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Migaud ME, Ziegler M, Baur JA. Regulation of and challenges in targeting NAD + metabolism. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024; 25:822-840. [PMID: 39026037 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-024-00752-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, in its oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) forms, is a reduction-oxidation (redox) co-factor and substrate for signalling enzymes that have essential roles in metabolism. The recognition that NAD+ levels fall in response to stress and can be readily replenished through supplementation has fostered great interest in the potential benefits of increasing or restoring NAD+ levels in humans to prevent or delay diseases and degenerative processes. However, much about the biology of NAD+ and related molecules remains poorly understood. In this Review, we discuss the current knowledge of NAD+ metabolism, including limitations of, assumptions about and unappreciated factors that might influence the success or contribute to risks of NAD+ supplementation. We highlight several ongoing controversies in the field, and discuss the role of the microbiome in modulating the availability of NAD+ precursors such as nicotinamide riboside (NR) and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), the presence of multiple cellular compartments that have distinct pools of NAD+ and NADH, and non-canonical NAD+ and NADH degradation pathways. We conclude that a substantial investment in understanding the fundamental biology of NAD+, its detection and its metabolites in specific cells and cellular compartments is needed to support current translational efforts to safely boost NAD+ levels in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie E Migaud
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Frederick P. Whiddon College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA.
| | - Mathias Ziegler
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Joseph A Baur
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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2
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Alves LDF, Moore JB, Kell DB. The Biology and Biochemistry of Kynurenic Acid, a Potential Nutraceutical with Multiple Biological Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9082. [PMID: 39201768 PMCID: PMC11354673 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25169082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is an antioxidant degradation product of tryptophan that has been shown to have a variety of cytoprotective, neuroprotective and neuronal signalling properties. However, mammalian transporters and receptors display micromolar binding constants; these are consistent with its typically micromolar tissue concentrations but far above its serum/plasma concentration (normally tens of nanomolar), suggesting large gaps in our knowledge of its transport and mechanisms of action, in that the main influx transporters characterized to date are equilibrative, not concentrative. In addition, it is a substrate of a known anion efflux pump (ABCC4), whose in vivo activity is largely unknown. Exogeneous addition of L-tryptophan or L-kynurenine leads to the production of KYNA but also to that of many other co-metabolites (including some such as 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine and quinolinic acid that may be toxic). With the exception of chestnut honey, KYNA exists at relatively low levels in natural foodstuffs. However, its bioavailability is reasonable, and as the terminal element of an irreversible reaction of most tryptophan degradation pathways, it might be added exogenously without disturbing upstream metabolism significantly. Many examples, which we review, show that it has valuable bioactivity. Given the above, we review its potential utility as a nutraceutical, finding it significantly worthy of further study and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana de Fátima Alves
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Building 220, Søltofts Plads, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - J. Bernadette Moore
- School of Food Science & Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell & Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown St., Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Douglas B. Kell
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Building 220, Søltofts Plads, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell & Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown St., Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
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3
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Dar W. Aspartame-induced cognitive dysfunction: Unveiling role of microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and molecular remediation. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 135:112295. [PMID: 38776852 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Aspartame, an artificial sweetener, is consumed by millions of people globally. There are multiple reports of aspartame and its metabolites affecting cognitive functions in animal models and humans, which include learning problems, headaches, seizures, migraines, irritable moods, anxiety, depression, and insomnia. These cognitive deficits and associated symptoms are partly attributed to dysregulated excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter balance due to aspartate released from aspartame, resulting in an excitotoxic effect in neurons, leading to neuronal damage. However, microglia, a central immunocompetent cell type in brain tissue and a significant player in inflammation can contribute to the impact. Microglia rapidly respond to changes in CNS homeostasis. Aspartame consumption might affect the microglia phenotype directly via methanol-induced toxic effects and indirectly via aspartic acid-mediated excitotoxicity, exacerbating symptoms of cognitive decline. Long-term oral consumption of aspartame thus might change microglia's phenotype from ramified to activated, resulting in chronic or sustained activation, releasing excess pro-inflammatory molecules. This pro-inflammatory surge might lead to the degeneration of healthy neurons and other glial cells, impairing cognition. This review will deliberate on possible links and research gaps that need to be explored concerning aspartame consumption, ecotoxicity and microglia-mediated inflammatory cognitive impairment. The study covers a comprehensive analysis of the impact of aspartame consumption on cognitive function, considering both direct and indirect effects, including the involvement of microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. We also propose a novel intervention strategy involving tryptophan supplementation to mitigate cognitive decline symptoms in individuals with prolonged aspartame consumption, providing a potential solution to address the adverse effects of aspartame on cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Dar
- Translational Neurobiology and Disease Modelling Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Greater Noida, 201314, India.
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Sadok I, Jędruchniewicz K. Dietary Kynurenine Pathway Metabolites-Source, Fate, and Chromatographic Determinations. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16304. [PMID: 38003492 PMCID: PMC10671297 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan metabolism plays an essential role in human health. In mammals, about 95% of dietary tryptophan is metabolized through the kynurenine pathway, which is associated with the development of several pathologies, including neurodegeneration. Some of the kynurenine pathway metabolites are agonists of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor involved in metabolic functions, inflammation, and carcinogenesis. Thus, their origins, fates, and roles are of widespread interest. Except for being produced endogenously, these metabolites can originate from exogenous sources (e.g., food) and undergo absorption in the digestive tract. Recently, a special focus on exogenous sources of tryptophan metabolites was observed. This overview summarizes current knowledge about the occurrence of the kynurenine pathway metabolites (kynurenines) in food and the analytical method utilized for their determination in different food matrices. Special attention was paid to sample preparation and chromatographic analysis, which has proven to be a core technique for the detection and quantification of kynurenines. A discussion of the fate and role of dietary kynurenines has also been addressed. This review will, hopefully, guide further studies on the impact of dietary kynurenines on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Sadok
- Laboratory of Separation and Spectroscopic Method Applications, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, 20-708 Lublin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Jędruchniewicz
- Laboratory of Separation and Spectroscopic Method Applications, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, 20-708 Lublin, Poland;
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Elango R. Tolerable Upper Intake Level for Individual Amino Acids in Humans: A Narrative Review of Recent Clinical Studies. Adv Nutr 2023; 14:885-894. [PMID: 37062432 PMCID: PMC10334138 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Individual amino acids are widely popular as supplements because of various perceived and real health benefits. However, currently, there are no recommendations set by national health agencies for tolerable upper intake levels (UL) for amino acids because of a lack of well-conducted human dose-response trials. In the past decade, under the initiative of the International Council on Amino Acid Science, a nonprofit organization, a series of UL human clinical studies were conducted. The goal of this narrative review is to summarize the studies on 6 essential amino acids (leucine, tryptophan, methionine, lysine, histidine, and phenylalanine), 2 nonessential amino acids (arginine and serine), and 2 nonproteinogenic amino acids (ornithine and citrulline) and provide the first set of ULs. A brief background of the concept of the DRI framework of UL, the concept of UL for amino acids, and a perspective of the results are also provided. The data suggest that in relatively healthy adult individuals, the tested amino acids are well tolerated, and ULs, or the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL), lowest-observed-adverse-effect-level (LOAEL), can be determined. The ULs were for leucine-young (35 g/d), tryptophan (4.5 g/d), and leucine-elderly (30 g/d); NOAEL and LOAEL for methionine at 3.2 and 6.4 g/d, respectively; NOAEL for arginine (30 g/d); NOAEL and LOAEL for lysine at 6 and 7.5 g/d, respectively; NOAEL and LOAEL for histidine at 8 and 12 g/d, respectively; and NOAEL for phenylalanine (12 g/d), serine (12 g/d), ornithine (12 g/d) and citrulline (24 g/d). This first set of human UL data are hoped to help national and international agencies set safety standards for supplemental amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajavel Elango
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada; British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada.
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Chojnacki C, Gąsiorowska A, Popławski T, Błońska A, Konrad P, Zajdler R, Chojnacki J, Blasiak J. Reduced Intake of Dietary Tryptophan Improves Beneficial Action of Budesonide in Patients with Lymphocytic Colitis and Mood Disorders. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15071674. [PMID: 37049514 PMCID: PMC10097278 DOI: 10.3390/nu15071674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphocytic colitis (LC) is a gastrointestinal (GI) tract disease with poorly known pathogenesis, but some environmental and lifestyle factors, including certain dietary components, may play a role. Tryptophan is an essential amino acid, which plays important structural and functional roles as a component of many proteins. It is important in the development and maintenance of the body, in which it is metabolized in two main pathways: kynurenine (KYN) and serotonin. In this work, we explored the effect of reducing of TRP in the diet of patients with LC with mood disorders. We enrolled 40 LC patients who had a normal diet, 40 LC patients with the 8-week diet with TRP content reduced by 25% and 40 controls. All LC patients received budesonide at 9 mg per day, and the severity of their GI symptoms was evaluated by the Gastrointestinal Symptoms Rating Scale. Mood disorders were evaluated by the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D). The concentration of TRP and its metabolites, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), kynurenine (KYN), kynurenic acid (KYNA) and quinolinic acid (QA), in urine were determined. Budesonide improved the GI and mental states of LC patients, and the diet with reduced TRP content further amended these symptoms. Dietary intervention decreased the concentration of 5-HIAA by about 50% (3.4 vs. 6.3) and QA by about 45% (3.97 vs. 7.20). These changes were correlated with a significant improvement in the profitable action of budesonide on gastrointestinal and mental health of LC patients as they displayed significantly lower GSRS, HAM-A and HAM-B scores after than before the intervention—10.5 vs. 32, 11.0 vs. 21 and 12 vs. 18, respectively. In conclusion, a reduction in TRP intake in diet may improve GI and mental symptoms in LC patients treated with budesonide and these changes may be mediated by the products of TRP metabolism.
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Chojnacki C, Gąsiorowska A, Popławski T, Konrad P, Chojnacki M, Fila M, Blasiak J. Beneficial Effect of Increased Tryptophan Intake on Its Metabolism and Mental State of the Elderly. Nutrients 2023; 15:847. [PMID: 36839204 PMCID: PMC9961537 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The elderly often suffer from sleep disorders and depression, which contribute to mood disorders. In our previous work, we showed that elderly individuals with mood disorders had a lower intake of TRP and recommended a TRP-based dietary intervention to improve the mental state of such individuals. In this work, we assessed the impact of a TRP-rich diet on the mental state of, and TRP metabolism in, elderly individuals with mood disorders. Forty elderly individuals with depression and sleep disorders and an equal number of elderly subjects without mood disorders were enrolled in this study. TRP intake was evaluated with the nutrition calculator. Patients with mood disorders had a lower TRP intake than their normal counterparts and received a TRP-rich diet with TRP content of 25 mg per kilogram of the body per day for 12 weeks. The mental state was assessed before and after this dietary intervention with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) and the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). At those times, urinary levels of TRP and its metabolites 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), L-kynurenine (KYN), kynurenic acid (KYNA), and quinolinic acid (QA) were determined by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry and related to creatinine level. After TRP-based dietary intervention, the score of ISI and HAM-D decreased by more than half. A correlation analysis reveals that TRP, 5-HIAA, and KYNA might have anti-depressive action, while KYN and QA-pro-depressive. The levels of TRP, 5-HIAA, and KYNA in urine of mood disorder patients increased, while the levels of KYN and QA decreased. In conclusion, dietary consumption of adequate amount of tryptophan has a beneficial effect on mental health of the elderly with mood disorders and improves metabolism of this amino acid. Therefore, a TRP-enriched diet may be considered as a component of the treatment of elderly individuals with mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezary Chojnacki
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterological Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-647 Lodz, Poland
| | - Anita Gąsiorowska
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Popławski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Paulina Konrad
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterological Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-647 Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin Chojnacki
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterological Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-647 Lodz, Poland
| | - Michal Fila
- Department of Developmental Neurology and Epileptology, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute, 93-338 Lodz, Poland
| | - Janusz Blasiak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
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Hu D, Liu J, Yu W, Li C, Huang L, Mao W, Lu Z. Tryptophan intake, not always the more the better. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1140054. [PMID: 37113297 PMCID: PMC10128863 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1140054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate the effects of excessive tryptophan intake on the body and the effects of tryptophan metabolism-related aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway in healthy rats and chronic kidney disease rats, to study the adverse effects of excess tryptophan. Design In Part I Experiment, the healthy rats were fed with diet containing 0.6, 1.2 and 1.8% tryptophan for 12 weeks. After the intervention, the blood and kidney tissues were collected. Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen were detected. Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining was used to observe renal pathological changes. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect serum kynurenic acid and AhR levels. The kidney levels of AhR, CyP1A1 and CyP1B1 were detected by western-blot. In Part II Experiment, the chronic kidney disease (CKD) model was induced by intra-gastric gavage with adenine for 4 weeks. Then the CKD rats were given tryptophan at a dose of 100 mg/kg or 500 mg/kg for eight weeks. Rat survival curve, renal function, renal tissue pathology and serum AhR were detected. Tryptophan-targeted ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MRM-MS) was employed to quantitatively access the tryptophan-targeted metabolites in two parts experiments. Results In part I experiment, high tryptophan diet can increase the level of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in healthy rats and induce focal renal tubulointerstitial injury. Tryptophan-targeted analyzes showed that high tryptophan diet feeding can significantly increase the concentration of kynurenine and indole metabolites. The serum AhR level and kidney AhR, CyP1A1 and CyP1B1 were also significantly increased in high tryptophan diet rats. In part II experiment, high tryptophan intervention induced a significant increase in mortality, serum creatinine, urea nitrogen levels, and renal pathological damage in CKD rats. The levels of tryptophan-targeted metabolites, kynurenine, xanthurenate, picolinic acid, 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid, indole-3-lactic acid, indoleacetate and indoxyl sulfate, showed an upward trend in the high-dose tryptophan group (Ade + Trp-H) compared with the adenine group. The serum AhR of Ade + Trp-H rats was significantly higher than those of adenine rats. Conclusion Moderate tryptophan intake may be beneficial, but excessive tryptophan can lead to accumulation of kynurenine and indole metabolites, activate AhR pathway and induce kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanlin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Nephrology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lihua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Nephrology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Nephrology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Mao,
| | - Zhaoyu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Nephrology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Zhaoyu Lu,
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A Reduced Tryptophan Diet in Patients with Diarrhoea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome Improves Their Abdominal Symptoms and Their Quality of Life through Reduction of Serotonin Levels and Its Urinary Metabolites. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315314. [PMID: 36499643 PMCID: PMC9738361 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
(1). An essential component of any treatment for patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is an adequate diet. Currently, a low FODMAP diet is recommended as a first-line therapy, but it does not relieve abdominal discomfort in all patients, and alternative nutritional treatment is required. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a tryptophan-lowering diet (TRP) on abdominal and mental symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome with predominant diarrhea (IBS-D). (2). The study included 40 patients with IBS-D, and 40 healthy subjects served as a baseline for IBS-D patients, after excluding comorbidities. The TRP intake was calculated using the nutritional calculator. The severity of abdominal symptoms was assessed using the gastrointestinal symptom rating scale (GSRS-IBS). Mental state was assessed using the Hamilton anxiety rating scale (HAM-A), the Hamilton depression rating scale (HAM-D), and the insomnia severity index (ISI). The serum levels of serotonin and melatonin and the urinary excretion of their metabolites 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (aMT6) were determined by the ELISA method. The severity of symptoms and laboratory data were analyzed before and after a 12 week diet with tryptophan restricted to a daily dose 10 mg per kilogram body weight. (3). Compared to the control group, patients with IBS-D had a higher serum level of serotonin (198.2 ± 38.1 vs. 142.3 ± 36.4 ng/mL; p < 0.001) but a similar level of melatonin (8.6 ± 1.1 vs. 9.4 ± 3.0 pg/mL; p > 0.05). The urinary excretion of 5-HIAA was also higher in patients with IBS-D patients (7.7 ± 1.5 vs. 6.0 ± 1.7 mg/24 h; p < 0.001). After nutritional treatment, both the serum serotonin level and the urinary 5-HIAA excretion significantly decreased (p < 0.001). The severity of the abdominal symptoms and anxiety also decreased, while the HAM-D score and the ISI score remained unchanged (4). Lowering the dietary intake of tryptophan may reduce abdominal complaints and does not alter the mental state of IBS-D patients.
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Turska M, Paluszkiewicz P, Turski WA, Parada-Turska J. A Review of the Health Benefits of Food Enriched with Kynurenic Acid. Nutrients 2022; 14:4182. [PMID: 36235834 PMCID: PMC9570704 DOI: 10.3390/nu14194182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Kynurenic acid (KYNA), a metabolite of tryptophan, is an endogenous substance produced intracellularly by various human cells. In addition, KYNA can be synthesized by the gut microbiome and delivered in food. However, its content in food is very low and the total alimentary supply with food accounts for only 1-3% of daily KYNA excretion. The only known exception is chestnut honey, which has a higher KYNA content than other foods by at least two orders of magnitude. KYNA is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract; it is not metabolized and is excreted mainly in urine. It possesses well-defined molecular targets, which allows the study and elucidation of KYNA's role in various pathological conditions. Following a period of fascination with KYNA's importance for the central nervous system, research into its role in the peripheral system has been expanding rapidly in recent years, bringing some exciting discoveries. KYNA does not penetrate from the peripheral circulation into the brain; hence, the following review summarizes knowledge on the peripheral consequences of KYNA administration, presents data on KYNA content in food products, in the context of its daily supply in diets, and systematizes the available pharmacokinetic data. Finally, it provides an analysis of the rationale behind enriching foods with KYNA for health-promoting effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Turska
- Department of Molecular Biology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, 20-708 Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Paluszkiewicz
- Department of General, Oncological and Metabolic Surgery, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, 02-778 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Waldemar A. Turski
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jolanta Parada-Turska
- Department of Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
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11
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Li Q, You Y, Zeng Y, Wang X, Pan Z, Pang J, Chen Q, Zhou Y, Jin Y, Yang Y, Ling W. Associations between plasma tryptophan and indole-3-propionic acid levels and mortality in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2022; 116:1070-1077. [PMID: 35728041 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqac170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indole-3-propionic acid (IPA), a microbiota-produced tryptophan metabolite, has been shown to exhibit cardioprotective effects in animal models. However, the relation of IPA with cardiovascular risk in humans is currently unknown. OBJECTIVES This prospective study aimed to investigate whether plasma tryptophan and IPA levels are associated with decreased risks of mortality. METHODS Ultra-HPLC-MS/MS was used to measure plasma tryptophan and IPA levels in 1829 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the associations between tryptophan and IPA levels and the risks of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. RESULTS During the median 9.2-year follow-up, 424 all-cause deaths occurred, of which 272 were cardiovascular deaths. Plasma tryptophan and IPA levels were significantly associated with reduced risks of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Patients with CAD with the highest quartiles of tryptophan and IPA levels had multivariable-adjusted HRs of 0.62 (95% CI, 0.43-0.89) and 0.71 (95% CI, 0.50-0.99), respectively, for cardiovascular mortality and 0.67 (95% CI, 0.50-0.90) and 0.75 (95% CI, 0.57-0.99), respectively, for all-cause mortality compared with those in patients with CAD in the lowest quartile. After multivariable adjustments, 1-SD increases in the continuous plasma tryptophan and IPA levels were associated with 16% and 14% decreases, respectively, in the risks of cardiovascular mortality and with 13% and 14% decreases, respectively, in the risks of all-cause mortality. Restricted cubic splines displayed linear associations between plasma tryptophan and IPA levels and cardiovascular and all-cause mortality among patients with CAD. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that plasma tryptophan and IPA levels are significantly associated with decreased risks of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in patients with CAD. Further studies are needed to determine the clinical diagnostic and therapeutic values of tryptophan and IPA levels on the risks of mortality among patients with CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yiran You
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yupeng Zeng
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhijun Pan
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Juan Pang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yuqing Zhou
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yufeng Jin
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wenhua Ling
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Nutrition Transformation, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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12
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Karakawa S, Nakayama A, Ohtsuka N, Sato K, Smriga M. Detection of impurities in dietary supplements containing L-tryptophan. Amino Acids 2022; 54:835-839. [PMID: 35043227 PMCID: PMC9167196 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-022-03125-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Impurities in nine dietary supplements containing L-tryptophan were evaluated using an HPLC methodology. In five tested products, the total impurities were higher than the thresholds described in the Food Chemical Codex or implemented in the EU for pharmaceutical grade L-tryptophan. In addition, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to specifically test for the presence of 1,1'-ethylidenebis-L-tryptophan (EBT). None of the tested products contained detectable amounts of EBT. High amounts of unidentified impurities in some dietary supplements point to potential health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachise Karakawa
- International Council on Amino Acid Science (ICAAS), Avenue de Tervueren, 188A, 1150, Brussels, Belgium.
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-8681, Japan.
| | - Akira Nakayama
- International Council on Amino Acid Science (ICAAS), Avenue de Tervueren, 188A, 1150, Brussels, Belgium
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-8681, Japan
| | - Naoto Ohtsuka
- Shimadzu Techno-Research Inc., 3-19-2 Minamirokugo, Ohta-ku, Tokyo, 144-0045, Japan
| | - Katsuma Sato
- Shimadzu Techno-Research Inc., 3-19-2 Minamirokugo, Ohta-ku, Tokyo, 144-0045, Japan
| | - Miro Smriga
- International Council on Amino Acid Science (ICAAS), Avenue de Tervueren, 188A, 1150, Brussels, Belgium
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13
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity develops due to an imbalance in energy homeostasis, wherein energy intake exceeds energy expenditure. Accumulating evidence shows that manipulations of dietary protein and their component amino acids affect the energy balance, resulting in changes in fat mass and body weight. Amino acids are not only the building blocks of proteins but also serve as signals regulating multiple biological pathways. SCOPE OF REVIEW We present the currently available evidence regarding the effects of dietary alterations of a single essential amino acid (EAA) on energy balance and relevant signaling mechanisms at both central and peripheral levels. We summarize the association between EAAs and obesity in humans and the clinical use of modifying the dietary EAA composition for therapeutic intervention in obesity. Finally, similar mechanisms underlying diets varying in protein levels and diets altered of a single EAA are described. The current review would expand our understanding of the contribution of protein and amino acids to energy balance control, thus helping discover novel therapeutic approaches for obesity and related diseases. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Changes in circulating EAA levels, particularly increased branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), have been reported in obese human and animal models. Alterations in dietary EAA intake result in improvements in fat and weight loss in rodents, and each has its distinct mechanism. For example, leucine deprivation increases energy expenditure, reduces food intake and fat mass, primarily through regulation of the general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. Methionine restriction by 80% decreases fat mass and body weight while developing hyperphagia, primarily through fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) signaling. Some effects of diets with different protein levels on energy homeostasis are mediated by similar mechanisms. However, reports on the effects and underlying mechanisms of dietary EAA imbalances on human body weight are few, and more investigations are needed in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Innovation Center for Intervention of Chronic Disease and Promotion of Health, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Feifan Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Innovation Center for Intervention of Chronic Disease and Promotion of Health, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, China.
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14
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Tolerable amounts of amino acids for human supplementation: summary and lessons from published peer-reviewed studies. Amino Acids 2021; 53:1313-1328. [PMID: 34338884 PMCID: PMC8416832 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03054-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Amino acid supplementation may be indicated to correct for insufficient amino acid intake in healthy individuals, and in specific physiological or pathophysiological situations. However, there is a concern to not supplement beyond the tolerable upper intake level (UL) by determining parameters of no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) or lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) for each amino acid. Since the NOAEL and LOAEL values are at least one order of magnitude different when comparing the values obtained in rats and humans, the aim of this review is to evaluate to what extent the amino acid UL measured in the rat model, when referenced to the dietary usual consumption (UC) and dietary requirement (RQ) for indispensable amino acids, may be used as an approximation of the UL in humans. This review then compares the ratios of the NOAEL or LOAEL over UC and RQ in the rat model with the same ratios calculated in humans for the nine amino acids (arginine, serine, glycine, histidine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan) for which this comparison can be done. From the calculations made, it appears that for these 9 amino acids, the calculated ratios for rats and humans, although rather different for several amino acids, remains for all of them in the same order of magnitude. For tryptophan, tyrosine, and valine, the ratios calculated in rats are markedly different according to the sex of animals, raising the view that it may be also the case in humans.
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15
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Role of Kynurenine Pathway in Oxidative Stress during Neurodegenerative Disorders. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071603. [PMID: 34206739 PMCID: PMC8306609 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are chronic and life-threatening conditions negatively affecting the quality of patients’ lives. They often have a genetic background, but oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage seem to be at least partly responsible for their development. Recent reports indicate that the activation of the kynurenine pathway (KP), caused by an activation of proinflammatory factors accompanying neurodegenerative processes, leads to the accumulation of its neuroactive and pro-oxidative metabolites. This leads to an increase in the oxidative stress level, which increases mitochondrial damage, and disrupts the cellular energy metabolism. This significantly reduces viability and impairs the proper functioning of central nervous system cells and may aggravate symptoms of many psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. This suggests that the modulation of KP activity could be effective in alleviating these symptoms. Numerous reports indicate that tryptophan supplementation, inhibition of KP enzymes, and administration or analogs of KP metabolites show promising results in the management of neurodegenerative disorders in animal models. This review gathers and systematizes the knowledge concerning the role of metabolites and enzymes of the KP in the development of oxidative damage within brain cells during neurodegenerative disorders and potential strategies that could reduce the severity of this process.
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16
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Serum 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid and Ratio of 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid to Serotonin as Metabolomics Indicators for Acute Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Vancomycin-Associated Acute Kidney Injury. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060895. [PMID: 34199555 PMCID: PMC8228749 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of vancomycin-associated acute kidney injury (VAKI) varies from 5–43%, and early detection of VAKI is important in deciding whether to discontinue nephrotoxic agents. Oxidative stress is the main mechanism of VAKI, and serotonin (5-HT) and its metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) have been examined with respect to their involvement in ischemia/reperfusion damage in experimental animal models. In the current study, we assessed 5-HT and 5-HIAA as novel biomarkers for detecting VAKI in patients who have infections or compromised renal function, using a mass spectrometry–based metabolomics approach. We conducted amino acid profiling analysis and measurements of 5-HT and 5-HIAA using serum from subjects with VAKI (n = 28) and non-VAKI control subjects (n = 69), consisting of the infection subgroup (n = 23), CKD subgroup (n = 23), and healthy controls (HCs, n = 23). 5-HT was significantly lower in the VAKI group than in the non-VAKI groups, and the concentration of 5-HIAA and the ratio of 5-HIAA to 5-HT (5-HIAA/5-HT) showed higher values in the VAKI group. The infection subgroup presented a significantly greater 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio compared with the HC subgroup. Our study revealed that increased 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio has the potential to act as a VAKI surrogate marker, reflecting acute oxidative stress and inflammation.
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17
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Worton SA, Pritchard HAT, Greenwood SL, Alakrawi M, Heazell AEP, Wareing M, Greenstein A, Myers JE. Kynurenine Relaxes Arteries of Normotensive Women and Those With Preeclampsia. Circ Res 2021; 128:1679-1693. [PMID: 33656370 PMCID: PMC8154175 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.120.317612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Rationale: Activation of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan catabolism by infection and inflammation contributes to the development of systemic hypotension. Commercially-available kynurenine has direct vasorelaxant effects on arteries from several species and reduces systemic blood pressure when administered to normotensive or hypertensive rats. Objectives: To determine whether kynurenine promotes relaxation of human resistance arteries from normotensive and hypertensive pregnant women and to identify the vascular mechanism of its effects. Methods and Results: In isolated omental and myometrial resistance arteries from normotensive pregnant women, kynurenine (1 mmol/L) significantly reduced U46619-induced constriction (omentum N=14, P=2.4×10−3; myometrium N=21–25, P=2.6×10−4) and relaxed preconstricted arteries (N=53, P=1.0×10−11; N=20, P=8.8×10−3). Vasorelaxation persisted following endothelium removal (N=7, P=1.6×10−4) but was completely prevented by inhibition of large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (BKCa) channels with iberiotoxin (N=9, P=5.7×10−4) or paxilline (N=10, P=2.1×10−17). Accordingly, in isolated vascular smooth muscle cells from omental arteries, kynurenine increased the BKCa current (n=5–8, P=0.022) and the amplitude of spontaneous transient outward currents (n=6, P=0.031) but did not affect spontaneous transient outward current frequency. Kynurenine also increased Ca2+ spark frequency of pressurized omental arteries (n=8, P=0.031). Vasorelaxant effects of kynurenine persisted following inhibition of ryanodine receptors (N=7, P=0.48) but were moderately reduced by inhibition of adenylate cyclase (N=9, P=0.024). In arteries from women with preeclampsia, kynurenine similarly attenuated vasoconstriction (N=15, P=1.3×10−5) and induced BKCa-mediated vasodilation (N=16, P=2.0×10−4). Vasorelaxation in response to kynurenine and a specific BKCa activator, NS11021, was absent in fetal-derived placental resistance arteries in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia. Conclusions: Kynurenine dilates systemic arteries from multiple territories via BKCa activation. Notably, the vasorelaxatory capacity of kynurenine is preserved in preeclampsia, suggesting this approach may have translational potential for the treatment of hypertension in pregnancy. The data warrant further investigation of the potential to exploit this endogenous vasorelaxant as a new treatment for hypertensive pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Worton
- Maternal & Fetal Health Research Centre, Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (S.A.W., S.L.G., A.E.P.H., M.W., J.E.M.).,Manchester University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom (S.A.W., A.E.P.H., A.G., J.E.M.)
| | - Harry A T Pritchard
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (H.A.T.P., M.A., A.G.)
| | - Susan L Greenwood
- Maternal & Fetal Health Research Centre, Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (S.A.W., S.L.G., A.E.P.H., M.W., J.E.M.)
| | - Mariam Alakrawi
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (H.A.T.P., M.A., A.G.)
| | - Alexander E P Heazell
- Maternal & Fetal Health Research Centre, Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (S.A.W., S.L.G., A.E.P.H., M.W., J.E.M.).,Manchester University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom (S.A.W., A.E.P.H., A.G., J.E.M.)
| | - Mark Wareing
- Maternal & Fetal Health Research Centre, Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (S.A.W., S.L.G., A.E.P.H., M.W., J.E.M.)
| | - Adam Greenstein
- Manchester University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom (S.A.W., A.E.P.H., A.G., J.E.M.).,Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (H.A.T.P., M.A., A.G.)
| | - Jenny E Myers
- Maternal & Fetal Health Research Centre, Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (S.A.W., S.L.G., A.E.P.H., M.W., J.E.M.).,Manchester University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom (S.A.W., A.E.P.H., A.G., J.E.M.)
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18
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Possibility of Amino Acid Treatment to Prevent the Psychiatric Disorders via Modulation of the Production of Tryptophan Metabolite Kynurenic Acid. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051403. [PMID: 32414200 PMCID: PMC7284450 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Kynurenic acid, a metabolite of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan catabolism, acts as an antagonist for both the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and glycine coagonist sites of the N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptor at endogenous brain concentrations. Elevation of brain kynurenic acid levels reduces the release of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and glutamate, and kynurenic acid is considered to be involved in psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and depression. Thus, the control of kynurenine pathway, especially kynurenic acid production, in the brain is an important target for the improvement of brain function or the effective treatment of brain disorders. Astrocytes uptake kynurenine, the immediate precursor of kynurenic acid, via large neutral amino acid transporters, and metabolize kynurenine to kynurenic acid by kynurenine aminotransferases. The former transport both branched-chain and aromatic amino acids, and the latter have substrate specificity for amino acids and their metabolites. Recent studies have suggested the possibility that amino acids may suppress kynurenic acid production via the blockade of kynurenine transport or via kynurenic acid synthesis reactions. This approach may be useful in the treatment and prevention of neurological and psychiatric diseases associated with elevated kynurenic acid levels.
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19
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Oshima S, Shiiya S, Nakamura Y. Combined Supplementation with Glycine and Tryptophan Reduces Purine-Induced Serum Uric Acid Elevation by Accelerating Urinary Uric Acid Excretion: A Randomized, Single-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2562. [PMID: 31652875 PMCID: PMC6893627 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors previously confirmed the serum uric acid-lowering effects of the combination of glycine and tryptophan in subjects with mild hyperuricemia. This study examined whether combined supplementation with glycine and tryptophan suppressed the elevation in serum uric acid levels caused by purine ingestion and accelerated urinary uric acid excretion in subjects with lower urate excretion using a randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover clinical trial design. Healthy Japanese adult males with lower urate excretion ingested water containing purines in addition to dextrin (placebo), tryptophan, glycine, or a glycine and tryptophan mixture. The combined supplementation with glycine and tryptophan significantly reduced the elevated serum uric acid levels after purine ingestion. Glycine alone and in combination with tryptophan significantly increased urinary uric acid excretion and urate clearance compared with the effects of the placebo. Urinary pH increased by the ingestion of the mixture. These results suggested that the improved water solubility of uric acid due to increased urinary pH contributed to the increase of urinary uric acid excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunji Oshima
- Core Technology Laboratories, Asahi Quality & Innovations, Ltd., 1-21, Midori 1-Chome, Moriya-Shi 302-0106, Japan.
| | - Sachie Shiiya
- Core Technology Laboratories, Asahi Quality & Innovations, Ltd., 1-21, Midori 1-Chome, Moriya-Shi 302-0106, Japan.
| | - Yasunori Nakamura
- Core Technology Laboratories, Asahi Quality & Innovations, Ltd., 1-21, Midori 1-Chome, Moriya-Shi 302-0106, Japan.
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20
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Oshima S, Shiiya S, Nakamura Y. Serum Uric Acid-Lowering Effects of Combined Glycine and Tryptophan Treatments in Subjects with Mild Hyperuricemia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study. Nutrients 2019; 11:E564. [PMID: 30845731 PMCID: PMC6471320 DOI: 10.3390/nu11030564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We determined the serum uric acid-lowering effects of combined daily supplementation of glycine and tryptophan in patients with mild hyperuricemia using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover clinical trial design. Japanese healthy adult males and females with mild hyperuricemia (fasting serum uric acid of 6.6⁻7.9 mg/dL) ingested a powder mixture containing 3.0 g of glycine and 0.2 g of tryptophan or a placebo powder once daily at bedtime for 6 weeks. Combined supplementation with glycine and tryptophan significantly decreased serum uric acid levels (from 7.1 mg/dL to 6.7 mg/dL, p = 0.004) before and after the trial. Serum uric acid concentrations significantly decreased in the subjects supplemented with the amino acid mixture compared with those in placebo-treated subjects (p = 0.028). In addition, the combination treatment with glycine and tryptophan decreased serum triglyceride levels (from 119 mg/dL to 86 mg/dL, p = 0.002). Increased solubility of uric acid caused by urinary pH were likely contributors to the serum uric acid-lowering effects of the amino acid mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunji Oshima
- Core Technology Laboratories, Asahi Group Holdings, Ltd., 1-21, Midori 1-Chome, Moriya-shi 302-0106, Japan.
| | - Sachie Shiiya
- Core Technology Laboratories, Asahi Group Holdings, Ltd., 1-21, Midori 1-Chome, Moriya-shi 302-0106, Japan.
| | - Yasunori Nakamura
- Core Technology Laboratories, Asahi Group Holdings, Ltd., 1-21, Midori 1-Chome, Moriya-shi 302-0106, Japan.
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21
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Imai E, Shibata K. Oral Glucose Tolerance and Tryptophan Metabolism in Non-Obese and Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetic Goto-Kakizaki Rats Fed High-Tryptophan Diets. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2018; 64:48-55. [PMID: 29491272 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.64.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We investigated oral glucose tolerance and tryptophan (Trp) metabolism in non-obese and non-insulin-dependent diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats fed high-Trp diets. Five-week-old male Wistar and GK rats were fed a 20% casein diet (control diet) or the same diet supplemented with 1%, 2%, 3%, or 5% Trp for 58 d. Oral glucose tolerance tests were performed on Days 14 and 28 of the experimental period. Urine as well as livers and blood were collected on the last day of the experiment. The glucose concentration and the amount of Trp metabolites were measured. On Day 14 of the experiment, the incremental blood glucose concentrations integrated over a period of 2 h (ΔAUC0-2h) of blood glucose in rats fed the 3% and 5% Trp diets had decreased by 13% and 18%, respectively, compared with that of the control-GK rats. However, no significant differences were found in the rats fed +1% or +2% Trp diets compared with control-GK rats. On Day 28, there were no significant differences found in the ΔAUC0-2h of blood glucose levels in any group including the control-GK group. On the last day, the concentrations of plasma glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride did not show differences in any group. There were no specific phenomena observed in the metabolism of Trp in GK rats even when fed an excess of Trp, compared with that of Wistar rats. Oral Trp administration and its continuous use may not improve blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Imai
- Department of Nutrition, School of Human Cultures, The University of Shiga Prefecture
| | - Katsumi Shibata
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Konan Women's University
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22
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Friedman M. Analysis, Nutrition, and Health Benefits of Tryptophan. Int J Tryptophan Res 2018; 11:1178646918802282. [PMID: 30275700 PMCID: PMC6158605 DOI: 10.1177/1178646918802282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan is an essential plant-derived amino acid that is needed for the in vivo biosynthesis of proteins. After consumption, it is metabolically transformed to bioactive metabolites, including serotonin, melatonin, kynurenine, and the vitamin niacin (nicotinamide). This brief integrated overview surveys and interprets our current knowledge of the reported multiple analytical methods for free and protein-bound tryptophan in pure proteins, protein-containing foods, and in human fluids and tissues, the nutritional significance of l-tryptophan and its isomer d-tryptophan in fortified infant foods and corn tortillas as well the possible function of tryptophan in the diagnosis and mitigation of multiple human diseases. Analytical methods include the use of acid ninhydrin, near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy, colorimetry, basic hydrolysis; acid hydrolysis of S-pyridylethylated proteins, and high-performance liquid and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Also covered are the nutritional values of tryptophan-fortified infant formulas and corn-based tortillas, safety of tryptophan for human consumption and the analysis of maize (corn), rice, and soybean plants that have been successfully genetically engineered to produce increasing tryptophan. Dietary tryptophan and its metabolites seem to have the potential to contribute to the therapy of autism, cardiovascular disease, cognitive function, chronic kidney disease, depression, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, sleep, social function, and microbial infections. Tryptophan can also facilitate the diagnosis of certain conditions such as human cataracts, colon neoplasms, renal cell carcinoma, and the prognosis of diabetic nephropathy. The described findings are not only of fundamental scientific interest but also have practical implications for agriculture, food processing, food safety, nutrition, and animal and human health. The collated information and suggested research need will hopefully facilitate and guide further studies needed to optimize the use of free and protein-bound tryptophan and metabolites to help improve animal and human nutrition and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mendel Friedman
- Healthy Processed Foods Research and Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, USA
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23
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24
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Madrid-Gambin F, Brunius C, Garcia-Aloy M, Estruel-Amades S, Landberg R, Andres-Lacueva C. Untargeted 1H NMR-Based Metabolomics Analysis of Urine and Serum Profiles after Consumption of Lentils, Chickpeas, and Beans: An Extended Meal Study To Discover Dietary Biomarkers of Pulses. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:6997-7005. [PMID: 29920085 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
High legume intake has been shown to have beneficial effects on the health of humans. The use of nutritional biomarkers, as a complement to self-reported questionnaires, could assist in evaluating dietary intake and downstream effects on human health. The aim of this study was to investigate potential biomarkers of the consumption of pulses (i.e., white beans, chickpeas, and lentils) by using untargeted NMR-based metabolomics. Meals rich in pulses were consumed by a total of 11 participants in a randomized crossover study and multilevel partial least-squares regression was employed for paired comparisons. Metabolomics analysis indicated that trigonelline, 3-methylhistidine, dimethylglycine, trimethylamine, and lysine were potential, though not highly specific, biomarkers of pulse intake. Furthermore, monitoring of these metabolites for a period of 48 h after intake revealed a range of different excretion patterns among pulses. Following the consumption of pulses, a metabolomic profiling revealed that the concentration ratios of trigonelline, choline, lysine, and histidine were similar to those found in urine. In conclusion, this study identified potential urinary biomarkers of exposure to dietary pulses and provided valuable information about the time-response effect of these putative biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Madrid-Gambin
- Biomarkers & Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, XaRTA, INSA , Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona , Barcelona 08028 , Spain
- CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES) , Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Carl Brunius
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Food and Nutrition Science , Chalmers University of Technology , Gothenburg SE-412 96 , Sweden
| | - Mar Garcia-Aloy
- Biomarkers & Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, XaRTA, INSA , Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona , Barcelona 08028 , Spain
- CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES) , Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Sheila Estruel-Amades
- Biomarkers & Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, XaRTA, INSA , Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona , Barcelona 08028 , Spain
| | - Rikard Landberg
- Department of Molecular Sciences , Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , Uppsala 750 07 , Sweden
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Food and Nutrition Science , Chalmers University of Technology , Gothenburg SE-412 96 , Sweden
| | - Cristina Andres-Lacueva
- Biomarkers & Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, XaRTA, INSA , Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona , Barcelona 08028 , Spain
- CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES) , Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Barcelona , Spain
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Badawy AAB. Hypothesis kynurenic and quinolinic acids: The main players of the kynurenine pathway and opponents in inflammatory disease. Med Hypotheses 2018; 118:129-138. [PMID: 30037600 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
I hypothesize that the intermediates of the kynurenine (Kyn) pathway (KP) of tryptophan (Trp) degradation kynurenic acid (KA) and quinolinic acid (QA) play opposite roles in inflammatory diseases, with KA being antiinflammatory and QA being immunosuppressant. Darlington et al. have demonstrated a decrease in the ratio of plasma 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid to anthranilic acid ([3-HAA]/[AA]) in many inflammatory conditions and proposed that this decrease either reflects inflammatory disease or is an antiinflammatory response. I argue in favour of the latter possibility and provide evidence that KA is responsible for the decrease in this ratio by increasing AA formation from Kyn through activation of the kynureninase reaction. Immunosuppression has been attributed to some Kyn metabolites tested at concentrations far greater than could occur in microenvironments. So far, only QA has been shown using immunohistochemistry to reach immunosuppressive levels. Future immune studies of the KP should focus on QA as the potentially main microenvironmentally measurable immunosuppressant and should include KA as an antiinflammatory metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulla A-B Badawy
- School of Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Western Avenue, Cardiff CF5 2YB, Wales, UK.
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26
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van den Broek M, de Heide LJM, Emous M, Wijma RB, Veeger NJGM, Wolthuis A, Laskewitz AJ, Heiner-Fokkema MR, Muller Kobold AC, Wolffenbuttel BHR, van Beek AP. Satiety and gastrointestinal hormones during a Mixed Meal Tolerance Test after gastric bypass surgery: association with plasma amino acid concentrations. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2018; 14:1106-1117. [PMID: 29937240 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating amino acids have been associated with both appetite and the secretion of anorexigenic hormones in healthy and obese populations. This effect has not been investigated in subjects having undergone Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGB). OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between postprandial plasma concentrations of amino acids and the anorexigenic hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), the orexigenic hormone ghrelin, and satiety and hunger in post-RYGB subjects. SETTING A Dutch surgical department. METHODS Participants after primary RYGB were studied during a Mixed Meal Tolerance Test (MMTT). Satiety and hunger were assessed every 30 minutes on visual analogue scales. Blood samples were collected at baseline, every 10 minutes during the first half hour and every 30 minutes until 210 minutes after the start. The samples were assessed for 24 amino acids and 3 gastrointestinal hormones. Incremental areas under the curve (iAUCs) were calculated. Exploratory analyses were performed in which subjects were divided into high and low responders depending on the median iAUC. RESULTS 42 subjects, aged 48 ± 11 (mean ± SD) years, 31 to 76 months post-RYGB and with total weight loss of 30 ± 9% completed the MMTT. Subjects with high satiety scores had more than a 25% higher net iAUC of PYY and GLP-1 and at least a 10% higher net iAUC of 10 amino acids compared to subjects with low scores (P < 0.05). The net iAUC of five of these amino acids (i.e. arginine, asparagine, histidine, serine and threonine) was more than 10% higher in subjects with high responses on GLP-1 and/or PYY (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Certain postprandial amino acids were associated with satiety and anorexigenic hormones and could therefore play a role in appetite regulation after RYGB; either by a direct effect on satiety, indirectly through gastrointestinal hormones, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merel van den Broek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands.
| | - Loek J M de Heide
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Marloes Emous
- Department of Surgery, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands; Centre for Obesity Netherlands (CON), Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Ragnhild B Wijma
- Department of Surgery, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands; Centre for Obesity Netherlands (CON), Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Nic J G M Veeger
- Department of Epidemiology, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Wolthuis
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, CERTE, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Anke J Laskewitz
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, CERTE, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - M Rebecca Heiner-Fokkema
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anneke C Muller Kobold
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bruce H R Wolffenbuttel
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - André P van Beek
- Centre for Obesity Netherlands (CON), Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands; Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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27
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Shibui Y, Matsumoto H, Masuzawa Y, Ohishi T, Fukuwatari T, Shibata K, Sakai R. Thirteen week toxicity study of dietary l-tryptophan in rats with a recovery period of 5 weeks. J Appl Toxicol 2017; 38:552-563. [PMID: 29143967 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although l-tryptophan is nutritionally important and widely used in medical applications, toxicity data for its oral administration are limited. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential toxicity of an experimental diet containing added l-tryptophan at doses of 0 (basal diet), 1.25%, 2.5% and 5.0% when administered to Sprague-Dawley rats for 13 weeks. There were no toxicological changes in clinical signs, ophthalmology, urinalysis, hematology, necropsy, organ weight and histopathology between control rats and those fed additional l-tryptophan. Body weight gain and food consumption significantly decreased throughout the administration period in males in the 2.5% group and in both sexes in the 5.0% group. At the end of the dosing period, decreases in water intake in males in the 5.0% group and in serum glucose in females in the 5.0% group were observed. The changes described above were considered toxicologically significant; however, they were not observed after a 5 week recovery period, suggesting reversibility. Consequently, the no-observed-adverse-effect level of l-tryptophan in the present study was 1.25% for males and 2.5% for females (mean intake of l-tryptophan: 779 mg kg-1 body weight day-1 [males] and 1765 mg kg-1 body weight day-1 [females]). As the basal diet used in this study contained 0.27% of proteinaceous l-tryptophan, the no-observed-adverse-effect level of overall l-tryptophan was 1.52% for males and 2.77% for females (mean intake of overall l-tryptophan: 948 mg kg-1 body weight day-1 (males) and 1956 mg kg-1 body weight day-1 (females)). We conclude that l-tryptophan has a low toxicity profile in terms of human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Shibui
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-8681, Japan
| | - Hideki Matsumoto
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-8681, Japan
| | - Yoko Masuzawa
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-8681, Japan
| | - Takumi Ohishi
- Gotemba Laboratory, Bozo Research Center Inc., 1284, Kamado, Gotemba-shi, Shizuoka, 412-0039, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Fukuwatari
- Department of Nutrition, School of Human Cultures, The University of Shiga Prefecture, 2500, Hassaka-cho, Hikone-shi, Shiga, 522-8533, Japan
| | - Katsumi Shibata
- Department of Nutrition, School of Human Cultures, The University of Shiga Prefecture, 2500, Hassaka-cho, Hikone-shi, Shiga, 522-8533, Japan
| | - Ryosei Sakai
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-8681, Japan
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Xu K, Liu H, Bai M, Gao J, Wu X, Yin Y. Redox Properties of Tryptophan Metabolism and the Concept of Tryptophan Use in Pregnancy. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1595. [PMID: 28737706 PMCID: PMC5536082 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
During pregnancy, tryptophan (Trp) is required for several purposes, and Trp metabolism varies over time in the mother and fetus. Increased oxidative stress (OS) with high metabolic, energy and oxygen demands during normal pregnancy or in pregnancy-associated disorders has been reported. Taking the antioxidant properties of Trp and its metabolites into consideration, we made four hypotheses. First, the use of Trp and its metabolites is optional based on their antioxidant properties during pregnancy. Second, dynamic Trp metabolism is an accommodation mechanism in response to OS. Third, regulation of Trp metabolism could be used to control/attenuate OS according to variations in Trp metabolism during pregnancy. Fourth, OS-mediated injury could be alleviated by regulation of Trp metabolism in pregnancy-associated disorders. Future studies in normal/abnormal pregnancies and in associated disorders should include measurements of free Trp, total Trp, Trp metabolites, and activities of Trp-degrading enzymes in plasma. Abnormal pregnancies and some associated disorders may be associated with disordered Trp metabolism related to OS. Mounting evidence suggests that the investigation of the use of Trp and its metabolites in pregnancy will be meanful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Xu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Changsha 410125, China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China.
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China.
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China.
| | - Hongnan Liu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Changsha 410125, China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China.
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China.
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China.
| | - Miaomiao Bai
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Changsha 410125, China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China.
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China.
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China.
| | - Jing Gao
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Changsha 410125, China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China.
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China.
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China.
| | - Xin Wu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Changsha 410125, China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China.
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China.
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China.
| | - Yulong Yin
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Changsha 410125, China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China.
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China.
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China.
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29
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Nagashima S, Yamashita M, Tojo C, Kondo M, Morita T, Wakamura T. Can tryptophan supplement intake at breakfast enhance melatonin secretion at night? J Physiol Anthropol 2017; 36:20. [PMID: 28245865 PMCID: PMC5331733 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-017-0135-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tryptophan (TRP) is an essential amino acid, and it has been suggested that TRP intake at breakfast combined with daytime bright light exposure can increase nocturnal melatonin secretion. However, the mechanisms involved are not yet clear. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of TRP supplement intake at breakfast on nocturnal melatonin secretion under different daytime light intensities in humans. Method Twelve subjects (aged 21.3 ± 3.0 years, mean ± standard deviation) participated in a random order in experimental sessions lasting 3 days under four conditions in a laboratory setting. The four conditions were TRP*Bright, Placebo*Bright, TRP*Dim, and Placebo*Dim. A TRP capsule (1000 mg) or a placebo starch capsule (1000 mg) were taken at breakfast. In addition, during the daytime (07:00–18:00), the subjects were asked to stay under different light intensities: >5000 lx (bright) or <50 lx (dim). Saliva samples were collected for measuring the concentration of melatonin. The time courses of melatonin concentration and dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) were compared among the four conditions using repeated measurements analysis of variance (ANOVA). Result Nocturnal melatonin concentrations in the bright light condition tended to be higher than in the dim light condition (main effect of light: p = .099). Moreover, in the bright light condition, the change in DLMO between baseline and after the intervention was significantly higher than that in the dim light condition (main effect of light: p <.001). However, the ANOVA results indicated no significant effect of TRP intake on melatonin secretion. Conclusion Our findings indicated that intake of 1000 mg of TRP at breakfast on 1 day did not change nocturnal melatonin secretion, even though TRP is the precursor of melatonin. In contrast, daytime bright light exposure increased nocturnal melatonin secretion and advanced the phase of melatonin onset. Therefore, TRP supplementation, unlike exposure to daytime bright light, does not acutely affect biological rhythm and sleep in humans. Trial registration UMIN Clinical Trial Registry: UMIN000024121 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40101-017-0135-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Nagashima
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Chiaki Tojo
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kondo
- Comprehensive Housing R&D Institute, Sekisui House, Ltd., Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Morita
- Department of Environmental Science, Fukuoka Women's University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoko Wakamura
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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30
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Cynober L, Bier DM, Kadowaki M, Morris SM, Elango R, Smriga M. Proposals for Upper Limits of Safe Intake for Arginine and Tryptophan in Young Adults and an Upper Limit of Safe Intake for Leucine in the Elderly. J Nutr 2016; 146:2652S-2654S. [PMID: 27934658 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.228478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
On the basis of research presented during the 9th Amino Acid Assessment Workshop, a No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) for diet-added arginine (added mostly in the form of dietary supplements) of 30 g/d and an upper limit of safe intake (ULSI) for diet-added tryptophan (added mostly in the form of dietary supplements) of 4.5 g/d have been proposed. Both recommendations apply to healthy young adults. The total dietary leucine ULSI proposed for elderly individuals is 500 mg · kg-1 · d-1 All 3 recommendations are relevant only to high-quality amino acid-containing products with specifications corresponding to those listed in the US Pharmacopeia Because the above amino acids are extensively utilized as dietary supplements for various real or perceived benefits, such as vasodilation, spermatogenesis, sleep, mood regulation, or muscle recovery, the above safety recommendations will have an important impact on regulatory and nutritional practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Cynober
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Cochin Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France; .,Biological Nutrition Laboratory and.,EA 4466, Faculty of Pharmacy, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.,Scientific Advisory Committee of the International Council on Amino Acid Science
| | - Dennis M Bier
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Scientific Advisory Committee of the International Council on Amino Acid Science
| | - Motoni Kadowaki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.,Scientific Advisory Committee of the International Council on Amino Acid Science
| | - Sidney M Morris
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA.,Scientific Advisory Committee of the International Council on Amino Acid Science
| | - Rajavel Elango
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and.,Scientific Advisory Committee of the International Council on Amino Acid Science
| | - Miro Smriga
- International Council on Amino Acid Science, Brussels, Belgium
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31
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Steenbergen L, Jongkees BJ, Sellaro R, Colzato LS. Tryptophan supplementation modulates social behavior: A review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 64:346-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Associations between intake of fish and n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and plasma metabolites related to the kynurenine pathway in patients with coronary artery disease. Eur J Nutr 2015; 56:261-272. [PMID: 26482150 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-1077-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Enhanced tryptophan degradation via the kynurenine pathway has been related to several pathological conditions. However, little is known about the effect of diet on individual metabolites of this pathway. We investigated cross-sectional associations between reported intake of fish and omega-3 (n-3) long-chain PUFA (LC-PUFA) and plasma metabolites related to the kynurenine pathway. METHODS Participants were 2324 individuals with coronary artery disease from the Western Norway B Vitamin Intervention Trial. Fish and n-3 LC-PUFA intakes were assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. Plasma concentrations of tryptophan, kynurenine, kynurenic acid, anthranilic acid, 3-hydroxykynurenine, xanthurenic acid, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, neopterin, and kynurenine-to-tryptophan ratio (KTR) were analyzed. Associations were investigated using partial Spearman's rank correlations and multiple linear regressions. RESULTS Median age at inclusion was 62 years (80 % males), and 84 % had stable angina pectoris. Intake of fatty fish and n-3 LC-PUFA was inversely associated with plasma 3-hydroxykynurenine. Consumption of total fish, lean fish, and n-3 LC-PUFA was inversely associated with plasma neopterin. Intake of total fish, fatty fish, and n-3 LC-PUFA was inversely associated with KTR. All these correlations were weak (ρ between -0.12 and -0.06, P < 0.01). In 306 patients with diabetes, lean fish intake was positively associated with plasma 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (ρ = 0.22, P < 0.001, P for interaction = 0.01), and total fish intake was inversely associated with KTR (ρ = -0.17, P < 0.01, P for interaction = 0.02). CONCLUSION Fish intake was not an important determinant of individual metabolites in the kynurenine pathway. However, some correlations were stronger in patients with diabetes. The inverse associations of fish or n-3 LC-PUFA with neopterin and KTR may suggest a slightly lower IFN-γ-mediated immune activation with a higher intake.
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33
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Badawy AAB. Tryptophan metabolism, disposition and utilization in pregnancy. Biosci Rep 2015; 35:e00261. [PMID: 26381576 PMCID: PMC4626867 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20150197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan (Trp) requirements in pregnancy are several-fold: (1) the need for increased protein synthesis by mother and for fetal growth and development; (2) serotonin (5-HT) for signalling pathways; (3) kynurenic acid (KA) for neuronal protection; (4) quinolinic acid (QA) for NAD(+) synthesis (5) other kynurenines (Ks) for suppressing fetal rejection. These goals could not be achieved if maternal plasma [Trp] is depleted. Although plasma total (free + albumin-bound) Trp is decreased in pregnancy, free Trp is elevated. The above requirements are best expressed in terms of a Trp utilization concept. Briefly, Trp is utilized as follows: (1) In early and mid-pregnancy, emphasis is on increased maternal Trp availability to meet the demand for protein synthesis and fetal development, most probably mediated by maternal liver Trp 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) inhibition by progesterone and oestrogens. (2) In mid- and late pregnancy, Trp availability is maintained and enhanced by the release of albumin-bound Trp by albumin depletion and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) elevation, leading to increased flux of Trp down the K pathway to elevate immunosuppressive Ks. An excessive release of free Trp could undermine pregnancy by abolishing T-cell suppression by Ks. Detailed assessment of parameters of Trp metabolism and disposition and related measures (free and total Trp, albumin, NEFA, K and its metabolites and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in maternal blood and, where appropriate, placental and fetal material) in normal and abnormal pregnancies may establish missing gaps in our knowledge of the Trp status in pregnancy and help identify appropriate intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulla A-B Badawy
- School of Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Western Avenue, Cardiff CF5 2YB, Wales, U.K.
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34
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Liu Y, Yuan JM, Zhang LS, Zhang YR, Cai SM, Yu JH, Xia ZF. Effects of tryptophan supplementation on growth performance, antioxidative activity, and meat quality of ducks under high stocking density. Poult Sci 2015; 94:1894-901. [PMID: 26089478 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
High stocking density (STD) could affect duck welfare and production. The objective of our study was to investigate whether dietary tryptophan (TRP) supplementation could alleviate the detrimental effects of high STD on ducks. White Pekin ducks at 4 to 6 wk of age were raised at 11 birds/m(2) and fed diets containing 0.18, 0.48, 0.78, or 1.08% TRP for 21 d. Growth performance, concentrations of TRP and metabolites in the blood and hypothalamus, antioxidative activities in serum and tissue, meat quality, serum uric acid, and urea nitrogen were measured. Weight gain and feed efficiency were significantly improved by TRP supplementation at ≥ 0.48 and ≥ 0.78% (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively). Serum TRP, hypothalamic TRP, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacitic acid (5-HIAA), and 5-HIAA/5-HT were also increased significantly (P < 0.01). These increases plateaued at 0.48% TRP, and no further improvement was obtained by adding more TRP to the diet. Dietary TRP supplementation significantly increased levels of total antioxidant capacity, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) in serum; GSH-Px in liver; and GSH-Px and CAT in breast muscle (P < 0.05). Malondialdehyde levels in breast muscle decreased (P < 0.001). Drip loss of breast muscle and pH decline at 45 min postmortem were reduced by TRP supplementation (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). Meat color was similar among different treatments (P > 0.05). Breast muscle shear force was increased significantly when dietary TRP level increased to 1.08% (P < 0.01). For ducks raised at 11 birds/m², dietary TRP supplementation could alleviate stress and improve growth performance, antioxidative activity, and meat quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - J M Yuan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - L S Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Y R Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - S M Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - J H Yu
- Animal Department, Beijing Aquarium, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Z F Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Hiratsuka C, Sano M, Fukuwatari T, Shibata K. Time-dependent effects of L-tryptophan administration on urinary excretion of L-tryptophan metabolites. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2015; 60:255-60. [PMID: 25297614 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.60.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that dietary supplementation with up to 5.0 g/d of L-tryptophan (L-Trp) for 21 d has no adverse effects, judging from the levels of general blood variables, in healthy women. We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover intervention study in 17 apparently healthy Japanese women. The subjects were randomly assigned to receive a placebo (0 g/d) or 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, or 5.0 g/d of L-Trp for 21 d each with a 5-wk washout period between trials. We examined the 24-h urine profiles on days -1 (1 d before starting L-Trp), 7, 14, and 21 to determine whether administration of L-Trp at doses of up to 5.0 g/d affects time-dependent urinary excretion of L-Trp or its metabolites in healthy women. The urinary excretion of L-Trp, kynurenic acid, 3-hydroxykynurenine, xanthurenic acid, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, quinolinic acid, N(1)-methylnicotinamide, N(1)-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide, and N(1)-methyl-4-pyridone-3-carboxamide increased in an L-Trp dose-dependent manner on day 7. The amount of urinary excretion of these compounds was unchanged on days 14 and 21. The urinary excretion of serotonin, 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid, 2-oxoadipic acid, and nicotinamide was unaffected by L-Trp at any of the doses tested. L-Trp doses had weak effects on the urinary excretion of kynurenine and anthranilic acid. Based on these findings, we conclude that there are no time-dependent effects of L-Trp administration in urinary excretion of L-Trp metabolites. Additionally, L-Trp and its metabolites do not accumulate in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Hiratsuka
- Department of Nutrition, School of Human Culture, The University of Shiga Prefecture
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Shibata K, Ohno T, Sano M, Fukuwatari T. The urinary ratio of 3-hydroxykynurenine/3-hydroxyanthranilic acid is an index to predicting the adverse effects of D-tryptophan in rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2015; 60:261-8. [PMID: 25297615 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.60.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The adverse effects of D-tryptophan and the possibility of it being a surrogate index for predicting adverse effects in rats were investigated. Male rats were fed one of several test diets (20% casein diets with 0% (control), 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, and 0.5% D-tryptophan) for 21 d, and 24-h urine samples on the final day of the experiment were collected. Analyses of food intake and body-weight changes revealed adverse effects to be observed in the group fed the 0.3% D-tryptophan diet. We propose urinary levels of 3-hydroxykynurenine/3-hydroxyanthranilic acid to be surrogate indicators for predicting the adverse effects of D-tryptophan from the break point of body-weight gains and urinary levels of D-tryptophan metabolites. The reaction 3-hydroxykynurenine→3-hydroxyanthranilic acid is catalyzed by the pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzyme kynureninase. Increasing urinary 3-hydrokykynurenine indicates kynureninase deficiency. Intake of D-tryptophan in rats fed the 0.3% D-tryptophan diet was 0.21 g/kg body weight and feeding of the 0.3% D-tryptophan diet did not elicit adverse effects. Thus, the safe level of D-tryptophan was less than 0.2% in the diet, 0.15 g/kg body weight, in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsumi Shibata
- Department of Nutrition, School of Human Cultures, University of Shiga Prefecture
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Shibata K, Hirose J, Fukuwatari T. Method for Evaluation of the Requirements of B-group Vitamins Using Tryptophan Metabolites in Human Urine. Int J Tryptophan Res 2015; 8:31-9. [PMID: 25987848 PMCID: PMC4404996 DOI: 10.4137/ijtr.s24412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan metabolism is directly involved with B-group vitamins such as vitamin B2, niacin, and vitamin B6, and indirectly with vitamin B1 and pantothenic acid. We evaluated the validity of requirements of B-group vitamins set by the Dietary Reference Intakes for the Japanese (DRI-J). We investigated the fate of dietary tryptophan in 10 Japanese adult men who ate the same diet based on DRI-J during a 4-week study. Vitamin mixtures were administered based on the amounts in the basal diet during weeks 2, 3, and 4. Daily urine samples were collected eight times (days 1 and 5 in each week). Administration of vitamin mixtures had no effect on tryptophan metabolites such as anthranilic acid, kynurenic acid, xanthurenic acid, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, and quinolinic acid within individuals. Surplus administration of B-group vitamins against DRI-J requirements did not elicit beneficial effects on tryptophan metabolism. Our findings supported the requirements of B-group vitamins set by the DRI-J.
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The tryptophan utilization concept in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Sci 2014; 57:249-59. [PMID: 25105097 PMCID: PMC4124085 DOI: 10.5468/ogs.2014.57.4.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The decrease in maternal plasma total (free + albumin-bound) tryptophan (Trp) during the third pregnancy trimester is attributed to induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). When measured, free [Trp] is increased because of albumin depletion and non-esterified fatty acid elevation. The Trp depletion concept in pregnancy is therefore not supported because of incorrect interpretation of changes in Trp disposition and also for not addressing mouse strain differences in Trp-related responses and potential inhibition of Trp transport by the IDO inhibitor 1-methyl tryptophan. Application of the Trp utilization concept in pregnancy offers several physiological advantages favoring fetal development and successful outcome, namely provision of Trp for fetal protein synthesis and growth, serotonin for signaling pathways, kynurenic acid for neuroprotection, quinolinic acid for NAD+ synthesis, and other kynurenines for suppression of T cell responses. An excessive increase in Trp availability could compromise pregnancy by undermining T cell suppression, e.g., in pre-eclampsia.
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Effects of l-tryptophan on l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated macaque model of Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 2014; 566:72-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Reyes Ocampo J, Lugo Huitrón R, González-Esquivel D, Ugalde-Muñiz P, Jiménez-Anguiano A, Pineda B, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Ríos C, Pérez de la Cruz V. Kynurenines with neuroactive and redox properties: relevance to aging and brain diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:646909. [PMID: 24693337 PMCID: PMC3945746 DOI: 10.1155/2014/646909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway (KP) is the main route of tryptophan degradation whose final product is NAD(+). The metabolism of tryptophan can be altered in ageing and with neurodegenerative process, leading to decreased biosynthesis of nicotinamide. This fact is very relevant considering that tryptophan is the major source of body stores of the nicotinamide-containing NAD(+) coenzymes, which is involved in almost all the bioenergetic and biosynthetic metabolism. Recently, it has been proposed that endogenous tryptophan and its metabolites can interact and/or produce reactive oxygen species in tissues and cells. This subject is of great importance due to the fact that oxidative stress, alterations in KP metabolites, energetic deficit, cell death, and inflammatory events may converge each other to enter into a feedback cycle where each one depends on the other to exert synergistic actions among them. It is worth mentioning that all these factors have been described in aging and in neurodegenerative processes; however, has so far no one established any direct link between alterations in KP and these factors. In this review, we describe each kynurenine remarking their redox properties, their effects in experimental models, their alterations in the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jazmin Reyes Ocampo
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, S.S.A., Insurgentes Sur 3877, 14269 México, DF, Mexico
- Área de Neurociencias, Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, 09340 México, DF, Mexico
| | - Rafael Lugo Huitrón
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, S.S.A., Insurgentes Sur 3877, 14269 México, DF, Mexico
| | - Dinora González-Esquivel
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, S.S.A., Insurgentes Sur 3877, 14269 México, DF, Mexico
| | - Perla Ugalde-Muñiz
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, S.S.A., Insurgentes Sur 3877, 14269 México, DF, Mexico
| | - Anabel Jiménez-Anguiano
- Área de Neurociencias, Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, 09340 México, DF, Mexico
| | - Benjamín Pineda
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, S.S.A., 14269 México, DF, Mexico
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 México, DF, Mexico
| | - Camilo Ríos
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, S.S.A., Insurgentes Sur 3877, 14269 México, DF, Mexico
| | - Verónica Pérez de la Cruz
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, S.S.A., Insurgentes Sur 3877, 14269 México, DF, Mexico
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Sano M, Ferchaud-Roucher V, Nael C, Aguesse A, Poupeau G, Castellano B, Darmaun D. Simultaneous detection of stable isotope-labeled and unlabeled L-tryptophan and of its main metabolites, L-kynurenine, serotonin and quinolinic acid, by gas chromatography/negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2014; 49:128-135. [PMID: 24677305 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A method for the detection of unlabeled and (15)N2 -labeled L-tryptophan (L-Trp), L-kynurenine (L-Kyn), serotonin (5-HT) and quinolinic acid (QA) in human and rat plasma by GC/MS is described. Labeled and unlabeled versions of these four products were analyzed as their acyl substitution derivatives using pentafluoropropionic anhydride and 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propanol. Products were then separated by GC and analyzed by selected ion monitoring using negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. L-[(13)C11, (15)N2]-Trp, methyl-serotonin and 3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid were used as internal standards for this method. The coefficients of variation for inter-assay repeatability were found to be approximately 5.2% for L-Trp and (15)N2-Trp, 17.1% for L-Kyn, 16.9% for 5-HT and 5.8% for QA (n = 2). We used this method to determine isotope enrichments in plasma L-Trp over the course of a continuous, intravenous infusion of L-[(15) N2 ]Trp in pregnant rat in the fasting state. Plasma (15)N2-Trp enrichment reached a plateau at 120 min. The free Trp appearance rate (Ra) into plasma was 49.5 ± 3.35 µmol/kg/h. The GC/MS method was applied to determine the enrichment of (15)N-labeled L-Trp, L-Kyn, 5-HT and QA concurrently with the concentration of non-labeled L-Trp, L-Kyn, 5-HT and QA in plasma. This method may help improve our understanding on L-Trp metabolism in vivo in animals and humans and potentially reveal the relative contribution of the four pathways of L-Trp metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsue Sano
- UMR 1280 Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, INRA, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; Laboratories of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Human Culture, The University of Shiga Prefecture, Shiga, Japan
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Tsuji A, Nakata C, Sano M, Fukuwatari T, Shibata K. L-tryptophan metabolism in pregnant mice fed a high L-tryptophan diet and the effect on maternal, placental, and fetal growth. Int J Tryptophan Res 2013; 6:21-33. [PMID: 24009424 PMCID: PMC3748091 DOI: 10.4137/ijtr.s12715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess L-tryptophan (L-Trp) in the diet decreases fetal body weight. However, the relationship between L-Trp concentration and its effects on maternal, placental, and fetal growth are not well-understood. We investigated the effects of excess L-Trp intake on maternal, placental, and fetal growth. Female mice were fed a 20% casein diet (control diet) or control diet plus 2% or 5% L-Trp during gestation. Pup weights did not differ between the control (L-Trp intake: 0.04 g/kg body weight (BW)/day) and 2% L-Trp groups (L-Trp intake: 3.3 g/kg BW/day), but were significantly lower in the 5% L-Trp group (L-Trp intake: 7.0 g/kg BW/day) than in the control and 2% L-Trp groups. These results show that less than 3.3 g/kg BW/day L-Trp intake in pregnant mice during gestation does not affect fetal growth or L-Trp homeostasis in the placenta or fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Tsuji
- Department of Nutrition, School of Human Cultures, the University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, Shiga 522-8533, Japan
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Maeta A, Fukuwatari T, Funakoshi H, Nakamura T, Shibata K. Tryptophan-restriction diets help to maintain L-tryptophan homeostasis in tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase knockout mice. Int J Tryptophan Res 2013; 6:55-65. [PMID: 23922503 PMCID: PMC3729280 DOI: 10.4137/ijtr.s12206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that the requirements of essential nutrients are dependent upon catabolic abilities. Mice lacking L-tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) are available. The body concentration of L-tryptophan (L-Trp) has been reported to be higher in TDO-deficient mice than in wild-type (WT) mice. We examined the requirement of an appropriate L-Trp level for TDO-deficient mice using several biomarkers. TDO-deficient mice were fed a 10% amino-acid mixture diet containing 0.06%, 0.08%, and 0.17% L-Trp. WT mice fed a 0.17% Trp diet (standard diet) were used as control mice. The concentrations of L-Trp and its metabolites via serotonin were higher in TDO-deficient mice fed the 0.17% L-Trp diet than in WT mice fed the standard diet, but the concentrations were almost identical between TDO-deficient mice fed the 0.06% L-Trp diet and WT mice fed the standard diet. Therefore, as hypothesized, requirements of essential nutrients are dependent on catabolic abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Maeta
- Department of Nutrition, School of Human Cultures, the University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, Shiga, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Fukuwatari
- Department of Nutrition, School of Human Cultures, the University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Funakoshi
- Division of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Nakamura
- Kringle Pharma Joint Research Division for Regenerative Drug Discovery, Center for Advanced Science and Innovation, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Katsumi Shibata
- Department of Nutrition, School of Human Cultures, the University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, Shiga, Japan
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SHIBATA K, INOMOTO K, NAKATA C, FUKUWATARI T. Pantothenic Acid Deficiency May Increase the Urinary Excretion of 2-Oxo Acids and Nicotinamide Catabolites in Rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2013; 59:509-15. [DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.59.509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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