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Allsopp GL, Britto FA, Wright CR, Deldicque L. The Effects of Normobaric Hypoxia on the Acute Physiological Responses to Resistance Training: A Narrative Review. J Strength Cond Res 2024:00124278-990000000-00519. [PMID: 39178049 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Allsopp, GL, Britto, FA, Wright, CR, and Deldicque, L. The effects of normobaric hypoxia on the acute physiological responses to resistance training: a narrative review. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2024-Athletes have used altitude training for many years as a strategy to improve endurance performance. The use of resistance training in simulated altitude (normobaric hypoxia) is a growing strategy that aims to improve the hypertrophy and strength adaptations to training. An increasing breadth of research has characterized the acute physiological responses to resistance training in hypoxia, often with the goal to elucidate the mechanisms by which hypoxia may improve the training adaptations. There is currently no consensus on the overall effectiveness of hypoxic resistance training for strength and hypertrophy adaptations, nor the underlying biochemical pathways involved. There are, however, numerous interesting physiological responses that are amplified by performing resistance training in hypoxia. These include potential changes to the energy system contribution to exercise and alterations to the level of metabolic stress, hormone and cytokine production, autonomic regulation, and other hypoxia-induced cellular pathways. This review describes the foundational exercise physiology underpinning the acute responses to resistance training in normobaric hypoxia, potential applications to clinical populations, including training considerations for athletic populations. The review also presents a summary of the ideal training parameters to promote metabolic stress and associated training adaptations. There are currently many gaps in our understanding of the physiological responses to hypoxic resistance training, partly caused by the infancy of the research field and diversity of hypoxic and training parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle L Allsopp
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Craig R Wright
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise Deldicque
- Institute of Neuroscience, UC Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Deane CS, Cox J, Atherton PJ. Critical variables regulating age-related anabolic responses to protein nutrition in skeletal muscle. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1419229. [PMID: 39166128 PMCID: PMC11333332 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1419229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein nutrition is critical for the maintenance of skeletal muscle mass across the lifecourse and for the growth of muscle in response to resistance exercise - both acting via the stimulation of protein synthesis. The transient anabolic response to protein feeding may vary in magnitude and duration, depending on, e.g., timing, dose, amino acid composition and delivery mode, which are in turn influenced by physical activity and age. This review aims to: (i) summarise the fundamental metabolic responses of muscle to protein feeding, (ii) discuss key variables regulating muscle anabolic responses to protein feeding, and (iii) explore how these variables can be optimised for muscle anabolism in response to physical activity and ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen S. Deane
- Human Development & Health, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jake Cox
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing & Physiology, MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Research, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Medical School, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J. Atherton
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing & Physiology, MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Research, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Medical School, Derby, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan Advanced Research Academy (RARA), Ritsumeikan University, Kyoto, Japan
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Sumi K, Yamazaki K, Nishii R, Sakuda M, Nakamura K, Ashida K, Tamura K, Higashi T. Unique advantages of dynamic l-[11C]methionine PET/CT for assessing the rate of skeletal muscle protein synthesis: A pilot trial in young men. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0305620. [PMID: 39078822 PMCID: PMC11288433 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Although the standard method to evaluate skeletal muscle protein synthesis (MPS) is muscle biopsy, the method is invasive and problematic for multisite use. We conducted a small pilot study in volunteers to investigate changes in MPS according to skeletal muscle site using a noninvasive method in which 6 healthy young men were given yogurt (containing 20 g milk protein) or water, and 1 h later, l-[11C]methionine ([11C]Met) was administered intravenously. Dynamic PET/CT imaging of their thighs was performed for 60 min. The influx constant Ki of [11C]Met in skeletal muscle protein was calculated as an index of MPS using a Patlak plot, and found to be 0.6%-28% higher after ingesting yogurt than after water in 5 of the 6 volunteer participants, but it was 34% lower in the remaining participant. Overall, this indicated no significant increase in Ki after ingesting milk protein. However, when the quadriceps and hamstring muscles were analyzed separately, we found a significant difference in Ki. This demonstrates the potential of visualizing MPS by calculating the Ki for each voxel and reconstructing it as an image, which presents unique advantages of [11C]Met PET/CT for evaluating MPS, such as site-specificity and visualization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Sumi
- R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., Hachiouji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kana Yamazaki
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Inage, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Nishii
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Inage, Chiba, Japan
- Biomedical Imaging Sciences, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokai National Education and Research System, Higashi-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Misato Sakuda
- R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., Hachiouji, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kinya Ashida
- R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., Hachiouji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Tamura
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Inage, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Higashi
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Inage, Chiba, Japan
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Larrosa M, Gil-Izquierdo A, González-Rodríguez LG, Alférez MJM, San Juan AF, Sánchez-Gómez Á, Calvo-Ayuso N, Ramos-Álvarez JJ, Fernández-Lázaro D, Lopez-Grueso R, López-León I, Moreno-Lara J, Domínguez-Balmaseda D, Illescas-Quiroga R, Cuenca E, López T, Montoya JJ, Rodrigues-de-Souza DP, Carrillo-Alvarez E, Casado A, Rodriguez-Doñate B, Porta-Oliva M, Santiago C, Iturriaga T, De Lucas B, Solaesa ÁG, Montero-López MDP, Benítez De Gracia E, Veiga-Herreros P, Muñoz-López A, Orantes-Gonzalez E, Barbero-Alvarez JC, Cabeza-Ruiz R, Carnero-Diaz Á, Sospedra I, Fernández-Galván LM, Martínez-Sanz JM, Martín-Almena FJ, Pérez M, Guerra-Hernández EJ, López-Samanes Á, Sánchez-Oliver AJ, Domínguez R. Nutritional Strategies for Optimizing Health, Sports Performance, and Recovery for Female Athletes and Other Physically Active Women: A Systematic Review. Nutr Rev 2024:nuae082. [PMID: 38994896 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuae082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Despite the progress toward gender equality in events like the Olympic Games and other institutionalized competitions, and the rising number of women engaging in physical exercise programs, scientific studies focused on establishing specific nutritional recommendations for female athletes and other physically active women are scarce. OBJECTIVE This systematic review aimed to compile the scientific evidence available for addressing the question "What dietary strategies, including dietary and supplementation approaches, can improve sports performance, recovery, and health status in female athletes and other physically active women?" DATA SOURCES The Pubmed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched. DATA EXTRACTION The review process involved a comprehensive search strategy using keywords connected by Boolean connectors. Data extracted from the selected studies included information on the number of participants and their characteristics related to sport practice, age, and menstrual function. DATA ANALYSIS A total of 71 studies were included in this review: 17 focused on the analysis of dietary manipulation, and 54 focused on the effects of dietary supplementation. The total sample size was 1654 participants (32.5% categorized as competitive athletes, 30.7% as highly/moderately trained, and 37.2% as physically active/recreational athletes). The risk of bias was considered moderate, mainly for reasons such as a lack of access to the study protocol, insufficient description of how the hormonal phase during the menstrual cycle was controlled for, inadequate dietary control during the intervention, or a lack of blinding of the researchers. CONCLUSION Diets with high carbohydrate (CHO) content enhance performance in activities that induce muscle glycogen depletion. In addition, pre-exercise meals with a high glycemic index or rich in CHOs increase CHO metabolism. Ingestion of 5-6 protein meals interspersed throughout the day, with each intake exceeding 25 g of protein favors anabolism of muscle proteins. Dietary supplements taken to enhance performance, such as caffeine, nitric oxide precursors, β-alanine, and certain sport foods supplements (such as CHOs, proteins, or their combination, and micronutrients in cases of nutritional deficiencies), may positively influence sports performance and/or the health status of female athletes and other physically active women. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration no. CRD480674.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Larrosa
- Departamento de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Gil-Izquierdo
- Research Group on Food and Nutrition (ALINUT), University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
- Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant Foods Group, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Liliana Guadalupe González-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- VALORNUT Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Muñoz Alférez
- Department of Physiology (Faculty of Pharmacy, Cartuja University Campus), Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Alejandro F San Juan
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Natalia Calvo-Ayuso
- Departamento de Enfermería y Fisioterapia, Campus de Ponferrada, Universidad de León, 24401 Ponferrada, Spain
| | - Juan José Ramos-Álvarez
- School of Sport Medicine, Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Complutense University Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Fernández-Lázaro
- Department of Cellular Biology, Genetics, Histology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Valladolid, 42004 Soria, Spain
- Neurobiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Raúl Lopez-Grueso
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Isabel I, 09003 Burgos, Spain
| | - Inmaculada López-León
- Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Javier Moreno-Lara
- Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Diego Domínguez-Balmaseda
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, Deporte y Fisioterapia, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain
| | - Román Illescas-Quiroga
- Departamento de Enfermería y Fisioterapia, University of Alcala, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Eduardo Cuenca
- Academia de Guardias y Suboficiales de la Guardia Civil, 23440 Baeza, Spain
| | - Teba López
- Academia de Guardias y Suboficiales de la Guardia Civil, 23440 Baeza, Spain
| | - Juan José Montoya
- School of Sport Medicine, Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Complutense University Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daiana Priscila Rodrigues-de-Souza
- Departamento de Enfermería, Farmacología y Fisioterapia, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Elena Carrillo-Alvarez
- Global Research on Wellbeing (GRoW) Research Group, Blanquerna School of Health Sciences, University Ramon Llull, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arturo Casado
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28943 Fuenlabrada, Spain
| | | | - Mireia Porta-Oliva
- Faculty of Food Technology, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
- FC Barcelona Medical Department, FC Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan School of Kinanthropometry, INEFC, 0838 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Catalina Santiago
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, Deporte y Fisioterapia, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain
| | - Támara Iturriaga
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, Deporte y Fisioterapia, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain
| | - Beatriz De Lucas
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, Deporte y Fisioterapia, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain
| | | | | | - Elvira Benítez De Gracia
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Alfonso X El Sabio, 28691 Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain
| | - Pablo Veiga-Herreros
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Alfonso X El Sabio, 28691 Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain
| | - Alejandro Muñoz-López
- Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Eva Orantes-Gonzalez
- Department of Sports and Computer Science, Faculty of Sports, University of Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | | | - Ruth Cabeza-Ruiz
- Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Ángel Carnero-Diaz
- Departamento de Educación Física y Deportiva, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Isabel Sospedra
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
| | | | - José Miguel Martínez-Sanz
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
| | | | - Margarita Pérez
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo J Guerra-Hernández
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain
| | - Álvaro López-Samanes
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Universidad Pontificia Comillas, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Jesús Sánchez-Oliver
- Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Studies Research Group in Neuromuscular Responses (GEPREN), University of Lavras, 37203-202 Lavras, Brazil
| | - Raúl Domínguez
- Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Studies Research Group in Neuromuscular Responses (GEPREN), University of Lavras, 37203-202 Lavras, Brazil
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de Man AME, Gunst J, Reintam Blaser A. Nutrition in the intensive care unit: from the acute phase to beyond. Intensive Care Med 2024; 50:1035-1048. [PMID: 38771368 PMCID: PMC11245425 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-024-07458-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Recent randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have shown no benefit but dose-dependent harm by early full nutritional support in critically ill patients. Lack of benefit may be explained by anabolic resistance, suppression of cellular repair processes, and aggravation of hyperglycemia and insulin needs. Also early high amino acid doses did not provide benefit, but instead associated with harm in patients with organ dysfunctions. However, most studies focused on nutritional interventions initiated during the first days after intensive care unit admission. Although the intervention window of some RCTs extended into the post-acute phase of critical illness, no large RCTs studied nutritional interventions initiated beyond the first week. Hence, clear evidence-based guidance on when and how to initiate and advance nutrition is lacking. Prolonged underfeeding will come at a price as there is no validated metabolic monitor that indicates readiness for medical nutrition therapy, and an adequate response to nutrition, which likely varies between patients. Also micronutrient status cannot be assessed reliably, as inflammation can cause redistribution, so that plasma micronutrient concentrations are not necessarily reflective of total body stores. Moreover, high doses of individual micronutrients have not proven beneficial. Accordingly, current evidence provides clear guidance on which nutritional strategies to avoid, but the ideal nutritional regimen for individual patients remains unclear. In this narrative review, we summarize the findings of recent studies, discuss possible mechanisms explaining the results, point out pitfalls in interpretation of RCTs and their effect on clinical practice, and formulate suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelique M E de Man
- Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan Gunst
- Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annika Reintam Blaser
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Lucerne Cantonal Hospital, Spitalstrasse, 6000, Lucerne, Switzerland
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Merrell LH, Perkin OJ, Bradshaw L, Collier‐Bain HD, Collins AJ, Davies S, Eddy R, Hickman JA, Nicholas AP, Rees D, Spellanzon B, James LJ, McKay AKA, Smith HA, Turner JE, Koumanov F, Maher J, Thompson D, Gonzalez JT, Betts JA. Myths and Methodologies: Standardisation in human physiology research-should we control the controllables? Exp Physiol 2024; 109:1099-1108. [PMID: 38763158 PMCID: PMC11215472 DOI: 10.1113/ep091557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
The premise of research in human physiology is to explore a multifaceted system whilst identifying one or a few outcomes of interest. Therefore, the control of potentially confounding variables requires careful thought regarding the extent of control and complexity of standardisation. One common factor to control prior to testing is diet, as food and fluid provision may deviate from participants' habitual diets, yet a self-report and replication method can be flawed by under-reporting. Researchers may also need to consider standardisation of physical activity, whether it be through familiarisation trials, wash-out periods, or guidance on levels of physical activity to be achieved before trials. In terms of pharmacological agents, the ethical implications of standardisation require researchers to carefully consider how medications, caffeine consumption and oral contraceptive prescriptions may affect the study. For research in females, it should be considered whether standardisation between- or within-participants in regards to menstrual cycle phase is most relevant. The timing of measurements relative to various other daily events is relevant to all physiological research and so it can be important to standardise when measurements are made. This review summarises the areas of standardisation which we hope will be considered useful to anyone involved in human physiology research, including when and how one can apply standardisation to various contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy H. Merrell
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and MetabolismUniversity of BathBathUK
| | - Oliver J. Perkin
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and MetabolismUniversity of BathBathUK
| | - Louise Bradshaw
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and MetabolismUniversity of BathBathUK
| | | | - Adam J. Collins
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and MetabolismUniversity of BathBathUK
| | - Sophie Davies
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and MetabolismUniversity of BathBathUK
| | - Rachel Eddy
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and MetabolismUniversity of BathBathUK
| | - James A. Hickman
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and MetabolismUniversity of BathBathUK
| | - Anna P. Nicholas
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and MetabolismUniversity of BathBathUK
| | - Daniel Rees
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and MetabolismUniversity of BathBathUK
| | - Bruno Spellanzon
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and MetabolismUniversity of BathBathUK
| | - Lewis J. James
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health SciencesLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughUK
| | - Alannah K. A. McKay
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health ResearchAustralian Catholic UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Harry A. Smith
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and MetabolismUniversity of BathBathUK
| | - James E. Turner
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | | | - Jennifer Maher
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and MetabolismUniversity of BathBathUK
| | - Dylan Thompson
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and MetabolismUniversity of BathBathUK
| | | | - James A. Betts
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and MetabolismUniversity of BathBathUK
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Ajao AM, Liu G, Taylor J, Ball MEE, Mercier Y, Applegate TJ, Selvaraj R, Kyriazakis I, Kim WK, Olukosi OA. Phase-specific outcmes of arginine or branched-chain amino acids supplementation in low crude protein diets on performance, nutrient digestibility, and expression of tissue protein synthesis and degradation in broiler chickens infected with mixed Eimeria spp. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103811. [PMID: 38763061 PMCID: PMC11111822 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
A 35-d study investigated the impact of dietary supplementation with Arginine (Arg) or branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) of broilers receiving low-protein diets whilst infected with mixed Eimeria species. All birds were given the same starter (d0-10) and finisher (d28-35) diets. The 4 grower diets used were a positive control (PC) with adequate protein (18.5%), a low protein diet (NC;16.5% CP), or the NC supplemented with Arg or BCAA. Supplemental AA was added at 50% above the recommended levels. The treatments were in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement, with 4 diets, with or without Eimeria inoculation on d14. Birds and feed were weighed after inoculation in phases: prepatent (d14-17), acute (d18-21), recovery (d22-28), and compensatory (d29-35). Ileal digesta, jejunum, and breast tissue were collected on d21, 28, and 35. There was no diet × Eimeria inoculation on growth performance at any phase. Infected birds weighed less and consumed less feed (P < 0.05) in all phases. In the prepatent and acute phases, birds on the Arg diets had higher weight gain (P < 0.05) and lower FCR, similar to PC, when compared to NC and BCAA-fed ones. Infection reduced AA digestibility on d21 and 28 (Met and Cys). However, birds that received supplemental AA had higher digestibility (P < 0.05) of their respective supplemented AA on d 21 only. Infected birds had lower (P < 0.05) BO + AT and higher PEPT1 expression on d21. There was a diet × Eimeria interaction (P = 0.004) on gene expression at d28; 4EBP1 genes were significantly downwardly expressed (P < 0.05) in birds fed Arg diet, irrespective of infection. Infected birds exhibited an upward expression (P < 0.05) of Eef2 on d21 and d28 but experienced a downward expression on d35. Supplemental Arg and BCAA had variable effects on growth performance, apparent ileal AA digestibility, and genes of protein synthesis and degradation, but the effect of Arg on promoting weight gain, irrespective of the Eimeria challenge, was more consistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeleye M Ajao
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Guanchen Liu
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - James Taylor
- Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Belfast, BT9 5PX, United Kingdom
| | - M Elizabeth E Ball
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University, Belfast, BT9 5DL, United Kingdom
| | | | - Todd J Applegate
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ramesh Selvaraj
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ilias Kyriazakis
- Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Belfast, BT9 5PX, United Kingdom; Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University, Belfast, BT9 5DL, United Kingdom
| | - Woo K Kim
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Oluyinka A Olukosi
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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8
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Millward DJ. Post-prandial tracer studies of protein and amino acid utilisation: what can they tell us about human amino acid and protein requirements? Br J Nutr 2024; 131:2005-2030. [PMID: 38606599 PMCID: PMC11361918 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114524000734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen balance (NB), the principal methodology used to derive recommendations for human protein and amino acid requirements, has been widely criticised, and calls for increased protein and amino acid requirement recommendations have been made, often on the basis of post-prandial amino acid tracer kinetic studies of muscle protein synthesis, or of amino acid oxidation. This narrative review considers our knowledge of the homeostatic regulation of the FFM throughout the diurnal cycle of feeding and fasting and what can and has been learnt from post-prandial amino acid tracer studies, about amino acid and protein requirements. Within the FFM, muscle mass in well fed weight-stable adults with healthy lifestyles appears fixed at a phenotypic level within a wide range of habitual protein intakes. However homoeostatic regulation occurs in response to variation in habitual protein intake, with adaptive changes in amino acid oxidation which influence the magnitude of diurnal losses and gains of body protein. Post-prandial indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) studies have been introduced as an alternative to NB and to the logistically complex 24 h [13C-1] amino acid balance studies, for assessment of protein and amino acid requirements. However, a detailed examination of IAAO studies shows both a lack of concern for homeostatic regulation of amino acid oxidation and major flaws in their design and analytical interpretation, which seriously constrain their ability to provide reliable values. New ideas and a much more critical approach to existing work is needed if real progress is to be made in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Joe Millward
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Biosciences & Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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Bird SP, Nienhuis M, Biagioli B, De Pauw K, Meeusen R. Supplementation Strategies for Strength and Power Athletes: Carbohydrate, Protein, and Amino Acid Ingestion. Nutrients 2024; 16:1886. [PMID: 38931241 PMCID: PMC11206787 DOI: 10.3390/nu16121886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
It is a common belief amongst strength and power athletes that nutritional supplementation strategies aid recovery by shifting the anabolic/catabolic profile toward anabolism. Factors such as nutrient quantity, nutrient quality, and nutrient timing significantly impact upon the effectiveness of nutritional strategies in optimizing the acute responses to resistance exercise and the adaptive response to resistance training (i.e., muscle growth and strength expression). Specifically, the aim of this review is to address carbohydrates (CHOs), protein (PRO), and/or amino acids (AAs) supplementation strategies, as there is growing evidence suggesting a link between nutrient signaling and the initiation of protein synthesis, muscle glycogen resynthesis, and the attenuation of myofibrillar protein degradation following resistance exercise. Collectively, the current scientific literature indicates that nutritional supplementation strategies utilizing CHO, PRO, and/or AA represents an important approach aimed at enhancing muscular responses for strength and power athletes, primarily increased muscular hypertrophy and enhanced strength expression. There appears to be a critical interaction between resistance exercise and nutrient-cell signaling associated with the principle of nutrient timing (i.e., pre-exercise, during, and post-exercise). Recommendations for nutritional supplementation strategies to promote muscular responses for strength and athletes are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P. Bird
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD 4305, Australia
- Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD 4305, Australia
| | - Mitch Nienhuis
- Movement Science, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49401, USA
| | - Brian Biagioli
- Kinesiology and Sport Sciences, School of Education and Human Development, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | - Kevin De Pauw
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group (MFYS), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
- Brussels Human Robotics Research Center (BruBotics), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Romain Meeusen
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group (MFYS), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
- Department of Sports, Recreation, Exercise and Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa
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10
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Sato R, Vatic M, Peixoto da Fonseca GW, Anker SD, von Haehling S. Biological basis and treatment of frailty and sarcopenia. Cardiovasc Res 2024:cvae073. [PMID: 38828887 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvae073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
In an ageing society, the importance of maintaining healthy life expectancy has been emphasized. As a result of age-related decline in functional reserve, frailty is a state of increased vulnerability and susceptibility to adverse health outcomes with a serious impact on healthy life expectancy. The decline in skeletal muscle mass and function, also known as sarcopenia, is key in the development of physical frailty. Both frailty and sarcopenia are highly prevalent in patients not only with advanced age but also in patients with illnesses that exacerbate their progression like heart failure (HF), cancer, or dementia, with the prevalence of frailty and sarcopenia in HF patients reaching up to 50-75% and 19.5-47.3%, respectively, resulting in 1.5-3 times higher 1-year mortality. The biological mechanisms of frailty and sarcopenia are multifactorial, complex, and not yet fully elucidated, ranging from DNA damage, proteostasis impairment, and epigenetic changes to mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, and environmental factors, many of which are further linked to cardiac disease. Currently, there is no gold standard for the treatment of frailty and sarcopenia, however, growing evidence supports that a combination of exercise training and nutritional supplement improves skeletal muscle function and frailty, with a variety of other therapies being devised based on the underlying pathophysiology. In this review, we address the involvement of frailty and sarcopenia in cardiac disease and describe the latest insights into their biological mechanisms as well as the potential for intervention through exercise, diet, and specific therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Sato
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University of Göttingen Medical Center, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mirela Vatic
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University of Göttingen Medical Center, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Guilherme Wesley Peixoto da Fonseca
- Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stefan D Anker
- Department of Cardiology (CVK) of German Heart Center Charité; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) partner site Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Stephan von Haehling
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University of Göttingen Medical Center, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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11
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Millward DJ. Post-natal muscle growth and protein turnover: a narrative review of current understanding. Nutr Res Rev 2024; 37:141-168. [PMID: 37395180 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422423000124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
A model explaining the dietary-protein-driven post-natal skeletal muscle growth and protein turnover in the rat is updated, and the mechanisms involved are described, in this narrative review. Dietary protein controls both bone length and muscle growth, which are interrelated through mechanotransduction mechanisms with muscle growth induced both from stretching subsequent to bone length growth and from internal work against gravity. This induces satellite cell activation, myogenesis and remodelling of the extracellular matrix, establishing a growth capacity for myofibre length and cross-sectional area. Protein deposition within this capacity is enabled by adequate dietary protein and other key nutrients. After briefly reviewing the experimental animal origins of the growth model, key concepts and processes important for growth are reviewed. These include the growth in number and size of the myonuclear domain, satellite cell activity during post-natal development and the autocrine/paracrine action of IGF-1. Regulatory and signalling pathways reviewed include developmental mechanotransduction, signalling through the insulin/IGF-1-PI3K-Akt and the Ras-MAPK pathways in the myofibre and during mechanotransduction of satellite cells. Likely pathways activated by maximal-intensity muscle contractions are highlighted and the regulation of the capacity for protein synthesis in terms of ribosome assembly and the translational regulation of 5-TOPmRNA classes by mTORC1 and LARP1 are discussed. Evidence for and potential mechanisms by which volume limitation of muscle growth can occur which would limit protein deposition within the myofibre are reviewed. An understanding of how muscle growth is achieved allows better nutritional management of its growth in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Joe Millward
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Biosciences & Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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12
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Hughes AK, Francis T, Rooney J, Pollock R, Witard OC. The effect of protein or amino acid provision on immobilization-induced muscle atrophy in healthy adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Exp Physiol 2024; 109:873-888. [PMID: 38424716 PMCID: PMC11140175 DOI: 10.1113/ep090434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Bed rest and limb immobilization are models of muscle disuse associated with skeletal muscle atrophy and reduced strength. The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the impact of protein or amino acid provision before and/or during a period of muscle disuse on muscle atrophy (primary outcome), strength and muscle protein synthesis (secondary outcomes) following a disuse period. We performed a systematic review of Embase, MEDLINE, Web of Science, PubMed and Clinical Trials in December 2022. Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials that combined a dietary protein or amino acid intervention versus control during an experimental model of disuse (bed rest or unilateral limb immobilization) in healthy individuals aged ≥18 years. Nine articles from eight independent trials were identified and rated for risk of bias by two authors. A meta-analysis of muscle mass data revealed no effect (standardized mean difference: 0.2; 95% confidence interval: -0.18 to 0.57, P = 0.31) of protein/amino acid intervention in preventing disuse-induced muscle atrophy. Although the meta-analysis was not conducted on strength or muscle protein synthesis data, there was insufficient evidence in the reviewed articles to support the use of protein/amino acid provision in mitigating the disuse-induced decline in either outcome measurement. Additional high-quality studies, including the reporting of randomization procedures and blinding procedures and the provision of statistical analysis plans, might be required to determine whether protein or amino acid provision serves as an effective strategy to attenuate muscle atrophy during periods of disuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alix K. Hughes
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological SciencesKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Thomas Francis
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological SciencesKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Jessica Rooney
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological SciencesKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Ross Pollock
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological SciencesKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Oliver C. Witard
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological SciencesKing's College LondonLondonUK
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13
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Layman DK. Impacts of protein quantity and distribution on body composition. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1388986. [PMID: 38765819 PMCID: PMC11099237 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1388986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The importance of meal distribution of dietary protein to optimize muscle mass and body remains unclear, and the findings are intertwined with age, physical activity, and the total quantity and quality of protein consumed. The concept of meal distribution evolved from multiple discoveries about regulating protein synthesis in skeletal muscle. The most significant was the discovery of the role of the branched-chain amino acid leucine as a metabolic signal to initiate a post-meal anabolic period of muscle protein synthesis (MPS) in older adults. Aging is often characterized by loss of muscle mass and function associated with a decline in protein synthesis. The age-related changes in protein synthesis and subsequent muscle atrophy were generally considered inevitable until the discovery of the unique role of leucine for the activation of the mTOR signal complex for the initiation of MPS. Clinical studies demonstrated that older adults (>60 years) require meals with at least 2.8 g of leucine (~30 g of protein) to stimulate MPS. This meal requirement for leucine is not observed in younger adults (<30 years), who produce a nearly linear response of MPS in proportion to the protein content of a meal. These findings suggest that while the efficiency of dietary protein to stimulate MPS declines with aging, the capacity for MPS to respond is maintained if a meal provides adequate protein. While the meal response of MPS to total protein and leucine is established, the long-term impact on muscle mass and body composition remains less clear, at least in part, because the rate of change in muscle mass with aging is small. Because direct diet studies for meal distribution during aging are impractical, research groups have applied meal distribution and the leucine threshold to protein-sparing concepts during acute catabolic conditions such as weight loss. These studies demonstrate enhanced MPS at the first meal after an overnight fast and net sparing of lean body mass during weight loss. While the anabolic benefits of increased protein at the first meal to stimulate MPS are clear, the benefits to long-term changes in muscle mass and body composition in aging adults remain speculative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald K. Layman
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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14
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Callahan JC, Parot-Schinkel E, Asfar P, Ehrmann S, Tirot P, Guitton C. Impact of daily cyclic enteral nutrition versus standard continuous enteral nutrition in critically ill patients: a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial in three intensive care units in France (DC-SCENIC). BMJ Open 2024; 14:e080003. [PMID: 38286683 PMCID: PMC10826523 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-080003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Current guidelines on clinical nutrition of ventilated patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) recommend initiating continuous enteral nutrition within 48 hours of ICU admission when feasible. However, discontinuous feeding regimens, alternating feeding and fasting intervals, may have an impact on clinical and patient centred outcomes. The ongoing "Impact of daily cyclic enteral nutrition versus standard continuous enteral nutrition in critically ill patients" (DC-SCENIC) trial aims to compare standard continuous enteral feeding with daily cyclic enteral feeding over 10 hours to evaluate if implementing a fasting-mimicking diet can decrease organ failure in ventilated patients during the acute phase of ICU management. METHODS AND ANALYSIS DC-SCENIC is a randomised, controlled, multicentre, open-label trial comparing two parallel groups of patients 18 years of age or older receiving invasive mechanical ventilation and having an indication for enteral nutrition through a gastric tube. Enteral feeding is continuous in the control group and administered over 10 hours daily in the intervention group. Both groups receive isocaloric nutrition with 4 g of protein per 100 mL, and have the same 20 kcal/kg/day caloric target. The primary endpoint is the change in the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score at 7 days compared with the day of inclusion in the study. Secondary outcomes include daily caloric and protein delivery, digestive, respiratory and metabolic tolerance as well as 28-day mortality, duration of mechanical ventilation and ventilator-free days. Outcomes will be analysed on an intention-to-treat basis. Recruitment started in June 2023 in 3 French ICU's and a sample size of 318 patients is expected by February 2026. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study received approval from the national ethics review board on 8 November 2022 (Comité de Protection des Personnes Sud-Est VI, registration number 2022-A00827-36). Patients are included after informed consent. Results will be submitted for publication in peer-reviewed journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT05627167.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elsa Parot-Schinkel
- Biostatistics and Methodology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Pierre Asfar
- Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Stephan Ehrmann
- Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Patrice Tirot
- Service de Réanimation Polyvalente, Centre Hospitalier du Mans, Le Mans, France
| | - Christophe Guitton
- Service de Réanimation Polyvalente, Centre Hospitalier du Mans, Le Mans, France
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15
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McColl TJ, Clarke DC. Kinetic modeling of leucine-mediated signaling and protein metabolism in human skeletal muscle. iScience 2024; 27:108634. [PMID: 38188514 PMCID: PMC10767222 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle protein levels are governed by the relative rates of muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and breakdown (MPB). The mechanisms controlling these rates are complex, and their integrated behaviors are challenging to study through experiments alone. The purpose of this study was to develop and analyze a kinetic model of leucine-mediated mTOR signaling and protein metabolism in the skeletal muscle of young adults. Our model amalgamates published cellular-level models of the IRS1-PI3K-Akt-mTORC1 signaling system and of skeletal-muscle leucine kinetics with physiological-level models of leucine digestion and transport and insulin dynamics. The model satisfactorily predicts experimental data from diverse leucine feeding protocols. Model analysis revealed that total levels of p70S6K are a primary determinant of MPS, insulin signaling substantially affects muscle net protein balance via its effects on MPB, and p70S6K-mediated feedback of mTORC1 signaling reduces MPS in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor J. McColl
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and KinesiologySimon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - David C. Clarke
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and KinesiologySimon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
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16
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Mallinson JE, Wardle SL, O'Leary TJ, Greeves JP, Cegielski J, Bass J, Brook MS, Wilkinson DJ, Smith K, Atherton PJ, Greenhaff PL. Protein dose requirements to maximize skeletal muscle protein synthesis after repeated bouts of resistance exercise in young trained women. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:2470-2481. [PMID: 37787091 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Studies examining the effect of protein (PRO) feeding on post resistance exercise (RE) muscle protein synthesis (MPS) have primarily been performed in men, and little evidence is available regarding the quantity of PRO required to maximally stimulate MPS in trained women following repeated bouts of RE. We therefore quantified acute (4 h and 8 h) and extended (24 h) effects of two bouts of resistance exercise, alongside protein-feeding, in women, and the PRO requirement to maximize MPS. Twenty-four RE trained women (26.6 ± 0.7 years, mean ± SEM) performed two bouts of whole-body RE (3 × 8 repetitions/maneuver at 75% 1-repetition maximum) 4 h apart, with post-exercise ingestion of 15 g, 30 g, or 60 g whey PRO (n = 8/group). Saliva, venous blood, and a vastus lateralis muscle biopsy were taken at 0 h, 4 h, 8 h, and 24 h post-exercise. Plasma leucine and branched chain amino acids were quantified using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after ingestion of D2 O. Fifteen grams PRO did not alter plasma leucine concentration or myofibrillar synthetic rate (MyoFSR). Thirty and sixty grams PRO increased plasma leucine concentration above baseline (105.5 ± 5.3 μM; 120.2 ± 7.4 μM, respectively) at 4 h (151.5 ± 8.2 μM, p < 0.01; 224.8 ± 16.0 μM, p < 0.001, respectively) and 8 h (176.0 ± 7.3 μM, p < 0.001; 281.7 ± 21.6 μM, p < 0.001, respectively). Ingestion of 30 g PRO increased MyoFSR above baseline (0.068 ± 0.005%/h) from 0 to 4 h (0.140 ± 0.021%/h, p < 0.05), 0 to 8 h (0.121 ± 0.012%/h, p < 0.001), and 0 to 24 h (0.099 ± 0.011%/h, p < 0.01). Ingestion of 60 g PRO increased MyoFSR above baseline (0.063 ± 0.003%/h) from 0 to 4 h (0.109 ± 0.011%/h, p < 0.01), 0 to 8 h (0.093 ± 0.008%/h, p < 0.01), and 0 to 24 h (0.086 ± 0.006%/h, p < 0.01). Post-exercise ingestion of 30 g or 60 g PRO, but not 15 g, acutely increased MyoFSR following two consecutive bouts of RE and extended the anabolic window over 24 h. There was no difference between the 30 g and 60 g responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Mallinson
- School of Life Sciences, MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - S L Wardle
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, UK
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - T J O'Leary
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, UK
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - J P Greeves
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, UK
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - J Cegielski
- School of Medicine, MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - J Bass
- School of Medicine, MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - M S Brook
- School of Life Sciences, MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - D J Wilkinson
- School of Medicine, MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - K Smith
- School of Medicine, MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - P J Atherton
- School of Medicine, MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - P L Greenhaff
- School of Life Sciences, MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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17
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Wilkinson D, Gallagher IJ, McNelly A, Bear DE, Hart N, Montgomery HE, Le Guennec A, Conte MR, Francis T, Harridge SDR, Atherton PJ, Puthucheary ZA. The metabolic effects of intermittent versus continuous feeding in critically ill patients. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19508. [PMID: 37945671 PMCID: PMC10636009 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46490-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Intermittent (or bolus) feeding regimens in critically ill patients have been of increasing interest to clinicians and scientists. Changes in amino acid, fat and carbohydrate metabolites over time might yet deliver other benefits (e.g. modulation of the circadian rhythm and sleep, and impacts on ghrelin secretion, insulin resistance and autophagy). We set out to characterise these changes in metabolite concentration. The Intermittent versus Continuous Feeding in Critically Ill paitents study (NCT02358512) was an eight-centre single-blinded randomised controlled trial. Patients were randomised to received a continuous (control arm) or intermittent (6x/day, intervention arm) enteral feeding regimen. Blood samples were taken on trial days 1, 7 and 10 immediately before and 30 min after intermittent feeds, and at equivalent timepoints in the control arm. A pre-planned targeted metabolomic analysis was performend using Nuclear Resonance Spectroscopy. Five hundred and ninety four samples were analysed from 75 patients. A total of 24 amino acid-, 19 lipid based-, and 44 small molecule metabolite features. Across the main two axes of variation (40-60% and 6-8% of variance), no broad patterns distinguished between intermittent or continuous feeding arms, across intra-day sampling times or over the 10 days from initial ICU admission. Logfold decreases in abundance were seen in metabolites related to amino acids (Glutamine - 0.682; Alanine - 0.594), ketone body metabolism (Acetone - 0.64; 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid - 0.632; Acetonacetic Acid - 0.586), fatty acid (carnitine - 0.509) and carbohydrate metabolism ( Maltose - 0.510; Citric Acid - 0.485). 2-3 Butanediol, a by-product of sugar-fermenting microbial metabolism also decreased (- 0.489). No correlation was seen with change in quadriceps muscle mass for any of the 20 metabolites varying with time (all p > 0.05). Increasing severity of organ failure was related to increasing ketone body metabolism (3 Hydroxybutyric Acid-1 and - 3; p = 0.056 and p = 0.014), carnitine deficiency (p = 0.002) and alanine abundancy (p - 0.005). A 6-times a day intermittent feeding regimen did not alter metabolite patterns across time compared to continuous feeding in critically ill patients, either within a 24 h period or across 10 days of intervention. Future research on intermittent feeding regimens should focus on clinical process benefits, or extended gut rest and fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wilkinson
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Cetnre, Nottingham, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottinghan University Hospitals and University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK
| | | | - A McNelly
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - D E Bear
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Department of Critical Care, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation & King's College London (KCL) NIHR BRC, London, UK
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Science, King's College London, London, UK
| | - N Hart
- Lane Fox Respiratory Service, Guy's & St Thomas' Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Lane Fox Clinical Respiratory Physiology Research Centre, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - H E Montgomery
- Department of Medicine and Centre for Human Health and Performance, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - A Le Guennec
- Centre for Biomolecular Spectroscopy, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, UK
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, UK
| | - M R Conte
- Centre for Biomolecular Spectroscopy, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, UK
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, UK
| | - T Francis
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Science, King's College London, London, UK
| | - S D R Harridge
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Science, King's College London, London, UK
| | - P J Atherton
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Cetnre, Nottingham, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottinghan University Hospitals and University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK
| | - Z A Puthucheary
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, UK.
- Adult Critical Care Unit, Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel, London, E1 1BB, UK.
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18
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Larsen MS, Witard OC, Holm L, Scaife P, Hansen R, Smith K, Tipton KD, Mose M, Bengtsen MB, Lauritsen KM, Mikkelsen UR, Hansen M. Dose-Response of Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis To Ingested Whey Protein During Energy Restriction in Overweight Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized, Controlled Trial. J Nutr 2023; 153:3173-3184. [PMID: 37598750 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diet-induced weight loss is associated with a decline in lean body mass, as mediated by an impaired response of muscle protein synthesis (MPS). The dose-response of MPS to ingested protein, with or without resistance exercise, is well characterized during energy balance but limited data exist under conditions of energy restriction in clinical populations. OBJECTIVE To determine the dose-response of MPS to ingested whey protein following short-term diet-induced energy restriction in overweight, postmenopausal, women at rest and postexercise. DESIGN Forty middle-aged (58.6±0.4 y), overweight (BMI: 28.6±0.4), postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups: Three groups underwent 5 d of energy restriction (∼800 kcal/d). On day 6, participants performed a unilateral leg resistance exercise bout before ingesting either a bolus of 15g (ERW15, n = 10), 35g (ERW35, n = 10) or 60g (ERW60, n = 10) of whey protein. The fourth group (n = 10) ingested a 35g whey protein bolus after 5 d of an energy balanced diet (EBW35, n = 10). Myofibrillar fractional synthetic rate (FSR) was calculated under basal, fed (FED) and postexercise (FED-EX) conditions by combining an L-[ring-13C6] phenylalanine tracer infusion with the collection of bilateral muscle biopsies. RESULTS Myofibrillar FSR was greater in ERW35 (0.043±0.003%/h, P = 0.013) and ERW60 (0.042±0.003%/h, P = 0.026) than ERW15 (0.032 ± 0.003%/h), with no differences between ERW35 and ERW60 (P = 1.000). Myofibrillar FSR was greater in FED (0.044 ± 0.003%/h, P < 0.001) and FED-EX (0.048 ± 0.003%/h, P < 0.001) than BASAL (0.027 ± 0.003%/h), but no differences were detected between FED and FED-EX (P = 0.732) conditions. No differences in myofibrillar FSR were observed between EBW35 (0.042 ± 0.003%/h) and ERW35 (0.043 ± 0.003%/h, P = 0.744). CONCLUSION A 35 g dose of whey protein, ingested with or without resistance exercise, is sufficient to stimulate a maximal acute response of MPS following short-term energy restriction in overweight, postmenopausal women, and thus may provide a per serving protein recommendation to mitigate muscle loss during a weight loss program. TRIAL REGISTRY clinicaltrials.gov (ID: NCT03326284).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads S Larsen
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Denmark; Arla Foods Ingredients Group P/S, Denmark
| | - Oliver C Witard
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lars Holm
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Paula Scaife
- Metabolic Physiology, Medical Research Council and Arthritis Research United Kingdom Centre for Excellence in Musculoskeletal Ageing, School of Graduate Entry Medicine and Health, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | | | - Kenneth Smith
- Metabolic Physiology, Medical Research Council and Arthritis Research United Kingdom Centre for Excellence in Musculoskeletal Ageing, School of Graduate Entry Medicine and Health, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - Kevin D Tipton
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, UK
| | - Maike Mose
- Medical Research Laboratory, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Mads B Bengtsen
- Medical Research Laboratory, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Katrine M Lauritsen
- Medical Research Laboratory, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | | | - Mette Hansen
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Denmark.
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19
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Ely IA, Phillips BE, Smith K, Wilkinson DJ, Piasecki M, Breen L, Larsen MS, Atherton PJ. A focus on leucine in the nutritional regulation of human skeletal muscle metabolism in ageing, exercise and unloading states. Clin Nutr 2023; 42:1849-1865. [PMID: 37625315 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and muscle protein breakdown (MPB) are influenced through dietary protein intake and physical (in)activity, which it follows, regulate skeletal muscle (SKM) mass across the lifespan. Following consumption of dietary protein, the bio-availability of essential amino acids (EAA), and primarily leucine (LEU), drive a transient increase in MPS with an ensuing refractory period before the next MPS stimulation is possible (due to the "muscle full" state). At the same time, MPB is periodically constrained via reflex insulin actions. Layering exercise on top of protein intake increases the sensitivity of SKM to EAA, therefore extending the muscle full set-point (∼48 h), to permit long-term remodelling (e.g., hypertrophy). In contrast, ageing and physical inactivity are associated with a premature muscle full set-point in response to dietary protein/EAA and contractile activity. Of all the EAA, LEU is the most potent stimulator of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1)-signalling pathway, with the phosphorylation of mTORC1 substrates increasing ∼3-fold more than with all other EAA. Furthermore, maximal MPS stimulation is also achieved following low doses of LEU-enriched protein/EAA, negating the need for larger protein doses. As a result, LEU supplementation has been of long term interest to maximise muscle anabolism and subsequent net protein accretion, especially when in tandem with resistance exercise. This review highlights current knowledge vis-à-vis the anabolic effects of LEU supplementation in isolation, and in enriched protein/EAA sources (i.e., EAA and/or protein sources with added LEU), in the context of ageing, exercise and unloading states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel A Ely
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing & Physiology (COMAP), MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Bethan E Phillips
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing & Physiology (COMAP), MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Kenneth Smith
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing & Physiology (COMAP), MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Daniel J Wilkinson
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing & Physiology (COMAP), MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Mathew Piasecki
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing & Physiology (COMAP), MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Leigh Breen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | | | - Philip J Atherton
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing & Physiology (COMAP), MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK.
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20
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Baranauskas M, Kupčiūnaitė I, Stukas R. Dietary Intake of Protein and Essential Amino Acids for Sustainable Muscle Development in Elite Male Athletes. Nutrients 2023; 15:4003. [PMID: 37764784 PMCID: PMC10535035 DOI: 10.3390/nu15184003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Athletes need to develop a relatively high muscle mass and low body adipose tissue for the sake of better athletic performance. A full range of nine essential amino acids and eleven non-essential amino acids have to attend in appropriate amounts for protein biosynthesis. The aim of the observational comparative cross-sectional study was to assess the association between the diet quality profile and training-induced muscle mass estimated by bioelectrical impedance among elite male athletes. The research sample comprised 18.1 ± 3.1 year-old Lithuanian professional male athletes (n = 234). The study participants were enrolled to complete 24-h dietary recalls of three non-consecutive days. The body composition was assessed using the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) method. The present study showed a significant insufficiency of the mean carbohydrate intake of 5.7 g/kg/day in a group of aerobic male athletes. The lower muscle mass of aerobic male athletes was related to the lower-carbohydrate diet (adjusted odd ratio (ORadj) 0.3; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.1-0.7). The mean protein intake of 1.8 g/kg/day was optimal for anabolism in the samples of both anaerobic and aerobic male athletes. The protein intake in appropriate doses was potentially associated with an increase in muscle mass only in anaerobic male athletes (ORadj 2.2; 95% CI: 1.3-3.7). The positive relationship was revealed between the possible muscle mass gain and the increased intakes of amino acids such as isoleucine and histidine among anaerobic athletes (ORadj 2.9; 95% CI: 1.1-4.7 and ORadj 2.9; 95% CI: 1.0-4.3, respectively). An inverse feasible association was indicated between a higher intake of valine and lower muscle mass quantities among anaerobic male athletes (ORadj 0.1; 95% CI: 0.1-0.5). The recommendations for sports nutritionists should emphasize the necessity of advising professional athletes on dietary strategies on how to manipulate dietary amino acid composition with respect to achieving long-term body composition goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Baranauskas
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Panevėžys University of Applied Sciences, 35200 Panevėžys, Lithuania;
| | - Ingrida Kupčiūnaitė
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Panevėžys University of Applied Sciences, 35200 Panevėžys, Lithuania;
| | - Rimantas Stukas
- Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health, Vilnius University, 01513 Vilnius, Lithuania;
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21
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Hyun J, Kang SI, Lee SW, Amarasiri RPGSK, Nagahawatta DP, Roh Y, Wang L, Ryu B, Jeon YJ. Exploring the Potential of Olive Flounder Processing By-Products as a Source of Functional Ingredients for Muscle Enhancement. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1755. [PMID: 37760060 PMCID: PMC10526038 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12091755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Olive flounder (OF) is a widely aqua-cultivated and recognized socioeconomic resource in Korea. However, more than 50% of by-products are generated when processing one OF, and there is no proper way to utilize them. With rising awareness and interest in eco-friendly bio-materialization recycling, this research investigates the potential of enzymatic hydrolysis of OF by-products (OFB) to produce functional ingredients. Various enzymatic hydrolysates of OFB (OFBEs) were generated using 11 commercial enzymes. Among them, Prozyme 2000P-assisted OFBE (OFBP) exhibited the highest protein content and yield, as well as low molecularization. The muscle regenerative potential of OFBEs was evaluated using C2C12 myoblasts, revealing that OFBP positively regulated myoblast differentiation. In an in vitro Dex-induced myotube atrophy model, OFBP protected against muscle atrophy and restored myotube differentiation and Dex-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Furthermore, zebrafish treated with OFBEs showed improved locomotor activity and body weight, with OFBP exhibiting outstanding restoration in the Dex-induced muscle atrophy zebrafish in vivo model. In conclusion, OFBEs, particularly OFBP, produce hydrolysates with enhanced physiological usability and muscle regenerative potential. Further research on its industrial application and mechanistic insights is needed to realize its potential as a high-quality protein food ingredient derived from OF processing by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Hyun
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea; (J.H.)
| | - Sang-In Kang
- Seafood Research Center, Silla University, Busan 49277, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sang-Woon Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea; (J.H.)
| | - R. P. G. S. K. Amarasiri
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea; (J.H.)
| | - D. P. Nagahawatta
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea; (J.H.)
| | - Yujin Roh
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea; (J.H.)
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Bomi Ryu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Jin Jeon
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea; (J.H.)
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22
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Kaspy MS, Hannaian SJ, Bell ZW, Churchward-Venne TA. The effects of branched-chain amino acids on muscle protein synthesis, muscle protein breakdown and associated molecular signalling responses in humans: an update. Nutr Res Rev 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37681443 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422423000197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA: leucine, isoleucine and valine) are three of the nine indispensable amino acids, and are frequently consumed as a dietary supplement by athletes and recreationally active individuals alike. The popularity of BCAA supplements is largely predicated on the notion that they can stimulate rates of muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and suppress rates of muscle protein breakdown (MPB), the combination of which promotes a net anabolic response in skeletal muscle. To date, several studies have shown that BCAA (particularly leucine) increase the phosphorylation status of key proteins within the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathway involved in the regulation of translation initiation in human muscle. Early research in humans demonstrated that BCAA provision reduced indices of whole-body protein breakdown and MPB; however, there was no stimulatory effect of BCAA on MPS. In contrast, recent work has demonstrated that BCAA intake can stimulate postprandial MPS rates at rest and can further increase MPS rates during recovery after a bout of resistance exercise. The purpose of this evidence-based narrative review is to critically appraise the available research pertaining to studies examining the effects of BCAA on MPS, MPB and associated molecular signalling responses in humans. Overall, BCAA can activate molecular pathways that regulate translation initiation, reduce indices of whole-body and MPB, and transiently stimulate MPS rates. However, the stimulatory effect of BCAA on MPS rates is less than the response observed following ingestion of a complete protein source providing the full complement of indispensable amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Kaspy
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, 475 Avenue Des Pins H2W 1S4, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sarkis J Hannaian
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, 475 Avenue Des Pins H2W 1S4, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, 1001 Boul. Décarie, H4A 3J1 Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Zachary W Bell
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, 475 Avenue Des Pins H2W 1S4, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tyler A Churchward-Venne
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, 475 Avenue Des Pins H2W 1S4, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, McGill University, Montreal General Hospital, Room D6 237.F, 1650 Cedar Avenue, H3G 1A4, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, 1001 Boul. Décarie, H4A 3J1 Montreal, QC, Canada
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23
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Wischmeyer PE, Bear DE, Berger MM, De Waele E, Gunst J, McClave SA, Prado CM, Puthucheary Z, Ridley EJ, Van den Berghe G, van Zanten ARH. Personalized nutrition therapy in critical care: 10 expert recommendations. Crit Care 2023; 27:261. [PMID: 37403125 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-023-04539-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Personalization of ICU nutrition is essential to future of critical care. Recommendations from American/European guidelines and practice suggestions incorporating recent literature are presented. Low-dose enteral nutrition (EN) or parenteral nutrition (PN) can be started within 48 h of admission. While EN is preferred route of delivery, new data highlight PN can be given safely without increased risk; thus, when early EN is not feasible, provision of isocaloric PN is effective and results in similar outcomes. Indirect calorimetry (IC) measurement of energy expenditure (EE) is recommended by both European/American guidelines after stabilization post-ICU admission. Below-measured EE (~ 70%) targets should be used during early phase and increased to match EE later in stay. Low-dose protein delivery can be used early (~ D1-2) (< 0.8 g/kg/d) and progressed to ≥ 1.2 g/kg/d as patients stabilize, with consideration of avoiding higher protein in unstable patients and in acute kidney injury not on CRRT. Intermittent-feeding schedules hold promise for further research. Clinicians must be aware of delivered energy/protein and what percentage of targets delivered nutrition represents. Computerized nutrition monitoring systems/platforms have become widely available. In patients at risk of micronutrient/vitamin losses (i.e., CRRT), evaluation of micronutrient levels should be considered post-ICU days 5-7 with repletion of deficiencies where indicated. In future, we hope use of muscle monitors such as ultrasound, CT scan, and/or BIA will be utilized to assess nutrition risk and monitor response to nutrition. Use of specialized anabolic nutrients such as HMB, creatine, and leucine to improve strength/muscle mass is promising in other populations and deserves future study. In post-ICU setting, continued use of IC measurement and other muscle measures should be considered to guide nutrition. Research on using rehabilitation interventions such as cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) to guide post-ICU exercise/rehabilitation prescription and using anabolic agents such as testosterone/oxandrolone to promote post-ICU recovery is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Wischmeyer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Box 3094 Mail # 41, 2301 Erwin Road, 5692 HAFS, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Danielle E Bear
- Departments of Nutrition and Dietetics and Critical Care, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Mette M Berger
- Faculty of Biology & Medicine, Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth De Waele
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jan Gunst
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Stephen A McClave
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Carla M Prado
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Zudin Puthucheary
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Emma J Ridley
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Level 3, 553 St Kilda Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Dietetics and Nutrition, Alfred Hospital, 55 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Greet Van den Berghe
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Arthur R H van Zanten
- Department of Intensive Care, Gelderse Vallei Hospital, Wageningen University & Research, Ede, The Netherlands
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24
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Nishimura Y, Højfeldt G, Breen L, Tetens I, Holm L. Dietary protein requirements and recommendations for healthy older adults: a critical narrative review of the scientific evidence. Nutr Res Rev 2023; 36:69-85. [PMID: 34666855 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422421000329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Adequate protein intake is essential for the maintenance of whole-body protein mass. Different methodological approaches are used to substantiate the evidence for the current protein recommendations, and it is continuously debated whether older adults require more protein to counteract the age-dependent loss of muscle mass, sarcopenia. Thus, the purpose of this critical narrative review is to outline and discuss differences in the approaches and methodologies assessing the protein requirements and, hence, resulting in controversies in current protein recommendations for healthy older adults. Through a literature search, this narrative review first summarises the historical development of the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization/United Nations University setting of protein requirements and recommendations for healthy older adults. Hereafter, we describe the various types of studies (epidemiological studies and protein turnover kinetic measurements) and applied methodological approaches founding the basis and the different recommendations with focus on healthy older adults. Finally, we discuss important factors to be considered in future studies to obtain evidence for international agreement on protein requirements and recommendations for healthy older adults. We conclude by proposing future directions to determine 'true' protein requirements and recommendations for healthy older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Nishimura
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Grith Højfeldt
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Leigh Breen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Inge Tetens
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Holm
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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25
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Lanng SK, Oxfeldt M, Pedersen SS, Johansen FT, Risikesan J, Lejel T, Bertram HC, Hansen M. Influence of protein source (cricket, pea, whey) on amino acid bioavailability and activation of the mTORC1 signaling pathway after resistance exercise in healthy young males. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:1295-1308. [PMID: 36536114 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-03071-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE New dietary proteins are currently introduced to replace traditional animal protein sources. However, not much is known about their bioaccessibility and ability to stimulate muscle protein synthesis compared to the traditional protein sources. We aimed to compare effects of ingesting a protein bolus (0.25 g/kg fat free mass) of either cricket (insect), pea, or whey protein on circulating amino acid levels and activation of the mTORC1 signaling pathway in the skeletal muscle at rest and after exercise. METHODS In a randomized parallel controlled trial, young males (n = 50) performed a one-legged resistance exercise followed by ingestion of one of the three protein sources. Blood samples were collected before and in the following 4 h after exercise. Muscle biopsies were obtained at baseline and after 3 h from the non-exercised and exercised leg. RESULTS Analysis of blood serum showed a significantly higher concentration of amino acids after ingestion of whey protein compared to cricket and pea protein. No difference between protein sources in activation of the mTORC1 signaling pathway was observed either at rest or after exercise. CONCLUSION Amino acid blood concentration after protein ingestion was higher for whey than pea and cricket protein, whereas activation of mTORC1 signaling pathway at rest and after exercise did not differ between protein sources. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Clinicaltrials.org ID NCT04633694.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Kaas Lanng
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
- CiFOOD, Centre for Innovative Food Research, Aarhus University, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Oxfeldt
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | | | - Jeyanthini Risikesan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Diabetes and Hormones Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Trine Lejel
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Regional Hospital Horsens, 8700, Horsens, Denmark
| | - Hanne Christine Bertram
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.
- CiFOOD, Centre for Innovative Food Research, Aarhus University, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - Mette Hansen
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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26
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Zbinden-Foncea H, Ramos-Navarro C, Hevia-Larraín V, Castro-Sepulveda M, Saúl MJ, Kalazich C, Deldicque L. Neither Chia Flour nor Whey Protein Supplementation Further Improves Body Composition or Strength Gains after a Resistance Training Program in Young Subjects with a Habitual High Daily Protein Intake. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15061365. [PMID: 36986095 PMCID: PMC10051962 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the potential additional effect of chia flour, whey protein, and a placebo juice to resistance training on fat-free mass (FFM) and strength gains in untrained young men. Eighteen healthy, untrained young men underwent an 8-week whole-body resistance training program, comprising three sessions per week. Subjects were randomized into three groups that after each training session consumed: (1) 30 g whey protein concentrate containing 23 g protein (WG), (2) 50 g chia flour containing 20 g protein (CG), or (3) a placebo not containing protein (PG). Strength tests (lower- and upper-limb one repetition maximum (1 RM) tests) and body composition analyses (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; DXA) were performed before (PRE) and after (POST) the intervention. Resistance training increased FFM and the 1 RM for each of the strength tests similarly in the three groups. FFM increased by 2.3% in WG (p = 0.04), by 3.6% in CG (p = 0.004), and by 3.0% in PG (p = 0.002)., and 1 RM increased in the different strength tests in the three groups (p < 0.05) with no difference between PG, CG, and WG. In conclusion, neither chia flour nor whey protein supplementation elicited an enhanced effect on FFM and strength gains after an 8-week resistance training program in healthy, untrained young men consuming a habitual high protein mixed diet (>1.2 g/kg/day).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Zbinden-Foncea
- Exercise Physiology and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago 7500000, Chile; (H.Z.-F.); (C.R.-N.); (V.H.-L.); (M.C.-S.); (M.J.S.)
- Centro de Salud Deportiva, Clínica Santa María, Santiago 7571894, Chile
- Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Faculty of Health Science, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudia Ramos-Navarro
- Exercise Physiology and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago 7500000, Chile; (H.Z.-F.); (C.R.-N.); (V.H.-L.); (M.C.-S.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Victoria Hevia-Larraín
- Exercise Physiology and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago 7500000, Chile; (H.Z.-F.); (C.R.-N.); (V.H.-L.); (M.C.-S.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Mauricio Castro-Sepulveda
- Exercise Physiology and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago 7500000, Chile; (H.Z.-F.); (C.R.-N.); (V.H.-L.); (M.C.-S.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Maria José Saúl
- Exercise Physiology and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago 7500000, Chile; (H.Z.-F.); (C.R.-N.); (V.H.-L.); (M.C.-S.); (M.J.S.)
| | | | - Louise Deldicque
- Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-10-47-44-43
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Aragon AA, Tipton KD, Schoenfeld BJ. Age-related muscle anabolic resistance: inevitable or preventable? Nutr Rev 2023; 81:441-454. [PMID: 36018750 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related loss of muscle mass, strength, and performance, commonly referred to as sarcopenia, has wide-ranging detrimental effects on human health, the ramifications of which can have serious implications for both morbidity and mortality. Various interventional strategies have been proposed to counteract sarcopenia, with a particular emphasis on those employing a combination of exercise and nutrition. However, the efficacy of these interventions can be confounded by an age-related blunting of the muscle protein synthesis response to a given dose of protein/amino acids, which has been termed "anabolic resistance." While the pathophysiology of sarcopenia is undoubtedly complex, anabolic resistance is implicated in the progression of age-related muscle loss and its underlying complications. Several mechanisms have been proposed as underlying age-related impairments in the anabolic response to protein consumption. These include decreased anabolic molecular signaling activity, reduced insulin-mediated capillary recruitment (thus, reduced amino acid delivery), and increased splanchnic retention of amino acids (thus, reduced availability for muscular uptake). Obesity and sedentarism can exacerbate, or at least facilitate, anabolic resistance, mediated in part by insulin resistance and systemic inflammation. This narrative review addresses the key factors and contextual elements involved in reduction of the acute muscle protein synthesis response associated with aging and its varied consequences. Practical interventions focused on dietary protein manipulation are proposed to prevent the onset of anabolic resistance and mitigate its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan A Aragon
- is with the Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, California State University, Northridge, California, USA
| | - Kevin D Tipton
- is with the Institute of Performance Nutrition, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Brad J Schoenfeld
- is with the Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, New York, USA
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Arentson-Lantz EJ, Layman DK, Leidy HJ, Campbell WW, Phillips SM. Important Concepts in Protein Nutrition, Aging, and Skeletal Muscle: Honoring Dr Douglas Paddon-Jones (1969-2021) by Highlighting His Research Contributions. J Nutr 2023; 153:615-621. [PMID: 36931744 PMCID: PMC10196581 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This review is a tribute to honor Dr Douglas Paddon-Jones by highlighting his career research contributions. Dr Paddon-Jones was a leader in recognizing the importance of muscle health and the interactions of physical activity and dietary protein for optimizing the health span. Aging is characterized by loss of muscle mass and strength associated with reduced rates of muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and the ability to repair and replace muscle proteins. Research from the team at the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston discovered that the age-related decline in MPS could be overcome by increasing the quantity or quality of dietary protein at each meal. Dr Paddon-Jones was instrumental in proposing and testing a "protein threshold" of ∼30 g protein/meal to optimize MPS in older adults. Dr Paddon-Jones demonstrated that physical inactivity greatly accelerates the loss of muscle mass and function in older adults. His work in physical activity led him to propose the "Catabolic Crisis Model" of muscle size and function losses, suggesting that age-related muscle loss is not a linear process, but the result of acute periods of disuse associated with injuries, illnesses, and bed rest. This model creates the opportunity to provide targeted interventions via protein supplementation and/or increased dietary protein through consuming high-quality animal-source foods. He illustrated that nutritional support, particularly enhanced protein quantity, quality, and meal distribution, can help preserve muscle health during periods of inactivity and promote health across the life course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Arentson-Lantz
- Department of Nutrition, Metabolism and Rehabilitation Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Donald K Layman
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Heather J Leidy
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Pediatrics-Dell Medical, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Wayne W Campbell
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Protein Intake in NCAA Division 1 Soccer Players: Assessment of Daily Amounts, Distribution Patterns, and Leucine Levels as a Quality Indicator. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:sports11020045. [PMID: 36828330 PMCID: PMC9962252 DOI: 10.3390/sports11020045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary protein is required to support recovery and adaptation following exercise training. While prior research demonstrates that many athletes meet total daily protein needs, intake seems to be predominantly skewed toward the evening meal. An even distribution of protein doses of ≥0.24 g/kg BW consumed throughout the course of a day is theorized to confer greater skeletal muscle anabolism outcomes compared to a skewed pattern of intake. Protein quality is also an important dietary consideration for athletes, with the amino acid leucine seemingly serving as the primary driver of the postprandial anabolic response. The present study investigates protein consumption characteristics among a cohort of NCAA D1 soccer players and evaluates differences between male and female athletes. Athletes were instructed to complete 3-day food diaries, which were subsequently analyzed and compared to UEFA expert group-issued nutrition guidelines for soccer players. Breakfast, lunch, and dinner accounted for 81.4% of the total daily dietary protein intake. Most athletes (77.8%) ingested optimum amounts of protein at dinner but not at breakfast (11.1%) or lunch (47.2%). In addition, statistically significant sex-based differences in daily dietary protein intake, meal-specific protein amounts, and protein quality measures were detected. Findings indicate suboptimal dietary protein intake practices among the collegiate soccer athletes.
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Leucine ingestion promotes mTOR translocation to the periphery and enhances total and peripheral RPS6 phosphorylation in human skeletal muscle. Amino Acids 2023; 55:253-261. [PMID: 36474017 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-022-03221-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), a master regulator of protein synthesis, by anabolic stimuli (such as muscle contraction or essential amino acids) involves its translocation to the cell periphery. Leucine is generally considered the most anabolic of amino acids for its ability to independently modulate muscle protein synthesis. However, it is currently unknown if free leucine impacts region-specific mTORC1-mediated phosphorylation events and protein-protein interactions. In this clinical trial (NCT03952884; registered May 16, 2019), we used immunofluorescence methods to investigate the role of dietary leucine on the postprandial regulation of mTORC1 and ribosomal protein S6 (RPS6), an important downstream readout of mTORC1 activity. Eight young, healthy, recreationally active males (n = 8; 23 ± 3 yrs) ingested 2 g of leucine with vastus lateralis biopsies collected at baseline, 30, 60, and 180 min postprandial. Leucine promoted mTOR translocation to the periphery (~ 18-29%; p ≤ 0.012) and enhanced mTOR localization with the lysosome (~ 16%; both p = 0.049) at 30 and 60 min post-feeding. p-RPS6Ser240/244 staining intensity, a readout of mTORC1 activity, was significantly elevated at all postprandial timepoints in both the total fiber (~ 14-30%; p ≤ 0.032) and peripheral regions (~ 16-33%; p ≤ 0.014). Additionally, total and peripheral p-RPS6Ser240/244 staining intensity at 60 min was positively correlated (r = 0.74, p = 0.036; r = 0.80, p = 0.016, respectively) with rates of myofibrillar protein synthesis over 180 min. The ability of leucine to activate mTORC1 in peripheral regions favors an enhanced rate of MPS, as this is the intracellular space thought to be replete with the cellular machinery that facilitates this anabolic process.
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Gunst J, Casaer MP, Preiser JC, Reignier J, Van den Berghe G. Toward nutrition improving outcome of critically ill patients: How to interpret recent feeding RCTs? Crit Care 2023; 27:43. [PMID: 36707883 PMCID: PMC9883882 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-023-04317-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Although numerous observational studies associated underfeeding with poor outcome, recent randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have shown that early full nutritional support does not benefit critically ill patients and may induce dose-dependent harm. Some researchers have suggested that the absence of benefit in RCTs may be attributed to overrepresentation of patients deemed at low nutritional risk, or to a too low amino acid versus non-protein energy dose in the nutritional formula. However, these hypotheses have not been confirmed by strong evidence. RCTs have not revealed any subgroup benefiting from early full nutritional support, nor benefit from increased amino acid doses or from indirect calorimetry-based energy dosing targeted at 100% of energy expenditure. Mechanistic studies attributed the absence of benefit of early feeding to anabolic resistance and futile catabolism of extra provided amino acids, and to feeding-induced suppression of recovery-enhancing pathways such as autophagy and ketogenesis, which opened perspectives for fasting-mimicking diets and ketone supplementation. Yet, the presence or absence of an anabolic response to feeding cannot be predicted or monitored and likely differs over time and among patients. In the absence of such monitor, the value of indirect calorimetry seems obscure, especially in the acute phase of illness. Until now, large feeding RCTs have focused on interventions that were initiated in the first week of critical illness. There are no large RCTs that investigated the impact of different feeding strategies initiated after the acute phase and continued after discharge from the intensive care unit in patients recovering from critical illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Gunst
- grid.5596.f0000 0001 0668 7884Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michael P. Casaer
- grid.5596.f0000 0001 0668 7884Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jean-Charles Preiser
- grid.4989.c0000 0001 2348 0746Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean Reignier
- grid.4817.a0000 0001 2189 0784Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Greet Van den Berghe
- grid.5596.f0000 0001 0668 7884Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Coelho-Júnior HJ, Calvani R, Picca A, Savera G, Tosato M, Landi F, Marzetti E. Protein Intake from Various Foods Sources Is Negatively Associated with Cardiometabolic Risk Markers in Italian Older Adults. J Nutr Health Aging 2023; 27:853-860. [PMID: 37960908 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-023-1981-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the relationships between protein intake from various food sources and cardiometabolic risk markers in Italian older adults. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Unconventional settings across Italy (e.g., exhibitions, health promotion campaigns). PARTICIPANTS People 65+ years who provided a written informed consent. MEASUREMENTS Blood pressure (BP), blood glucose, total blood cholesterol, and anthropometric indices were assessed. Daily protein intake was estimated for 12 food items listed in a food frequency questionnaire. RESULTS Three-thousand four-hundred twenty-four older adults (mean age: 72.7 ± 5.7 years; 55% women) were included in the study. Results of linear regression analysis indicated that protein intake from several food sources was negatively associated with BP, waist and hip circumferences, and waist-to-hip ratio in both sexes. Blood glucose levels were inversely associated with many protein sources in women. Positive associations were observed between some protein sources and total blood cholesterol in both men and women. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that dietary protein is differentially associated with cardiometabolic risk factors depending on sex and food sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Coelho-Júnior
- Hélio José Coelho-Júnior, Emanuele Marzetti, Department of Geriatrics, Orthopedics and Rheumatology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy, (H.J.C.-J.), (E.M.); +39 (06) 3015-4859
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The Influence of Full-Time Holistic Support Delivered by a Sports Nutritionist on Within-Day Macronutrient Distribution in New Zealand Provincial Academy Rugby Union Players. Nutrients 2022; 15:nu15010017. [PMID: 36615675 PMCID: PMC9823601 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary intake is an important consideration for rugby union ('rugby') players to ensure substrate provision for optimal performance and facilitate recovery. Within-day meal distribution is especially important for athletes, particularly those with congested schedules and multiple daily training sessions. In the present study, 10 provincial academy rugby players engaged in a holistic support protocol informed by behaviour-change techniques led by a full-time sports nutritionist. Dietary intake was estimated during a 4-week monitoring and 4-week intervention period using the remote food photography method on one high-volume training day (two training sessions) and two low-volume training days (≤1 training session) per week. Lean body mass did not change significantly in response to the intervention. Significant increases were observed for protein on both low-volume (breakfast, AM snack, evening snack) and high-volume (post-gym, AM snack, evening snack) training days. Carbohydrate intake post-intervention was significantly greater at the pre-gym eating occasion but lower at PM snack and dinner eating occasions on high-volume days. These data suggest that incorporating a holistic support protocol led by a sports nutritionist can influence within-day nutrient intake in rugby players; however, no change to lean body mass was observed, and the influence of these changes in nutrient intake on performance and recovery warrants further investigation.
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Heffernan AJ, Talekar C, Henain M, Purcell L, Palmer M, White H. Comparison of continuous versus intermittent enteral feeding in critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care 2022; 26:325. [PMID: 36284334 PMCID: PMC9594889 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-022-04140-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The enteral route is commonly utilised to support the nutritional requirements of critically ill patients. However, there is paucity of data guiding clinicians regarding the appropriate method of delivering the prescribed dose. Continuous enteral feeding is commonly used; however, a bolus or intermittent method of administration may provide several advantages such as minimising interruptions. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to compare a continuous versus an intermittent or bolus enteral nutrition administration method. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed with studies identified from the PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and Web of Science databases. Studies were included if they compared a continuous with either an intermittent or bolus administration method of enteral nutrition in adult patients admitted to the intensive care unit. Study quality was assessed using the PEDro and Newcastle–Ottawa scoring systems. Review Manager was used for performing the random-effects meta-analysis on the outcomes of mortality, constipation, diarrhoea, increased gastric residuals, pneumonia, and bacterial colonisation. Results A total of 5546 articles were identified, and 133 were included for full text review. Fourteen were included in the final analysis. There was an increased risk of constipation with patients receiving continuous enteral nutrition (relative risk 2.24, 95% confidence interval 1.01–4.97, p = 0.05). No difference was identified in other outcome measures. No appreciable bias was identified. Conclusion The current meta-analysis has not identified any clinically relevant difference in most outcome measures relevant to the care of critically ill patients. However, there is a paucity of high-quality randomised controlled clinical trials to guide this decision. Therefore, clinicians may consider either dosing regimen in the context of the patient’s care requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J. Heffernan
- grid.460757.70000 0004 0421 3476Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Logan Hospital, MetroSouth Hospital and Health Service, Meadowbrook, QLD Australia ,grid.1022.10000 0004 0437 5432School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Southport, QLD Australia
| | - C. Talekar
- grid.460757.70000 0004 0421 3476Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Logan Hospital, MetroSouth Hospital and Health Service, Meadowbrook, QLD Australia ,grid.1022.10000 0004 0437 5432School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Southport, QLD Australia
| | - M. Henain
- grid.460757.70000 0004 0421 3476Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Logan Hospital, MetroSouth Hospital and Health Service, Meadowbrook, QLD Australia ,grid.416100.20000 0001 0688 4634Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, QLD Australia ,grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD Australia
| | - L. Purcell
- grid.460757.70000 0004 0421 3476Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Logan Hospital, MetroSouth Hospital and Health Service, Meadowbrook, QLD Australia
| | - M. Palmer
- grid.460757.70000 0004 0421 3476Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Logan Hospital, MetroSouth Hospital and Health Service, Meadowbrook, QLD Australia
| | - H. White
- grid.460757.70000 0004 0421 3476Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Logan Hospital, MetroSouth Hospital and Health Service, Meadowbrook, QLD Australia ,grid.1022.10000 0004 0437 5432School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Southport, QLD Australia
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Is Fasting Good When One Is at Risk of Liver Cancer? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14205084. [PMID: 36291868 PMCID: PMC9600146 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14205084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide, is a multistep process that usually develops in the background of cirrhosis, but also in a non-cirrhotic state in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or viral hepatis. Emerging evidence suggests that intermittent fasting can reduce the risk of cancer development and could improve response and tolerance to treatment through the metabolic and hormonal adaptations induced by the low energy availability that finally impairs cancer cells’ adaptability, survival and growth. The current review will outline the beneficial effects of fasting in NAFLD/NASH patients and the possible mechanisms that can prevent HCC development, including circadian clock re-synchronization, with a special focus on the possibility of applying this dietary intervention to cirrhotic patients.
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Morales-Scholz MG, Wette SG, Stokie JR, Tepper BT, Swinton C, Hamilton DL, Dwyer KM, Murphy RM, Howlett KF, Shaw CS. Muscle fiber type-specific autophagy responses following an overnight fast and mixed meal ingestion in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 323:E242-E253. [PMID: 35793481 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00015.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the fiber type-specific abundance of autophagy-related proteins after an overnight fast and following ingestion of a mixed meal in human skeletal muscle. Twelve overweight, healthy young male volunteers underwent a 3-h mixed meal tolerance test following an overnight fast. Blood samples were collected in the overnight-fasted state and throughout the 180-min postmeal period. Skeletal muscle biopsies were collected in the fasted state, and at 30 and 90 min after meal ingestion. Protein content of key autophagy markers and upstream signaling responses were measured in whole muscle and pooled single fibers using immunoblotting. In the fasted state, type I fibers displayed lower LC3B-I but higher LC3B-II abundance and higher LC3B-II/LC3B-I ratio compared with type II fibers (P < 0.05). However, there were no fiber type differences in p62/SQSTM1, unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase (ULK1), ATG5, or ATG12 (P > 0.05). Compared with the fasted state, there was a reduction in LC3B-II abundance, indicative of lower autophagosome content, in whole muscle and in both type I and type II fibers following meal ingestion (P < 0.05). This reduction in autophagosome content occurred alongside similar increases in p-AktS473 and p-mTORS2448 in both type I and type II muscle fibers (P < 0.05). In human skeletal muscle, type I fibers have a greater autophagosome content than type II fibers in the overnight-fasted state despite comparable abundance of other key upstream autophagy proteins. Autophagy is rapidly inhibited in both fiber types following the ingestion of a mixed meal.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study examined the fiber type-specific content of key autophagy proteins in human muscle. We showed that markers of autophagosome content are higher in type I fibers in the overnight-fasted state, whereas autophagy is rapidly inhibited in both type I and type II fibers after the ingestion of a mixed meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- María G Morales-Scholz
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
- Human Movement Sciences Research Center (CIMOHU), University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Stefan G Wette
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment (SABE), La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jayden R Stokie
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Bianca T Tepper
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Courtney Swinton
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - David L Hamilton
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Karen M Dwyer
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Robyn M Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment (SABE), La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kirsten F Howlett
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Christopher S Shaw
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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Loos CMM, McLeod KR, Vanzant ES, Stratton SA, Bohannan AD, Coleman RJ, van Doorn DA, Urschel KL. Differential effect of two dietary protein sources on time course response of muscle anabolic signaling pathways in normal and insulin dysregulated horses. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:896220. [PMID: 35978710 PMCID: PMC9376591 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.896220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study was to characterize the temporal changes of phosphorylation patterns of mTOR signaling proteins in response to two dietary protein sources in insulin dysregulated (ID, n = 8) and non-ID (n = 8) horses. Horses were individually housed and fed timothy grass hay and 2 daily concentrate meals so that protein was the first limiting nutrient and the total diet provided 120% of daily DE requirements for maintenance. On sample days, horses randomly received 0.25 g CP/kg BW of a pelleted alfalfa (AP) or commercial protein supplement (PS). Blood samples were collected before and 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 300, 360, 420, and 480 min post feeding and analyzed for plasma glucose, insulin and amino acid (AA) concentrations. Gluteus Medius muscle samples were obtained before and 90, 180, and 300 min after feeding and analyzed for relative abundance of phosphorylated mTOR pathway components using western immunoblot analysis. There was no effect of protein source on postprandial glucose and insulin responses (P ≥ 0.14) but consumption of PS elicited a 2 times larger AUC for essential AA (EAA), greater peak concentrations of EAA and a shorter time to reach peak EAA concentrations compared to AP. Abundance of phosphorylated mTOR (P = 0.08) and rpS6 (P = 0.10) tended to be ~1.5-fold greater after consumption of PS at 90 min compared to AP. Dephosphorylation patterns differed between protein sources and was slower for AP compared to PS. ID horses had a 2 times greater (P = 0.009) AUC and 3 times higher postprandial peak concentrations (P < 0.0001) for insulin compared to non-ID horses after consumption of both treatment pellets, but EAA responses were similar between groups (P = 0.53). Insulin status did not affect rpS6 or mTOR phosphorylation after consumption of either protein source (P ≥ 0.35), but phosphorylated rpS6 abundance was twice as high in ID compared to non-ID horses (P = 0.007). These results suggest that the consumption of higher quality protein sources may result in greater postprandial activation of the mTOR pathway compared to equal amounts of a forage-based protein source. Moreover, ID does not impair postprandial activation of mTOR and rpS6 proteins in horses following a protein-rich meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M. M. Loos
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- *Correspondence: Caroline M. M. Loos
| | - Kyle R. McLeod
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Eric S. Vanzant
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Sophie A. Stratton
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Adam D. Bohannan
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Robert J. Coleman
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | | | - Kristine L. Urschel
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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Ravindra PV, Janhavi P, Divyashree S, Muthukumar SP. Nutritional interventions for improving the endurance performance in athletes. Arch Physiol Biochem 2022; 128:851-858. [PMID: 32223574 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1733025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Endurance refers to the ability of skeletal muscles to perform continuously withstanding the hardships of exercise. Endurance exercises have three phases: pre-, during-, and post-workout phase. The nutritional requirements that drive these phases vary on intensity, type of workout, individual's body composition, training, weather conditions, etc. Generally, the pre-workout phase requires glycogen synthesis and spare glycogen breakdown. While workout phase, requires rapid absorption of exogenous glucose, insulin release to transport glucose into muscle cells, replenish the loss of electrolytes, promote fluid retention, etc. However, post-workout phase requires quick amino acid absorption, muscle protein synthesis, repair of damaged muscle fibres and tendon, ameliorate inflammation, oxidative stress, etc. Therefore, nutritional sources that can help these metabolic requirements is recommended. In this review, various dietary interventions including timing and amount of nutrient consumption that can promote the above metabolic requirements that in turn support in improving the endurance potential in athletes are discussed.HIGHLIGHTSReview article describes nutritional requirements of endurance exercises.It also describes nutritional interventions to enhance the endurance potential in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Ravindra
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-CFTRI, Mysuru, India
| | - P Janhavi
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-CFTRI, Mysuru, India
| | - S Divyashree
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-CFTRI, Mysuru, India
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Brook MS, Stokes T, Gorissen SH, Bass JJ, McGlory C, Cegielski J, Wilkinson DJ, Phillips BE, Smith K, Phillips SM, Atherton PJ. Declines in muscle protein synthesis account for short-term muscle disuse atrophy in humans in the absence of increased muscle protein breakdown. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2022; 13:2005-2016. [PMID: 35606155 PMCID: PMC9397550 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We determined the short-term (i.e. 4 days) impacts of disuse atrophy in relation to muscle protein turnover [acute fasted-fed muscle protein synthesis (MPS)/muscle protein breakdown (MPB) and integrated MPS/estimated MPB]. METHODS Healthy men (N = 9, 22 ± 2 years, body mass index 24 ± 3 kg m-2 ) underwent 4 day unilateral leg immobilization. Vastus lateralis (VL) muscle thickness (MT) and extensor strength and thigh lean mass (TLM) were measured. Bilateral VL muscle biopsies were collected on Day 4 at t = -120, 0, 90, and 180 min to determine integrated MPS, estimated MPB, acute fasted-fed MPS (l-[ring-13 C6 ]-phe), and acute fasted tracer decay rate representative of MPB (l-[15 N]-phe and l-[2 H8 ]-phe). Protein turnover cell signalling was measured by immunoblotting. RESULTS Immobilization decreased TLM [pre: 7477 ± 1196 g, post: 7352 ± 1209 g (P < 0.01)], MT [pre: 2.67 ± 0.50 cm, post: 2.55 ± 0.51 cm (P < 0.05)], and strength [pre: 260 ± 43 N m, post: 229 ± 37 N m (P < 0.05)] with no change in control legs. Integrated MPS decreased in immob vs. control legs [control: 1.55 ± 0.21% day-1 , immob: 1.29 ± 0.17% day-1 (P < 0.01)], while tracer decay rate (i.e. MPB) (control: 0.02 ± 0.006, immob: 0.015 ± 0.015) and fractional breakdown rate (FBR) remained unchanged [control: 1.44 ± 0.51% day-1 , immob: 1.73 ± 0.35% day-1 (P = 0.21)]. Changes in MT correlated with those in MPS but not FBR. MPS increased in the control leg following feeding [fasted: 0.043 ± 0.012% h-1 , fed: 0.065 ± 0.017% h-1 (P < 0.05)] but not in immob [fasted: 0.034 ± 0.014% h-1 , fed: 0.049 ± 0.023% h-1 (P = 0.09)]. There were no changes in markers of MPB with immob (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Human skeletal muscle disuse atrophy is driven by declines in MPS, not increases in MPB. Pro-anabolic therapies to mitigate disuse atrophy would likely be more effective than therapies aimed at attenuating protein degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. Brook
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham BRC, Centre Of Metabolism, Ageing and Physiology (COMAP), School of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamDerbyUK
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Tanner Stokes
- Department of KinesiologyMcMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada
| | | | - Joseph J. Bass
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham BRC, Centre Of Metabolism, Ageing and Physiology (COMAP), School of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamDerbyUK
| | - Chris McGlory
- School of Kinesiology and Health StudiesQueen's UniversityKingstonONCanada
| | - Jessica Cegielski
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham BRC, Centre Of Metabolism, Ageing and Physiology (COMAP), School of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamDerbyUK
| | - Daniel J. Wilkinson
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham BRC, Centre Of Metabolism, Ageing and Physiology (COMAP), School of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamDerbyUK
| | - Bethan E. Phillips
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham BRC, Centre Of Metabolism, Ageing and Physiology (COMAP), School of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamDerbyUK
| | - Ken Smith
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham BRC, Centre Of Metabolism, Ageing and Physiology (COMAP), School of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamDerbyUK
| | | | - Philip J. Atherton
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham BRC, Centre Of Metabolism, Ageing and Physiology (COMAP), School of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamDerbyUK
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Prado CM, Landi F, Chew STH, Atherton PJ, Molinger J, Ruck T, Gonzalez MC. Advances in Muscle Health and Nutrition: A Toolkit for Healthcare Professionals. Clin Nutr 2022; 41:2244-2263. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2022.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Coelho-Junior HJ, Calvani R, Azzolino D, Picca A, Tosato M, Landi F, Cesari M, Marzetti E. Protein Intake and Sarcopenia in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148718. [PMID: 35886571 PMCID: PMC9320473 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: The present systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between protein intake and sarcopenia in older adults. Methods: Observational studies that investigated the association between protein intake and sarcopenia as the primary or secondary outcome in people aged 60 years and older were included. Studies published in languages other than English, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish were excluded. Studies were retrieved from MEDLINE, SCOPUS, EMBASE, CINAHL, AgeLine, and Food Science Source databases through January 31, 2022. A pooled effect size was calculated based on standard mean differences. Results: Five cross-sectional studies, one longitudinal study, and one case-control study that investigated 3353 community-dwelling older adults with a mean age of approximately 73 years were included. The meta-analysis of four studies indicated that older adults with sarcopenia consumed significantly less protein than their peers with no sarcopenia. Conclusions: Results of the present study suggest that an inadequate protein intake might be associated with sarcopenia in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélio José Coelho-Junior
- Department of Geriatrics and Orthopedics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, L.go A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Calvani
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, L.go A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Azzolino
- Department of Clinical and Community Sciences, Università di Milano, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Geriatric Unit, IRCCS Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, Via Camaldoli 64, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Picca
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, L.go A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Tosato
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, L.go A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Landi
- Department of Geriatrics and Orthopedics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, L.go A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Cesari
- Department of Clinical and Community Sciences, Università di Milano, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Geriatric Unit, IRCCS Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, Via Camaldoli 64, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuele Marzetti
- Department of Geriatrics and Orthopedics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, L.go A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
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Coelho-Junior HJ, Calvani R, Picca A, Tosato M, Landi F, Marzetti E. Protein Intake and Frailty in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Nutrients 2022; 14:2767. [PMID: 35807947 PMCID: PMC9269106 DOI: 10.3390/nu14132767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between protein intake and frailty in older adults. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies that investigated the association between protein intake and frailty in older adults. Cross-sectional, case-control, and longitudinal cohort studies that investigated the association between protein intake and frailty as a primary or secondary outcome in people aged 60+ years were included. Studies published in languages other than English, Italian, Portuguese, or Spanish were excluded. Studies were retrieved on 31 January 2022. RESULTS Twelve cross-sectional and five longitudinal studies that investigated 46,469 community-dwelling older adults were included. The meta-analysis indicated that absolute, bodyweight-adjusted, and percentage of protein relative to total energy consumption were not cross-sectionally associated with frailty. However, frail older adults consumed significantly less animal-derived protein than robust people. Finally, high protein consumption was associated with a significantly lower risk of frailty. CONCLUSIONS Our pooled analysis indicates that protein intake, whether absolute, adjusted, or relative to total energy intake, is not significantly associated with frailty in older adults. However, we observed that frail older adults consumed significantly less animal protein than their robust counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélio José Coelho-Junior
- Department of Geriatrics and Orthopedics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (E.M.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, L.go A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (M.T.)
| | - Riccardo Calvani
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, L.go A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (M.T.)
| | - Anna Picca
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, L.go A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (M.T.)
| | - Matteo Tosato
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, L.go A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (M.T.)
| | - Francesco Landi
- Department of Geriatrics and Orthopedics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (E.M.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, L.go A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (M.T.)
| | - Emanuele Marzetti
- Department of Geriatrics and Orthopedics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (E.M.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, L.go A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (M.T.)
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Adhikari S, Schop M, de Boer IJM, Huppertz T. Protein Quality in Perspective: A Review of Protein Quality Metrics and Their Applications. Nutrients 2022; 14:947. [PMID: 35267922 PMCID: PMC8912699 DOI: 10.3390/nu14050947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
For design of healthy and sustainable diets and food systems, it is important to consider not only the quantity but also the quality of nutrients. This is particularly important for proteins, given the large variability in amino acid composition and digestibility between dietary proteins. This article reviews measurements and metrics in relation to protein quality, but also their application. Protein quality methods based on concentrations and digestibility of individual amino acids are preferred, because they do not only allow ranking of proteins, but also assessment of complementarity of protein sources, although this should be considered only at a meal level and not a diet level. Measurements based on ileal digestibility are preferred over those on faecal digestibility to overcome the risk of overestimation of protein quality. Integration of protein quality on a dietary level should also be done based on measurements on an individual amino acid basis. Effects of processing, which is applied to all foods, should be considered as it can also affect protein quality through effects on digestibility and amino acid modification. Overall, protein quality data are crucial for integration into healthy and sustainable diets, but care is needed in data selection, interpretation and integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiksha Adhikari
- Food Quality & Design Group, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Marijke Schop
- Animal Production Systems Group, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands; (M.S.); (I.J.M.d.B.)
| | - Imke J. M. de Boer
- Animal Production Systems Group, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands; (M.S.); (I.J.M.d.B.)
| | - Thom Huppertz
- Food Quality & Design Group, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands;
- Friesland Campina, Research and Development, 3818 LE Amersfoort, The Netherlands
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Nishimura Y, Jensen M, Bülow J, Thomsen TT, Arimitsu T, van Hall G, Fujita S, Holm L. Co-ingestion of cluster dextrin carbohydrate does not increase exogenous protein-derived amino acid release or myofibrillar protein synthesis following a whole-body resistance exercise in moderately trained younger males: a double-blinded randomized controlled crossover trial. Eur J Nutr 2022; 61:2475-2491. [PMID: 35182194 PMCID: PMC9279228 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02782-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This study investigates if co-ingestion of cluster dextrin (CDX) augments the appearance of intrinsically labeled meat protein hydrolysate-derived amino acid (D5-phenylalanine), Akt/mTORC1 signaling, and myofibrillar protein fractional synthetic rate (FSR). Methods Ten moderately trained healthy males (age: 21.5 ± 2.1 years, body mass: 75.7 ± 7.6 kg, body mass index (BMI): 22.9 ± 2.1 kg/m2) were included for a double-blinded randomized controlled crossover trial. Either 75 g of CDX or glucose (GLC) was given in conjunction with meat protein hydrolysate (0.6 g protein * FFM−1) following a whole-body resistance exercise. A primed-continuous intravenous infusion of L-[15N]-phenylalanine with serial muscle biopsies and venous blood sampling was performed. Results A time × group interaction effect was found for serum D5-phenylalanine enrichment (P < 0.01). Serum EAA and BCAA concentrations showed a main effect for group (P < 0.05). Tmax serum BCAA was greater in CDX as compared to GLC (P < 0.05). However, iAUC of all serum parameters did not differ between CDX and GLC (P > 0.05). Tmax serum EAA showed a trend towards a statistical significance favoring CDX over GLC. The phosphorylation of p70S6KThr389, rpS6Ser240/244, ERK1/2Thr202/Tyr204 was greater in CDX compared to GLC (P < 0.05). However, postprandial myofibrillar FSR did not differ between CDX and GLC (P = 0.17). Conclusion In moderately trained younger males, co-ingestion of CDX with meat protein hydrolysate does not augment the postprandial amino acid availability or myofibrillar FSR as compared to co-ingestion of GLC during the recovery from a whole-body resistance exercise despite an increased intramuscular signaling. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT03303729 (registered on October 3, 2017).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Nishimura
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,Department of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Mikkel Jensen
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob Bülow
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Tagmose Thomsen
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Takuma Arimitsu
- Department of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Gerrit van Hall
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Department of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Lars Holm
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. .,Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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45
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Hartono FA, Martin-Arrowsmith PW, Peeters WM, Churchward-Venne TA. The Effects of Dietary Protein Supplementation on Acute Changes in Muscle Protein Synthesis and Longer-Term Changes in Muscle Mass, Strength, and Aerobic Capacity in Response to Concurrent Resistance and Endurance Exercise in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2022; 52:1295-1328. [PMID: 35113389 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01620-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Engaging in both resistance and endurance exercise within the same training program, termed 'concurrent exercise training,' is common practice in many athletic disciplines that require a combination of strength and endurance and is recommended by a number of organizations to improve muscular and cardiovascular health and reduce the risk of chronic metabolic disease. Dietary protein ingestion supports skeletal muscle remodeling after exercise by stimulating the synthesis of muscle proteins and can optimize resistance exercise-training mediated increases in skeletal muscle size and strength; however, the effects of protein supplementation on acute and longer-term adaptive responses to concurrent resistance and endurance exercise are unclear. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this systematic review is to evaluate the effects of dietary protein supplementation on acute changes in muscle protein synthesis and longer-term changes in muscle mass, strength, and aerobic capacity in responses to concurrent resistance and endurance exercise in healthy adults. METHODS A systematic search was conducted in five databases: Scopus, Embase, Medline, PubMed, and Web of Science. Acute and longer-term controlled trials involving concurrent exercise and protein supplementation in healthy adults (ages 18-65 years) were included in this systematic review. Main outcomes of interest were changes in skeletal muscle protein synthesis rates, muscle mass, muscle strength, and whole-body aerobic capacity (i.e., maximal/peak aerobic capacity [VO2max/peak]). The quality of studies was assessed using the National Institute of Health Quality Assessment for Controlled Intervention Studies. RESULTS Four acute studies including 84 trained young males and ten longer-term studies including 167 trained and 391 untrained participants fulfilled the eligibility criteria. All included acute studies demonstrated that protein ingestion enhanced myofibrillar protein synthesis rates, but not mitochondrial protein synthesis rates during post-exercise recovery after an acute bout of concurrent exercise. Of the included longer-term training studies, five out of nine reported that protein supplementation enhanced concurrent training-mediated increases in muscle mass, while five out of nine studies reported that protein supplementation enhanced concurrent training-mediated increases in muscle strength and/or power. In terms of aerobic adaptations, all six included studies reported no effect of protein supplementation on concurrent training-mediated increases in VO2max/peak. CONCLUSION Protein ingestion after an acute bout of concurrent exercise further increases myofibrillar, but not mitochondrial, protein synthesis rates during post-exercise recovery. There is some evidence that protein supplementation during longer-term training further enhances concurrent training-mediated increases in skeletal muscle mass and strength/power, but not whole-body aerobic capacity (i.e., VO2max/peak).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick W Martin-Arrowsmith
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Currie Memorial Gymnasium A205, 475 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC, H2W 1S4, Canada
| | - Wouter M Peeters
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional, and Sports Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Tyler A Churchward-Venne
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Currie Memorial Gymnasium A205, 475 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC, H2W 1S4, Canada.
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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46
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Barnes TM, Deutz MT, Zupančič Ž, Askow AT, Moore DR, Burd NA. Protein quality and the food matrix: defining optimal versus maximal meal-based protein intakes for stimulating muscle protein synthesis. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2022; 48:340-344. [PMID: 36735923 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2022-0373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper examines the opinion that we should aim to optimize, rather than maximize, protein intakes to avoid over-emphasizing muscle-centric protein requirements. An optimal eating approach strives to minimize amino acid oxidative waste and more efficiently stimulate postprandial muscle protein accretion. To do this, practitioners should acknowledge higher quality protein foods as better in delivering target amounts of amino acids into circulation, and the food matrix (e.g., nutrient-nutrient interactions) can be leveraged to potentiate essential amino acid incorporation into skeletal muscle protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi M Barnes
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Max T Deutz
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Žan Zupančič
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Andrew T Askow
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Daniel R Moore
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nicholas A Burd
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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47
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Strategies to Prevent Sarcopenia in the Aging Process: Role of Protein Intake and Exercise. Nutrients 2021; 14:nu14010052. [PMID: 35010928 PMCID: PMC8746908 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is one of the main issues associated with the process of aging. Characterized by muscle mass loss, it is triggered by several conditions, including sedentary habits and negative net protein balance. According to World Health Organization, it is expected a 38% increase in older individuals by 2025. Therefore, it is noteworthy to establish recommendations to prevent sarcopenia and several events and comorbidities associated with this health issue condition. In this review, we discuss the role of these factors, prevention strategies, and recommendations, with a focus on protein intake and exercise.
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48
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Cegielski J, Wilkinson DJ, Brook MS, Boereboom C, Phillips BE, Gladman JFR, Smith K, Atherton PJ. Combined in vivo muscle mass, muscle protein synthesis and muscle protein breakdown measurement: a 'Combined Oral Stable Isotope Assessment of Muscle (COSIAM)' approach. GeroScience 2021; 43:2653-2665. [PMID: 34046811 PMCID: PMC8602438 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-021-00386-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimising approaches for measuring skeletal muscle mass and turnover that are widely applicable, minimally invasive and cost effective is crucial in furthering research into sarcopenia and cachexia. Traditional approaches for measurement of muscle protein turnover require infusion of expensive, sterile, isotopically labelled tracers which limits the applicability of these approaches in certain populations (e.g. clinical, frail elderly). To concurrently quantify skeletal muscle mass and muscle protein turnover i.e. muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and muscle protein breakdown (MPB), in elderly human volunteers using stable-isotope labelled tracers i.e. Methyl-[D3]-creatine (D3-Cr), deuterium oxide (D2O), and Methyl-[D3]-3-methylhistidine (D3-3MH), to measure muscle mass, MPS and MPB, respectively. We recruited 10 older males (71 ± 4 y, BMI: 25 ± 4 kg.m2, mean ± SD) into a 4-day study, with DXA and consumption of D2O and D3-Cr tracers on day 1. D3-3MH was consumed on day 3, 24 h prior to returning to the lab. From urine, saliva and blood samples, and a single muscle biopsy (vastus lateralis), we determined muscle mass, MPS and MPB. D3-Cr derived muscle mass was positively correlated to appendicular fat-free mass (AFFM) estimated by DXA (r = 0.69, P = 0.027). Rates of cumulative myofibrillar MPS over 3 days were 0.072%/h (95% CI, 0.064 to 0.081%/h). Whole-body MPB over 6 h was 0.052 (95% CI, 0.038 to 0.067). These rates were similar to previous literature. We demonstrate the potential for D3-Cr to be used alongside D2O and D3-3MH for concurrent measurement of muscle mass, MPS, and MPB using a minimally invasive design, applicable for clinical and frail populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Cegielski
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham BRC, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Uttoxeter Road, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Daniel J Wilkinson
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham BRC, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Uttoxeter Road, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Matthew S Brook
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham BRC, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Uttoxeter Road, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Catherine Boereboom
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham BRC, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Uttoxeter Road, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
- Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Bethan E Phillips
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham BRC, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Uttoxeter Road, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - John F R Gladman
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham BRC, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Uttoxeter Road, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Kenneth Smith
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham BRC, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Uttoxeter Road, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Philip J Atherton
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham BRC, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Uttoxeter Road, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK.
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Gillis C, Phillips SM. Protein for the Pre-Surgical Cancer Patient: a Narrative Review. CURRENT ANESTHESIOLOGY REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40140-021-00494-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Mazzulla M, Hodson N, Lees M, Scaife PJ, Smith K, Atherton PJ, Kumbhare D, Moore DR. LAT1 and SNAT2 Protein Expression and Membrane Localization of LAT1 Are Not Acutely Altered by Dietary Amino Acids or Resistance Exercise Nor Positively Associated with Leucine or Phenylalanine Incorporation in Human Skeletal Muscle. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113906. [PMID: 34836160 PMCID: PMC8624011 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The influx of essential amino acids into skeletal muscle is primarily mediated by the large neutral amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1), which is dependent on the glutamine gradient generated by the sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter 2 (SNAT2). The protein expression and membrane localization of LAT1 may be influenced by amino acid ingestion and/or resistance exercise, although its acute influence on dietary amino acid incorporation into skeletal muscle protein has not been investigated. In a group design, healthy males consumed a mixed carbohydrate (0.75 g·kg-1) crystalline amino acid (0.25 g·kg-1) beverage enriched to 25% and 30% with LAT1 substrates L-[1-13C]leucine (LEU) and L-[ring-2H5]phenylalanine (PHE), respectively, at rest (FED: n = 7, 23 ± 5 y, 77 ± 4 kg) or after a bout of resistance exercise (EXFED: n = 7, 22 ± 2 y, 78 ± 11 kg). Postprandial muscle biopsies were collected at 0, 120, and 300 min to measure transporter protein expression (immunoblot), LAT1 membrane localization (immunofluorescence), and dietary amino acid incorporation into myofibrillar protein (ΔLEU and ΔPHE). Basal LAT1 and SNAT2 protein contents were correlated with each other (r = 0.55, p = 0.04) but their expression did not change across time in FED or EXFED (all, p > 0.05). Membrane localization of LAT1 did not change across time in FED or EXFED whether measured as outer 1.5 µm intensity or membrane-to-fiber ratio (all, p > 0.05). Basal SNAT2 protein expression was not correlated with ΔLEU or ΔPHE (all, p ≥ 0.05) whereas basal LAT1 expression was negatively correlated with ΔPHE in FED (r = -0.76, p = 0.04) and EXFED (r = -0.81, p = 0.03) but not ΔLEU (p > 0.05). Basal LAT1 membrane localization was not correlated with ΔLEU or ΔPHE (all, p > 0.05). Our results suggest that LAT1/SNAT2 protein expression and LAT1 membrane localization are not influenced by acute anabolic stimuli and do not positively influence the incorporation of dietary amino acids for de novo myofibrillar protein synthesis in healthy young males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mazzulla
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2C9, Canada; (M.M.); (N.H.); (M.L.)
| | - Nathan Hodson
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2C9, Canada; (M.M.); (N.H.); (M.L.)
| | - Matthew Lees
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2C9, Canada; (M.M.); (N.H.); (M.L.)
| | - Paula J. Scaife
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham BRC, Centre of Metabolism, Ageing and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby DE22 3DT, UK; (P.J.S.); (K.S.); (P.J.A.)
| | - Kenneth Smith
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham BRC, Centre of Metabolism, Ageing and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby DE22 3DT, UK; (P.J.S.); (K.S.); (P.J.A.)
| | - Philip J. Atherton
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham BRC, Centre of Metabolism, Ageing and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby DE22 3DT, UK; (P.J.S.); (K.S.); (P.J.A.)
| | - Dinesh Kumbhare
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2C9, Canada;
| | - Daniel R. Moore
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2C9, Canada; (M.M.); (N.H.); (M.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(416)-946-4088
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