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Darcey VL, Guo J, Chi M, Chung ST, Courville AB, Gallagher I, Herscovitch P, Joseph PV, Howard R, LaNoire M, Milley L, Schick A, Stagliano M, Turner S, Urbanski N, Yang S, Zhai N, Zhou MS, Hall KD. Brain dopamine responses to ultra-processed milkshakes are highly variable and not significantly related to adiposity in humans. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.06.24.24309440. [PMID: 39108535 PMCID: PMC11302720 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.24.24309440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Ultra-processed foods high in fat and sugar may be addictive, in part, due to their purported ability to induce an exaggerated postingestive brain dopamine response akin to drugs of abuse. Using standard [11C]raclopride positron emission tomography (PET) displacement methods used to measure brain dopamine responses to addictive drugs, we measured postingestive striatal dopamine responses to an ultra-processed milkshake high in fat and sugar in 50 young, healthy adults over a wide body mass index range (BMI 20-45 kg/m2). Surprisingly, milkshake consumption did not result in significant postingestive dopamine response in the striatum (p=0.62) nor any striatal subregion (p>0.33) and the highly variable interindividual responses were not significantly related to adiposity (BMI: r=0.076, p=0.51; %body fat: r=0.16, p=0.28). Thus, postingestive striatal dopamine responses to an ultra-processed milkshake were likely substantially smaller than many addictive drugs and below the limits of detection using standard PET methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie L Darcey
- Integrative Physiology Section, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center on Compulsive Behaviors, Intramural Research Program, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Juen Guo
- Integrative Physiology Section, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Meible Chi
- Integrative Physiology Section, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephanie T Chung
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amber B Courville
- Human Energy and Body Weight Regulation Core, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Isabelle Gallagher
- Integrative Physiology Section, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter Herscovitch
- Positron Emission Tomography Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paule V Joseph
- Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, Smell and Taste Center, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Rebecca Howard
- Integrative Physiology Section, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Melissa LaNoire
- Integrative Physiology Section, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lauren Milley
- Integrative Physiology Section, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alex Schick
- Integrative Physiology Section, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael Stagliano
- Integrative Physiology Section, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sara Turner
- Nutrition Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas Urbanski
- Integrative Physiology Section, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shanna Yang
- Nutrition Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nan Zhai
- Integrative Physiology Section, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Megan S Zhou
- Integrative Physiology Section, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kevin D Hall
- Integrative Physiology Section, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Wiss DA, LaFata EM. Ultra-Processed Foods and Mental Health: Where Do Eating Disorders Fit into the Puzzle? Nutrients 2024; 16:1955. [PMID: 38931309 PMCID: PMC11206753 DOI: 10.3390/nu16121955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) like pastries, packaged snacks, fast foods, and sweetened beverages have become dominant in the modern food supply and are strongly associated with numerous public health concerns. While the physical health consequences of UPF intake have been well documented (e.g., increased risks of cardiometabolic conditions), less empirical discussion has emphasized the mental health consequences of chronic UPF consumption. Notably, the unique characteristics of UPFs (e.g., artificially high levels of reinforcing ingredients) influence biological processes (e.g., dopamine signaling) in a manner that may contribute to poorer psychological functioning for some individuals. Importantly, gold-standard behavioral lifestyle interventions and treatments specifically for disordered eating do not acknowledge the direct role that UPFs may play in sensitizing reward-related neural functioning, disrupting metabolic responses, and motivating subsequent UPF cravings and intake. The lack of consideration for the influences of UPFs on mental health is particularly problematic given the growing scientific support for the addictive properties of these foods and the utility of ultra-processed food addiction (UPFA) as a novel clinical phenotype endorsed by 14-20% of individuals across international samples. The overarching aim of the present review is to summarize the science of how UPFs may affect mental health, emphasizing contributing biological mechanisms. Specifically, the authors will (1) describe how corporate-sponsored research and financial agendas have contributed to contention and debate about the role of UPFs in health; (2) define UPFs and their nutritional characteristics; (3) review observed associations between UPF intake and mental health conditions, especially with depression; (4) outline the evidence for UPFA; and (5) describe nuanced treatment considerations for comorbid UPFA and eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Wiss
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, 650 Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Nutrition in Recovery LLC, 1902 Westwood Blvd. #201, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA
| | - Erica M. LaFata
- Center for Weight Eating and Lifestyle Science, Drexel University, 3201 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
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Rego MLM, Leslie E, Capra BT, Helder M, Yu W, Katz B, Davy KP, Hedrick VE, Davy BM, DiFeliceantonio AG. The influence of ultra-processed food consumption on reward processing and energy intake: Background, design, and methods of a controlled feeding trial in adolescents and young adults. Contemp Clin Trials 2023; 135:107381. [PMID: 37935307 PMCID: PMC10872704 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2023.107381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The greatest age-related weight gain occurs in the early/mid-20s. Overall dietary quality among adolescents and emerging adults (age 18-25) is poor, with ultra-processed foods (UPF) representing more than two-thirds of adolescents' total energy intake (i.e., 68%). UPF consumption may impact cognitive and neurobiological factors that influence dietary decision-making and energy intake (EI). To date, no research has addressed this in this population. METHODS Participants aged 18-25 will undergo two 14-day controlled feeding periods (81% UPF, 0% UPF) using a randomly assigned crossover design, with a 4-week washout between conditions. Brain response to a UPF-rich milkshake, as well as behavioral measures of executive function, will be evaluated before and after each diet. Following each diet, measurements include ad libitum buffet meal EI, food selection, eating rate, and eating in the absence of hunger (EAH). Prior to initiating recruitment, controlled diet menus, buffet, and EAH snacks were developed and evaluated for palatability. Sensory and texture attributes of buffet and EAH snack foods were also evaluated. RESULTS Overall diet palatability was rated "like very much" (8)/"like moderately"(7) (UPF: 7.6 ± 1.0; Non-UPF: 6.8 ± 1.5). Subjective hardness rating (range = 1-9 [1 = soft, 9 = hard] was similar between UPF and Non-UPF buffet and snack items (UPF:4.22 ± 2.19, Non-UPF: 4.70 ± 2.03), as was the objective measure of hardness (UPF: 2874.33 ± 2497.06 g, Non-UPF: 2243.32 ± 1700.51 g). CONCLUSIONS Findings could contribute to an emerging neurobiological understanding of the effects of UPF consumption including energy overconsumption and weight gain among individuals at a critical developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L M Rego
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, USA.
| | - Emma Leslie
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech, USA
| | - Bailey T Capra
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, USA
| | - Mckenna Helder
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Tech, USA
| | - Wenjing Yu
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech, USA
| | - Benjamin Katz
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, Virginia Tech, USA
| | - Kevin P Davy
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, USA
| | - Valisa E Hedrick
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, USA
| | - Brenda M Davy
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, USA
| | - Alexandra G DiFeliceantonio
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, USA; Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech, USA
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Cincotta AH. Brain Dopamine-Clock Interactions Regulate Cardiometabolic Physiology: Mechanisms of the Observed Cardioprotective Effects of Circadian-Timed Bromocriptine-QR Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Subjects. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13255. [PMID: 37686060 PMCID: PMC10487918 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite enormous global efforts within clinical research and medical practice to reduce cardiovascular disease(s) (CVD), it still remains the leading cause of death worldwide. While genetic factors clearly contribute to CVD etiology, the preponderance of epidemiological data indicate that a major common denominator among diverse ethnic populations from around the world contributing to CVD is the composite of Western lifestyle cofactors, particularly Western diets (high saturated fat/simple sugar [particularly high fructose and sucrose and to a lesser extent glucose] diets), psychosocial stress, depression, and altered sleep/wake architecture. Such Western lifestyle cofactors are potent drivers for the increased risk of metabolic syndrome and its attendant downstream CVD. The central nervous system (CNS) evolved to respond to and anticipate changes in the external (and internal) environment to adapt survival mechanisms to perceived stresses (challenges to normal biological function), including the aforementioned Western lifestyle cofactors. Within the CNS of vertebrates in the wild, the biological clock circuitry surveils the environment and has evolved mechanisms for the induction of the obese, insulin-resistant state as a survival mechanism against an anticipated ensuing season of low/no food availability. The peripheral tissues utilize fat as an energy source under muscle insulin resistance, while increased hepatic insulin resistance more readily supplies glucose to the brain. This neural clock function also orchestrates the reversal of the obese, insulin-resistant condition when the low food availability season ends. The circadian neural network that produces these seasonal shifts in metabolism is also responsive to Western lifestyle stressors that drive the CNS clock into survival mode. A major component of this natural or Western lifestyle stressor-induced CNS clock neurophysiological shift potentiating the obese, insulin-resistant state is a diminution of the circadian peak of dopaminergic input activity to the pacemaker clock center, suprachiasmatic nucleus. Pharmacologically preventing this loss of circadian peak dopaminergic activity both prevents and reverses existing metabolic syndrome in a wide variety of animal models of the disorder, including high fat-fed animals. Clinically, across a variety of different study designs, circadian-timed bromocriptine-QR (quick release) (a unique formulation of micronized bromocriptine-a dopamine D2 receptor agonist) therapy of type 2 diabetes subjects improved hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, immune sterile inflammation, and/or adverse cardiovascular event rate. The present review details the seminal circadian science investigations delineating important roles for CNS circadian peak dopaminergic activity in the regulation of peripheral fuel metabolism and cardiovascular biology and also summarizes the clinical study findings of bromocriptine-QR therapy on cardiometabolic outcomes in type 2 diabetes subjects.
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Burger KS. Food reinforcement architecture: A framework for impulsive and compulsive overeating and food abuse. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2023; 31:1734-1744. [PMID: 37368515 PMCID: PMC10313138 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Few reward-based theories address key drivers of susceptibility to food cues and consumption beyond fullness. Decision-making and habit formation are governed by reinforcement-based learning processes that, when overstimulated, can drive unregulated hedonically motivated overeating. Here, a model food reinforcement architecture is proposed that uses fundamental concepts in reinforcement and decision-making to identify maladaptive eating habits that can lead to obesity. This model is unique in that it identifies metabolic drivers of reward and incorporates neuroscience, computational decision-making, and psychology to map overeating and obesity. Food reinforcement architecture identifies two paths to overeating: a propensity for hedonic targeting of food cues contributing to impulsive overeating and lack of satiation that contributes to compulsive overeating. A combination of those paths will result in a conscious and subconscious drive to overeat independent of negative consequences, leading to food abuse and/or obesity. Use of this model to identify aberrant reinforcement learning processes and decision-making systems that can serve as markers of overeating risk may provide an opportunity for early intervention in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle S Burger
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Fazzino TL, Kong KL. A new paradigm for investigating the etiology of obesity in early childhood: Exposure to added sugars and hyper-palatable foods in infancy and dysregulation of food reinforcement processes. Obes Rev 2023; 24:e13526. [PMID: 36358033 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tera L Fazzino
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA.,Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Kai Ling Kong
- Baby Health Behavior Lab, Division of Health Services and Outcomes Research, Children's Mercy Research Institute, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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7
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Contreras-Rodriguez O, Solanas M, Escorihuela RM. Dissecting ultra-processed foods and drinks: Do they have a potential to impact the brain? Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2022; 23:697-717. [PMID: 35107734 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-022-09711-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ultra-processed foods and drinks (UPF) are formulation of ingredients, mostly of exclusive industrial use, that result from a series of industrial processes. They usually have a low nutrient but high energy density, with a high content of saturated and trans fats, and added sugars. In addition, they have characteristic organoleptic properties, and usually contain sophisticated additives, including artificial sweeteners, to intensify their sensory qualities and imitate the appearance of minimally processed foods. In addition, recent research has warned about the presence of chemicals (e.g., bisphenol) and neo-formed contaminants in these products. UPF production and consumption growth have been spectacular in the last decades, being specially consumed in children and adolescents. UPF features have been associated with a range of adverse health effects such as overeating, the promotion of inflammatory and oxidative stress processes, gut dysbiosis, and metabolic dysfunction including problems in glucose regulation. The evidence that these UPF-related adverse health effects may have on the neural network implicated in eating behavior are discussed, including the potential impact on serotonergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission, brain integrity and function. We end this review by placing UPF in the context of current food environments, by suggesting that an increased exposure to these products through different channels, such as marketing, may contribute to the automatic recruitment of the brain regions associated with food consumption and choice, with a detrimental effect on inhibitory-related prefrontal cortices. While further research is essential, preliminary evidence point to UPF consumption as a potential detrimental factor for brain health and eating behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Contreras-Rodriguez
- Department of Medical Imaging, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IdIBGi), Josep Trueta University Hospital, Girona, Spain.
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
- Health Institute Carlos III (ISCIII) and CIBERSAM G17, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Montserrat Solanas
- Physiology Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Rosa M Escorihuela
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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8
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Kung PH, Soriano-Mas C, Steward T. The influence of the subcortex and brain stem on overeating: How advances in functional neuroimaging can be applied to expand neurobiological models to beyond the cortex. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2022; 23:719-731. [PMID: 35380355 PMCID: PMC9307542 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-022-09720-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Functional neuroimaging has become a widely used tool in obesity and eating disorder research to explore the alterations in neurobiology that underlie overeating and binge eating behaviors. Current and traditional neurobiological models underscore the importance of impairments in brain systems supporting reward, cognitive control, attention, and emotion regulation as primary drivers for overeating. Due to the technical limitations of standard field strength functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanners, human neuroimaging research to date has focused largely on cortical and basal ganglia effects on appetitive behaviors. The present review draws on animal and human research to highlight how neural signaling encoding energy regulation, reward-learning, and habit formation converge on hypothalamic, brainstem, thalamic, and striatal regions to contribute to overeating in humans. We also consider the role of regions such as the mediodorsal thalamus, ventral striatum, lateral hypothalamus and locus coeruleus in supporting habit formation, inhibitory control of food craving, and attentional biases. Through these discussions, we present proposals on how the neurobiology underlying these processes could be examined using functional neuroimaging and highlight how ultra-high field 7-Tesla (7 T) fMRI may be leveraged to elucidate the potential functional alterations in subcortical networks. Focus is given to how interactions of these regions with peripheral endocannabinoids and neuropeptides, such as orexin, could be explored. Technical and methodological aspects regarding the use of ultra-high field 7 T fMRI to study eating behaviors are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Han Kung
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carles Soriano-Mas
- Psychiatry and Mental Health Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Neuroscience Program, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- CIBERSAM, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Social Psychology and Quantitative Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Trevor Steward
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Parnarouskis L, Gearhardt AN. Preliminary Evidence that Tolerance and Withdrawal Occur in Response to Ultra-processed Foods. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-022-00425-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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10
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Oliveira LA, Della Lucia CM, Rezende FAC, Ferreira LG, Anastácio LR, Souza TCDM, Daniel MM, Liboredo JC. Food Craving and Its Associated Factors during COVID-19 Outbreak in Brazil. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH EDUCATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/19325037.2022.2071360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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The Reinforcing Natures of Hyper-Palatable Foods: Behavioral Evidence for Their Reinforcing Properties and the Role of the US Food Industry in Promoting Their Availability. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-022-00417-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Bjorlie K, Forbush KT, Chapa DAN, Richson BN, Johnson SN, Fazzino TL. Hyper-palatable food consumption during binge-eating episodes: A comparison of intake during binge eating and restricting. Int J Eat Disord 2022; 55:688-696. [PMID: 35194821 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study aim was to elucidate the degree to which hyper-palatable foods (HPF) are consumed during binge episodes compared to restricting episodes, and to test the association between HPF intake during each episode and respective episode frequency. METHOD This study was a secondary analysis of data from a larger study on eating disorders. The present sample included adults (N = 147, 83% women) diagnosed with sub-threshold (41%) or full-threshold (59%) bulimia nervosa (BN). Foods consumed during binge and restricting episodes were assessed using the Eating Pathology Symptoms Inventory-Clinician Rated Version. A standardized definition of HPF developed previously was applied to foods consumed during binge and restricting episodes. A Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test was used to test the difference between total caloric intake from HPF (KcalHPF) and percentage of caloric intake from HPF (PercHPF) during binge episodes relative to restricting episodes. Four linear regression models tested HPF intake (KcalHPF and PercHPF) during both episode types (binge and restricting) as predictors of respective episode frequency. RESULTS There was a significant difference between median KcalHPF (1846.6 vs. 279.6; Z = -13.38, p < .001) and PercHPF during binge compared to restricting episodes (95% vs. 61%; Z = -7.35, p < .001). Regression analyses demonstrated that KcalHPF during binge episodes was significantly associated with binge episode frequency (B = 0.002; p < .001), but not PercHPF (p = .287). DISCUSSION Results suggest that HPF may be primarily consumed during binge episodes among individuals with BN, and may be associated with greater binge-eating frequency. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE Findings from the current study support an underlying assumption of theoretical models of binge eating, suggesting that highly rewarding, hyper-palatable foods (HPF), may constitute the vast majority of energy intake during binge-eating episodes. Additionally, a substantial amount of energy intake from HPF may occur during restricting episodes among people with bulimia nervosa. Greater HPF intake during binge eating may also be associated with binge-eating severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla Bjorlie
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA.,Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Kelsie T Forbush
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | | | - Brianne N Richson
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Sarah N Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Tera L Fazzino
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA.,Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
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13
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Wu C, Huang C, Zhu H, Yu Y, Zhang C, Zhang W, He X. Solid or Liquid Food-The Intention to Eat Different Foods under Negative Emotions. Foods 2022; 11:1180. [PMID: 35563902 PMCID: PMC9103232 DOI: 10.3390/foods11091180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Food can relieve an individual's emotions, especially for emotional eaters. For instance, chewing alleviates negative emotions. Solid and liquid foods comprise a huge part of our daily lives, and the chewiness of solid foods is always high. Here, we explored whether people, especially emotional eaters, have higher eating intentions to eat highly chewy foods while experiencing negative emotions by comparing their eating intentions toward solid and liquid foods. To this end, we conducted a survey of 147 participants using a questionnaire (Experiment 1) to understand their eating intention toward five types of food (purple potato, maize, black soya bean, mango, and soybean; each food group contained a solid food and a liquid food) while experiencing negative emotions. The results showed that individuals exhibited higher eating intention toward solid food compared with liquid food while experiencing negative emotions. In Experiment 2, we selected 85 and 65 high-emotional and low-emotional eaters, respectively, and further explored their preference for solid foods. The results showed that individuals with high levels of emotional eating exhibited higher intentions toward solid food while experiencing negative emotions compared with those with low levels of emotional eating. In conclusion, this study proved that individuals' higher eating intentions toward highly chewable food were pronounced among individuals with high levels of emotional eating under negative emotion conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjing Wu
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (C.W.); (C.H.); (H.Z.); (Y.Y.); (W.Z.)
| | - Chuangbing Huang
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (C.W.); (C.H.); (H.Z.); (Y.Y.); (W.Z.)
| | - Hongyan Zhu
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (C.W.); (C.H.); (H.Z.); (Y.Y.); (W.Z.)
| | - Yuanlin Yu
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (C.W.); (C.H.); (H.Z.); (Y.Y.); (W.Z.)
| | - Caiyun Zhang
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, 967 Anning Dong Lu, Lanzhou 730071, China;
| | - Wei Zhang
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (C.W.); (C.H.); (H.Z.); (Y.Y.); (W.Z.)
| | - Xianyou He
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (C.W.); (C.H.); (H.Z.); (Y.Y.); (W.Z.)
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14
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Wylie A, Zacharoff K. A Perspective from the Field: How Can We Empower the Next Generation of Physician to Heal the Opioid Epidemic? ALCOHOLISM TREATMENT QUARTERLY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/07347324.2021.2002226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Wylie
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kevin Zacharoff
- Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
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15
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Pape M, Herpertz S, Schroeder S, Seiferth C, Färber T, Wolstein J, Steins-Loeber S. Food Addiction and Its Relationship to Weight- and Addiction-Related Psychological Parameters in Individuals With Overweight and Obesity. Front Psychol 2021; 12:736454. [PMID: 34621227 PMCID: PMC8491654 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.736454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: It is assumed that a relevant subgroup of individuals experiences an addiction-like eating behaviour (Food Addiction), characterized by an impaired control over eating behaviour, emotional eating and food craving. Individuals experiencing Food Addiction partially share common symptomatology with Binge-Eating-Disorder and Bulimia Nervosa. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Food Addiction, general psychopathology, and associations with weight- and addiction-related constructs in individuals with overweight and obesity, who did not suffer from Binge-Eating-Disorder or Bulimia Nervosa. Methods:N=213 (67.1% female; MBMI=33.35kg/m2, SDBMI=3.79kg/m2) participants who were included in a weight loss program (I-GENDO project) reported BMI and completed questionnaires before the start of the treatment. Food Addiction severity, depressive symptoms, alcohol use disorder, internet use disorder, psychological distress, impulsivity personality trait, impulsive and emotional eating behaviour, food related inhibitory control, weight bias internalization, and self-efficacy were assessed. Results: The prevalence of Food Addiction was 15% with higher, although not statistically significant, prevalence in female (18.2%) compared to male (8.6%) participants. Food Addiction was associated with higher BMI at baseline assessment, low self-esteem, impulsive and emotional eating behaviour, weight bias internalization, and deficits in food-related inhibitory control. In addition, correlations were found between Food Addiction and severity of depressive symptoms, internet use disorder, and psychological distress. Conclusion: A relevant subgroup of participants experiences Food Addiction even when controlling for Binge-Eating-Disorder and Bulimia Nervosa. Future studies are warranted that investigate whether Food Addiction affects treatment success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Pape
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, LWL-University Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Herpertz
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, LWL-University Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schroeder
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany.,Department of Pathopsychology, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Caroline Seiferth
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Tanja Färber
- Department of Pathopsychology, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Jörg Wolstein
- Department of Pathopsychology, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Steins-Loeber
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
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16
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Apolzan JW, Carmichael OT, Kirby KM, Ramakrishnapillai SR, Beyl RA, Martin CK. The effects of the form of sugar (solid vs. beverage) on body weight and fMRI activation: A randomized controlled pilot study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251700. [PMID: 33999960 PMCID: PMC8128228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To test if sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs) and sugar sweetened solids (SSSs) have differential effects on body weight and reward processing in the brain. Methods In a single blind randomized controlled pilot trial (RCT), twenty participants with BMI between 20 and 40 kg/m2 were randomized to consume a 20 fluid ounce soda (SSB, 248 kcal) or the equivalent in solid form (SSS; similar to thick gelatin or gummy candy) daily. At baseline and day 28, fasting body weight and fed-state BOLD fMRI of the brain were assessed. Differences in fMRI signals between views of low-fat (LF (<30%)) high sugar (HS (>30%)) food, and non-food images were calculated in brain regions implicated in energy homeostasis, taste, and reward. Results All participants in the SSB (6F 4M; 8 Caucasian; 36±14 y, 28.2±5.5 kg/m2; Mean±SD) and SSS (3F 7M; 6 Caucasian; 39±12; 26.3±4.4) groups completed the study. Weight change was 0.27±0.78 kg between SSB and SSS participants. Changes in the fMRI response to LF/HS foods in reward, homeostatic and taste regions tended to not be different between the groups over the four weeks. However, activation of the right substantia nigra increased following the SSB but decreased activation following the SSS in response to LF/HS foods over 28 days (-0.32±0.12). Ratings of wanting for LF/HS foods were correlated with activation in several brain regions, including the OFC. Conclusions Change in weight was modest between the groups in this study. Daily consumption of a SSB over 28 days led to mixed responses to LF/HS foods in areas of the brain associated with reward. Ratings of wanting are correlated with fMRI activation inside an MRI scanner.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W. Apolzan
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Owen T. Carmichael
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
| | - Krystal M. Kirby
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
| | - Sreekrishna R. Ramakrishnapillai
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
| | - Robbie A. Beyl
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
| | - Corby K. Martin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
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17
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Difference in neural reactivity to taste stimuli and visual food stimuli in neural circuits of ingestive behavior. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 14:1395-1405. [PMID: 30734916 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-019-00048-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Brain responses to sight and taste of foods have been examined to provide insights into neural substrates of ingestive behavior. Since the brain response to food images and taste stimuli are overlapped in neural circuits of eating behavior, each food cue would influence eating behavior in a partly similar manner. However, because few studies have examined the differences in brain responses to each food cue, the variation in neural sensitivity to these food cues or specific brain response to each food cue remain unclear. We thus performed a repeated measures functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study to examine brain responses to the image and taste of various foods for direct comparisons of the brain response to each food cue. Thirty-five healthy adolescents (age: 14-19 years [mean: 17 years], males = 16, females = 19) underwent two fMRI scans, a food image fMRI scan for measurement of brain response to food images, and a taste stimulus fMRI scan for measurement of brain response to taste stimuli. Food images evoked brain responses in the visual information processing regions, anterior insula, striatum, and pre-/postcentral gyrus compared to taste stimuli, whereas taste stimuli induced brain responses in the mid-insula and limbic regions compared to food images. These results imply that food images tend to evoke brain responses in regions associated with food reward anticipation and food choice, whereas taste stimuli tend to induce brain responses in regions involved in assigning existent incentive values to foods based on existent energy homeostatic status.
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18
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Converging vulnerability factors for compulsive food and drug use. Neuropharmacology 2021; 196:108556. [PMID: 33862029 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Highly palatable foods and substance of abuse have intersecting neurobiological, metabolic and behavioral effects relevant for understanding vulnerability to conditions related to food (e.g., obesity, binge eating disorder) and drug (e.g., substance use disorder) misuse. Here, we review data from animal models, clinical populations and epidemiological evidence in behavioral, genetic, pathophysiologic and therapeutic domains. Results suggest that consumption of highly palatable food and drugs of abuse both impact and conversely are regulated by metabolic hormones and metabolic status. Palatable foods high in fat and/or sugar can elicit adaptation in brain reward and withdrawal circuitry akin to substances of abuse. Intake of or withdrawal from palatable food can impact behavioral sensitivity to drugs of abuse and vice versa. A robust literature suggests common substrates and roles for negative reinforcement, negative affect, negative urgency, and impulse control deficits, with both highly palatable foods and substances of abuse. Candidate genetic risk loci shared by obesity and alcohol use disorders have been identified in molecules classically associated with both metabolic and motivational functions. Finally, certain drugs may have overlapping therapeutic potential to treat obesity, diabetes, binge-related eating disorders and substance use disorders. Taken together, data are consistent with the hypotheses that compulsive food and substance use share overlapping, interacting substrates at neurobiological and metabolic levels and that motivated behavior associated with feeding or substance use might constitute vulnerability factors for one another. This article is part of the special issue on 'Vulnerabilities to Substance Abuse'.
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19
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May CE, Dus M. Confection Confusion: Interplay Between Diet, Taste, and Nutrition. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:95-105. [PMID: 33384209 PMCID: PMC8021035 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although genetics shapes our sense of taste to prefer some foods over others, taste sensation is plastic and changes with age, disease state, and nutrition. We have known for decades that diet composition can influence the way we perceive foods, but many questions remain unanswered, particularly regarding the effects of chemosensory plasticity on feeding behavior. Here, we review recent evidence on the effects of high-nutrient diets, especially high dietary sugar, on sweet taste in vinegar flies, rodents, and humans, and discuss open questions about molecular and neural mechanisms and research priorities. We also consider ways in which diet-dependent chemosensory plasticity may influence food intake and play a role in the etiology of obesity and metabolic disease. Understanding the interplay between nutrition, taste sensation, and feeding will help us define the role of the food environment in mediating chronic disease and design better public health strategies to combat it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina E May
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Monica Dus
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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20
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Morales I, Berridge KC. 'Liking' and 'wanting' in eating and food reward: Brain mechanisms and clinical implications. Physiol Behav 2020; 227:113152. [PMID: 32846152 PMCID: PMC7655589 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
It is becoming clearer how neurobiological mechanisms generate 'liking' and 'wanting' components of food reward. Mesocorticolimbic mechanisms that enhance 'liking' include brain hedonic hotspots, which are specialized subregions that are uniquely able to causally amplify the hedonic impact of palatable tastes. Hedonic hotspots are found in nucleus accumbens medial shell, ventral pallidum, orbitofrontal cortex, insula cortex, and brainstem. In turn, a much larger mesocorticolimbic circuitry generates 'wanting' or incentive motivation to obtain and consume food rewards. Hedonic and motivational circuitry interact together and with hypothalamic homeostatic circuitry, allowing relevant physiological hunger and satiety states to modulate 'liking' and 'wanting' for food rewards. In some conditions such as drug addiction, 'wanting' is known to dramatically detach from 'liking' for the same reward, and this may also occur in over-eating disorders. Via incentive sensitization, 'wanting' selectively becomes higher, especially when triggered by reward cues when encountered in vulnerable states of stress, etc. Emerging evidence suggests that some cases of obesity and binge eating disorders may reflect an incentive-sensitization brain signature of cue hyper-reactivity, causing excessive 'wanting' to eat. Future findings on the neurobiological bases of 'liking' and 'wanting' can continue to improve understanding of both normal food reward and causes of clinical eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Morales
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1043, United States.
| | - Kent C Berridge
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1043, United States
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21
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Verstynen T, Dunovan K, Walsh C, Kuan CH, Manuck SB, Gianaros PJ. Adiposity covaries with signatures of asymmetric feedback learning during adaptive decisions. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2020; 15:1145-1156. [PMID: 32608485 PMCID: PMC7657458 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsaa088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Unhealthy weight gain relates, in part, to how people make decisions based on prior experience. Here we conducted post hoc analysis on an archival data set to evaluate whether individual differences in adiposity, an anthropometric construct encompassing a spectrum of body types, from lean to obese, associate with signatures of asymmetric feedback learning during value-based decision-making. In a sample of neurologically healthy adults (N = 433), ventral striatal responses to rewards, measured using fMRI, were not directly associated with adiposity, but rather moderated its relationship with feedback-driven learning in the Iowa gambling task, tested outside the scanner. Using a biologically inspired model of basal ganglia-dependent decision processes, we found this moderating effect of reward reactivity to be explained by an asymmetrical use of feedback to drive learning; that is, with more plasticity for gains than for losses, stronger reward reactivity leads to decisions that minimize exploration for maximizing long-term outcomes. Follow-up analysis confirmed that individual differences in adiposity correlated with signatures of asymmetric use of feedback cues during learning, suggesting that reward reactivity may especially relate to adiposity, and possibly obesity risk, when gains impact future decisions more than losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Verstynen
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Carnegie Mellon Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Kyle Dunovan
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Catherine Walsh
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Chieh-Hsin Kuan
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Stephen B Manuck
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Peter J Gianaros
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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22
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Cosme D, Zeithamova D, Stice E, Berkman ET. Multivariate neural signatures for health neuroscience: assessing spontaneous regulation during food choice. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2020; 15:1120-1134. [PMID: 31993654 PMCID: PMC7657386 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsaa002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Establishing links between neural systems and health can be challenging since there is not a one-to-one mapping between brain regions and psychological states. Building sensitive and specific predictive models of health-relevant constructs using multivariate activation patterns of brain activation is a promising new direction. We illustrate the potential of this approach by building two 'neural signatures' of food craving regulation (CR) using multivariate machine learning and, for comparison, a univariate contrast. We applied the signatures to two large validation samples of overweight adults who completed tasks measuring CR ability and valuation during food choice. Across these samples, the machine learning signature was more reliable. This signature decoded CR from food viewing and higher signature expression was associated with less craving. During food choice, expression of the regulation signature was stronger for unhealthy foods and inversely related to subjective value, indicating that participants engaged in CR despite never being instructed to control their cravings. Neural signatures thus have the potential to measure spontaneous engagement of mental processes in the absence of explicit instruction, affording greater ecological validity. We close by discussing the opportunities and challenges of this approach, emphasizing what machine learning tools bring to the field of health neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Cosme
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1227, USA
| | - Dagmar Zeithamova
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1227, USA
| | - Eric Stice
- Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Elliot T Berkman
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1227, USA
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23
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Schulte EM, Wadden TA, Allison KC. An evaluation of food addiction as a distinct psychiatric disorder. Int J Eat Disord 2020; 53:1610-1622. [PMID: 32725769 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the state of the literature for whether food addiction may warrant consideration as a distinct psychiatric disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) using Blashfield et al.'s (1990; Comprehensive Psychiatry, 31(1), 15-19) five criteria. This framework was utilized because it has recently been applied to examine the diagnostic utility of several eating disorder phenotypes. The criteria are: (a) at least 50 journal articles published on the proposed syndrome in the past 10 years; (b) proposal of diagnostic criteria and assessment measures; (c) clinician reliability in diagnosis; (d) cohesiveness of the proposed diagnostic criteria; and (e) differentiation from similar, existing diagnostic categories. METHOD For each criterion, a literature review was conducted to examine if the minimum qualification had been met, and key findings were discussed. RESULTS Two of the criteria (literature and differentiation) have been empirically supported to extent specified. Two criteria (diagnostic criteria and syndrome) have been partially fulfilled, due to only having self-report assessment measures and no examination of the odds ratios for meeting more than one symptom, respectively. Clinician reliability has not yet been evaluated. DISCUSSION The existing literature suggests that food addiction may warrant consideration as a proposed diagnostic category in the DSM, though future research is needed to fulfill Blashfield et al.'s (1990; Comprehensive Psychiatry, 31(1), 15-19) criteria. The development of a semi-structured interview would be an impactful contribution for addressing these gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica M Schulte
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Thomas A Wadden
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kelly C Allison
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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24
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Abstract
The conscious perception of the hedonic sensory properties of caloric foods is commonly believed to guide our dietary choices. Current and traditional models implicate the consciously perceived hedonic qualities of food as driving overeating, whereas subliminal signals arising from the gut would curb our uncontrolled desire for calories. Here we review recent animal and human studies that support a markedly different model for food reward. These findings reveal in particular the existence of subcortical body-to-brain neural pathways linking gastrointestinal nutrient sensors to the brain's reward regions. Unexpectedly, consciously perceptible hedonic qualities appear to play a less relevant, and mostly transient, role in food reinforcement. In this model, gut-brain reward pathways bypass cranial taste and aroma sensory receptors and the cortical networks that give rise to flavor perception. They instead reinforce behaviors independently of the cognitive processes that support overt insights into the nature of our dietary decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan E. de Araujo
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Mark Schatzker
- Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Dana M. Small
- Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
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25
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Influence of subliminal intragastric fatty acid infusion on subjective and physiological responses to positive emotion induction in healthy women: A randomized trial. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 108:43-52. [PMID: 31226660 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subliminal intragastric fatty acid infusion attenuates subjective and brain responses to negative emotion induction. However, the underlying gut-brain signaling mechanisms remain unclear, and it is unknown whether such effect equally applies to positive emotion. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the interaction between fatty acid-induced gut-brain signaling and subjective responses to positive emotion, and the potential mediational role of gastrointestinal (GI) hormones. DESIGN Twelve fasting healthy women underwent intragastric infusion of 2.5 g lauric acid or saline, after which either positive or neutral emotion was induced for 30 min, in 4 separate visits. Appetite-related sensations, subjective emotional state, and GI hormones were measured at baseline and every 10 min after infusion. Heart rate variability was measured at baseline and at t = 20-30 min to quantify vagal tone (root mean square of successive differences, RMSSD), and sympathovagal balance (low frequency to high frequency ratio, LF/HF). RESULTS Fatty acid infusion did not influence appetite-related sensations (as expected), nor emotional state ratings (contrary to expectations). As anticipated, fatty acid stimulated release of CCK at t = 20-40 min (p < 0.001), and GLP1 at t = 30-40 min (p < 0.001), but not PYY. Interestingly, positive emotion induction suppressed plasma octanoylated ghrelin at t = 20-40 min (p = 0.020). Further, both positive emotion and fatty acid attenuated RMSSD (p = 0.012 & 0.0073, respectively). Positive emotion attenuated LF/HF after fatty acid (p = 0.0006), but raised LF/HF after saline (p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS Subliminal fatty acid did not influence subjective responses to positive emotion induction. However, positive emotion induction suppressed octanoylated ghrelin release. Moreover, both positive emotion and subliminal fatty acid decreased cardiac vagal tone. Further, the fatty acid reversed the effect of positive emotion on sympathovagal balance.
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26
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Shearrer GE, Nansel TR, Lipsky LM, Sadler JR, Burger KS. The impact of elevated body mass on brain responses during appetitive prediction error in postpartum women. Physiol Behav 2019; 206:243-251. [PMID: 30986423 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Repeated exposure to highly palatable foods and elevated weight promote: 1) insensitivity to punishment in striatal regions and, 2) increased willingness to work for food. We hypothesized that BMI would be positively associated with negative prediction error BOLD response in the occipital cortex. Additionally, we postulated that food reinforcement value would be negatively associated with negative prediction error BOLD response in the orbital frontal cortex and amygdala. Postpartum women (n = 47; BMI = 25.5 ± 5.1) were 'trained' to associate specific cues paired to either a highly palatable milkshake or a sub-palatable milkshake. We then violated these cue-taste pairings in 40% of the trials by showing a palatable cue followed by the sub-palatable taste (negative prediction error). Contrary to our hypotheses, during negative prediction error (mismatched cue-taste) versus matched palatable cue-taste, women showed increased BOLD response in the central operculum (pFWE = 0.002; k = 1680; MNI: -57, -7,14) and postcentral gyrus (pFWE = 0.006, k = 1219; MNI: 62, -8,18). When comparing the matched sub-palatable cue-taste to the negative prediction error trials, BOLD response increased in the postcentral gyrus (r = -0.60, pFWE = 0.008), putamen (r = -0.55, pFWE = 0.02), and insula (r = -0.50, pFWE = 0.01). Similarly, viewing the palatable cue vs sub-palatable cue was related to BOLD response in the putamen (pFWE = 0.025, k = 53; MNI: -20, 6, -8) and the insula (pFWE = 0.04, k = 19, MNI:38, -12, -6). Neither BMI at 6-month postpartum nor food reinforcement value was related to BOLD response. The insula and putamen appear to encode for visual food cue processing, and the gustatory and somatosensory cortices appear to encode negative prediction errors. Differential response in the somatosensory cortex to the matched cue-taste pairs to negative prediction error may indicate that a palatable cue may dull aversive qualities in the stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E Shearrer
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Tonja R Nansel
- Social and Behavioral Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Leah M Lipsky
- Social and Behavioral Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Jennifer R Sadler
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Kyle S Burger
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America; Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America.
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Stice E, Burger K. Neural vulnerability factors for obesity. Clin Psychol Rev 2019; 68:38-53. [PMID: 30587407 PMCID: PMC6397091 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Multiple theories identify neural vulnerability factors that may increase risk for overeating and weight gain. Early cross-sectional neuroimaging studies were unable to determine whether aberrant neural responsivity was a risk factor for or a consequence of overeating. More recent obesity risk, prospective, repeated-measures, and experimental neuroimaging studies with humans have advanced knowledge of etiologic processes and neural plasticity resulting from overeating. Herein, we review evidence from these more rigorous human neuroimaging studies, in conjunction with behavioral measures reflecting neural function, as well as experiments with animals that investigated neural vulnerability theories for overeating. Findings provide support for the reward surfeit theory that posits that individuals at risk for obesity initially show hyper-responsivity of reward circuitry to high-calorie food tastes, which theoretically drives elevated intake of such foods. However, findings provide little support for the reward deficit theory that postulates that individuals at risk for obesity show an initial hypo-responsivity of reward circuitry that motives overeating. Further, results provide support for the incentive sensitization and dynamic vulnerability theories that propose that overconsumption of high-calorie foods results in increased reward and attention region responsivity to cues that are associated with hedonic reward from intake of these high-calorie foods via conditioning, as well as a simultaneous decrease in reward region responsivity to high-calorie food tastes. However, there is little evidence that this induced reduction in reward region response to high-calorie food tastes drives an escalation in overeating. Finally, results provide support for the theory that an initial deficit in inhibitory control and a bias for immediate reward contribute to overconsumption of high-calorie foods. Findings imply that interventions that reduce reward and attention region responsivity to food cues and increase inhibitory control should reduce overeating and excessive weight gain, an intervention theory that is receiving support in randomized trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Stice
- Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR, USA.
| | - Kyle Burger
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Sadler JR, Stice E, Shearrer GE, Burger KS. Individual differences in appeal of energy dense foods predicts lower body mass change during adolescence. Appetite 2019; 133:184-190. [PMID: 30408506 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Highly energy dense foods are often synonymous with high palatability, excess intake and weight gain. However, food preferences show individual differences. Food preferences are closely related to food intake, which can impact weight change over time. We examined whether the energy density of food images rated as appetizing and unappetizing foods related to baseline BMI and change in BMI over 3-year follow-up (n = 117; 45% Male, Baseline BMI: 21.1 ± 1.9. Participants completed hedonic visual analog scales (-100 to 100) ratings of 103 food images, and reported dietary intake at baseline, and had their height and weight directly measured over 3-year follow-up. Energy density (ED) of the food depicted in each image was calculated. For each participant, food images (kcal/g) were categorized into appetizing (32 images) and unappetizing foods (32 images) based on each individual's hedonic ratings. We observed significant interaction between energy density and hedonic value driven by an inverse relation between unappetizing food energy density and BMI change (p = 0.008). Specifically, participants who rated higher energy dense foods as unappetizing showed less weight gain (β= -0.83; p = 0.00052). There was no significant relation between the energy density of appetizing foods and weight change (p = 0.67), suggesting that dislike of highly energy dense foods more strongly associates with lower weight gain than preference for low energy dense foods. Post-hoc analyses revealed that individuals with a higher preference for low energy density foods showed less weight gain over 3-years (β = - 0.007, p = 0.02). Results support the idea that individual hedonic ratings for foods varying in energy density is a determinant of weight change in adolescents and may represent an important intervention target for obesity prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Sadler
- The Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Eric Stice
- Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Grace E Shearrer
- The Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kyle S Burger
- The Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Luo S, Alves J, Hardy K, Wang X, Monterosso J, Xiang AH, Page KA. Neural processing of food cues in pre-pubertal children. Pediatr Obes 2019; 14:e12435. [PMID: 30019454 PMCID: PMC6336530 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Neuroimaging investigations of brain pathways involved in reward and motivation have primarily focused on adults. This study sought to identify brain responses to visual food cues and explore its relationships with adiposity and sex in pre-pubertal children. METHODS Brain responses to palatable food vs. non-food cues were measured in 53 children (age: 8.18 ± .66 years; sex: 22 boys, 31 girls) after an overnight fast. Whole-brain analysis (cluster-correction Z > 2.3, P < .05) was performed to examine brain food cue reactivity and its relationships with adiposity and sex. RESULTS Greater brain activity in response to food vs. non-food cues was observed in regions implicated in reward (orbital frontal cortex, striatum), taste (insula, postcentral gyrus), appetite (hypothalamus), emotion (amygdala), memory (hippocampus), visual processing (occipital cortex) and attention (parietal cortex). A negative association was found between percent body fat and food cue reactivity in the medial prefrontal cortex and lateral orbital frontal cortex adjusting for age and sex. Boys compared with girls had increased food cue reactivity in right hippocampus and visual cortex. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that body fat and sex are important moderators of brain food cue reactivity in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Luo
- Division of Endocrinology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 90089,Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 90089
| | - Jasmin Alves
- Division of Endocrinology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 90089,Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 90089
| | - Kristen Hardy
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 90089
| | - Xinhui Wang
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, 91101
| | - John Monterosso
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, 90089,Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, 90089
| | - Anny H. Xiang
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, 91101
| | - Kathleen A. Page
- Division of Endocrinology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 90089,Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 90089,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, 90089,Corresponding Author: Kathleen A. Page, Associate Professor of Medicine USC Keck School of Medicine Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, 2250 Alcazar Street; CSC 209, Los Angeles, CA 90089, T: (323) 442-2804, F: (323) 442-2809,
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Penaforte FRDO, Minelli MCS, Anastácio LR, Japur CC. Anxiety symptoms and emotional eating are independently associated with sweet craving in young adults. Psychiatry Res 2019; 271:715-720. [PMID: 30791346 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.11.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sweet craving (SC), defined as a strong desire for sweet foods, seems to be closely related to negative emotions, such as anxiety and unhealthy eating behaviors. The objective was to investigate factors that are associated with SC and to assess the relationships among SC, anxiety symptoms, and eating behavior in university students. This was a cross-sectional study involving 300 students of both sexes (20.5 ± 4.4 years) who were freshmen in a Brazilian public university. Eating behavior was evaluated using the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire, anxiety symptoms were assessed using the Beck Anxiety Inventory, SC was identified by a yes/no question ("Have you had a very strong desire to eat sweet food over the last three months?"), and characterized by the Questionnaire for Assessment of Sweet Substance Dependence. Individuals with SC scored significantly higher for uncontrolled eating (UE), emotional eating (EE), and anxiety symptoms. Logistic regression analysis revealed that anxiety symptoms are independently associated with SC. In conclusion, negative emotions, like anxiety, and eating guided by these emotions can contribute to the SC phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Rodrigues de Oliveira Penaforte
- Department of Nutrition/PostGraduate Program in Psychology, Universidade Federal do Trângulo Mineiro, Av. Frei Paulino, 30. Bairro Abadia, CEP 38025-180 Uberaba, MG, Brazil; Laboratory of Eating Practices and Behavior (PratiCA), Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900. Bairro Monte Alegre, CEP 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Maria Clara Santos Minelli
- Department of Nutrition/PostGraduate Program in Psychology, Universidade Federal do Trângulo Mineiro, Av. Frei Paulino, 30. Bairro Abadia, CEP 38025-180 Uberaba, MG, Brazil.
| | - Lucilene Rezende Anastácio
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627. Campus Pampulha, CEP 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Camila Cremonezi Japur
- Division of Nutrition and Metabolism, Department of Health Sciences. Ribeirão Preto Medical Scholl. Universidade de São Paulo. Av. Bandeirantes, 3900. Bairro Monte Alegre, CEP 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Laboratory of Eating Practices and Behavior (PratiCA), Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900. Bairro Monte Alegre, CEP 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Racine SE, Horvath SA, Brassard SL, Benning SD. Effort expenditure for rewards task modified for food: A novel behavioral measure of willingness to work for food. Int J Eat Disord 2018; 52:71-78. [PMID: 30597585 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Binge eating and associated eating disorders are characterized by abnormalities in reward processing. One component of reward is willingness to expend effort to obtain a reinforcer. The Effort Expenditure for Rewards Task (EEfRT) is a widely used behavioral measure of willingness to work for money. We sought to modify the EEfRT to examine willingness to work for food reward and to preliminarily examine the association between binge eating and effort expenditure for food. METHOD Participants were 63 females recruited to span the spectrum of binge-eating severity. The modified EEfRT required participants to make a series of choices between an easier, low-reward option (one portion of food) and a harder, high-reward option (between two to five portions of food). Each trial also varied on probability of winning. RESULTS Participants self-reported engagement in the task, working hard at easy and hard tasks, and making choices based on reward probability and magnitude. As with the original EEfRT, probability, reward magnitude, and their interaction predicted the likelihood of choosing the hard task. Across two different measures, binge-eating symptoms interacted with reward magnitude, such that those with high binge eating used reward magnitude more to make trial choices than those with low binge eating. DISCUSSION These data provide initial support for the validity of the EEfRT modified for food as a behavioral measure of willingness to work for food reward. The impact of binge eating on effort expenditure must be replicated in samples of patients with eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Racine
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Sarah L Brassard
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Stephen D Benning
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada
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Giuliani NR, Merchant JS, Cosme D, Berkman ET. Neural predictors of eating behavior and dietary change. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1428:208-220. [PMID: 29543993 PMCID: PMC6139096 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Recently, there has been an increase in the number of human neuroimaging studies seeking to predict behavior above and beyond traditional measurements such as self-report. This trend has been particularly notable in the area of food consumption, as the percentage of people categorized as overweight or obese continues to rise. In this review, we argue that there is considerable utility in this form of health neuroscience, modeling the neural bases of eating behavior and dietary change in healthy community populations. Further, we propose a model and accompanying evidence indicating that several basic processes underlying eating behavior, particularly reactivity, regulation, and valuation, can be predictive of behavior change. We also discuss future directions for this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole R. Giuliani
- Department of Special Education and Clinical Sciences, University of Oregon
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Oregon
| | | | - Danielle Cosme
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Oregon
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon
| | - Elliot T. Berkman
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Oregon
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon
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Supra-Additive Effects of Combining Fat and Carbohydrate on Food Reward. Cell Metab 2018; 28:33-44.e3. [PMID: 29909968 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Post-ingestive signals conveying information about the nutritive properties of food are critical for regulating ingestive behavior. Here, using an auction task concomitant to fMRI scanning, we demonstrate that participants are willing to pay more for fat + carbohydrate compared with equally familiar, liked, and caloric fat or carbohydrate foods and that this potentiated reward is associated with response in areas critical for reward valuation, including the dorsal striatum and mediodorsal thalamus. We also show that individuals are better able to estimate the energy density of fat compared with carbohydrate and fat + carbohydrate foods, an effect associated with functional connectivity between visual (fusiform gyrus) and valuation (ventromedial prefrontal cortex) areas. These results provide the first demonstration that foods high in fat and carbohydrate are, calorie for calorie, valued more than foods containing only fat or carbohydrate and that this effect is associated with greater recruitment of central reward circuits.
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Shearrer GE, Stice E, Burger KS. Adolescents at high risk of obesity show greater striatal response to increased sugar content in milkshakes. Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 107:859-866. [PMID: 29771283 PMCID: PMC6037118 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Children of overweight or obese parents are at a high risk of developing obesity. Objective This study sought to examine the underlying neural factors related to parental obesity risk and the relative impact of sugar and fat when consuming a palatable food, as well as the impact of obesity risk status on brain response to appetizing food images. Design With the use of functional MRI, the responses of 108 healthy-weight adolescents [mean ± SD body mass index (kg/m2): 20.9 ± 1.9; n = 53 who were at high risk by virtue of parental obesity status, n = 55 who were low risk] to food stimuli were examined. Stimuli included 4 milkshakes, which systematically varied in sugar and fat content, a calorie-free tasteless solution, and images of appetizing foods and glasses of water. Results High-risk compared with low-risk adolescents showed greater blood oxygen-dependent response to milkshakes (all variants collapsed) compared with the tasteless solution in the primary gustatory and oral somatosensory cortices (P-family-wise error rate < 0.05), replicating a previous report. Notably, high-risk adolescents showed greater caudate, gustatory, and oral somatosensory responses to the high-sugar milkshake than to the tasteless solution; however, no effect of risk status was observed in the high-fat milkshake condition. Responses to food images were not related to obesity risk status. Conclusion Collectively, the data presented here suggest that parental weight status is associated with greater striatal, gustatory, and somatosensory responses to palatable foods-in particular, high-sugar foods-in their adolescent offspring, which theoretically contributes to an increased risk of future overeating. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01949636.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E Shearrer
- Department of Nutritional Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | - Kyle S Burger
- Department of Nutritional Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC,Address correspondence to KSB (e-mail: )
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Gilbert JR, Stice E, Burger KS. Elevated Thalamic Response to High-Sugar Milkshake in Ethnic and Racial Minorities. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2018; 5:580-587. [PMID: 28779478 PMCID: PMC5797505 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-017-0403-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In the USA, Hispanics and African-Americans show elevated obesity, yet little is known about possible ethnic/racial differences in brain response during intake of palatable foods. To examine potential differences between non-Hispanic white (nHW) and racial/ethnic minority individuals, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to assess brain response to intake of eucaloric milkshakes that were either high-sugar or high-fat and a calorie-free, tasteless control solution. Our sample included healthy-weight adolescents who identified as African-American and/or Hispanic (minority, n = 27) and non-Hispanic white (nHW, n = 106). Minority participants showed elevated response in the pre-/postcentral gyrus, precuneus, and left thalamus in response to the high-sugar milkshake compared to high-fat milkshake. To confirm these effects were not driven by differences in body mass or a function of unequal cell sizes, we performed the same analyses in minority participants and a randomly selected subsample of nHW participants (n = 27) that were matched on BMI percentile. Similar to the full sample, we observed an elevated ventral posterior thalamic response to high-sugar milkshake in minority participants. This effect held after controlling for self-reported sugar and fat intake. These results suggest that African-American and Hispanic groups may have elevated response to specifically high-sugar foods in regions of the brain associated with sensory processing, providing novel information regarding the possible neural underpinnings of the disproportional risk for obesity seen in African-American and Hispanic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Gilbert
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Eric Stice
- Oregon Research Institute, 1776 Millrace Dr, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Kyle S Burger
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Biomedical Imaging Research Center, UNC School of Medicine, 125 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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The motilin agonist erythromycin increases hunger by modulating homeostatic and hedonic brain circuits in healthy women: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1819. [PMID: 29379095 PMCID: PMC5789052 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19444-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The motilin agonist, erythromycin, induces gastric phase III of the migrating motor complex, which in turn generates hunger peaks. To identify the brain mechanisms underlying these orexigenic effects, 14 healthy women participated in a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study. Functional magnetic resonance brain images were acquired for 50 minutes interprandially. Intravenous infusion of erythromycin (40 mg) or saline started 10 minutes after the start of scanning. Blood samples (for glucose and hormone levels) and hunger ratings were collected at fixed timepoints. Thirteen volunteers completed the study, without any adverse events. Brain regions involved in homeostatic and hedonic control of appetite and food intake responded to erythromycin, including pregenual anterior cingulate cortex, anterior insula cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala, caudate, pallidum and putamen bilaterally, right accumbens, hypothalamus, and midbrain. Octanoylated ghrelin levels decreased, whereas both glucose and insulin increased after erythromycin. Hunger were higher after erythromycin, and these differences covaried with the brain response in most of the abovementioned regions. The motilin agonist erythromycin increases hunger by modulating neurocircuitry related to homeostatic and hedonic control of appetite and feeding. These results confirm recent behavioural findings identifying motilin as a key orexigenic hormone in humans, and identify the brain mechanisms underlying its effect.
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Learned pleasure from eating: An opportunity to promote healthy eating in children? Appetite 2018; 120:265-274. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Neural Mechanisms of Circadian Regulation of Natural and Drug Reward. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:5720842. [PMID: 29359051 PMCID: PMC5735684 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5720842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are endogenously generated near 24-hour variations of physiological and behavioral functions. In humans, disruptions to the circadian system are associated with negative health outcomes, including metabolic, immune, and psychiatric diseases, such as addiction. Animal models suggest bidirectional relationships between the circadian system and drugs of abuse, whereby desynchrony, misalignment, or disruption may promote vulnerability to drug use and the transition to addiction, while exposure to drugs of abuse may entrain, disrupt, or perturb the circadian timing system. Recent evidence suggests natural (i.e., food) and drug rewards may influence overlapping neural circuitry, and the circadian system may modulate the physiological and behavioral responses to these stimuli. Environmental disruptions, such as shifting schedules or shorter/longer days, influence food and drug intake, and certain mutations of circadian genes that control cellular rhythms are associated with altered behavioral reward. We highlight the more recent findings associating circadian rhythms to reward function, linking environmental and genetic evidence to natural and drug reward and related neural circuitry.
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Polk SE, Schulte EM, Furman CR, Gearhardt AN. Wanting and liking: Separable components in problematic eating behavior? Appetite 2017; 115:45-53. [PMID: 27840087 PMCID: PMC5796412 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Some individuals may have an addictive-like response to certain foods, possibly contributing to problematic eating. Highly processed foods, with added fats and/or refined carbohydrates, are suggested to be most associated with addictive-like eating. The incentive sensitization theory suggests that wanting (e.g. craving) may drive compulsive drug use rather than liking (e.g. enjoyment), but it is unknown whether highly processed foods elicit similar wanting and liking patterns as drugs of abuse, or whether individual differences exist. The current study examines the association of highly processed foods with craving and liking, and whether these relationships differ by food addiction symptomology, cognitive restraint, or body mass index (BMI). Participants (n = 216) reported craving and liking for 35 foods and completed the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) and Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ). Highly processed foods were craved more overall. Craving of highly processed foods was predicted negatively by restraint and positively by YFAS score. Liking of highly processed foods was predicted negatively by restraint and positively by BMI. In conclusion, craving and liking appear distinct with respect to highly processed foods, and may be influenced by addictive-like eating, cognitive restraint, and BMI. This suggests that the incentive sensitization framework may also be relevant for problematic food consumption, especially for individuals reporting food addiction symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Polk
- University of Michigan, 530 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48103, USA
| | - Erica M Schulte
- University of Michigan, 530 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48103, USA
| | - Celina R Furman
- University of Michigan, 530 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48103, USA
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Grimm O, Kaiser S, Plichta MM, Tobler PN. Altered reward anticipation: Potential explanation for weight gain in schizophrenia? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 75:91-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Burger KS. Frontostriatal and behavioral adaptations to daily sugar-sweetened beverage intake: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 105:555-563. [PMID: 28179221 PMCID: PMC5320411 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.140145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Current obesity theories suggest that the repeated intake of highly palatable high-sugar foods causes adaptions in the striatum, parietal lobe, and prefrontal and visual cortices in the brain that may serve to perpetuate consumption in a feed-forward manner. However, the data for humans are cross-sectional and observational, leaving little ability to determine the temporal precedence of repeated consumption on brain response.Objective: We tested the impact of regular sugar-sweetened beverage intake on brain and behavioral responses to beverage stimuli.Design: We performed an experiment with 20 healthy-weight individuals who were randomly assigned to consume 1 of 2 sugar-sweetened beverages daily for 21 d, underwent 2 functional MRI sessions, and completed behavioral and explicit hedonic assessments.Results: Consistent with preclinical experiments, daily beverage consumption resulted in decreases in dorsal striatal response during receipt of the consumed beverage (r = -0.46) and decreased ventromedial prefrontal response during logo-elicited anticipation (r = -0.44). This decrease in the prefrontal response correlated with increases in behavioral disinhibition toward the logo of the consumed beverage (r = 0.54; P = 0.02). Daily beverage consumption also increased precuneus response to both juice logos compared with a tasteless control (r = 0.45), suggesting a more generalized effect toward beverage cues. Last, the repeated consumption of 1 beverage resulted in an explicit hedonic devaluation of a similar nonconsumed beverage (P < 0.001).Conclusions: Analogous to previous reports, these initial results provide convergent data for a role of regular sugar-sweetened beverage intake in altering neurobehavioral responses to the regularly consumed beverage that may also extend to other beverage stimuli. Future research is required to provide evidence of replication in a larger sample and to establish whether the neurobehavioral adaptations observed herein are specific to high-sugar and/or nonnutritive-sweetened beverages or more generally related to the repeated consumption of any type of food. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02624206.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle S Burger
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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Hauck C, Weiß A, Schulte EM, Meule A, Ellrott T. Prevalence of 'Food Addiction' as Measured with the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 in a Representative German Sample and Its Association with Sex, Age and Weight Categories. Obes Facts 2017; 10:12-24. [PMID: 28190017 PMCID: PMC5644971 DOI: 10.1159/000456013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS To assess the prevalence and correlates of addictive-like eating behavior in Germany. METHODS The German version of the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) 2.0 was used to investigate, for the first time, the prevalence of 'food addiction' in a representative sample aged 18-65 years (N = 1,034). RESULTS The prevalence of 'food addiction' measured by the YFAS 2.0 was 7.9%. Individuals meeting criteria for 'food addiction' had higher BMI and were younger than individuals not meeting the threshold. Underweight (15.0%) and obese (17.2%) individuals exhibited the highest prevalence rate of 'food addiction'. Addictive-like eating was not associated with sex, education level, or place of residence. CONCLUSION YFAS 2.0 'food addiction' was met by nearly 8% of the population. There is a non-linear relationship between addictive-like eating and BMI, with the highest prevalence among underweight and obese persons. These findings suggest that 'food addiction' may be a contributor to overeating but may also reflect a distinct phenotype of problematic eating behavior not synonymous with obesity. Further, the elevated prevalence of YFAS 2.0 'food addiction' among underweight individuals may reflect an overlap with eating disorders and warrants attention in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Hauck
- Institute for Nutrition and Psychology, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany, Salzburg, Austria
- *Carolin Hauck, Institute for Nutrition and Psychology, University Medicine Göttingen, Humboldtallee 32, 37073 Göttingen, Germany,
| | - Annegret Weiß
- Institute for Nutrition and Psychology, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Erica Marla Schulte
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Adrian Meule
- Department of Psychology, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Thomas Ellrott
- Institute for Nutrition and Psychology, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany, Salzburg, Austria
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Blum K, Febo M, Badgaiyan RD, Demetrovics Z, Simpatico T, Fahlke C, Li M, Dushaj K, Gold MS. Common Neurogenetic Diagnosis and Meso-Limbic Manipulation of Hypodopaminergic Function in Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS): Changing the Recovery Landscape. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 15:184-194. [PMID: 27174576 PMCID: PMC5327445 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666160512150918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 1990, Blum and associates provided the first confirmed genetic link between the DRD2 polymorphisms and alcoholism. This finding was based on an earlier conceptual framework, which served as a blueprint for their seminal genetic association discovery they termed "Brain Reward Cascade." These findings were followed by a new way of understanding all addictive behaviors (substance and non-substance) termed "Reward Deficiency Syndrome" (RDS). RDS incorporates a complex multifaceted array of inheritable behaviors that are polygenic. OBJECTIVE In this review article, we attempt to clarify these terms and provide a working model to accurately diagnose and treat these unwanted behaviors. METHOD We are hereby proposing the development of a translational model we term "Reward Deficiency Solution System™" that incorporates neurogenetic testing and meso-limbic manipulation of a "hypodopaminergic" trait/state, which provides dopamine agonistic therapy (DAT) as well as reduced "dopamine resistance," while embracing "dopamine homeostasis." RESULT The result is better recovery and relapse prevention, despite DNA antecedents, which could impact the recovery process and relapse. Understanding the commonality of mental illness will transform erroneous labeling based on symptomatology, into a genetic and anatomical etiology. WC: 184.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida College of Medicine and McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Nutrigenomics, RDSolutions, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Psychology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
- PATH Foundation NY, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Neuroscience Research and Addiction Therapy, The Shores Treatment and Recovery, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Marcelo Febo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida College of Medicine and McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rajendra D. Badgaiyan
- Division of Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota College of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, USA;
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Department of Psychology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Thomas Simpatico
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Claudia Fahlke
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden;
| | - Oscar-Berman M
- Departments of Psychiatry and Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston VA Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mona Li
- PATH Foundation NY, New York, NY, USA
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Belkova J, Rozkot M, Danek P, Klein P, Matonohova J, Podhorna I. Sugar and nutritional extremism. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2016; 57:933-936. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.940027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslava Belkova
- Department of Pig Breeding, Institute of Animal Science Prague, Uhrineves, Komenskeho, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Rozkot
- Department of Pig Breeding, Institute of Animal Science Prague, Uhrineves, Komenskeho, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Danek
- Department of Pig Breeding, Institute of Animal Science Prague, Uhrineves, Komenskeho, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Klein
- Department of Pig Breeding, Institute of Animal Science Prague, Uhrineves, Komenskeho, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Matonohova
- Department of Pig Breeding, Institute of Animal Science Prague, Uhrineves, Komenskeho, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Podhorna
- Contipro Pharma, A.S., Dolni Dobrouc, Czech Republic
- School of Agriculture Lanskroun, Lanskroun, Czech Republic
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45
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Temple JL. Behavioral sensitization of the reinforcing value of food: What food and drugs have in common. Prev Med 2016; 92:90-99. [PMID: 27346758 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sensitization is a basic property of the nervous system whereby repeated exposure to a stimulus results in an increase in responding to that stimulus. This increase in responding contributes to difficulty with treatment of drug abuse, as stimuli associated with substance use become signals or triggers for drug craving and relapse. Our work over the past decade has applied the theoretical framework of incentive sensitization to overeating. We have shown, in several studies, that lean adults do not commonly demonstrate behavioral sensitization after repeated exposure to snack food, but a subset of obese adults reliably does. This review will discuss this change in behavioral response to repeated consumption of snack food in obese individuals and apply the theoretical framework of incentive sensitization to drugs of abuse to high fat/high sugar snack foods. We will also show data that suggest that behavioral sensitization to repeated administration of snack food is predictive of weight gain, which may enhance its utility as a diagnostic tool for identifying at-risk individuals for obesity. Finally, we will discuss the future directions of this line of research, including studying the phenomenon in children and adolescents and determining if similar principles can be used to increase motivation to eat healthier food. A combination of reductions in unhealthy food intake and increases and healthy food intake is necessary to reduce obesity rates and improve health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Temple
- Departments of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences and Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States.
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46
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Nansel TR, Lipsky LM, Siega-Riz AM, Burger K, Faith M, Liu A. Pregnancy eating attributes study (PEAS): a cohort study examining behavioral and environmental influences on diet and weight change in pregnancy and postpartum. BMC Nutr 2016; 2:45. [PMID: 28663822 PMCID: PMC5486996 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-016-0083-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rising prevalence of maternal overweight/obesity and excessive gestational weight gain poses a serious public health concern due to the contribution of these factors to increased risk of negative health outcomes for both mother and child. Scant intervention research has indicated moderate short-term improvement in maternal diet and gestational weight gain, with little evidence of long-term behavior change, in parallel with findings from interventions outside of pregnancy. Recent laboratory-based findings from neuroscience implicate aberrant reward processing of food at the brain level ("food reward sensitivity," the between-individual variation in the response to food stimuli) as a contributor to eating beyond energy needs. However, scant research has examined the influence of these processes on weight change in population-based settings, and the relevance of these processes to pregnancy-related weight change has not been explored. The purpose of the Pregnancy Eating Attributes Study (PEAS) is to examine the role of food reward sensitivity in maternal diet and weight change during pregnancy and postpartum. The study examines the interplay of food reward sensitivity with behavioral control, home food environment, and related aspects of eating behavior in the context of weight-related biomedical, psychosocial, genetic and behavioral factors including physical activity, stress, sleep and depression. METHODS Women of varying baseline weight status (n = 450) are enrolled early in pregnancy and followed, along with their infants, until 1 year postpartum. Assessments occur during each trimester of pregnancy, and postpartum at approximately 2 months, 6 months, 9 months and 12 months. Maternal food reward, self-control, home food environment, eating behaviors, dietary intake, health behaviors, and anthropometrics are assessed along with maternal and infant clinical and biological data, infant anthropometrics, and feeding practices. Primary exposures of interest include food reward sensitivity, behavioral control, and home food environment. Primary outcomes include gestational weight gain, postpartum weight retention and maternal diet quality. DISCUSSION With increasing evidence suggesting the relevance of food reward sensitivity for understanding eating behavior, PEAS aims to advance understanding of the determinants of eating behavior during pregnancy, informing future interventions for improving maternal diet and weight change, and leading to improved maternal and child health and weight trajectories. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02217462. Date of registration: August 13, 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonja R. Nansel
- Health Behavior Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 6710B Rockledge Dr., MSC 7004, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Leah M. Lipsky
- Health Behavior Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 6710B Rockledge Dr., MSC 7004, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anna Maria Siega-Riz
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, 2105-A McGavran-Greenberg Hall, CB 7435, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kyle Burger
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, 2204 McGavran-Greenberg Hall, CB# 7461, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7461, USA
| | - Myles Faith
- Department of Counseling, School, and Educational Psychology, Graduate School of Education, University at Buffalo – SUNY, Buffalo, NY 14250-1000, USA
| | - Aiyi Liu
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 6710B Rockledge Dr., MSC 7004, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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47
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Gilbert JR, Burger KS. Neuroadaptive processes associated with palatable food intake: present data and future directions. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Abstract
Theorists have proposed several neural vulnerability factors that may increase overeating and consequent weight gain. Early cross-sectional imaging studies could not determine whether aberrant neural responsivity was a precursor or consequence of overeating. However, recent prospective imaging studies examining predictors of future weight gain and response to obesity treatment, and repeated-measures imaging studies before and after weight gain and loss have advanced knowledge of etiologic processes and neural plasticity resulting from weight change. The present article reviews evidence from prospective studies using imaging and behavioral measures reflecting neural function, as well as randomized experiments with humans and animals that are consistent or inconsistent with 5 neural vulnerability theories for excessive weight gain. Extant data provide strong support for the incentive sensitization theory of obesity and moderate support for the reward surfeit theory, inhibitory control deficit theory, and dynamic vulnerability model of obesity, which attempted to synthesize the former theories into a single etiologic model. However, existing data provide only minimal support for the reward deficit theory. Findings are synthesized into a new working etiologic model that is based on current scientific knowledge. Important directions for future studies, which have the potential to support or refute this working etiologic model, are delineated. (PsycINFO Database Record
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49
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Schulte EM, Grilo CM, Gearhardt AN. Shared and unique mechanisms underlying binge eating disorder and addictive disorders. Clin Psychol Rev 2016; 44:125-139. [PMID: 26879210 PMCID: PMC5796407 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Scientific interest in "food addiction" is growing, but the topic remains controversial. One critique of "food addiction" is its high degree of phenotypic overlap with binge eating disorder (BED). In order to examine associations between problematic eating behaviors, such as binge eating and "food addiction," we propose the need to move past examining similarities and differences in symptomology. Instead, focusing on relevant mechanisms may more effectively determine whether "food addiction" contributes to disordered eating behavior for some individuals. This paper reviews the evidence for mechanisms that are shared (i.e., reward dysfunction, impulsivity) and unique for addiction (i.e., withdrawal, tolerance) and eating disorder (i.e., dietary restraint, shape/weight concern) frameworks. This review will provide a guiding framework to outline future areas of research needed to evaluate the validity of the "food addiction" model and to understand its potential contribution to disordered eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica M Schulte
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Carlos M Grilo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; CASAColumbia, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Ashley N Gearhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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50
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Monteleone AM, Di Marzo V, Monteleone P, Dalle Grave R, Aveta T, Ghoch ME, Piscitelli F, Volpe U, Calugi S, Maj M. Responses of peripheral endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-related compounds to hedonic eating in obesity. Eur J Nutr 2016; 55:1799-805. [PMID: 26759262 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1153-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hedonic eating occurs independently from homeostatic needs prompting the ingestion of pleasurable foods that are typically rich in fat, sugar and/or salt content. In normal weight healthy subjects, we found that before hedonic eating, plasma levels of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) were higher than before nonhedonic eating, and although they progressively decreased after food ingestion in both eating conditions, they were significantly higher in hedonic eating. Plasma levels of anandamide (AEA), oleoylethanolamide (OEA) and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), instead, progressively decreased in both eating conditions without significant differences. In this study, we investigated the responses of AEA, 2-AG, OEA and PEA to hedonic eating in obese individuals. METHODS Peripheral levels of AEA, 2-AG, OEA and PEA were measured in 14 obese patients after eating favourite (hedonic eating) and non-favourite (nonhedonic eating) foods in conditions of no homeostatic needs. RESULTS Plasma levels of 2-AG increased after eating the favourite food, whereas they decreased after eating the non-favourite food, with the production of the endocannabinoid being significantly enhanced in hedonic eating. Plasma levels of AEA decreased progressively in nonhedonic eating, whereas they showed a decrease after the exposure to the favourite food followed by a return to baseline values after eating it. No significant differences emerged in plasma OEA and PEA responses to favourite and non-favourite food. CONCLUSION Present findings compared with those obtained in our previously studied normal weight healthy subjects suggest deranged responses of endocannabinoids to food-related reward in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Monteleone
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Naples SUN, Naples, Italy
| | - V Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80078, Pozzuoli, NA, Italy.
| | - P Monteleone
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Naples SUN, Naples, Italy.
- Neuroscience Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy.
| | - R Dalle Grave
- Department of Eating and Weight Disorders, Villa Garda Hospital, Garda, Verona, Italy
| | - T Aveta
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80078, Pozzuoli, NA, Italy
| | - M El Ghoch
- Department of Eating and Weight Disorders, Villa Garda Hospital, Garda, Verona, Italy
| | - F Piscitelli
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80078, Pozzuoli, NA, Italy
| | - U Volpe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Naples SUN, Naples, Italy
| | - S Calugi
- Department of Eating and Weight Disorders, Villa Garda Hospital, Garda, Verona, Italy
| | - M Maj
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Naples SUN, Naples, Italy
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