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Subaar C, Gyan E, Dompreh KA, Amoako JK, Edusei G, Owusu A. Numerical simulation in magnetic resonance imaging radiofrequency dosimetry. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2024; 10:055042. [PMID: 39094607 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ad6a68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) employs a radiofrequency electromagnetic field to create pictures on a computer. The prospective biological consequences of exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF EMFs) have not yet been demonstrated, and there is not enough evidence on biological hazards to offer a definite response concerning possible RF health dangers. Therefore, it is crucial to research the health concerns in reaction to RF EMFs, considering the entire exposure in terms of patients receiving MRI. Monitoring increases in temperaturein-vivothroughout MRI scan is extremely invasive and has resulted in a rise in the utilization of computational methods to estimate distributions of temperatures. The purpose of this study is to estimate the absorbed power of the brain exposed to RF in patients undergoing brain MRI scan. A three-dimensional Penne's bio-heat equation was modified to computationally analyze the temperature distributions and potential thermal effects within the brain during MRI scans in the 0.3 T to 1.5 T range (12.77 MHz to 63.87 MHz). The instantaneous temperature distributions of thein-vivotissue in the brain temperatures measured at a time, t = 20.62 s is 0.2 °C and t = 30.92 s is 0.4 °C, while the highest temperatures recorded at 1.03 min and 2.06 min were 0.4 °C and 0.6 °C accordingly. From the temperature distributions of thein-vivotissue in the brain temperatures measured, there is heat build-up in patients who are exposed to electromagnetic frequency ranges, and, consequently, temperature increases within patients are difficult to prevent. The study has, however, indicated that lengthier imaging duration appears to be related to increasing body temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana Subaar
- Department of Physics, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Gyan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Sunyani Technical University, Sunyani, Ghana
| | - Kwadwo A Dompreh
- Department of Physics, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Joseph K Amoako
- Radiation Protection Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission (GAEC), Accra, Ghana
| | - George Edusei
- University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana
| | - Alfred Owusu
- Department of Physics, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
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Prado-Nóvoa O, Howard KR, Laskaridou E, Reid GR, Zorrilla-Revilla G, Marinik EL, Davy BM, Speakman JR, Davy KP. Validation of predictive equations to estimate resting metabolic rate of females and males across different activity levels. Am J Hum Biol 2024; 36:e24005. [PMID: 37843050 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.24005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Using equations to predict resting metabolic rate (RMR) has yielded different degrees of validity, particularly when sex and different physical activity levels were considered. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine the validity of several different predictive equations to estimate RMR in female and male adults with varying physical activity levels. METHOD We measured the RMR of 50 adults (26 females and 24 males) evenly distributed through activity levels varying from sedentary to ultra-endurance. Body composition was measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry and physical activity was monitored by accelerometry. Ten equations to predict RMR were applied (using Body Mass [BM]: Harris & Benedict, 1919; Mifflin et al., 1990 [MifflinBM]; Pontzer et al., 2021 [PontzerBM]; Schofield, 1985; FAO/WHO/UNU, 2004; and using Fat-Free Mass (FFM): Cunningham, 1991; Johnstone et al., 2006; Mifflin et al., 1990 [MifflinFFM]; Nelson et al. 1992; Pontzer et al., 2021 [PontzerFFM]). The accuracy of these equations was analyzed, and the effect of sex and physical activity was evaluated using different accuracy metrics. RESULTS Equations using BM were less accurate for females, and their accuracy was influenced by physical activity and body composition. FFM equations were slightly less accurate for males but there was no obvious effect of physical activity or other sample parameters. PontzerFFM provides higher accuracy than other models independent of the magnitude of RMR, sex, activity levels, and sample characteristics. CONCLUSION Equations using FFM were more accurate than BM equations in our sample. Future studies are needed to test the accuracy of RMR prediction equations in diverse samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olalla Prado-Nóvoa
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Human Integrative Physiology Laboratory, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Kristen R Howard
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Human Integrative Physiology Laboratory, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Eleni Laskaridou
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Human Integrative Physiology Laboratory, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Glen R Reid
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Human Integrative Physiology Laboratory, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Guillermo Zorrilla-Revilla
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Human Integrative Physiology Laboratory, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Laboratorio de Evolución Humana, Departamento de Historia, Geografía y Comunicación, Universidad de Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | - Elaina L Marinik
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Human Integrative Physiology Laboratory, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Brenda M Davy
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Human Integrative Physiology Laboratory, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - John R Speakman
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kevin P Davy
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Human Integrative Physiology Laboratory, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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Jindapateep P, Sirichana W, Srisawat N, Srisuwanwattana W, Metta K, Sae-Eao N, Eiam-Ong S, Kittiskulnam P. A Proposed Predictive Equation for Energy Expenditure Estimation Among Noncritically Ill Patients With Acute Kidney Injury. J Ren Nutr 2024; 34:115-124. [PMID: 37793468 DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2023.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) is identified more frequently in noncritical compared with intensive care settings. The prognosis of malnourished AKI patients is far worse than those with normal nutritional status. However, a method for estimating the optimal amount of energy required to guide nutritional support among noncritically ill AKI patients is yet to be determined. METHODS We evaluated the performance of weight-based formulas (20-30 kcal/kg/day) with the reference values of energy expenditure (EE) measured by indirect calorimetry (IC) among noncritically ill AKI patients during hospitalization. The statistics for assessing agreement, including total deviation index and accuracy within 10% represent the percentage of estimations falling within the IC value range of ±10%, were tested. Parameters for predicting the EE equation were also developed using a regression analysis model. RESULTS A total of 40 noncritically ill AKI patients were recruited. The mean age of participants was 62.5 ± 16.5 years with 50% being male. The average IC-derived EE was 1,124.6 ± 278.9 kcal/day with respiratory quotients 0.8-1.3, indicating good validity of the IC test. Receiving dialysis, protein catabolic rate, and age was not significantly associated with measured EE. Nearly all weight-based formulas overestimated measured EE. The magnitude of total deviation index values was broad with the proportion of patients achieving an accuracy of 10% being as low as 20%. The proposed equation to predict EE derived from this study was EE (kcal/day) = 618.27 + (8.98 x weight in kg) + 137.0 if diabetes - 199.7 if female (r2 = 0.68, P < .001). In the validation study with an independent group of noncritically ill AKI patients, predicted EE using the newly derived equation was also significantly correlated with measured EE by IC (r = 0.69, P = .004). CONCLUSION Estimation of EE by weight-based formulas usually overestimated measured EE among noncritically ill AKI patients. In the absence of IC, the proposed predictive equation, specifically for noncritically ill AKI patients might be useful, in addition to weight-based formulas, for guiding caloric dosing in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patharasit Jindapateep
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Worawan Sirichana
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Division of Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nattachai Srisawat
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Kamonchanok Metta
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nareerat Sae-Eao
- Division of Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somchai Eiam-Ong
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Piyawan Kittiskulnam
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Division of Internal Medicine-Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Garde-Etayo L, Trandafir PC, Saint-Laurent C, Ugarte MD, Serrano AMI. Body composition and resting energy expenditure in a group of children with achondroplasia. Arch Pediatr 2024; 31:129-135. [PMID: 38142205 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persons with achondroplasia develop early obesity, which is a comorbidity associated with other complications. Currently, there are no validated specific predictive equations to estimate resting energy expenditure in achondroplasia. METHODS We analyzed the influence of body composition on this parameter and determined whether predictive models used for children with standard height are adjusted to achondroplasia. In this cross-sectional study, we measured anthropometric parameters in children with achondroplasia. Fat mass was obtained using the Slaughter skinfold-thickness equation and resting energy expenditure was determined with a Fitmate-Cosmed calorimeter and with predictive models validated for children with average height (Schofield, Institute of Medicine, and Tverskaya). RESULTS All of the equations yielded a lower mean value than resting energy expenditure with indirect calorimetry (1256±200 kcal/day [mean±SD]) but the closest was the Tverskaya equation (1017 ± 64 kcal/day), although the difference remained statistically significant. We conclude that weight and height have the greatest influence on resting energy expenditure. CONCLUSION We recommend studying the relationship between body composition and energy expenditure in achondroplasia in more depth. In the absence of valid predictive models suitable for clinical use to estimate body composition and resting energy expenditure in achondroplasia, it is recommended to use the gold standard methods by taking into account certain anthropometric parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paula Camelia Trandafir
- Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Mathematics. Public University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Institute of Advanced Materials and Mathematics (INAMAT2), Public University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Céline Saint-Laurent
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1163, Laboratory of Genetic Skin Diseases, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - María Dolores Ugarte
- Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Mathematics. Public University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Institute of Advanced Materials and Mathematics (INAMAT2), Public University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana María Insausti Serrano
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences. Public University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
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Nosaka N, Tsujino S, Sadamitsu S, Ando N, Kato K. Ingestion of triglycerides containing medium- and long-chain fatty acids can increase metabolism of ingested long-chain triglycerides in overweight persons. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1260506. [PMID: 38045811 PMCID: PMC10693330 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1260506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) have attracted considerable attention for preventing or improving obesity, which is a recognized risk factor for lifestyle-related diseases. Medium- and long-chain triglycerides (MLCTs) are expected to improve the metabolism of ingested long-chain triglycerides (LCTs). However, previous studies have reported mixed results. In this study, the effect of ingestion of MLCTs was evaluated on the metabolism of LCTs and compared to the ingestion of rapeseed oil (control oil). Methods A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study was performed among sedentary participants with BMIs ranging from 25 below 30 kg/m2. Thirty participants were asked to ingest either 14 g of MLCTs or a control oil for 4 weeks. The metabolism of ingested LCTs was evaluated by measuring isotopically labeled carbon dioxide released by the degradation of carbon-13 (13C)-labeled LCTs. Results Ingestion of MLCTs markedly enhanced the metabolism of ingested LCTs by comparison to the control oil. Conclusion The findings of this study suggest that ingestion of MLCTs may enhance the metabolism of dietary LCTs through activation of β-oxidation in liver mitochondria, which may increase the metabolic kinetics of ingested long-chain fatty acid (LCFAs). Clinical trial registration https://center6.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000053101, identifier: UMIN000046604.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohisa Nosaka
- Central Research Laboratory, The Nisshin OilliO Group, Ltd., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shogo Tsujino
- Central Research Laboratory, The Nisshin OilliO Group, Ltd., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shohei Sadamitsu
- Central Research Laboratory, The Nisshin OilliO Group, Ltd., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Nanaka Ando
- Central Research Laboratory, The Nisshin OilliO Group, Ltd., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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Chaudhary MR, Chaudhary S, Sharma Y, Singh TA, Mishra AK, Sharma S, Mehdi MM. Aging, oxidative stress and degenerative diseases: mechanisms, complications and emerging therapeutic strategies. Biogerontology 2023; 24:609-662. [PMID: 37516673 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-023-10050-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Aging accompanied by several age-related complications, is a multifaceted inevitable biological progression involving various genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. The major factor in this process is oxidative stress, caused by an abundance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated in the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER). ROS and RNS pose a threat by disrupting signaling mechanisms and causing oxidative damage to cellular components. This oxidative stress affects both the ER and mitochondria, causing proteopathies (abnormal protein aggregation), initiation of unfolded protein response, mitochondrial dysfunction, abnormal cellular senescence, ultimately leading to inflammaging (chronic inflammation associated with aging) and, in rare cases, metastasis. RONS during oxidative stress dysregulate multiple metabolic pathways like NF-κB, MAPK, Nrf-2/Keap-1/ARE and PI3K/Akt which may lead to inappropriate cell death through apoptosis and necrosis. Inflammaging contributes to the development of inflammatory and degenerative diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and retinopathy. The body's antioxidant systems, sirtuins, autophagy, apoptosis, and biogenesis play a role in maintaining homeostasis, but they have limitations and cannot achieve an ideal state of balance. Certain interventions, such as calorie restriction, intermittent fasting, dietary habits, and regular exercise, have shown beneficial effects in counteracting the aging process. In addition, interventions like senotherapy (targeting senescent cells) and sirtuin-activating compounds (STACs) enhance autophagy and apoptosis for efficient removal of damaged oxidative products and organelles. Further, STACs enhance biogenesis for the regeneration of required organelles to maintain homeostasis. This review article explores the various aspects of oxidative damage, the associated complications, and potential strategies to mitigate these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mani Raj Chaudhary
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Sakshi Chaudhary
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Yogita Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Thokchom Arjun Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Alok Kumar Mishra
- Department of Microbiology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Shweta Sharma
- Chitkara School of Health Sciences, Chitkara University, Chandigarh, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Mohammad Murtaza Mehdi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India.
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Casanova N, Bosy-Westphal A, Beaulieu K, Finlayson G, Stubbs RJ, Blundell J, Hopkins M, Müller MJ. Associations between high-metabolic rate organ masses and fasting hunger: A study using whole-body magnetic resonance imaging in healthy males. Physiol Behav 2022; 250:113796. [PMID: 35358549 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fat-free mass (FFM) has been shown to be positively associated with hunger and energy intake, an association mediated by resting metabolic rate (RMR). However, FFM comprises a heterogeneous group of tissues with distinct metabolic rates, and it remains unknown how specific high-metabolic rate organs contribute to the degree of perceived hunger. OBJECTIVE To examine whether FFM and its anatomical components were associated with fasting hunger when assessed at the tissue-organ level. DESIGN Body composition (quantitative magnetic resonance and magnetic resonance imaging), RMR and whole-body glucose oxidation (indirect calorimetry), HOMA-index as a marker of insulin sensitivity, nitrogen balance and fasting hunger (visual analogue scales) were assessed in 21 healthy males (age = 25 ± 3y; BMI = 23.4 ± 2.1 kg/m2) after 3 days of controlled energy balance. RESULTS FFM (rs = 0.39; p = 0.09), RMR (rs = 0.52; p = 0.02) and skeletal muscle mass (rs = 0.57; p = 0.04), but not fat mass (rs = -0.01; p = 0.99), were positively associated with fasting hunger. The association between the combined mass of high-metabolic rate organs (i.e., brain, liver, kidneys and heart; rs = 0.58; p = 0.006) and fasting hunger was stronger than with FFM as a uniform body component. The strongest individual association was between liver mass and fasting hunger (rs = 0.51; p = 0.02). No associations were observed between glucose parameters, markers of insulin sensitivity and fasting hunger. The encephalic measure, an index of brain-to-body energy allocation, was negatively associated with fasting hunger (rs = -0.51; p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Fasting hunger was more strongly associated with the combined mass of high-metabolic rate organs than with FFM as a uniform body component, highlighting the importance of integrating individual tissue-organ masses and their functional correlates into homeostatic models of human appetite. The association between liver mass and fasting hunger may reflect its role in ensuring the brain's basal energy needs are met.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Casanova
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; KinesioLab, Research Unit in Human Movement Analysis, Piaget Institute, Av. Jorge Peixinho 30 Quinta da Arreinela, 2805-059 Almada, Portugal.
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kristine Beaulieu
- Appetite Control and Energy Balance Group, School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Finlayson
- Appetite Control and Energy Balance Group, School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - R James Stubbs
- Appetite Control and Energy Balance Group, School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - John Blundell
- Appetite Control and Energy Balance Group, School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Hopkins
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.
| | - Manfred J Müller
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
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Association between dietary patterns and body composition in normal-weight subjects with metabolic syndrome. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2022; 21:735-741. [PMID: 35673495 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-022-01043-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background and aims The development of metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been proposed to be related to dietary pattern and body compostion indexes. Diet is one of the most important lifestyle-related factors which may regulate the inflammatory process. Numerous individual foods and dietary patterns can have a valuable health effect that is associated with their anti-inflammatory properties. Here we aimed to investigate the association between body composition indexes and dietary patterns in individuals with metabolic syndrome who were nnormal for weight. Methods and materials Normal weight subjects with MetS were recruited as part of Survey of Ultraviolet Intake by Nutritional Approach (SUVINA). A validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to determine dietary patterns that were: low-, or high in antioxidant; dietary inflammation index (DII) and health eating index (HEI) were also determined. Body composition indexes including basal metabolic rate (BMR), body free fat mass (BFFM), body fat mass (BFM), body fat percentage (BFP), trunk fat and total body water (TBW) were measured using a InBody body composition analyser. A P value <0.05 was considered significant. Results A total 77 individuals including 29 males and 48 females were recruited into the study. A high-antioxidant dietary pattern was significantly correlated with BMR (p = 0.002), BFFM (p = 0.007) and TBW (p = 0.002). There was no significant relationship between body compostion with a low-antioxidant dietary pattern, DII and HEI. After adjusting for age and sex, our findings showed that a high-antioxidant dietary pattern were independently associated with BMR, BFFM and TBW. Conclusion A high-antioxidant dietary pattern was independently associated with decreased BMR, BFFM and TBW, while no association was found between body composition indexes and DII and HEI in normal weight paticipants with MetS.
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Tiemens D, Wegberg AV, Druten DV, Draaisma J. High energy expenditure in a patient with feeding problems and Noonan syndrome spectrum disorder. BMJ Case Rep 2022; 15:15/3/e247513. [PMID: 35318200 PMCID: PMC8943747 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-247513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Feeding problems are present in more than 50% of patients with a Noonan syndrome spectrum disorder in the first years of life. Food intake problems like severe or frequently vomiting may not only affect growth and development, but may also influence the process of learning how to eat and can have a great impact on the whole family. In addition to food intake problems, there is growing evidence that patients with a Noonan syndrome spectrum disorder may have a lower body mass index (BMI) due to a high energy expenditure, although little is known about the actual energy intake patients with a Noonan syndrome spectrum disorder need to maintain a healthy BMI. This article illustrates the challenge to recognise a high energy expenditure especially when a patient frequently vomits. Multidisciplinary attention is needed to manage food intake, vomiting and energy expenditure problems in patients with a Noonan syndrome spectrum disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Tiemens
- Department of Paediatrics, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Annemiek van Wegberg
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology - Dietetics, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jos Draaisma
- Department of Paediatrics, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Nosaka N, Tsujino S, Kato K. Short-Term Ingestion of Medium-Chain Triglycerides Could Enhance Postprandial Consumption of Ingested Fat in Individuals with a Body Mass Index from 25 to Less than 30: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Crossover Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14051119. [PMID: 35268094 PMCID: PMC8912509 DOI: 10.3390/nu14051119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The elimination of obesity is essential to maintaining good health. Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) inhibit fat accumulation. However, studies examining energy expenditure and fat oxidation with continuous ingestion of MCTs show little association with the elimination of obesity. In this study, we conducted a randomized, double-blind crossover clinical trial to investigate the effects of continuous ingestion of MCTs on postprandial energy expenditure and ingested long-chain triglycerides (LCTs) oxidation. A daily 2 g of MCTs were ingested for two weeks by sedentary participants with a body mass index (BMI) from 25 (kg/m2) to less than 30. Ingestion of a meal containing MCTs and isotopic carbon-13-labeled (13C) LCTs increased energy expenditure and consumption of diet-derived LCTs, as determined by postprandial 13C carbon dioxide excretion, compared to canola oil as the placebo control. These results indicate that continuous ingestion of MCTs could enhance postprandial degradation of diet-derived fat and energy expenditure in sedentary, overweight individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohisa Nosaka
- Central Research Laboratory, The Nisshin OilliO Group, Ltd., 1 Shinmori-Cho, Isogo-ku, Yokohama 235-8558, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-45-757-5461
| | - Shougo Tsujino
- Central Research Laboratory, The Nisshin OilliO Group, Ltd., 1 Shinmori-Cho, Isogo-ku, Yokohama 235-8558, Japan;
| | - Kazuhiko Kato
- Kato Clinic, 1-1-1 Nakaizumi, Komae 201-0012, Japan;
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Drabsch T, Junker D, Bayer S, Wu M, Held C, Karampinos DC, Hauner H, Holzapfel C. Association Between Adipose Tissue Proton Density Fat Fraction, Resting Metabolic Rate and FTO Genotype in Humans. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:804874. [PMID: 35295982 PMCID: PMC8919670 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.804874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The difference of proton density fat fraction (PDFF) between supraclavicular and gluteal adipose tissue might indicate the presence of brown adipose tissue (BAT). Aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the association between PDFF over the supraclavicular fat region as a proxy of BAT proportion and resting metabolic rate (RMR). In addition, the association between the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1421085 at the fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) gene locus and both PDFF and RMR was investigated. METHODS Anthropometric, clinical, and lifestyle data from 92 healthy adults (66.3% females, mean age: 36.2 ± 13.0 years, mean body mass index: 24.9 ± 5.4 kg/m2) were included in the analysis. The RMR was measured by indirect calorimetry. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used for the measurement of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue (VAT, SAT) volumes and for the measurement of adipose tissue PDFF. RESULTS Mean RMR of the whole group was 1 474.8 ± 242.2 kcal. Genotype data was available for 90 participants. After adjustment for age, sex, weight change and fat-free mass (FFM), no association was found between supraclavicular PDFF (p = 0.346) and gluteal PDFF (p = 0.252), respectively, and RMR, whereas statistically significant evidence for a negative association between delta PDFF (difference between gluteal PDFF and supraclavicular PDFF) and RMR (p = 0.027) was obtained. No statistically significant evidence was observed for per FTO risk allele change in RMR, gluteal and supraclavicular PDFF maps or volumes of VAT and SAT. CONCLUSIONS Supraclavicular PDFF as a surrogate marker of BAT presence is not a determinant of RMR under basal conditions. In the present study, the FTO rs1421085 variant is not associated with either RMR or PDFF. Further studies are needed to elucidate the effect of BAT on RMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Drabsch
- Institute for Nutritional Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniela Junker
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sandra Bayer
- Institute for Nutritional Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mingming Wu
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Cora Held
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dimitrios C. Karampinos
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans Hauner
- Institute for Nutritional Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Else-Kroener-Fresenius Centre of Nutritional Medicine, Chair of Nutritional Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Christina Holzapfel
- Institute for Nutritional Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Christina Holzapfel,
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12
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Tah PC, Poh BK, Kee CC, Lee ZY, Hakumat-Rai VR, Mat Nor MB, Kamarul Zaman M, Majid HA, Hasan MS. Do we need different predictive equations for the acute and late phases of critical illness? A prospective observational study with repeated indirect calorimetry measurements. Eur J Clin Nutr 2022; 76:527-534. [PMID: 34462560 PMCID: PMC8404185 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-021-00999-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Predictive equations (PEs) for estimating resting energy expenditure (REE) that have been developed from acute phase data may not be applicable in the late phase and vice versa. This study aimed to assess whether separate PEs are needed for acute and late phases of critical illness and to develop and validate PE(s) based on the results of this assessment. METHODS Using indirect calorimetry, REE was measured at acute (≤5 days; n = 294) and late (≥6 days; n = 180) phases of intensive care unit admission. PEs were developed by multiple linear regression. A multi-fold cross-validation approach was used to validate the PEs. The best PEs were selected based on the highest coefficient of determination (R2), the lowest root mean square error (RMSE) and the lowest standard error of estimate (SEE). Two PEs developed from paired 168-patient data were compared with measured REE using mean absolute percentage difference. RESULTS Mean absolute percentage difference between predicted and measured REE was <20%, which is not clinically significant. Thus, a single PE was developed and validated from data of the larger sample size measured in the acute phase. The best PE for REE (kcal/day) was 891.6(Height) + 9.0(Weight) + 39.7(Minute Ventilation)-5.6(Age) - 354, with R2 = 0.442, RMSE = 348.3, SEE = 325.6 and mean absolute percentage difference with measured REE was: 15.1 ± 14.2% [acute], 15.0 ± 13.1% [late]. CONCLUSIONS Separate PEs for acute and late phases may not be necessary. Thus, we have developed and validated a PE from acute phase data and demonstrated that it can provide optimal estimates of REE for patients in both acute and late phases. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03319329.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Chien Tah
- grid.413018.f0000 0000 8963 3111Department of Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia ,grid.413018.f0000 0000 8963 3111Department of Dietetics, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Bee Koon Poh
- grid.412113.40000 0004 1937 1557Nutritional Sciences Programme & Centre for Community Health Studies (ReaCH), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chee Cheong Kee
- grid.415759.b0000 0001 0690 5255Sector for Biostatistics & Data Repository, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Ministry of Health, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zheng-Yii Lee
- grid.413018.f0000 0000 8963 3111Department of Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vineya-Rai Hakumat-Rai
- grid.412516.50000 0004 0621 7139Department of Anaesthesiology, KPJ Tawakkal Specialist Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Basri Mat Nor
- grid.440422.40000 0001 0807 5654Department of Anaesthesiology, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mazuin Kamarul Zaman
- grid.412259.90000 0001 2161 1343Centre of Dietetics Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hazreen Abdul Majid
- grid.10347.310000 0001 2308 5949Centre for Population Health, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia ,grid.440745.60000 0001 0152 762XDepartment of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - M. Shahnaz Hasan
- grid.413018.f0000 0000 8963 3111Department of Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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13
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Boruah D. Effect of energy requirements in the growth of brain tumor: a theoretical approach. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2021; 8. [PMID: 34654010 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ac3056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A malignant tumor is an uncontrolled growth of tissues receiving energy in form of the nutrients provided by the microvascular networks. It is proposed that the supplied energy to a tumor is used for three purposes: the creation of new cells, maintenance of tumor cells, and tumor volume expansion by overcoming external pressure. A mathematical model studying the effects of energy required for maintenance and overcoming external pressure, the energy required creating a single cell, death rate, and tumor cell density on tumor development has been formulated. Including a term, residual energy for tumor growth in the tumor growth equation, the well-known logistic equation has been re-derived for tumors. Analytical solutions have been developed, and numerical analysis for the growth in brain tumors with the variation of parameters related to energy supply, the energy required for maintenance, and expansion of tumor has been performed. Expressions for the tumor growth rate(r) and carrying capacity(C) of the tumor are formulated in terms of the parameters used in the model. The range of 'r', estimated using our model is found within the ranges of tumor growth rates in gliomas reported by the other researchers. Selecting the model parameters precisely for a particular individual, the tumor growth rate and carrying capacity could be estimated accurately. Our study indicates that the actual growth rate and carrying capacity of a tumor reduce and tumor saturation time increases with the increase of death rate, the energy required for a single cell division, and energy requirement for the tumor cell maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyajyoti Boruah
- Department of Pathology, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune-411040 Maharashtra, India
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14
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Lagani G, Falchi F, Gennaro C, Amato G. Hebbian semi-supervised learning in a sample efficiency setting. Neural Netw 2021; 143:719-731. [PMID: 34438195 DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We propose to address the issue of sample efficiency, in Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (DCNN), with a semi-supervised training strategy that combines Hebbian learning with gradient descent: all internal layers (both convolutional and fully connected) are pre-trained using an unsupervised approach based on Hebbian learning, and the last fully connected layer (the classification layer) is trained using Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD). In fact, as Hebbian learning is an unsupervised learning method, its potential lies in the possibility of training the internal layers of a DCNN without labels. Only the final fully connected layer has to be trained with labeled examples. We performed experiments on various object recognition datasets, in different regimes of sample efficiency, comparing our semi-supervised (Hebbian for internal layers + SGD for the final fully connected layer) approach with end-to-end supervised backprop training, and with semi-supervised learning based on Variational Auto-Encoder (VAE). The results show that, in regimes where the number of available labeled samples is low, our semi-supervised approach outperforms the other approaches in almost all the cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Lagani
- Computer Science Department, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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15
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Rudolf AM, Wu Q, Li L, Wang J, Huang Y, Togo J, Liechti C, Li M, Niu C, Nie Y, Wei F, Speakman JR. A single nucleotide mutation in the dual-oxidase 2 ( DUOX2) gene causes some of the panda's unique metabolic phenotypes. Natl Sci Rev 2021; 9:nwab125. [PMID: 35251670 PMCID: PMC8890364 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwab125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is an iconic bear native to China, famous for eating almost exclusively bamboo. This unusual dietary behavior for a carnivore is enabled by several key adaptations including low physical activity, reduced organ sizes and hypothyroidism leading to lowered energy expenditure. These adaptive phenotypes have been hypothesized to arise from a panda-unique single-nucleotide mutation in the dual-oxidase 2 (DUOX2) gene, involved in thyroid hormone synthesis. To test this hypothesis, we created genome-edited mice carrying the same point mutation as the panda and investigated its effect on metabolic phenotype. Homozygous mice were 27% smaller than heterozygous and wild-type ones, had 13% lower body mass-adjusted food intake, 55% decreased physical activity, lower mass of kidneys (11%) and brain (5%), lower serum thyroxine (T4: 36%), decreased absolute (12%) and mass-adjusted (5%) daily energy expenditure, and altered gut microbiota. Supplementation with T4 reversed the effects of the mutation. This work uses a state-of-the-art genome editing approach to demonstrate the link between a single-nucleotide mutation in a key endocrine-related gene and profound adaptive changes in the metabolic phenotype, with great importance in ecology and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata M Rudolf
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qi Wu
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jacques Togo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Christopher Liechti
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chaoqun Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yonggang Nie
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Fuwen Wei
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Centre of Excellence for Animal Ecology and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - John R Speakman
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
- Centre of Excellence for Animal Ecology and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Schramm BW, Labecka AM, Gudowska A, Antoł A, Sikorska A, Szabla N, Bauchinger U, Kozlowski J, Czarnoleski M. Concerted evolution of body mass, cell size and metabolic rate among carabid beetles. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 132:104272. [PMID: 34186071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in cell number and size are apparently associated with the body mass differences between species and sexes, but we rarely know which of the two mechanisms underlies the observed variance in body mass. We used phylogenetically informed comparisons of males and females of 19 Carabidae beetle species to compare body mass, resting metabolic rate, and cell size in the ommatidia and Malpighian tubules. We found that the larger species or larger sex (males or females, depending on the species) consistently possessed larger cells in the two tissues, indicating organism-wide coordination of cell size changes in different tissues and the contribution of these changes to the origin of evolutionary and sex differences in body mass. The species or sex with larger cells also exhibited lower mass-specific metabolic rates, and the interspecific mass scaling of metabolism was negatively allometric, indicating that large beetles with larger cells spent relatively less energy on maintenance than small beetles. These outcomes also support existing hypotheses about the fitness consequences of cell size changes, postulating that the low surface-to-volume ratio of large cells helps decrease the energetic demand of maintaining ionic gradients across cell membranes. Analyses with and without phylogenetic information yielded similar results, indicating that the observed patterns were not biased by shared ancestry. Overall, we suggest that natural selection does not operate on each trait independently and that the linkages between concerted cell size changes in different tissues, body mass and metabolic rate should thus be viewed as outcomes of correlational selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz W Schramm
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków 30-387, Poland; Sable Systems Europe GmbH, Ostendstraße 25, 12459 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Maria Labecka
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków 30-387, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gudowska
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków 30-387, Poland
| | - Andrzej Antoł
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków 30-387, Poland; Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Adama Mickiewicza 33, 31-120 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Sikorska
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków 30-387, Poland
| | - Natalia Szabla
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków 30-387, Poland
| | - Ulf Bauchinger
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków 30-387, Poland; Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Kozlowski
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków 30-387, Poland
| | - Marcin Czarnoleski
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków 30-387, Poland.
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Ravussin E, Smith SR, Ferrante AW. Physiology of Energy Expenditure in the Weight-Reduced State. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29 Suppl 1:S31-S38. [PMID: 33759394 PMCID: PMC8988211 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Although many individuals achieve weight loss of 10% or more, the ability to maintain a reduced body mass over months and years is much rarer. Unfortunately, our understanding of the adverse consequences of having overweight and obesity argues that long-term maintenance of a reduced weight provides the greatest health benefit. However, to achieve long-term weight reduction requires overcoming neuroendocrine systems that favor restoration of one's initial weight. Identifying and characterizing the components of these systems will be important if we are to develop therapies and strategies to reduce the rates of obesity and its complications in our modern society. During this session, Eric Ravussin and Steven R. Smith, respectively, discussed the physiology of the weight-reduced state that favors weight regain and a molecular component that contributes to this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Ravussin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | | | - Anthony W. Ferrante
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bariatric surgery-induced weight loss may reduce resting energy expenditure (REE) and fat-free mass (FFM) disproportionately thereby predisposing patients to weight regain and sarcopenia. METHODS We compared REE and body composition of African-American and Caucasian Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) patients after surgery with a group of non-operated controls (CON). REE by indirect calorimetry; skeletal muscle (SM), trunk organs, and brain volumes by MRI; and FFM by DXA were measured at post-surgery visits and compared with CON (N = 84) using linear regression models that adjusted for relevant covariates. Ns in RYGB were 50, 42, and 30 for anthropometry and 39, 27, 17 for MRI body composition at years 1, 2, and 5 after surgery, respectively. RESULTS Regression models adjusted for age, weight, height, ethnicity, and sex showed REE differences (RYGB minus CON; mean ± s.e.): year 1 (43.2 ± 34 kcal/day, p = 0.20); year 2 (- 27.9 ± 37.3 kcal/day, p = 0.46); year 5 (114.6 ± 42.3 kcal/day, p = 0.008). Analysis of FFM components showed that RYGB had greater trunk organ mass (~ 0.4 kg) and less SM (~ 1.34 kg) than CON at each visit. REE models adjusted for FFM, SM, trunk organs, and brain mass showed no between-group differences in REE (- 15.9 ± 54.8 kcal/day, p = 0.8; - 46.9 ± 64.9 kcal/day, p = 0.47; 47.7 ± 83.0 kcal/day, p = 0.57, at years 1, 2, and 5, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Post bariatric surgery patients maintain a larger mass of high-metabolic rate trunk organs than non-operated controls of similar anthropometrics. Interpreting REE changes after weight loss requires an accurate understanding of fat-free mass composition at both the organ and tissue levels. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION Long-term Effects of Bariatric Surgery (LABS-2) NCT00465829.
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Murano C, Binda A, Palestini P, Baruscotti M, DiFrancesco JC, Rivolta I. Effect of the ketogenic diet in excitable tissues. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 320:C547-C553. [PMID: 33502948 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00458.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, ketogenic diet (KD) has gained some popularity as a potential treatment for a wide range of diseases, including neurological and metabolic disorders, thanks to a beneficial role mainly related to its anti-inflammatory properties. The high-fat and carbohydrate-restricted regimen causes changes in the metabolism, leading, through the β-oxidation of fatty acids, to the hepatic production of ketone bodies (KBs), which are used by many extrahepatic tissues as energy fuels. Once synthetized, KBs are delivered through the systemic circulation to all the tissues of the organism, where they play pleiotropic roles acting directly and indirectly on various targets, and among them ion channels and neurotransmitters. Moreover, they can operate as signaling metabolites and epigenetic modulators. Therefore, it is inappropriate to consider that the KD regimen can improve the patients' clinical condition simply by means of specific and localized effects; rather, it is more correct to think that KBs affect the organism as a whole. In this review, we tried to summarize the recent knowledge of the effects of KBs on various tissues, with a particular attention on the excitable ones, namely the nervous system, heart, and muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Murano
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Anna Binda
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Paola Palestini
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Mirko Baruscotti
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Jacopo C DiFrancesco
- Department of Neurology, ASST San Gerardo Hospital, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Ilaria Rivolta
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.,Milan Center for Neuroscience (NeuroMI), University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
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20
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McMillan DW, Maher JL, Jacobs KA, Nash MS, Gater DR. Exercise Interventions Targeting Obesity in Persons With Spinal Cord Injury. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 2021; 27:109-120. [PMID: 33814889 PMCID: PMC7983638 DOI: 10.46292/sci20-00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in an array of cardiometabolic complications, with obesity being the most common component risk of cardiometabolic disease (CMD) in this population. Recent Consortium for Spinal Cord Medicine Clinical Practice Guidelines for CMD in SCI recommend physical exercise as a primary treatment strategy for the management of CMD in SCI. However, the high prevalence of obesity in SCI and the pleiotropic nature of this body habitus warrant strategies for tailoring exercise to specifically target obesity. In general, exercise for obesity management should aim primarily to induce a negative energy balance and secondarily to increase the use of fat as a fuel source. In persons with SCI, reductions in the muscle mass that can be recruited during activity limit the capacity for exercise to induce a calorie deficit. Furthermore, the available musculature exhibits a decreased oxidative capacity, limiting the utilization of fat during exercise. These constraints must be considered when designing exercise interventions for obesity management in SCI. Certain forms of exercise have a greater therapeutic potential in this population partly due to impacts on metabolism during recovery from exercise and at rest. In this article, we propose that exercise for obesity in SCI should target large muscle groups and aim to induce hypertrophy to increase total energy expenditure response to training. Furthermore, although carbohydrate reliance will be high during activity, certain forms of exercise might induce meaningful postexercise shifts in the use of fat as a fuel. General activity in this population is important for many components of health, but low energy cost of daily activities and limitations in upper body volitional exercise mean that exercise interventions targeting utilization and hypertrophy of large muscle groups will likely be required for obesity management.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W. McMillan
- Christine E. Lynn Rehabilitation Center for the Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, UHealth/Jackson Memorial, Miami, Florida
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Jennifer L. Maher
- Department of Health, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin A. Jacobs
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Sciences, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida
| | - Mark S. Nash
- Christine E. Lynn Rehabilitation Center for the Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, UHealth/Jackson Memorial, Miami, Florida
| | - David R. Gater
- Christine E. Lynn Rehabilitation Center for the Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, UHealth/Jackson Memorial, Miami, Florida
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Kozłowski J, Konarzewski M, Czarnoleski M. Coevolution of body size and metabolic rate in vertebrates: a life-history perspective. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:1393-1417. [PMID: 32524739 PMCID: PMC7540708 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite many decades of research, the allometric scaling of metabolic rates (MRs) remains poorly understood. Here, we argue that scaling exponents of these allometries do not themselves mirror one universal law of nature but instead statistically approximate the non-linearity of the relationship between MR and body mass. This 'statistical' view must be replaced with the life-history perspective that 'allows' organisms to evolve myriad different life strategies with distinct physiological features. We posit that the hypoallometric allometry of MRs (mass scaling with an exponent smaller than 1) is an indirect outcome of the selective pressure of ecological mortality on allocation 'decisions' that divide resources among growth, reproduction, and the basic metabolic costs of repair and maintenance reflected in the standard or basal metabolic rate (SMR or BMR), which are customarily subjected to allometric analyses. Those 'decisions' form a wealth of life-history variation that can be defined based on the axis dictated by ecological mortality and the axis governed by the efficiency of energy use. We link this variation as well as hypoallometric scaling to the mechanistic determinants of MR, such as metabolically inert component proportions, internal organ relative size and activity, cell size and cell membrane composition, and muscle contributions to dramatic metabolic shifts between the resting and active states. The multitude of mechanisms determining MR leads us to conclude that the quest for a single-cause explanation of the mass scaling of MRs is futile. We argue that an explanation based on the theory of life-history evolution is the best way forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kozłowski
- Institute of Environmental SciencesJagiellonian UniversityGronostajowa7, 30‐387KrakówPoland
| | - Marek Konarzewski
- Institute of BiologyUniversity of BiałystokCiołkowskiego 1J, 15‐245, BiałystokPoland
| | - Marcin Czarnoleski
- Institute of Environmental SciencesJagiellonian UniversityGronostajowa7, 30‐387KrakówPoland
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Corbin KD, Krajmalnik-Brown R, Carnero EA, Bock C, Emerson R, Rittmann BE, Marcus AK, Davis T, Dirks B, Ilhan ZE, Champagne C, Smith SR. Integrative and quantitative bioenergetics: Design of a study to assess the impact of the gut microbiome on host energy balance. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2020; 19:100646. [PMID: 32875141 PMCID: PMC7451766 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2020.100646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The literature is replete with clinical studies that characterize the structure, diversity, and function of the gut microbiome and correlate the results to different disease states, including obesity. Whether the microbiome has a direct impact on obesity has not been established. To address this gap, we asked whether the gut microbiome and its bioenergetics quantitatively change host energy balance. This paper describes the design of a randomized crossover clinical trial that combines outpatient feeding with precisely controlled metabolic phenotyping in an inpatient metabolic ward. The target population was healthy, weight-stable individuals, age 18-45 and with a body mass index ≤30 kg/m2. Our primary objective was to determine within-participant differences in energy balance after consuming a control Western Diet versus a Microbiome Enhancer Diet intervention specifically designed to optimize the gut microbiome for positive impacts on host energy balance. We assessed the complete energy-balance equation via whole-room calorimetry, quantified energy intake, fecal energy losses, and methane production. We implemented conditions of tight weight stability and balance between metabolizable energy intake and predicted energy expenditure. We explored key factors that modulate the balance between host and microbial nutrient accessibility by measuring enteroendocrine hormone profiles, appetite/satiety, gut transit and gastric emptying. By integrating these clinical measurements with future bioreactor experiments, gut microbial ecology analysis, and mathematical modeling, our goal is to describe initial cause-and-effect mechanisms of gut microbiome metabolism on host energy balance. Our innovative methods will enable subsequent studies on the interacting roles of diet, the gut microbiome, and human physiology. CLINICALTRIALSGOV IDENTIFIER NCT02939703. The present study reference can be found here: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02939703.
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Key Words
- BMI, body mass index
- Bioenergetics
- COD, chemical oxygen demand
- Calorimeter
- Chemical oxygen demand
- DEXA, dual energy x-ray absorptiometry
- EB, energy balance
- EE, energy expenditure
- EI, energy intake
- Energy balance
- MFC, mass flow controller
- Microbiome
- NIST, national institute of standards technology
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- RMR, resting metabolic rate
- RQ, respiratory quotient
- SCFA, short chain fatty acid
- SEE, sleep energy expenditure
- TDEE, total daily energy expenditure
- TEF, thermic effect of food
- VAS, visual analog scale
- VCH4, volume of methane produced
- VCO2, volume of carbon dioxide produced
- VO2, volume of oxygen consume
- npRQ, non-protein RQ
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen D. Corbin
- AdventHealth, Translational Research Institute, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Rosa Krajmalnik-Brown
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Elvis A. Carnero
- AdventHealth, Translational Research Institute, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Christopher Bock
- AdventHealth, Translational Research Institute, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Rita Emerson
- AdventHealth, Translational Research Institute, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Bruce E. Rittmann
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Andrew K. Marcus
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Taylor Davis
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Blake Dirks
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Zehra Esra Ilhan
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Steven R. Smith
- AdventHealth, Translational Research Institute, Orlando, FL, USA
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Thom G, Gerasimidis K, Rizou E, Alfheeaid H, Barwell N, Manthou E, Fatima S, Gill JMR, Lean MEJ, Malkova D. Validity of predictive equations to estimate RMR in females with varying BMI. J Nutr Sci 2020; 9:e17. [PMID: 32595965 PMCID: PMC7299486 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2020.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Estimation of RMR using prediction equations is the basis for calculating energy requirements. In the present study, RMR was predicted by Harris-Benedict, Schofield, Henry, Mifflin-St Jeor and Owen equations and measured by indirect calorimetry in 125 healthy adult women of varying BMI (17-44 kg/m2). Agreement between methods was assessed by Bland-Altman analyses and each equation was assessed for accuracy by calculating the percentage of individuals predicted within ± 10 % of measured RMR. Slopes and intercepts of bias as a function of average RMR (mean of predicted and measured RMR) were calculated by regression analyses. Predictors of equation bias were investigated using univariate and multivariate linear regression. At group level, bias (the difference between predicted and measured RMR) was not different from zero only for Mifflin-St Jeor (0 (sd 153) kcal/d (0 (sd 640) kJ/d)) and Henry (8 (sd 163) kcal/d (33 (sd 682) kJ/d)) equations. Mifflin-St Jeor and Henry equations were most accurate at the individual level and predicted RMR within 10 % of measured RMR in 71 and 66 % of participants, respectively. For all equations, limits of agreement were wide, slopes of bias were negative, and intercepts of bias were positive and significantly (P < 0⋅05) different from zero. Increasing age, height and BMI were associated with underestimation of RMR, but collectively these variables explained only 15 % of the variance in estimation bias. Overall accuracy of equations for prediction of RMR is low at the individual level, particularly in women with low and high RMR. The Mifflin-St Jeor equation was the most accurate for this dataset, but prediction errors were still observed in about one-third of participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Thom
- Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, New Lister Building, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, GlasgowG31 2ER, UK
| | - Konstantinos Gerasimidis
- Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, New Lister Building, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, GlasgowG31 2ER, UK
| | - Eleni Rizou
- Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, New Lister Building, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, GlasgowG31 2ER, UK
| | - Hani Alfheeaid
- Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, New Lister Building, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, GlasgowG31 2ER, UK
- Qassim University, Buraydah City, P. C. 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nick Barwell
- Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, New Lister Building, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, GlasgowG31 2ER, UK
| | - Eirini Manthou
- Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, New Lister Building, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, GlasgowG31 2ER, UK
| | - Sadia Fatima
- Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, New Lister Building, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, GlasgowG31 2ER, UK
| | - Jason M. R. Gill
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, GlasgowG12 8TA, UK
| | - Michael E. J. Lean
- Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, New Lister Building, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, GlasgowG31 2ER, UK
| | - Dalia Malkova
- Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, New Lister Building, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, GlasgowG31 2ER, UK
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24
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Most J, Redman LM. Impact of calorie restriction on energy metabolism in humans. Exp Gerontol 2020; 133:110875. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.110875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Farmer CG. Parental Care, Destabilizing Selection, and the Evolution of Tetrapod Endothermy. Physiology (Bethesda) 2020; 35:160-176. [PMID: 32293231 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00058.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parental care has evolved convergently an extraordinary number of times among tetrapods that reproduce terrestrially, suggesting strong positive selection for this behavior in the terrestrial environment. This review speculates that destabilizing selection on parental care, and especially embryo incubation, drove the convergent evolution of many tetrapod traits, including endothermy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Farmer
- Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; and University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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26
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The drive to eat in homo sapiens: Energy expenditure drives energy intake. Physiol Behav 2020; 219:112846. [PMID: 32081814 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The drive to eat is a component of appetite control, independent of the omnivorous habit of humans, and separate from food choice, satiety and food reward. The drive forms part of the tonic component of appetite and arises from biological needs; it is distinct from episodic aspects of appetite which are heavily influenced by culture and the environment (and which reflect the omnivorous habit). It is proposed that the tonic drive to eat reflects a need state generated by metabolic energy expenditure (EE) required to maintain the functioning and integrity of vital organs. Specifically, the tonic drive is quantitatively associated with fat-free mass (FFM) and resting metabolic rate (RMR). A rational proposition is that high metabolic rate organs (such as heart, liver, kidneys, brain) together with skeletal muscle generate a metabolic need which drives energy intake (EI). The basic phenomenon of a relationship between FFM, RMR and EI, first published in 2011, has been substantially replicated and there are at least 14 concordant published studies carried out in 9 different countries (and 4 continents) with various ethnic groups of lean and obese humans. These studies demonstrate that FFM and RMR represent major determinants of the drive to eat, and this is rational from an evolutionary perspective. The EE of bodily movements through skeletal muscle activity (namely physical activity and exercise) represents another driver which is clearly but more weakly associated with an increase in EI. This account of appetite control, developed within an energy balance framework, is consistent with the apparent inexorable escalation of fatness in individual humans, and for the progressive increase in the prevalence of obesity which, among other factors, reflects the difficulty of managing the biological drive to eat.
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The mediation effect of anthropometry and physical fitness on the relationship between birthweight and basal metabolic rate in children. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2019; 11:640-647. [PMID: 31755402 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174419000783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Birthweight (BW) has been associated with anthropometry, body composition and physical fitness during growth and development of children. However, less is known about the mediation effect of those variables on the relationship between BW and basal metabolic rate (BMR) in children. OBJECTIVE To analyse the mediation effect of anthropometry, body composition and physical fitness on the association between BW and BMR in children. METHODS In total, 499 children (254 boys, 245 girls) aged 7-10 years were included. Anthropometry (weight, height, head, waist and hip circumferences), body composition (skinfolds thickness, body fat percentage), physical fitness (handgrip strength, flexibility, muscular endurance, muscular explosive power, agility, running speed) and BMR were evaluated. The analyses were conducted by: single-mediator analysis (SMA) and multi-mediator analysis (MMA). RESULTS The SMA indicates height, head, waist and hip circumferences and handgrip strength as significant mediators of BW on BMR for boys and height, hip circumference and handgrip strength as significant mediators of BW on BMR for girls. In MMA for girls, there were significant indirect effects for height, hip circumference and handgrip strength, with 79.08% of percent mediation. For boys, the head and waist circumferences mediation had a significant indirect effect, with 83.37% of percent mediation. CONCLUSION The anthropometric variables associated with BW were body height, head, hip and waist circumferences for boys and body height and hip circumference for girls. The current study provides new evidence that height and handgrip strength during childhood mediated the relationship between BW and BMR.
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28
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Fernández-Verdejo R, Ravussin E, Speakman JR, Galgani JE. Progress and challenges in analyzing rodent energy expenditure. Nat Methods 2019; 16:797-799. [PMID: 31391589 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-019-0513-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Fernández-Verdejo
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Carrera de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eric Ravussin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - John R Speakman
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zoology Building, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.,Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jose E Galgani
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Carrera de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Departamento de Nutrición, Diabetes y Metabolismo, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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29
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Tarantino G, Citro V, Conforti P, Balsano C, Capone D. Is There a Link between Basal Metabolic Rate, Spleen Volume and Hepatic Growth Factor Levels in Patients with Obesity-Related NAFLD? J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8101510. [PMID: 31547124 PMCID: PMC6832562 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8101510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Recent pieces of research point to a link between basal metabolic rate (BMR) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or hepatic steatosis (HS). The spleen in obese patients is associated with the cardiovascular system. Enlargement of the spleen is suggestive of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Patients with NASH present an increase in growth factor (HGF) as well as those with advanced heart failure. Interleukin-16 and interleukin-12p40 levels were found to correlate significantly with BMI, and waist circumference. Aim: We tried to find a relationship between BMR, spleen length and HGF. Methods: We analysed retrospective data from 80 obese patients with NAFLD. We evaluated indices of indirect calorimetry by the bioimpendance analysis; carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), spleen length (SLD) and HS by ultrasonography; serum HGF, IL-16, IL-12p40 and IL-6 concentrations by a magnetic bead-based multiplex immunoassays and the severity of NAFLD by BARD score > 2. Results: HGF levels of the obese were higher than those of controls, p < 0.001. At linear regression, BMR was foreseen by spleen length (p < 0.001), which was predicted by HGF (p = 0.04). BMR was predicted by IL-16 (p = 0.005), which predicted HGF, p = 0.034. Only fat mass, among other factors, predicted early atherosclerosis, p = 0.017; IL-12p40 did not predict IMT, HGF and BMR (p = 0.57, 0.09 and 0.59, respectively). The BARD score > 2 was negatively predicted by BMR and FFM (p =0.032 and 0.031, respectively), at the logistic regression. Interesting findings at the extended regression (mediation effect) were: IL-16 was likely causal in predicting BMR by HGF levels; HGF was influential in predicting BMR by SLD level. HS was predicted by SLD in males (p = 0.014), of advanced age (p < 0.001) and by BMR (p < 0.001). IL-6 concentrations, but not BMR were influential in the prediction of HS by SLD. Conclusion: These data reinforce the concept that the immune system is a sensor of the metabolic state, showing a link between HGF levels and BMR, which is mediated by IL-16 (cytokine inducing a cascade of inflammatory factors), and ascertaining the influential effect of the spleen, as main immune organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Tarantino
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, 80131 Napoli NA, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Citro
- Department of General Medicine, "Umberto I" Hospital, Nocera Inferiore (Sa), 84014 Nocera Inferiore SA, Italy.
| | - Paolo Conforti
- "Federico II" University Medical School of Naples, 80131 Napoli NA, Italy.
| | - Clara Balsano
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Life, Health & Environmental Sciences-MESVA, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila AQ, Italy.
| | - Domenico Capone
- Care Department of Public Health and Drug-Use, Section of Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology, "Federico II" University, 80131 Naples NA, Italy.
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30
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Xue J, Li S, Zhang Y, Hong P. Accuracy of Predictive Resting-Metabolic-Rate Equations in Chinese Mainland Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16152747. [PMID: 31374849 PMCID: PMC6695646 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16152747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Accurate measurement of the resting metabolic rate (RMR) is necessary when we make energy requirements and nutrition suggestions in clinical. However, indirect calorimetry is not always available. The objectives of this study were to make a comparison between RMR measured by indirect calorimetry and RMR predicted by different kinds of equations, and to develop new predictive equations for Chinese mainland adults. In this study, 315 Chinese mainland adults from different provinces all over China were recruited. Subjects underwent half a day of testing, which consisted of anthropometric assessment and RMR measurement. Measured and predicted RMR were compared; new optimal equations for Chinese mainland adults were developed and tested by splitting the subjects into a development and validation group. The measured RMR was in the range of 831–2776 kcal/day (mean 1651 ± 339 kcal/day). Our findings indicated that, except for the Harris–Benedict and Schofield equations, three Chinese equations and two fat-free mass (FFM) modeling equations all significantly underestimated RMR compared to the measured value (all p < 0.01). There were no significant differences between predicted and measured RMR using the new equations for females and males. Of the pre-existing equations, Schofield’s is the most suitable for Chinese mainland adults. However, the two new equations developed in this study seem to be more effective for predicting the RMR of Chinese mainland adults, and need to be validated by a larger independent sample with different physiological and anthropometric characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Xue
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China
| | - Shuo Li
- School of Sport Science, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Sports Medicine, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Ping Hong
- Winter Sports Administrative Center, General Administration of Sport of China, Beijing 100044, China.
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31
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Purcell SA, Elliott SA, Baracos VE, Chu QSC, Sawyer MB, Mourtzakis M, Easaw JC, Spratlin JL, Siervo M, Prado CM. Accuracy of Resting Energy Expenditure Predictive Equations in Patients With Cancer. Nutr Clin Pract 2019; 34:922-934. [PMID: 31347209 DOI: 10.1002/ncp.10374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our purpose was to assess the accuracy of resting energy expenditure (REE) equations in patients with newly diagnosed stage I-IV non-small cell lung, rectal, colon, renal, or pancreatic cancer. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, REE was measured using indirect calorimetry and compared with 23 equations. Agreement between measured and predicted REE was assessed via paired t-tests, Bland-Altman analysis, and percent of estimations ≤ 10% of measured values. Accuracy was measured among subgroups of body mass index (BMI), stage (I-III vs IV), and cancer type (lung, rectal, and colon) categories. Fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) were assessed using dual x-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS Among 125 patients, most had lung, colon, or rectal cancer (92%, BMI: 27.5 ± 5.6 kg/m2 , age: 61 ± 11 years, REE: 1629 ± 321 kcal/d). Thirteen (56.5%) equations yielded REE values different than measured (P < 0.05). Limits of agreement were wide for all equations, with Mifflin-St. Jeor equation having the smallest limits of agreement, -21.7% to 11.3% (-394 to 203 kcal/d). Equations with FFM were not more accurate except for one equation (Huang with body composition; bias, limits of agreement: -0.3 ± 11.3% vs without body composition: 2.3 ± 10.1%, P < 0.001). Bias in body composition equations was consistently positively correlated with age and frequently negatively correlated with FM. Bias and limits of agreement were similar among subgroups of patients. CONCLUSION REE cannot be accurately predicted on an individual level, and bias relates to age and FM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Purcell
- Human Nutrition Research Unit, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sarah A Elliott
- Alberta Research Centre for Health Evidence, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Vickie E Baracos
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Quincy S C Chu
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medical Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael B Sawyer
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medical Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marina Mourtzakis
- Department of Kinesiology, Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jacob C Easaw
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Spratlin
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medical Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mario Siervo
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, The University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, UK
| | - Carla M Prado
- Human Nutrition Research Unit, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Novaes Ravelli M, Schoeller DA, Crisp AH, Shriver T, Ferriolli E, Ducatti C, Marques de Oliveira MR. Influence of Energy Balance on the Rate of Weight Loss Throughout One Year of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass: a Doubly Labeled Water Study. Obes Surg 2019; 29:3299-3308. [PMID: 31230202 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-019-03989-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence of changes in energy balance and body composition on the rate of weight loss throughout 1 year of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. METHODS Variables were collected pre-, 6, and 12 months (M) post-surgery from 18 women (BMI ≥ 40 and ≤ 50 kg m-2, 20 to 45 years). Total energy expenditure (TEEm), fat-free mass (FFM), and fat mass (FM) were measured by doubly labeled water. Self-reported energy intake (EIsr) was obtained from three non-consecutive food diaries. Metabolic adaptation was assessed via deviations from TEE predictive equation, and the calculated energy intake (EIc) via the sum of TEE and change in body stores. RESULTS BMI significantly decreased (mean ± SD) from 45 ± 2 kg m-2 to 32 ± 3 kg m-2 at 6 M, and to 30 ± 3 kg m-2 at 12 M after surgery. The TEEm reduced significantly at both time points when compared with pre-surgery (6 M: - 612 ± 317 kcal day-1; 12 M: - 447 ± 516 kcal day-1). At 6 M, a metabolic adaptation was observed and the energy balance was - 1151 ± 195 kcal day-1, while at 12 M it was - 332 ± 158 kcal day-1. Changes in the values of TEEm were associated with changes in body weight at 12 M post-surgery. A significant underreporting was observed for EIsr (1057 ± 385 kcal day-1) vs. EIc (2083 ± 309 kcal day-1) at 12 M post-operative. CONCLUSION The higher rate of weight loss at 6 M post-surgery was a response to energy imbalance, which was caused by high restriction in energy intake even with the presence of metabolic adaptation at this time. The EIsr was not sufficiently accurate to assess the energy consumption of this population. REGISTRATION OF CLINICAL TRIALS (OBSERVATIONAL STUDY) Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry: RBR-8k5jsj. Universal Trial Number: U1111-1206-0858.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Novaes Ravelli
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Rodovia Araraquara Jaú, Km 01, s/n. Bairro: Campos Ville, Araraquara, SP, 14800-903, Brazil. .,Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1685 Highland Avenue, Medical Foundation Centennial Building, 7th Floor, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
| | - Dale A Schoeller
- Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 425 Henry Mall Street, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Alex Harley Crisp
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Rodovia Araraquara Jaú, Km 01, s/n. Bairro: Campos Ville, Araraquara, SP, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Timothy Shriver
- Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 425 Henry Mall Street, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Eduardo Ferriolli
- Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo - USP, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900 - Bairro: Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ducatti
- Stable Isotope Center, Bioscience Institute, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Rua Prof. Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250 - Bairro: Distrito de Rubião Junior, Botucatu, SP, 18618-689, Brazil
| | - Maria Rita Marques de Oliveira
- Education Department, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Rua Prof. Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250 - Bairro: Distrito de Rubião Junior, Botucatu, SP, 18618-689, Brazil
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Seymour RS, Hu Q, Snelling EP, White CR. Interspecific scaling of blood flow rates and arterial sizes in mammals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.199554. [PMID: 30877224 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.199554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This meta-study investigated the relationships between blood flow rate (Q̇; cm3 s-1), wall shear stress (τw; dyn cm-2) and lumen radius (r i; cm) in 20 named systemic arteries of nine species of mammals, ranging in mass from 23 g mice to 652 kg cows, at rest. In the dataset, derived from 50 studies, lumen radius varied between 3.7 µm in a cremaster artery of a rat and 11.2 mm in the aorta of a human. The 92 logged data points of [Formula: see text] and r i are described by a single second-order polynomial curve with the equation: [Formula: see text] The slope of the curve increased from approximately 2 in the largest arteries to approximately 3 in the smallest ones. Thus, da Vinci's rule ([Formula: see text]) applies to the main arteries and Murray's law ([Formula: see text]) applies to the microcirculation. A subset of the data, comprising only cephalic arteries in which [Formula: see text] is fairly constant, yielded the allometric power equation: [Formula: see text] These empirical equations allow calculation of resting perfusion rates from arterial lumen size alone, without reliance on theoretical models or assumptions on the scaling of wall shear stress in relation to body mass. As expected, [Formula: see text] of individual named arteries is strongly affected by body mass; however, [Formula: see text] of the common carotid artery from six species (mouse to horse) is also sensitive to differences in whole-body basal metabolic rate, independent of the effect of body mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger S Seymour
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Qiaohui Hu
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Edward P Snelling
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Gauteng 0110, South Africa.,Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng 2193, South Africa
| | - Craig R White
- Centre for Geometric Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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Metabolic adaptations during negative energy balance and their potential impact on appetite and food intake. Proc Nutr Soc 2019; 78:279-289. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665118002811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This review examines the metabolic adaptations that occur in response to negative energy balance and their potential putative or functional impact on appetite and food intake. Sustained negative energy balance will result in weight loss, with body composition changes similar for different dietary interventions if total energy and protein intake are equated. During periods of underfeeding, compensatory metabolic and behavioural responses occur that attenuate the prescribed energy deficit. While losses of metabolically active tissue during energy deficit result in reduced energy expenditure, an additional down-regulation in expenditure has been noted that cannot be explained by changes in body tissue (e.g. adaptive thermogenesis). Sustained negative energy balance is also associated with an increase in orexigenic drive and changes in appetite-related peptides during weight loss that may act as cues for increased hunger and food intake. It has also been suggested that losses of fat-free mass (FFM) could also act as an orexigenic signal during weight loss, but more data are needed to support these findings and the signalling pathways linking FFM and energy intake remain unclear. Taken together, these metabolic and behavioural responses to weight loss point to a highly complex and dynamic energy balance system in which perturbations to individual components can cause co-ordinated and inter-related compensatory responses elsewhere. The strength of these compensatory responses is individually subtle, and early identification of this variability may help identify individuals that respond well or poorly to an intervention.
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External validation of equations to estimate resting energy expenditure in 14952 adults with overweight and obesity and 1948 adults with normal weight from Italy. Clin Nutr 2019; 38:457-464. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wang P, Li Y, Sun H, Zhang R, Liu X, Liu S, Wang Z, Zheng Y, Yu Y, Chen X, Li H, Zhang J, Liu Q. Analysis of the associated factors for severe weight loss after minimally invasive McKeown esophagectomy. Thorac Cancer 2019; 10:209-218. [PMID: 30578600 PMCID: PMC6360231 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the risk factors for severe weight loss (SWL) within one year after minimally invasive McKeown esophagectomy. METHODS Esophageal cancer patients who underwent McKeown esophagectomy between January and July 2017 were prospectively enrolled. Preoperative body weight (PBW) was chosen as the initial body weight. RESULTS Forty-four patients were enrolled and successfully followed up for one year. Median weight loss was 7.4% (quartile: 5.3-8.1%) and 12.6% (quartile: 8.8-17.7%) four weeks and one year after surgery, respectively. Accelerated weight loss occurred during the first two weeks after discharge, with median weight loss of 5.6% (quartile: 4.2-7.1%). Multivariable analysis showed that age ≥ 70 years (odds ratio [OR] 7.65; P = 0.030), preoperative sarcopenia (OR 7.18; P = 0.030), the first surgery in the daily schedule (OR 6.87; P = 0.032) and vocal cord paralysis (OR 12.30; P = 0.046) were independent risk factors for short-term (4 weeks) SWL (> 7.5% PBW), while an American Society of Anesthesiologists score of 3-4 (OR 6.58; P = 0.047), a high fat-free mass (OR 21.91; P = 0.003), and vocal cord paralysis (OR 25.83; P = 0.017) were independent risk factors for long-term (1 year) SWL (> 13.0% PBW) after esophagectomy. Postoperative symptoms of insomnia, appetite loss, dysphagia, eating difficulties, and taste issues were also related to SWL. CONCLUSIONS In esophageal cancer patients who have undergone esophagectomy, the first two weeks after hospital discharge is a key period for nutrition intervention. Patients with associated factors for SWL require postoperative nutrition support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyu Wang
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryThe Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer HospitalZhengzhouChina
| | - Yin Li
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryThe Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer HospitalZhengzhouChina
- Department of Thoracic Surgical OncologyNational Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Haibo Sun
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryThe Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer HospitalZhengzhouChina
| | - Ruixiang Zhang
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryThe Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer HospitalZhengzhouChina
| | - Xianben Liu
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryThe Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer HospitalZhengzhouChina
| | - Shilei Liu
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryThe Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer HospitalZhengzhouChina
| | - Zongfei Wang
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryThe Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer HospitalZhengzhouChina
| | - Yan Zheng
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryThe Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer HospitalZhengzhouChina
| | - Yongkui Yu
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryThe Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer HospitalZhengzhouChina
| | - Xiankai Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgical OncologyNational Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Haomiao Li
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryThe Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer HospitalZhengzhouChina
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryThe Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer HospitalZhengzhouChina
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryThe Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer HospitalZhengzhouChina
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MacKenzie-Shalders KL, Byrne NM, King NA, Slater GJ. Are increases in skeletal muscle mass accompanied by changes to resting metabolic rate in rugby athletes over a pre-season training period? Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 19:885-892. [PMID: 30614386 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1561951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Optimising dietary energy intake is essential for effective sports nutrition practice in rugby athletes. Effective dietary energy prescription requires careful consideration of athletes' daily energy expenditure with the accurate prediction of resting metabolic rate (RMR) important due to its influence on total energy expenditure and in turn, energy balance. This study aimed to (a) measure rugby athletes RMR and (b) report the change in RMR in developing elite rugby players over a rugby preseason subsequent to changes in body composition and (c) explore the accurate prediction of RMR in rugby athletes. Eighteen developing elite rugby union athletes (age 20.2 ± 1.7 years, body mass 101.2 ± 14.5 kg, stature 184.0 ± 8.4 cm) had RMR (indirect calorimetry) and body composition (dual energy x-ray absorptiometry) measured at the start and end of a rugby preseason ∼14 weeks later. There was no statistically significant difference in RMR over the preseason period (baseline 2389 ± 263 kcal·day-1 post 2373 ± 270 kcal·day-1) despite a significant increase in lean mass of +2.0 ± 1.6 kg (P < 0.01) and non-significant loss of fat mass. The change in RMR was non-significant and non-meaningful; thus, this study contradicts the commonly held anecdotal perception that an increase in skeletal muscle mass will result in a significant increase in metabolic rate and daily energy needs. Conventional prediction equations generally under-estimated rugby athletes' measured RMR, and may be problematic for identifying low energy availability, and thus updated population-specific prediction equations may be warranted to inform practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L MacKenzie-Shalders
- a Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond Institute of Health and Sport , Bond University , Gold Coast , Australia
| | - Nuala M Byrne
- b School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine , University of Tasmania , Launceston , Australia
| | - Neil A King
- c School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation , Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , Australia
| | - G J Slater
- d School of Health and Sport Sciences , University of the Sunshine Coast , Sippy Downs , Australia
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Sampath Kumar A, Arun Maiya G, Shastry BA, Vaishali K, Maiya S, Umakanth S. Correlation between basal metabolic rate, visceral fat and insulin resistance among type 2 diabetes mellitus with peripheral neuropathy. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019; 13:344-348. [PMID: 30641723 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) means the amount of energy utilized by body in physical and psychological resting rate, after a night sleep, awake without any previous physical activity post meal (10 h after last meal) & neutral environment. In people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) there is an increase in BMR which is said to be associated with the level of glycaemic control. So, the objective of the study was to find out the correlation between BMR, Insulin resistance and Visceral fat in T2DM with peripheral neuropathy. MATERIALS & METHODS A total of 50 participants with T2DM with peripheral neuropathy were included. Age group of 30-75 years were selected for the study. Participants with a known history of neurological disease, locomotor disability, and pregnancy were excluded from the study. Demographic details of the participants like duration of diabetes mellitus, age, Fasting Blood Glucose, Fasting Insulin, HOMA-IR, Glycated Haemoglobin (HBA1c), Neuropathy and Blood pressure values were noted. We measured Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) by using Mifflin-St Jeor predictive equation in T2DM with peripheral neuropathy. RESULTS The mean age of the participants is 60.16 ± 10.62. The mean duration of T2DM 13.44 ± 11.92. In the present study we found a statistical significant correlation between BMR and HOMA IR (r = 0.913*; p = 0.000), BMR & Fasting blood sugar (FBS) (r = 0.281*; p = 0.048), BMR and Visceral fat (VF) (r = 0.332*; p = 0.018). CONCLUSION Basal metabolic rate is correlated to Homa-IR, visceral fat, fasting blood sugar and musculoskeletal mass among T2DM with peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sampath Kumar
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
| | - G Arun Maiya
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
| | - B A Shastry
- Department of General Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, 576104, India.
| | - K Vaishali
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Udupi, Karnataka, 576104, India.
| | - Shubha Maiya
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
| | - Shashikiran Umakanth
- Department of General Medicine, Dr. T.M.A Pai Hospital, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
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Shirley MK, Arthurs OJ, Seunarine KK, Cole TJ, Eaton S, Williams JE, Clark CA, Wells JCK. Metabolic rate of major organs and tissues in young adult South Asian women. Eur J Clin Nutr 2018; 73:1164-1171. [PMID: 30405209 PMCID: PMC6373842 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-018-0362-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Major organ-specific and tissue-specific metabolic rate (Ki) values were initially estimated using in vivo methods, and values reported by Elia (Energy metabolism: tissue determinants and cellular corollaries, Raven Press, New York, 1992) were subsequently supported by statistical analysis. However, the majority of work to date on this topic has addressed individuals of European descent, whereas population variability in resting energy metabolism has been reported. We aimed to estimate Ki values in South Asian females. SUBJECTS/METHODS This cross-sectional study recruited 70 healthy young women of South Asian ancestry. Brain and organs were measured using magnetic resonance imaging, skeletal muscle mass by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, fat mass by the 4-component model, and whole-body resting energy expenditure by indirect calorimetry. Organ and tissue Ki values were estimated indirectly using regression analysis through the origin. Preliminary analysis suggested overestimation of heart mass, hence the modeling was repeated with a literature-based 22.5% heart mass reduction. RESULTS The pattern of derived Ki values across organs and tissues matched that previously estimated in vivo, but the values were systematically lower. However, adjusting for the overestimation of heart mass markedly improved the agreement. CONCLUSIONS Our results support variability in Ki values among organs and tissues, where some are more metabolically "expensive" than others. Initial findings suggesting lower organ/tissue Ki values in South Asian women were likely influenced by heart mass estimation bias. The question of potential ethnic variability in organ-specific and tissue-specific energy metabolism requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Owen J Arthurs
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Tim J Cole
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Simon Eaton
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Jane E Williams
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Chris A Clark
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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Farooqi N, Carlsson M, Håglin L, Sandström T, Slinde F. Energy expenditure in women and men with COPD. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2018; 28:171-178. [PMID: 30390877 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) lose weight. Successful nutritional intervention is vital, thus assessment of energy requirement is required. The aim of this study was to present an improved possibility to assess energy requirement in patients with COPD. METHODS Pub Med search was conducted for all the studies reporting total energy expenditure (TEE) measured by doubly labeled water (DLW) method in patients with COPD. Four studies were identified, whereof three were conducted in Sweden. The present analysis is based on these three studies of which the data was acquired. RESULTS There was a large variation in resting metabolic rate (RMR) and TEE. Body mass index decreased significantly with increase in disease severity (p < .001), and correlated significantly to forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) % predicted (r = .627, p < .001). FEV1% predicted had a significant correlation with RMR/kg body weight (BW)/day (r = -.503, p = .001), RMR/kg fat-free mass (FFM)/day (r = .338, p = .031), and TEE/kg FFM/day (r = .671, p < .001). Compared to men, women had a lower RMR and TEE/kg BW/day (p < .001 respectively p = .002), and higher RMR and TEE/kg FFM/day (p = .080 respectively p = .005). The correlates of: RMR/kg BW were gender and FEV1% predicted; of TEE/kg BW the correlates were age and gender, and of TEE/kg FFM the correlates were age and FEV1% predicted. CONCLUSION In this study, we have presented a possibility to assess energy requirement per kg BW/day and per kg FFM/day in patients with COPD in clinical settings. However, gender, age, and disease severity must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nighat Farooqi
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Maine Carlsson
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Geriatric Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lena Håglin
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Thomas Sandström
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Frode Slinde
- Department of Food and Nutrition and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
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Heymsfield SB, Peterson CM, Bourgeois B, Thomas DM, Gallagher D, Strauss B, Müller MJ, Bosy-Westphal A. Human energy expenditure: advances in organ-tissue prediction models. Obes Rev 2018; 19:1177-1188. [PMID: 30035381 PMCID: PMC6107421 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Humans expend energy at rest (REE), and this major energy exchange component is now usually estimated using statistical equations that include weight and other predictor variables. While these formulas are useful in evaluating an individual's or group's REE, an important gap remains: available statistical models are inadequate for explaining underlying organ-specific and tissue-specific mechanisms accounting for resting heat production. The lack of such systems level REE prediction models leaves many research questions unanswered. A potential approach that can fill this gap began with investigators who first showed in animals and later in humans that REE reflects the summated heat production rates of individual organs and tissues. Today, using advanced imaging technologies, REE can be accurately estimated from the measured in vivo mass of 10 organ-tissue mass components combined with their respective mass-specific metabolic rates. This review examines the next frontier of energy expenditure models and discusses how organ-tissue models have the potential not only to better predict REE but also to provide insights into how perturbations in organ mass lead to structure-function changes across other interacting organ systems. The introductory ideas advanced in this review provide a framework for future human energy expenditure modelling research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Diana M. Thomas
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, United States Military Academy West Point, NY, USA
| | - Dympna Gallagher
- Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Boyd Strauss
- Dept. of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Australia and Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Manfred J. Müller
- Department of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrecht’s-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Department of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrecht’s-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Oliveira B, Sridharan S, Farrington K, Davenport A. Comparison of resting energy equations and total energy expenditure in haemodialysis patients and body composition measured by multi-frequency bioimpedance. Nephrology (Carlton) 2018; 23:748-754. [DOI: 10.1111/nep.13112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Oliveira
- UCL Centre for Nephrology, Royal Free Hospital; University College London Medical School; London UK
| | | | - Ken Farrington
- Renal Unit; Lister Hospital; Stevenage UK
- University of Hertfordshire; Hatfield UK
| | - Andrew Davenport
- UCL Centre for Nephrology, Royal Free Hospital; University College London Medical School; London UK
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Broadney MM, Shareef F, Marwitz SE, Brady SM, Yanovski SZ, DeLany JP, Yanovski JA. Evaluating the contribution of differences in lean mass compartments for resting energy expenditure in African American and Caucasian American children. Pediatr Obes 2018; 13:413-420. [PMID: 29701008 PMCID: PMC6013338 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resting energy expenditure (REE), adjusted for total lean mass (LM), is lower in African American (AA) than Caucasian American (CA) children. Some adult studies suggest that AA-CA differences in lean mass compartments explain this REE difference. Similar data are limited in children. OBJECTIVE To evaluate differences in compartment-specific lean mass between AA and CA children and examine the individual contributions of high-metabolic rate-at-rest trunk lean mass (TrLM) and low-metabolic-rate-at-rest appendicular lean mass (AppLM) for AA-CA differences in REE. METHODS We studied a convenience sample of 594 AA (n = 281) and CA (n = 313) children. REE was measured by using indirect calorimetry; dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to assess body composition. ANCOVAs were performed to examine AA-CA differences in TrLM, AppLM and REE. After accounting for age, sex, height, pubertal development, bone mass and adiposity, REE was evaluated adjusting for total LM (model A) and separately adjusting for TrLM and AppLM (model B). RESULTS African American children had greater adjusted AppLM (17.8 ± 0.2 [SE] vs. 16.0 ± 0.2 kg, p < 0.001) and lower TrLM (17.2 ± 0.2 vs. 17.7 ± 0.2 kg, p = 0.022) than CA children. REE adjusted for total LM was 77 ± 16 kcal/d lower in AA than CA (p < 0.001). However, after accounting separately for AppLM and TrLM, the discrepancy in REE between the groups declined to 28 ± 19 kcal/d (p = 0.14). In the adjusted model, both TrLM (p < 0.001) and AppLM (p < 0.027) were independently associated with REE. CONCLUSION In children, AA-CA differences in REE appear mostly attributable to differences in body composition. Lower REE in AA children is likely due to lower TrLM and greater AppLM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda M. Broadney
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health
| | - Faizah Shareef
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health
| | - Shannon E. Marwitz
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health
| | - Sheila M. Brady
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health
| | - Susan Z. Yanovski
- Office of Obesity Research, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health
| | | | - Jack A. Yanovski
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health
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El-Kateb S, Sridharan S, Farrington K, Fan S, Davenport A. Comparison of equations of resting and total energy expenditure in peritoneal dialysis patients using body composition measurements determined by multi-frequency bioimpedance. Clin Nutr 2018; 37:646-650. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kim S, Lim M, Kim Y, Kim HD, Choi SJ. Impact of Synaptic Device Variations on Pattern Recognition Accuracy in a Hardware Neural Network. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2638. [PMID: 29422641 PMCID: PMC5805704 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21057-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromorphic systems (hardware neural networks) derive inspiration from biological neural systems and are expected to be a computing breakthrough beyond conventional von Neumann architecture. Interestingly, in neuromorphic systems, the processing and storing of information can be performed simultaneously by modulating the connection strength of a synaptic device (i.e., synaptic weight). Previously investigated synaptic devices can emulate the functionality of biological synapses successfully by utilizing various nano-electronic phenomena; however, the impact of intrinsic synaptic device variability on the system performance has not yet been studied. Here, we perform a device-to-system level simulation of different synaptic device variation parameters in a designed neuromorphic system that has the potential for unsupervised learning and pattern recognition. The effects of variations in parameters such as the weight modulation nonlinearity (NL), the minimum-maximum weight (Gmin and Gmax), and the weight update margin (ΔG) on the pattern recognition accuracy are analyzed quantitatively. These simulation results can provide guidelines for the continued design and optimization of a synaptic device for realizing a functional large-scale neuromorphic computing system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungho Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Korea
| | - Meehyun Lim
- Mechatronics R&D Center, Samsung Electronics, Gyonggi-do, 18448, Korea
| | - Yeamin Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Korea
| | - Hee-Dong Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Korea
| | - Sung-Jin Choi
- School of Electrical Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Korea.
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Hopkins M, Beaulieu K, Myers A, Gibbons C, Blundell JE. Mechanisms responsible for homeostatic appetite control: theoretical advances and practical implications. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2017; 12:401-415. [PMID: 30063436 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2017.1395693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Homeostatic appetite control is part of a psychobiological system that has evolved to maintain an adequate supply of nutrients for growth and maintenance. The system links the physiological needs for energy with the behaviour that satisfies these needs (feeding), and is shaped by excitatory and inhibitory signals. Owing to rapid shifts in the food environment, homeostatic appetite control is not well adapted for modern-day human functioning. Areas covered: Homeostatic appetite control has two divisions. Tonic processes exert stable and enduring influences, with signals arising from bodily tissues and metabolism. Episodic processes fluctuate rapidly and are related to nutrient ingestion and the composition of foods consumed. Research in these areas incorporates potent endocrine signals that can influence behaviour. Expert commentary: The regulation of adipose tissue, and its impact on appetite (energy) homeostasis, has been heavily researched. More recently however, it has been demonstrated that fat-free mass has the potential to act as a tonic driver of food intake. A challenging issue is to determine how the post-prandial action of episodic satiety hormones and gastrointestinal mechanisms can effectively brake the metabolic drive to eat, in order to keep food intake under control and prevent a positive energy balance and fat accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Hopkins
- a School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Mathematics and Physical Sciences , University of Leeds , Leeds , UK
| | - Kristine Beaulieu
- b School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health , University of Leeds , Leeds , UK
| | - Anna Myers
- b School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health , University of Leeds , Leeds , UK
| | - Catherine Gibbons
- b School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health , University of Leeds , Leeds , UK
| | - John E Blundell
- b School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health , University of Leeds , Leeds , UK
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Galgani JE, Castro-Sepulveda MA. Influence of a Gas Exchange Correction Procedure on Resting Metabolic Rate and Respiratory Quotient in Humans. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2017; 25:1941-1947. [PMID: 28924987 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the influence of a gas exchange correction protocol on resting metabolic rate (RMR) and respiratory quotient (RQ), assessed by a Vmax Encore 29n metabolic cart (SensorMedics Co., Yorba Linda, California) in overnight fasted and fed humans, and to assess the predictive power of body size for corrected and uncorrected RMR. METHODS Healthy participants (23 M/29 F; 34 ± 9 years old; 26.3 ± 3.7 kg/m2 ) ingested two 3-hour-apart glucose loads (75 g). Indirect calorimetry was conducted before and hourly over a 6-hour period. Immediately after indirect calorimetry assessment, gas exchange was simulated through high-precision mass-flow regulators, which permitted the correction of RMR and RQ values. RESULTS Uncorrected and corrected RMR and RQ were directly related at each time over the 6-hour period. However, uncorrected versus corrected RMR was 6.9% ± 0.5% higher (128 ± 7 kcal/d; P < 0.0001), while RQ was 14.0 ± 0.4% lower (-0.114 ± 0.003; P < 0.0001) when compared throughout the whole period. Body weight, sex, and age explained a larger fraction of the variance when corrected RMR was considered (adjusted R2 = 0.71; P < 0.0001) versus uncorrected RMR (adjusted R2 = 0.59; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Applying a protocol to correct gas exchange in humans over a 6-hour period is feasible and provides information of improved accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose E Galgani
- Departamento de Nutrición, Diabetes y Metabolismo, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Carrera de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio A Castro-Sepulveda
- Departamento de Nutrición, Diabetes y Metabolismo, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratorio de Ciencias del Ejercicio, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
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Said-Mohamed R, Pettifor JM, Norris SA. Life History theory hypotheses on child growth: Potential implications for short and long-term child growth, development and health. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 165:4-19. [PMID: 29072305 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Life history theory integrates ecological, physiological, and molecular layers within an evolutionary framework to understand organisms' strategies to optimize survival and reproduction. Two life history hypotheses and their implications for child growth, development, and health (illustrated in the South African context) are reviewed here. One hypothesis suggests that there is an energy trade-off between linear growth and brain growth. Undernutrition in infancy and childhood may trigger adaptive physiological mechanisms prioritizing the brain at the expense of body growth. Another hypothesis is that the period from conception to infancy is a critical window of developmental plasticity of linear growth, the duration of which may vary between and within populations. The transition from infancy to childhood may mark the end of a critical window of opportunity for improving child growth. Both hypotheses emphasize the developmental plasticity of linear growth and the potential determinants of growth variability (including the role of parent-offspring conflict in maternal resources allocation). Implications of these hypotheses in populations with high burdens of undernutrition and infections are discussed. In South Africa, HIV/AIDS during pregnancy (associated with adverse birth outcomes, short duration of breastfeeding, and social consequences) may lead to a shortened window of developmental plasticity of growth. Furthermore, undernutrition and infectious diseases in children living in South Africa, a country undergoing a rapid nutrition transition, may have adverse consequences on individuals' cognitive abilities and risks of cardio-metabolic diseases. Studies are needed to identify physiological mechanisms underlying energy allocation between biological functions and their potential impacts on health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rihlat Said-Mohamed
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng 2193, South Africa
| | - John M Pettifor
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng 2193, South Africa
| | - Shane A Norris
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng 2193, South Africa
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Mazurkiewicz Ł, Ziółkowska L, Petryka J, Śpiewak M, Małek Ł, Kubik A, Marczak M, Misko J, Brzezińska-Rajszys G. Left-ventricular mechanics in children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. CMR study. Magn Reson Imaging 2017; 43:56-65. [PMID: 28688952 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the magnitude of myocardial displacement abnormalities and their alterations with the fibrosis, left-ventricular (LV) outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO) and hypertrophy in juveniles with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). STUDY DESIGN Fifty-five children [age 12,5±4.6years, 38 (69,1%) males, 19 (34,5%) with LVOTO] with HCM and 20 controls underwent cardiovascular magnetic resonance. The LV feature tracking (FT) derived strain and strain rates were quantified. Results of FT analysis were compared between HCM subjects and controls and between children with and without LVOTO. RESULTS Children with HCM exhibited decreased strain in both hypertrophied and nonhypertrophied segments versus controls. LV global longitudinal strain (LVGLS) rate (-0.69±0.04 vs -0.91±0.05, p=0,04), LV circumferential strain (LVCR) rate (-0.98±0.09 vs -1.27±0.06, p=0,02), LV radial strain (LVR) (18,5±1.9 vs 27,4±1.4, p<0,01) and LVR rate (0,98±0.1 vs 1,53±0.08, p<0,01) were substantially compromised in subjects with LVOTO vs without. In multivariable regression all LV myocardial dynamics markers, except for LVCR, exhibited a significant association with the degree of LVOTO. LVCR rate (β=0,31, p=0,02) and LVR (β=-0.24, p=0,04) were related to LV mass and only LVCR rate (β=0,15, p=0,03) was associated with the amount of LV fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS The reduction of all indices of LV myocardial mechanics in juvenile HCM patients was global but particularly pronounced in hypertrophied segments of the LV. The majority of the LV strains and strain rates were substantially compromised in subjects with LVOTO compared to patients without the obstruction. Myocardial mechanics indices seemed to be related to the degree of LVOTO rather than either to mass or the amount of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Mazurkiewicz
- Department of Cardiomyopathies, CMR Unit, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Lidia Ziółkowska
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Petryka
- Department of Coronary and Structural Heart Diseases, CMR Unit, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Agata Kubik
- CMR Unit, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
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Chang DC, Piaggi P, Krakoff J. A Novel Approach to Predict 24-Hour Energy Expenditure Based on Hematologic Volumes: Development and Validation of Models Comparable to Mifflin-St Jeor and Body Composition Models. J Acad Nutr Diet 2017; 117:1177-1187. [PMID: 28571655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate prediction of 24-hour energy expenditure (24EE) relies on knowing body composition, in particular fat-free mass (FFM), the largest determinant of 24EE. FFM is closely correlated with hematologic volumes: blood volume (BV), red cell mass (RCM), and plasma volume (PV). However, it is unknown whether predicted hematologic volumes, based on easily collected variables, can improve 24EE prediction. OBJECTIVE The aim was to develop and validate equations to predict 24EE based on predicted BV, RCM, and PV and to compare the accuracy and agreement with models developed from FFM and with the Mifflin-St Jeor equation, which is recommended for clinical use by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. DESIGN Participants had body composition measured by underwater weighing and 24EE by respiratory chamber. BV, RCM, and PV were calculated from five published equations. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING Native American and white men and women were studied (n=351). Participants were healthy adults aged 18 to 49 years from the Phoenix, AZ, metropolitan area. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Accuracy to within ±10% of measured 24EE and agreement by Bland-Altman analysis. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Regression models to predict 24EE from hematologic and body composition variables were developed in half the dataset and validated in the other half. RESULTS Hematologic volumes were all strongly correlated with FFM in both men and women (r≥0.94). Whereas the accuracy of FFM alone was 69%, four hematologic volumes were individually more accurate (75% to 78%) in predicting 24EE. Equations based on hematologic volumes plus demographics had mean prediction errors comparable to those based on body composition plus demographics; although the Mifflin-St Jeor had modestly better mean prediction error, body composition, hematologic, and Mifflin-St Jeor models all had similar accuracy (approximately 80%). CONCLUSIONS Prediction equations based on hematologic volumes were developed, validated, and found to be comparable to Mifflin-St Jeor and body composition models in this population of healthy adults.
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