results suggest dietary Zn concentration affects both circulating immune cell Zn concentrations and Zn transporter gene expression in healthy steers.

Preventing and Controlling Zinc Deficiency Across the Life Course: A Call to Action

Through diverse roles, zinc determines a greater number of critical life functions than any other single micronutrient. Beyond the well-recognized importance of zinc for child growth and resistance to infections, zinc has numerous specific roles covering the regulation of glucose metabolism, and growing evidence links zinc deficiency with increased risk of diabetes and cardiometabolic disorders. Zinc nutriture is, thus, vitally important to health across the life course. Zinc deficiency is also one of the most common forms of micronutrient malnutrition globally. A clearer estimate of the burden of health disparity attributable to zinc deficiency in adulthood and later life emerges when accounting for its contribution to global elevated fasting blood glucose and related noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Yet progress attenuating its prevalence has been limited due, in part, to the lack of sensitive and specific methods to assess human zinc status. This narrative review covers recent developments in our understanding of zinc's role in health, the impact of the changing climate and global context on zinc intake, novel functional biomarkers showing promise for monitoring population-level interventions, and solutions for improving population zinc intake. It aims to spur on implementation of evidence-based interventions for preventing and controlling zinc deficiency across the life course. Increasing zinc intake and combating global zinc deficiency requires context-specific strategies and a combination of complementary, evidence-based interventions, including supplementation, food fortification, and food and agricultural solutions such as biofortification, alongside efforts to improve zinc bioavailability. Enhancing dietary zinc content and bioavailability through zinc biofortification is an inclusive nutrition solution that can benefit the most vulnerable individuals and populations affected by inadequate diets to the greatest extent.

CFTR is required for zinc-mediated antibacterial defense in human macrophages

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is an anion transporter required for epithelial homeostasis in the lung and other organs, with CFTR mutations leading to the autosomal recessive genetic disease CF. Apart from excessive mucus accumulation and dysregulated inflammation in the airways, people with CF (pwCF) exhibit defective innate immune responses and are susceptible to bacterial respiratory pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Here, we investigated the role of CFTR in macrophage antimicrobial responses, including the zinc toxicity response that is used by these innate immune cells against intracellular bacteria. Using both pharmacological approaches, as well as cells derived from pwCF, we show that CFTR is required for uptake and clearance of pathogenic Escherichia coli by CSF-1-derived primary human macrophages. CFTR was also required for E. coli-induced zinc accumulation and zinc vesicle formation in these cells, and E. coli residing in macrophages exhibited reduced zinc stress in the absence of CFTR function. Accordingly, CFTR was essential for reducing the intramacrophage survival of a zinc-sensitive E. coli mutant compared to wild-type E. coli. Ectopic expression of the zinc transporter SLC30A1 or treatment with exogenous zinc was sufficient to restore antimicrobial responses against E. coli in human macrophages. Zinc supplementation also restored bacterial killing in GM-CSF-derived primary human macrophages responding to P. aeruginosa, used as an in vitro macrophage model relevant to CF. Thus, restoration of the zinc toxicity response could be pursued as a therapeutic strategy to restore innate immune function and effective host defense in pwCF.

Role of zinc in health and disease

This review provides a concise overview of the cellular and clinical aspects of the role of zinc, an essential micronutrient, in human physiology and discusses zinc-related pathological states. Zinc cannot be stored in significant amounts, so regular dietary intake is essential. ZIP4 and/or ZnT5B transport dietary zinc ions from the duodenum into the enterocyte, ZnT1 transports zinc ions from the enterocyte into the circulation, and ZnT5B (bidirectional zinc transporter) facilitates endogenous zinc secretion into the intestinal lumen. Putative promoters of zinc absorption that increase its bioavailability include amino acids released from protein digestion and citrate, whereas dietary phytates, casein and calcium can reduce zinc bioavailability. In circulation, 70% of zinc is bound to albumin, and the majority in the body is found in skeletal muscle and bone. Zinc excretion is via faeces (predominantly), urine, sweat, menstrual flow and semen. Excessive zinc intake can inhibit the absorption of copper and iron, leading to copper deficiency and anaemia, respectively. Zinc toxicity can adversely affect the lipid profile and immune system, and its treatment depends on the mode of zinc acquisition. Acquired zinc deficiency usually presents later in life alongside risk factors like malabsorption syndromes, but medications like diuretics and angiotensin-receptor blockers can also cause zinc deficiency. Inherited zinc deficiency condition acrodermatitis enteropathica, which occurs due to mutation in the SLC39A4 gene (encoding ZIP4), presents from birth. Treatment involves zinc supplementation via zinc gluconate, zinc sulphate or zinc chloride. Notably, oral zinc supplementation may decrease the absorption of drugs like ciprofloxacin, doxycycline and risedronate.

Solid-state NMR spectroscopic analysis for structure determination of a zinc-bound catalytic amyloid fibril

Zinc ions are commonly involved in enzyme catalysis and protein structure stabilization, but their coordination geometry of zinc-protein complex is rarely determined. Here, in this chapter, we introduce a systematic solid-state NMR approach to determine the oligomeric assembly and Zn2+ coordination geometry of a de novo designed amyloid fibrils that catalyze zinc dependent ester hydrolysis. NMR chemical shifts and intermolecular contacts confirm that the peptide forms parallel-in-register β-sheets, with the two forms of Zn2+ bound histidines in each peptide. The amphiphilic parallel β-sheets assemble into stacked bilayers that are stabilized by hydrophobic side chains between β-sheets. The conformations of the histidine side chains, determined by 13C-15N distance measurements, reveal how histidines protrude from the β-sheet. 1H-15N correlation spectra show that the single-Zn2+ coordinated histidine associated with dynamic water. The resulting structure provides insight into how metal ions contribute to stabilizing the protein structure and driving its catalytic reactivity.

The use of a systems approach to increase NAD+ in human participants

Reversal or mitigation against an age-related decline in NAD+ has likely benefits, and this premise has driven academic and commercial endeavour to develop dietary supplements that achieve this outcome. We used a systems-based approach to improve on current supplements by targeting multiple points in the NAD+ salvage pathway. In a double-blind, randomised, crossover trial, the supplement - Nuchido TIME+® (NT) - increased NAD+ concentration in whole blood. This was associated with an increase in SIRT1 and an increase in nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) in peripheral blood mononucleocytes, lower concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines in plasma, including a reduction in interleukin 2 (IL2), a reduction in glycated serum protein and a shift in the glycosylation profile of immunoglobulin G (IgG) toward a younger biological age, all of which are likely to promote a healthier ageing trajectory.

In vitro and in vivo genotoxicity evaluation of ALP1018, a nanomineral food supplement

The use of nano-based dietary supplements is increasing around the world, as nanotechnology can help enhance nutrient bioavailability. ALP1018 is a newly developed iron-zinc complex supplement designed as a nanoformulation to improve the efficacy of iron and zinc supplementation. However, safety concerns have been raised, as there is no clear evaluation of ALP1018 toxicity. The goal of this study was to determine the potential mutagenicity and genotoxicity of ALP1018 through three standard screenings: the Ames test, which evaluates bacterial reverse mutations; the in vitro test of chromosomal aberration in Chinese hamster lung cells; and the in vivo micronucleus assay using ICR mice. ALP1018 showed no mutagenic effect, as no increase was observed in the presence or absence of metabolic activation (S9 mix) in revertant colonies on all the bacterial strains used in the Ames test. No structural chromosomal abnormalities were observed in the presence or absence of the S9 mix in mammalian cells used in the chromosomal aberration assay. In the micronucleus test, the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes was not significantly increased in mouse bone marrow cells. Based on these findings, we can conclude that ALP1018 is safe to use and has no mutagenic or genotoxic potential.

Effects of Elevating Zinc Supplementation on the Health and Production Parameters of High-Producing Dairy Cows

This study's objective was to determine the effects of increasing the dietary added zinc (Zn) on the milk production, milk somatic cell count (SCC), and immunoglobulin and antioxidant marker concentrations in the blood of dairy cows. Twelve Holstein cows (67 ± 2.5 days in milk) were assigned randomly to (1) a diet containing Zn-methionine at 76 mg/kg of DM (CTL) or (2) CTL top-dressed with about 21 mg/kg of DM extra Zn-methionine (+Zn) for 70 d. The concentrations of reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione, malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and immunoglobulins in the blood were measured on d 0, 35, and 70. Compared to CTL, +Zn decreased the dry matter intake (DMI) throughout the trial and the milk yield (MY) during the first phase of feeding (0-35 d). It, however, increased the milk yield during the last phase (36-70 d). The +Zn tended to have lower and greater milk protein yields than CTL during the first and last feeding phases, respectively. The +Zn tended to decrease the SCC and was associated with lower plasma GSH: GSSG and lower serum SOD concentrations relative to CTL. The +Zn did not affect the immunoglobulins, MDA, or CAT. Despite the early DMI and MY reduction, the prolonged Zn-methionine supplementation at about 100 mg/kg of DM improved the milk yield, possibly as a result of the improved udder health of dairy cows.

Zinc deficiency triggers hearing loss by reducing ribbon synapses of inner hair cells in CBA/N mice

Zinc plays a vital role in our metabolism, encompassing antioxidant regulation, immune response, and auditory function. Several studies have reported that zinc levels correlate with hearing loss. We have previously demonstrated that the auditory brainstem response (ABR) threshold increased in mice fed a zinc-deficient diet. However, the effects of zinc deficiency on hearing were not fully elucidated. The present study investigated whether zinc deficiency affects hearing in association with neuronal components or cochlear structures. CBA/N mice were fed a normal or zinc-deficient diet for 8 weeks and assessed for ABR and distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE). The cochlear sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin solution. Also, we observed the expression of synaptic ribbons, neurofilaments, and alpha-synuclein (α-Syn). The 8-week zinc-deficient diet mice had an elevated ABR threshold but no changed DPOAE threshold or cochlear structures. A reduced number of synaptic ribbons of inner hair cells (IHCs) and impaired efferent nerve fibers were observed in the zinc-deficient diet mice. The number of outer hair cells (OHCs) and expression of α-Syn remained unchanged. Our results suggest that zinc-mediated hearing loss is associated with the loss of neuronal components of IHCs.

The Relationship between Cancer Stage, Selected Immunological Parameters, Epstein-Barr Virus Infection, and Total Serum Content of Iron, Zinc, and Copper in Patients with Laryngeal Cancer

(1) Background: the purpose of the study was to assess the relationship between cancer stage, selected immunological parameters, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, and total serum content of iron, zinc, and copper in patients with laryngeal cancer (LC). (2) Methods: serum Fe, Zn, and Cu were measured in 40 LC patients and 20 controls. Immunophenotyping of peripheral blood lymphocytes was performed by flow cytometry using fluorescent antibodies against CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, CD25, CD69, and PD-1. Tumor and lymph node lymphocytes were analyzed by flow cytometry. EBV DNA was quantified by real-time PCR, targeting the EBNA-1 gene. Associations between serum elements, immune markers, and cancer grade/stage were evaluated using ANOVA and appropriate nonparametric tests. (3) Results: levels of Fe, Cu, and Zn were lower, while Cu/Zn was statistically higher, in patients with LC than in the control group. Correlation analysis showed a statistically significant association between the levels of these elements and parameters of the TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) staging system, immunophenotype, and the amount of EBV genetic material in patients with LC who survived for more than 5 years. (4) Conclusion: the results suggest that the total serum levels of the determined micronutrients may significantly affect the immunopathogenesis and progression of LC.

A zinc metabolism-related gene signature for predicting prognosis and characteristics of breast cancer

Background

Breast cancer is one of the most serious and prevalent malignancies. Zinc is commonly known to play a crucial role in the development and progression of breast cancer; however, the detailed mechanisms underlying this role are not well understood. This study aimed to develop a zinc metabolism-related gene (ZMRG) signature based on a multi-database study to predict patient prognosis and investigate the relationship between drug therapy response and immune enrichment.

Methods

Data for breast cancer samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus databases were screened for zinc metabolism-related genes using the Molecular Signature Database. Cox and Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator regressions were performed to construct a ZMRG signature. To assess the predictive performance of the gene signature, Kaplan-Meier analysis and receiver operating characteristic curves were used. Additionally, we utilised single-sample gene set enrichment analysis, the Tumour Immune Estimation Resource, the Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer database, and the Cancer Therapeutics Response Portal to investigate the association between the tumour microenvironment and drug sensitivity. Quantitative PCR was used to assess the expression of each gene in the signature in breast cancer cell lines and patient samples.

Results

Five ZMRGs were identified (ATP7B, BGLAP, P2RX4, SLC39A11, and TH) and a risk profile was constructed for each. Two risk groups, high- and low-risk, were identified in this way, and the high-risk score subgroups were found to have worse prognosis. This risk profile was validated using the GSE42568 dataset. Tumour microenvironment and drug sensitivity analyses showed that the expression of these five ZMRGs was significantly associated with immune response. The high-risk group showed substantial immune cell infiltration and enrichment of immune pathways, and patients were more sensitive to drugs commonly used in breast cancer.

Conclusion

The ZMRG signature represents a new prognostic predictor for patients with breast cancer, and may also provide new insights into individualised treatment of breast cancer.

Zinc homeostasis and redox alterations in obesity

Impairment of both cellular zinc and redox homeostasis is a feature of several chronic diseases, including obesity. A significant two-way interaction exists between redox metabolism and the relatively redox-inert zinc ion. Redox metabolism critically influences zinc homeostasis and controls its cellular availability for various cellular functions by regulating zinc exchange from/to zinc-binding proteins. Zinc can regulate redox metabolism and exhibits multiple pro-antioxidant properties. On the other hand, even minor disturbances in zinc status and zinc homeostasis affect systemic and cellular redox homeostasis. At the cellular level, zinc homeostasis is regulated by a multi-layered machinery consisting of zinc-binding molecules, zinc sensors, and two selective families of zinc transporters, the Zinc Transporter (ZnT) and Zrt, Irt-like protein (ZIP). In the present review, we summarize the current state of knowledge on the role of the mutual interaction between zinc and redox homeostasis in physiology and pathophysiology, pointing to the role of zinc in the alterations responsible for redox stress in obesity. Since zinc transporters primarily control zinc homeostasis, we describe how changes in the expression and activity of these zinc-regulating proteins are associated with obesity.

Cross-sectional observational study: Investigation of zinc concentration in white patients with cancer

OBJECTIVES

Numerous studies describe the role of zinc in the immune system and metabolism. Zinc may influence the pathogenesis and prognosis of cancer. The aim of this study to determine the prevalence of zinc deficiency in patients with cancer. The study's primary objective was to evaluate the frequency of zinc deficiency in White patients with cancer and characterize the clinical factors predisposing individuals to decreased zinc concentration. The study also aimed to estimate the dose of zinc supplementation that would prevent deficiency.

METHODS

Retrospective data for this cross-sectional study were analyzed from 300 consecutive white patients diagnosed with neoplastic disease and admitted to a major oncology hospital for treatment. Zinc plasma concentration, nutritional status, body composition, and medical history of ailments and dysphagia were recorded. Supplementation was introduced in patients with zinc deficiency according to the local protocol. Zinc plasma levels were collected at follow-up visits.

RESULTS

Zinc deficiency was diagnosed in 68% of the patients. Poor nutritional status was significantly associated with zinc deficiency (low body mass index, weight loss, low albumin level). Low lean body mass (P = 0.003) and adipose tissue (P = 0.045) correlated with zinc deficiency. Patients with zinc deficiency reported dysphagia more frequently than those with normal zinc levels (18 versus 8%; P = 0.03). Squamous cell carcinoma was significantly associated with zinc deficiency (P = 0.043). Oral zinc supplementation resulted in reaching laboratory norms for plasma concentration in only 27% of patients with zinc deficiency and was not dependent on lower (10-15 mg) or higher (25-30 mg) dosing (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Zinc deficiency is common in cachectic, malnourished patients with cancer. Nutritional guidelines for these patients should include screening for micronutrient deficiencies. Further studies are needed to determine the role, dosage, duration, and form of nutritional supplementation recommended for specific cancer diagnoses.

Investigating the Efficacy of Zinc and Vitamin A in Treating Pediatric Community-Acquired Pneumonia

BACKGROUND

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) poses a significant global health challenge, even more so for children less than five years old. Nutritional interventions, such as zinc and vitamin A supplementation, are gaining attention for their therapeutic potential in enhancing recovery and minimizing pneumonia severity in pediatric patients.

OBJECTIVE

To assess the therapeutic benefits of zinc and vitamin A supplementation in pediatric CAP patients under five years old and to advocate for their use in clinical settings.

METHODOLOGY

Three groups were formed in a randomized controlled trial conducted from October 2022 to September 2023, to address zinc and vitamin A supplementation in pediatric patients under five years old in the intensive care unit with severe pneumonia. Group 1 received zinc supplementation, group 2 received vitamin A supplementation, and group 3 served as the control group, receiving antibiotic treatment exclusively for pneumonia. This treatment comprised either a β-lactam (amoxicillin-clavulanate, commonly referred to as Augmentin) administered orally at 500 mg/125 mg three times a day, Augmentin 875 mg/125 mg orally twice daily, or Augmentin 2000 mg/125 mg orally once daily. Additionally, the control group received a macrolide (azithromycin or clarithromycin) or doxycycline at a dosage of 100 mg orally twice daily. Linear regression analysis identified statistically significant decreases in both length of hospital stay and active pneumonic effusion.

RESULTS

The study encompassed 90 pediatric pneumonia patients with an age range of six to 55 months. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that both vitamin A and zinc led to a significant decrease in hospitalization length by 2.39 days (p < 0.01, 95% CI: 4.19-0.47) and 3.17 days (p < 0.01, 95% CI: 5.19-1.31), respectively. In comparison to the control group, both the vitamin A and zinc supplementation groups were linked to a shorter pneumonic effusion duration (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Both interventions significantly reduced the duration of hospitalization (2.39 days for vitamin A and 3.17 days for zinc) and pneumonic effusion compared to the control group. These findings highlight the potential of zinc and vitamin A as valuable additions to standard CAP treatment regimens, potentially leading to improved clinical outcomes and reduced healthcare burdens.

Sensory evaluations of a novel iron and zinc-enriched powder for the potential treatment and prevention of iron deficiency in women of reproductive age

Iron deficiency (ID) and ID with anaemia (IDA) are serious global health problems that disproportionately affect women aged 15-49 years. Although food fortification is one of the most effective and sustainable ways to combat nutritional deficiencies, iron remains one of the most difficult micronutrients to fortify, given its tendency to react strongly with food constituents. Therefore, it is important to assess the sensory properties of foods fortified with iron to determine the acceptability and palatability in target populations. We aimed to determine the palatability and acceptability of a novel iron and zinc-enriched powder fortified in tap water by conducting sensory evaluations in 35 women of reproductive age using a 9-point hedonic scale, where participants rated the sensory properties of six samples containing different amounts of the active or placebo powder. We found significant differences between samples reconstituted at 1, 2, and 3 g/L for sensory properties, including overall taste. Participants were found to be more willing to drink the mineral-enriched powder when prepared at the lowest concentration (1 g/L) compared to higher concentrations. Our results provide important insight into the sensory qualities of a novel formulation of an iron and zinc-enriched powder for at-home fortification and indicate consumer acceptability in reproductive-aged women, a key group at risk for ID/IDA. If found to improve iron status, novel treatments like this product will contribute to global efforts to develop safe, acceptable and sustainable interventions for ID and IDA.

Potential Advantages of a Well-balanced Nutrition Regimen for People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type -1

This review underscores the important role of nutrition in enhancing the management of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1). Highlighting the efficacy of dietary interventions, including, the importance of omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins D and B-12, and the Mediterranean diet, we delineate how these beneficial nutritional strategies can improve the effectiveness of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), mitigate its side effects, and ameliorate metabolic disorders in people living with HIV-1 (PLWH). Our review advocates for the integration and implementation of personalized nutritional assessments into the care plan for PLWH, proposing actionable strategies for healthcare providers in HIV-1 field. Summarizing the current standing of the relevance of the nutritional and well-planned diet recommended for the PLWH and emphasizing on the future research directions, this review establishes a foundation for nutrition as a cornerstone in comprehensive HIV-1 management. Our review aims to improve patients' health outcomes and overall quality of life for PLWH.

Zinc deficiency enhances sensitivity to influenza A associated bacterial pneumonia in mice

Although zinc deficiency (secondary to malnutrition) has long been considered an important contributor to morbidity and mortality of infectious disease (e.g. diarrhea disorders), epidemiologic data (including randomized controlled trials with supplemental zinc) for such a role in lower respiratory tract infection are somewhat ambiguous. In the current study, we provide the first preclinical evidence demonstrating that although diet-induced acute zinc deficiency (Zn-D: ~50% decrease) did not worsen infection induced by either influenza A (H1N1) or methicillin-resistant staph aureus (MRSA), Zn-D mice were sensitive to the injurious effects of superinfection of H1N1 with MRSA. Although the mechanism underlying the sensitivity of ZnD mice to combined H1N1/MRSA infection is unclear, it was noteworthy that this combination exacerbated lung injury as shown by lung epithelial injury markers (increased BAL protein) and decreased genes related to epithelial integrity in Zn-D mice (surfactant protein C and secretoglobins family 1A member 1). As bacterial pneumonia accounts for 25%-50% of morbidity and mortality from influenza A infection, zinc deficiency may be an important pathology component of respiratory tract infections.

From zinc homeostasis to disease progression: Unveiling the neurodegenerative puzzle

Zinc is a crucial trace element in the human body, playing a role in various physiological processes such as oxidative stress, neurotransmission, protein synthesis, and DNA repair. The zinc transporters (ZnTs) family members are responsible for exporting intracellular zinc, while Zrt- and Irt-like proteins (ZIPs) are involved in importing extracellular zinc. These processes are essential for maintaining cellular zinc homeostasis. Imbalances in zinc metabolism have been linked to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Disruptions in zinc levels can impact the survival and activity of neurons, thereby contributing to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases through mechanisms like cell apoptosis regulation, protein phase separation, ferroptosis, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. Therefore, conducting a systematic review of the regulatory network of zinc and investigating the relationship between zinc dysmetabolism and neurodegenerative diseases can enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of these diseases. Additionally, it may offer new insights and approaches for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

Association between dietary antioxidant intakes and chronic respiratory diseases in adults

Background

Chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) pose a significant global health burden. Antioxidant-rich diets have been associated with improved lung health, but the specific relationship with CRDs remains unclear.

Methods

This study examined the relationship between dietary antioxidant intakes and CRDs using data from the 2001-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Information on dietary antioxidant intakes, including vitamins A, C, and E, zinc, selenium, and carotenoid, were collected from the 2 24-h recall interviews to calculate composite dietary antioxidant index (CDAI). CRDs were determined based on self-reported physician diagnoses. To examine the relationship between CDAI and CRDs, multivariate logistic regression was used. To study potential non-linear correlations within these associations, restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression was performed.

Results

The study involved 40 557 individuals. The median CDAI was -0.09 (-2.05, 2.25). We discovered those who were in the fourth quartile of CDAI scores had a 19% lower prevalence than those in the first quartile (OR = 0.81 [0.72-0.91], Ptrend < 0.01) after adjusting for all relevant covariates. The fourth quartile of CDAI was linked with a lower prevalence of emphysema (OR = 0.57 [0.40-0.81], Ptrend < 0.01) and chronic bronchitis (OR = 0.74 [0.62-0.88], Ptrend < 0.01). RCS regression showed that CDAI was non-linearly related to the prevalence of CRDs, with inflection points of 3.20 (P for non-linearity <0.01). The stratified analysis did not identify variables that significantly affected the results.

Conclusion

Higher dietary antioxidant intakes were related with a lower prevalence of CRDs (particularly emphysema and chronic bronchitis) in general adults.