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Slominski AT, Kim TK, Janjetovic Z, Slominski RM, Li W, Jetten AM, Indra AK, Mason RS, Tuckey RC. Biological Effects of CYP11A1-Derived Vitamin D and Lumisterol Metabolites in the Skin. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:2145-2161. [PMID: 39001720 PMCID: PMC11416330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2024.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Novel pathways of vitamin D3, lumisterol 3 (L3), and tachysterol 3 (T3) activation have been discovered, initiated by CYP11A1 and/or CYP27A1 in the case of L3 and T3. The resulting hydroxymetabolites enhance protection of skin against DNA damage and oxidative stress; stimulate keratinocyte differentiation; exert anti-inflammatory, antifibrogenic, and anticancer activities; and inhibit cell proliferation in a structure-dependent manner. They act on nuclear receptors, including vitamin D receptor, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, LXRα/β, RAR-related orphan receptor α/γ, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, with selectivity defined by their core structure and distribution of hydroxyl groups. They can activate NRF2 and p53 and inhibit NF-κB, IL-17, Shh, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Thus, they protect skin integrity and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA; Cancer Chemoprevention Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
| | - Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Zorica Janjetovic
- Department of Dermatology, Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Radomir M Slominski
- Department of Genetics, Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Drug Discovery Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Anton M Jetten
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Arup K Indra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA; Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; USA
| | - Rebecca S Mason
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Kim TK, Slominski RM, Pyza E, Kleszczynski K, Tuckey RC, Reiter RJ, Holick MF, Slominski AT. Evolutionary formation of melatonin and vitamin D in early life forms: insects take centre stage. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:1772-1790. [PMID: 38686544 PMCID: PMC11368659 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Melatonin, a product of tryptophan metabolism via serotonin, is a molecule with an indole backbone that is widely produced by bacteria, unicellular eukaryotic organisms, plants, fungi and all animal taxa. Aside from its role in the regulation of circadian rhythms, it has diverse biological actions including regulation of cytoprotective responses and other functions crucial for survival across different species. The latter properties are also shared by its metabolites including kynuric products generated by reactive oxygen species or phototransfomation induced by ultraviolet radiation. Vitamins D and related photoproducts originate from phototransformation of ∆5,7 sterols, of which 7-dehydrocholesterol and ergosterol are examples. Their ∆5,7 bonds in the B ring absorb solar ultraviolet radiation [290-315 nm, ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation] resulting in B ring opening to produce previtamin D, also referred to as a secosteroid. Once formed, previtamin D can either undergo thermal-induced isomerization to vitamin D or absorb UVB radiation to be transformed into photoproducts including lumisterol and tachysterol. Vitamin D, as well as the previtamin D photoproducts lumisterol and tachysterol, are hydroxylated by cyochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes to produce biologically active hydroxyderivatives. The best known of these is 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) for which the major function in vertebrates is regulation of calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Herein we review data on melatonin production and metabolism and discuss their functions in insects. We discuss production of previtamin D and vitamin D, and their photoproducts in fungi, plants and insects, as well as mechanisms for their enzymatic activation and suggest possible biological functions for them in these groups of organisms. For the detection of these secosteroids and their precursors and photoderivatives, as well as melatonin metabolites, we focus on honey produced by bees and on body extracts of Drosophila melanogaster. Common biological functions for melatonin derivatives and secosteroids such as cytoprotective and photoprotective actions in insects are discussed. We provide hypotheses for the photoproduction of other secosteroids and of kynuric metabolites of melatonin, based on the known photobiology of ∆5,7 sterols and of the indole ring, respectively. We also offer possible mechanisms of actions for these unique molecules and summarise differences and similarities of melatoninergic and secosteroidogenic pathways in diverse organisms including insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Radomir M Slominski
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, Bioinformatics and Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Elzbieta Pyza
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
| | - Konrad Kleszczynski
- Department of Dermatology, Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 58, Münster, 48161, Germany
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health, Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | | | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
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Turck D, Bohn T, Castenmiller J, De Henauw S, Hirsch‐Ernst KI, Maciuk A, Mangelsdorf I, McArdle HJ, Naska A, Pentieva K, Siani A, Thies F, Tsabouri S, Vinceti M, Aguilera‐Gómez M, Cubadda F, Frenzel T, Heinonen M, Marchelli R, Neuhäuser‐Berthold M, Poulsen M, Prieto Maradona M, Schlatter JR, Siskos A, van Loveren H, Gerazova‐Efremova K, Roldán‐Torres R, Knutsen HK. Safety of vitamin D 2 mushroom powder as a Novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 (NF 2020/2226). EFSA J 2024; 22:e8817. [PMID: 38868108 PMCID: PMC11167336 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on vitamin D2 mushroom powder as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The NF is produced from Agaricus bisporus mushroom powder that has been exposed to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation to induce the conversion of provitamin D2 (ergosterol) to vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol). The NF contains concentrations of vitamin D in the form of vitamin D2 in the range of 245-460 μg/g. The information provided on the production process, composition and specifications of the NF does not raise safety concerns. The applicant intends to add the NF as an ingredient in a variety of foods and beverages in amounts that result in either 1.2 or 2.4 μg vitamin D2 per 100 g or 100 mL of the food as consumed. The applicant also intends to add the NF in food supplements at a maximum of 15 μg vitamin D2/day for individuals above 1 year of age, as well as in foods for special medical purposes (FSMPs). The estimates for combined intake of vitamin D from the NF, the background diet and fortified foods, were below the ULs for vitamin D as established previously by the NDA Panel for children, adolescents and adults, i.e. 50 and 100 μg/day. The estimated combined vitamin D intake in infants (6-12 months) is also below the UL for vitamin D of 35 μg/day. The Panel considers that taking into account the composition of the NF and the proposed conditions of use, the consumption of the NF is not nutritionally disadvantageous for the proposed target population. The Panel concludes that the NF is safe under the proposed conditions of use.
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Holick MF. Vitamin D and bone health: What vitamin D can and cannot do. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2024; 109:43-66. [PMID: 38777417 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Historically vitamin D deficiency had devastating consequences for children causing rickets resulting in severe bone deformities often leading to death. The mystery of the cause of rickets finally came to light when it was observed that cod liver oil and sunlight could prevent and cure rickets. The first vitamin D to be discovered was vitamin D2 from ergosterol in ultraviolet irradiated yeast. Vitamin D3 was discovered from UV exposure to the skin. Investigations revealed the two major functions of vitamin D were to increase intestinal calcium and phosphate absorption and mobilize calcium from the skeleton to maintain calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. Later studies demonstrated that vitamin D does not have an active role in bone mineralization. Vitamin D deficiency results in secondary hyperparathyroidism increasing bone resorption. As a result, this decreases bone mineral content and compromises the architectural integrity increasing risk for fracture. Vitamin D deficiency has also been shown to enhance aging of the bone causing cracks and enhancing bone fractures. Vitamin D deficiency also causes osteomalacia. Therefore, vitamin D sufficiency is extremely important to maximize bone health throughout life. It helps to prevent bone loss, but it cannot restore bone loss due to increased bone resorption that can occur under a variety of circumstances including menopause. The Endocrine Society Guidelines recommends for all ages that adequate vitamin D obtained from the sun, foods and supplements is necessary in order to maintain a circulating concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D of at least 30 ng/mL for maximum bone health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Holick
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Weight Management, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.
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McGinty RC, Phillips KM. Quantitation of total vitamin D 2 and D 4 in UV-exposed mushrooms using HPLC with UV detection after novel two-step solid phase extraction. Food Chem 2024; 439:138091. [PMID: 38104441 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.138091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
A robust method for quantitation of total vitamin D2 and D4 in mushrooms by high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection (HPLC-UV) was developed to analyze mushrooms exposed to UV light. A two-step solid phase extraction (SPE) (silica, carbon black) removed chromatographic interferences typically resolved only with mass spectrometric detection (LC-MS) and allowed quantitation of all vitamin D and pre-D analytes. The vitamin and pre-vitamin forms of D2, D4 and D3 (internal standard), as well as other photoisomers and sterols were resolved. Results for six types of UV-exposed mushrooms were comparable to LC-MS. Screening of ten additional types of UV-exposed mushrooms without the IS confirmed lack of interference with the IS. The limit of quantification (µg/100 g fresh weight) was 0.4 for vitamin D and 0.9 for pre-vitamin D. Mushrooms do not have to be dried, and separatory funnels and large solvent volumes were also eliminated from sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C McGinty
- Biochemistry Department (0308), 304 Engel Hall, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States.
| | - Katherine M Phillips
- Biochemistry Department (0308), 304 Engel Hall, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States.
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Starck C, Cassettari T, Wright J, Petocz P, Beckett E, Fayet-Moore F. Mushrooms: a food-based solution to vitamin D deficiency to include in dietary guidelines. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1384273. [PMID: 38660061 PMCID: PMC11039838 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1384273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency is a public health issue, with low dietary vitamin D intakes a contributing factor. Rates of vitamin D deficiency are 31% in Australia, and up to 72% in some regions globally. While supplementation is often prescribed as an alternative to additional sun exposure, complementary approaches including food-based solutions are needed. Yet, food-centric dietary guidelines are not always adequate for meeting vitamin D needs. Edible mushrooms such as Agaricus bisporus can produce over 100% of vitamin D recommendations (10 μg/day, Institute of Medicine) per 75 g serve (18 μg) on exposure to UV-light, with the vitamin D2 produced showing good stability during cooking and processing. However, mushrooms are overlooked as a vitamin D source in dietary guidelines. Our dietary modelling shows that four serves/week of UV-exposed button mushrooms can support most Australian adults in meeting vitamin D recommendations, and UV-exposed mushrooms have been found to increase vitamin D status in deficient individuals. While recent evidence suggests some differences between vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 in physiological activities, vitamin D2 from mushrooms can be part of a larger solution to increasing dietary vitamin D intakes, as well as an important focus for public health policy. Mushrooms exposed to UV represent an important tool in the strategic toolkit for addressing vitamin D deficiency in Australia and globally. Health authorities lead the recognition and promotion of mushrooms as a natural, vegan, safe, and sustainable vitamin D food source.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Emma Beckett
- FOODiQ Global, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Health Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Flavia Fayet-Moore
- FOODiQ Global, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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van den Heuvel EG, Lips P, Schoonmade LJ, Lanham-New SA, van Schoor NM. Comparison of the Effect of Daily Vitamin D2 and Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentration (Total 25(OH)D, 25(OH)D2, and 25(OH)D3) and Importance of Body Mass Index: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Adv Nutr 2024; 15:100133. [PMID: 37865222 PMCID: PMC10831883 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two previous meta-analyses showed smaller differences between vitamin D3 and vitamin D2 in raising serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and a consistently high heterogeneity when only including daily dosing studies. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to compare more frequently dosed vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 in improving total 25(OH)D and determine the concomitant effect of response modifiers on heterogeneity, and secondly, to compare the vitamin D2-associated change in 25(OH)D2 with the vitamin D3-associated change in 25(OH)D3. METHODS PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, and the Web of Science Core collection were searched for randomized controlled trials of vitamin D2 compared with vitamin D3, daily or once/twice weekly dosed. After screening for eligibility, relevant data were extracted for meta-analyses to determine the standardized mean difference when different methods of 25(OH)D analyses were used. Otherwise, the weighted mean difference (WMD) was determined. RESULTS Overall, the results based on 20 comparative studies showed vitamin D3 to be superior to vitamin D2 in raising total 25(OH)D concentrations, but vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 had a similar positive impact on their corresponding 25(OH)D hydroxylated forms. The WMD in change in total 25(OH)D based on 12 daily dosed vitamin D2-vitamin D3 comparisons, analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, was 10.39 nmol/L (40%) lower for the vitamin D2 group compared with the vitamin D3 group (95% confidence interval: -14.62, -6.16; I2 = 64%; P < 00001). Body mass index (BMI) appeared to be the strongest response modifier, reducing heterogeneity to 0% in both subgroups. The vitamin D2- and vitamin D3-induced change in total 25(OH)D lost significance predominantly in subjects with a BMI >25 kg/m2 (P = 0.99). However, information on BMI was only available in 13/17 daily dosed comparisons. CONCLUSIONS Vitamin D3 leads to a greater increase of 25(OH)D than vitamin D2, even if limited to daily dose studies, but vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 had similar positive impacts on their corresponding 25(OH)D hydroxylated forms. Next to baseline 25(OH)D concentration, BMI should be considered when comparing the effect of daily vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 supplementation on total 25(OH)D concentration. This study was registered in PROSPERO as CRD42021272674.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Lips
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine section, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Linda J Schoonmade
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Medical Library, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susan A Lanham-New
- Department of Nutrition, Food & Exercise Sciences, University of Surrey, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences, United Kingdom.
| | - Natasja M van Schoor
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Aging & Later Life, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Wu D, Nealon G, Liu Y, Kim TK, Slominski AT, Tuckey RC. Metabolism of Lumisterol 2 by CYP27A1. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 233:106370. [PMID: 37499840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Lumisterol2 (L2) is a photoproduct of UVB action on the fungal membrane sterol, ergosterol. Like vitamin D2, it is present in edible mushrooms, especially after UV irradiation. Lumisterol3 is similarly produced in human skin from 7-dehydrocholesterol by UVB and can be converted to hydroxy-metabolites by CYP27A1 and CYP11A1. These products are biologically active on human cells with actions that include photoprotection and inhibition of proliferation. The aim of this study was to test the ability of CYP11A1 and CYP27A1 to metabolise L2. Purified CYP27A1 was found to efficiently metabolise L2 to three major products and several minor products, whilst CYP11A1 did not act appreciably on L2. The three major products of CYP27A1 action on L2 were identified by mass spectrometry and NMR as 24-hydroxyL2, 27-hydroxyL2 and 28-hydroxyL2. Minor products included two dihydroxy L2 species, one which was identified as 24,27(OH)2L2, and another metabolite with one oxo and one hydroxyl group added. A comparison on the kinetics of the metabolism of L2 by CYP27A1 with that of the structurally similar compounds, L3 and ergosterol, was carried out with substrates incorporated into phospholipid vesicles. CYP27A1 displayed a 12-fold lower Km with L2 as substrate compared to L3 and a 5-fold lower turnover number (kcat), resulting in a 2.2 fold higher catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) for L2 metabolism. L2 was a much better substrate for CYP27A1 than its precursor, ergosterol, with a catalytic efficiency 18-fold higher. The major CYP27A1-derived hydroxy-L2 products, 24-hydroxyL2, 27-hydroxyL2 and 28-hydroxyL2, inhibited the proliferation of melanoma and epidermoid cancer cell lines. In conclusion, this study shows that L2 is not metabolized appreciably by CYP11A1, but it is a good substrate for CYP27A1 which hydroxylates its side chain to produce 3 major products that display anti-proliferative activity on skin-cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxian Wu
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Gareth Nealon
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Yuchen Liu
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
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Judprasong K, Chheng S, Chimkerd C, Jittinandana S, Tangsuphoom N, Sridonpai P. Effect of Ultraviolet Irradiation on Vitamin D in Commonly Consumed Mushrooms in Thailand. Foods 2023; 12:3632. [PMID: 37835285 PMCID: PMC10572116 DOI: 10.3390/foods12193632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effect and stability of ultraviolet B (UV-B) irradiation and subsequent cooking on vitamin D content in commonly consumed mushrooms in Thailand. Eight varieties of mushrooms were exposed to two-sided UV-B lamps for up to 3 h in a patented cabinet, followed by vitamin D content analysis. Thereafter, the four mushroom varieties with the highest vitamin D content were exposed to UV irradiation, cooked, and analyzed for various forms of vitamin D using LC-MS-MS. The results showed that vitamin D2 in all varieties of mushrooms significantly increased (p < 0.05) after UV-B irradiation according to the exposure time. The highest level of vitamin D2 was found in enokitake mushrooms. In addition, 25-OH D2 and vitamin D4 contents increased after UV-B irradiation in enokitake mushrooms. The vitamin D2 true retention in all cooked mushrooms ranged from 53 to 89% and was highest in stir-fried mushrooms. With economic investment, the two-sided UV-B cabinet has the potential to increase the vitamin D content in commercial mushroom production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunchit Judprasong
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Phuttamonthon 4 Rd., Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (K.J.); (S.C.); (S.J.); (N.T.)
| | - Sochannet Chheng
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Phuttamonthon 4 Rd., Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (K.J.); (S.C.); (S.J.); (N.T.)
- Department of Food Technology, Kampong Speu Institute of Technology, National 44 Rd. Thpong, Kampong Speu 050601, Cambodia
| | - Chanika Chimkerd
- Center of Analysis for Product Quality, Natural Products Division, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayuthaya Rd., Rajathevi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Sitima Jittinandana
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Phuttamonthon 4 Rd., Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (K.J.); (S.C.); (S.J.); (N.T.)
| | - Nattapol Tangsuphoom
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Phuttamonthon 4 Rd., Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (K.J.); (S.C.); (S.J.); (N.T.)
| | - Piyanut Sridonpai
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Phuttamonthon 4 Rd., Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (K.J.); (S.C.); (S.J.); (N.T.)
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Schorr P, Stokes CS, Volmer DA. Improved quantitative LC-MS/MS analysis of vitamin D metabolites in serum after one-pot double derivatization. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 234:115522. [PMID: 37329649 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report a one-pot double derivatization scheme, which used acetylation after a Diels-Alder reaction using 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione (PTAD) to improve separation efficiency and provide baseline separations of the five vitamin D metabolites 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (24,25(OH)2D3), 3β-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (3β-25(OH)D3), 3α-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (3α-25(OH)D3) and vitamin D3 on a C-18 stationary phase. Vitamin D metabolites are often very challenging to measure quantitatively using mass spectrometry, due to their low serum concentration levels and low ionization efficiencies. Moreover, some of these species are isomers with virtually identical mass spectral dissociation behavior. To overcome the low ionization efficiency and unspecific fragmentation behavior, derivatization using Diels-Alder reactions with Cookson-type reagents such as PTAD are common. These derivatization reactions generally result in more complicated liquid chromatography separations, because both 6R- and 6S-isomers are formed during Diels-Alder reactions. It has been shown that separations have been particularly challenging for the 3α-25(OH)D3 and 3β-25(OH)D3 epimers. Here, we optimized the PTAD derivatization and the esterification using acetic anhydride. By utilizing the esterification catalyst 4-dimethylaminopyridine, we avoided quenching and evaporation between the two derivatization steps, but were also able to perform the esterification at room temperature without heating. The optimized one-pot double derivatization LC-MS/MS assay was validated with respect to inter/intra-day precision, accuracy, recovery and linear dynamic range and applied to metabolic fingerprinting of vitamin D3 metabolites in serum samples. The metabolites 3α-25(OH)D3, 3β-25(OH)D3 and 24,25(OH)2D3, were readily quantified in all investigated samples. The method was, in principle, also fit for purpose for quantification of the native vitamin D3 species; the relatively high blank concentration of the commercial vitamin D-depleted serum used for calibration, however, limited the limits of quantification for this metabolite. The method provided insufficient limits of quantification for serum levels of 1,25(OH)2D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Schorr
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor Str. 2, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Caroline S Stokes
- Thaer Institute, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Lentzeallee 75, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Dietrich A Volmer
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor Str. 2, Berlin 12489, Germany.
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Cardwell G, Bornman JF, James AP, Daly A, Dabos G, Adorno P, Jakobsen J, Dunlop E, Black LJ. Effect of household cooking on the retention of vitamin D 2 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D 2 in pulse UV-irradiated, air-dried button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus). Food Chem 2023; 424:136387. [PMID: 37224637 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency has widespread global prevalence. Fresh mushrooms exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation generate vitamin D2 which remains after drying. It is not clear if vitamin D2 is retained after rehydration and cooking of dried mushrooms. The aim of this study was to determine the true retention of both vitamin D2 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 (25(OH)D2) after cooking UV-irradiated, air-dried, then rehydrated button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus). Mushrooms were exposed to pulsed UV radiation, then air-dried in a convection oven, followed by rehydration in warm water. Samples were cooked in three different ways: frying (5 min), baking (10 min, 200 °C) and boiling (20 min, 90 °C). Compared to rehydrated, uncooked controls, there was a high retention of D vitamers (≥95%) after cooking. Frying and baking resulted in significantly higher vitamin D2 retention compared to boiling (p < 0.0001). UV-irradiated, dried mushrooms are a valuable source of vitamin D2 after rehydration and cooking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Cardwell
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Janet F Bornman
- Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
| | - Anthony P James
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Alison Daly
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Georgios Dabos
- National Measurement Institute, 1/153 Bertie Street, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia.
| | - Paul Adorno
- National Measurement Institute, 1/153 Bertie Street, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia.
| | - Jette Jakobsen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Eleanor Dunlop
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Lucinda J Black
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia.
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12
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Rauf A, Joshi PB, Ahmad Z, Hemeg HA, Olatunde A, Naz S, Hafeez N, Simal-Gandara J. Edible mushrooms as potential functional foods in amelioration of hypertension. Phytother Res 2023. [PMID: 37157920 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Edible mushrooms are popular functional foods attributed to their rich nutritional bioactive constituent profile influencing cardiovascular function. Edible mushrooms are omnipresent in various prescribed Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, Mediterranean diet, and fortified meal plans as they are rich in amino acids, dietary fiber, proteins, sterols, vitamins, and minerals. However, without an understanding of the influence of mushroom bioactive constituents, mechanism of action on heart and allergenicity, it is difficult to fully comprehend the role of mushrooms as dietary interventions in alleviating hypertension and other cardiovascular malfunctions. To accomplish this endeavor, we chose to review edible mushrooms and their bioactive constituents in ameliorating hypertension. Hypertension and cardiovascular diseases are interrelated and if the former is managed by dietary changes, it is postulated that overall heart health could also be improved. With a concise note on different edible varieties of mushrooms, a particular focus is presented on the antihypertensive potential of mushroom bioactive constituents, mode of action, absorption kinetics and bioavailability. Ergosterol, lovastatin, cordycepin, tocopherols, chitosan, ergothioneine, γ-aminobutyric acid, quercetin, and eritadenine are described as essential bioactives with hypotensive effects. Finally, safety concerns on allergens and limitations of consuming edible mushrooms with special reference to chemical toxins and their postulated metabolites are highlighted. It is opined that the present review will redirect toxicologists to further investigate mushroom bioactives and allergens, thereby influencing dietary interventions for heart health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Swabi, Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Payal B Joshi
- Operations and Method Development, Shefali Research Laboratories, Ambernath, India
| | - Zubair Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Swabi, Pakistan
| | - Hassan A Hemeg
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Al Madinah Al Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Olatunde
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria
| | - Saima Naz
- Department of Biotechnology, Bacha Khan University, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Nabia Hafeez
- Center of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical Chemistry and Food Science Department, Faculty of Science, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense, Spain
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13
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Cardwell G, Bornman JF, James AP, Daly A, Dunlop E, Dabos G, Adorno P, Black LJ. The Retention of Vitamin D2 and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D2 in Pulse UV-Irradiated Dried Button Mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) after 12 Months of Storage. Foods 2023; 12:foods12071429. [PMID: 37048250 PMCID: PMC10093608 DOI: 10.3390/foods12071429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Fresh mushrooms exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation prior to drying generate high concentrations of vitamin D2. The aim of this study was to determine the retention of D vitamers in mushrooms that were pulse UV irradiated, then air dried, and stored for up to 12 months. Fresh button mushrooms (A. bisporus) were exposed to pulsed UV radiation (dose 200 mJ/cm2, peak of 17.5 W/cm2), air dried and vacuum sealed before being stored in the dark at room temperature. After storage, samples were freeze dried and quantified for D vitamers using triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. After 3, 6 and 12 months of storage, there was 100% (11.0 ± 0.8 µg/g dry weight (DW), 93% (10.1 ± 0.6 µg/g DW) and 58% (5.5 ± 0.6 µg/g DW) retention of vitamin D2 and 88% (0.14 ± 0.01 µg/g DW), 71% (0.11 ± 0.01 µg/g DW) and 68% (0.1 ± 0.01 µg/g DW) retention of 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 (25(OH)D2), respectively. Compared to the irradiated dried mushrooms that were not stored, the D vitamer concentration was statistically significantly lower (p < 0.05) at 6 and 12 months for 25(OH)D2 and at 12 months for vitamin D2. Sufficient vitamin D2 (99 µg) remained after 12 months storage to provide at least 100% of daily dietary vitamin D requirements in a 20 g serving.
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14
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Rondanelli M, Moroni A, Zese M, Gasparri C, Riva A, Petrangolini G, Perna S, Mazzola G. Vitamin D from UV-Irradiated Mushrooms as a Way for Vitamin D Supplementation: A Systematic Review on Classic and Nonclassic Effects in Human and Animal Models. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030736. [PMID: 36978984 PMCID: PMC10045067 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent literature has shown that vitamin D, in addition to its well-known activity on the skeleton, has many positive effects on health. Unfortunately, it is not easy to meet intake needs solely with food. Mushrooms could provide a valid way to achieve this goal, because they are one of the few sources of vitamin D. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize what has been reported in the literature on the treatment of animal and human models with irradiated commercial mushrooms, with particular attention paid to the effects on clinical outcomes associated with the classical and nonclassical vitamin D functions. A total of 18 articles were selected. Six studies were conducted on human samples, while twelve were focused on animal models. The six studies conducted in humans involved a large number of subjects (663), but the treatment period was relatively short (1–6 months). Furthermore, the treatment dosage was different in the various groups (600–3800 IU/day). Probably for this reason, the studies did not demonstrate clinical efficacy on the parameters evaluated (cognitive functions, muscle system/function, metabolic syndrome). Indeed, those studies demonstrated an efficacy in increasing the blood levels of 25(OH)D2, but not in increasing the levels of 25(OH)D total. In 9 of 12 studies conducted on the animal model, however, a clinical efficacy on bone metabolism, inflammation, and cognitive performance was demonstrated. The results of this systematic review indicate that the intake of vitamin D from irradiated mushrooms could possibly help to meet vitamin D needs, but the dosage and the time of treatment tested need to be evaluated. Therefore, studies conducted in humans for longer periods than the studies carried out up to now are necessary, with defined dosages, in order to also evaluate the clinical efficacy demonstrated in animal models both for the classical (bone metabolism) and nonclassical (muscle function, cognitive performance, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities) effects of vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Rondanelli
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Unit of Human and Clinical Nutrition, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessia Moroni
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Azienda di Servizi Alla Persona ‘‘Istituto Santa Margherita’’, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0382381739
| | - Marco Zese
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Azienda di Servizi Alla Persona ‘‘Istituto Santa Margherita’’, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Clara Gasparri
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Azienda di Servizi Alla Persona ‘‘Istituto Santa Margherita’’, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | - Simone Perna
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Division of Human Nutrition, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mazzola
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Azienda di Servizi Alla Persona ‘‘Istituto Santa Margherita’’, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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15
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Zhang J, Rayamajhi S, Thapa A, Meng G, Zhang Q, Liu L, Wu H, Gu Y, Zhang S, Zhang T, Wang X, Cao Z, Dong J, Zheng X, Zhang X, Dong X, Wang X, Sun S, Zhou M, Jia Q, Song K, Niu K. Edible mushrooms as a potent therapeutics of subclinical thyroid dysfunction among adults, especially in obese individuals: a prospective cohort study. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2022.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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16
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Conversion of ergosterol into vitamin D2 and other photoisomers in Agaricus bisporus mushrooms under UV-C irradiation. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.102143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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17
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Sommer K, Hillinger M, Eigenmann A, Vetter W. Characterization of various isomeric photoproducts of ergosterol and vitamin D2 generated by UV irradiation. Eur Food Res Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-022-04167-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
AbstractVitamin D2 is produced from its precursor ergosterol under the impact of ultraviolet (UV) light which is also commercially carried out to increase vitamin D2 contents in mushrooms (‘Novel Food’). However, this process is accompanied by the formation of various isomers that partly co-elute with the target compound and are currently difficult to analyze. For this reason, vitamin D2 and ergosterol were irradiated with the goal to generate and characterize various isomeric photoproducts with three analytical methods. High-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC–UV) was accompanied by using a chiral detector (CD) which was serially linked with the UV detector. Applied for the first time in this research area, HPLC-CD chromatograms provided complementary information which was crucial for the identification of several co-elutions that would have been overlooked without this approach. Additional information was derived from gas chromatography with mass spectrometry analysis. Diagnostic fragment ions in the GC/MS spectra allowed to distinguish four classes of tri- (n = 2), tetra-, and pentacyclic isomer groups. Despite several drawbacks of each of the applied methods, the shared evaluation allowed to characterize more than ten isomeric photoproducts of vitamin D2 including previtamin D2, lumisterol2, tachysterol2,trans-vitamin D2 isomers, and two pentacyclic isomers (suprasterols2 I and II), which were isolated and characterized by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR).
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18
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Soroko-Dubrovina M, Górniak W, Zielińska P, Górniak A, Čebulj-Kadunc N, Korczyński M. Evaluation of Shiitake Mushroom ( Lentinula edodes) Supplementation on the Blood Parameters of Young Thoroughbred Racehorses. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12223212. [PMID: 36428438 PMCID: PMC9686513 DOI: 10.3390/ani12223212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes) supplementation on the hematology and biochemical blood parameters of young Thoroughbred racehorses. The study was conducted with 20 horses divided into two groups: the supplemented and the control group. The supplemented group was given 30 g of L. edodes daily for four months. One blood sample was collected four times from each horse at four-week intervals. The hematology analysis in the supplemented group showed a higher level of monocytes at day 56 when compared to the control group (p = 0.000986). Biochemical analysis showed that alkaline phosphatase is most sensitive to shiitake mushroom supplementation, with statistically significant lower levels in supplemented group compared to the control group on all individual days of blood sampling. It was also found that supplementation had an effect on the decrease of glucose levels on days 28 (p = 0.009109) and 56 y (p = 0.025749), on reduction aspartate aminotransferase level on day 56 (p = 0.017258) and a decrease of lactic acid on day 28 of sampling (p = 0.037636). Cholesterol levels decreased consistently in all individual days of blood sampling. Further studies are needed to show the influence of supplementation with shiitake mushroom in larger groups of horses over a longer period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Soroko-Dubrovina
- Institute of Animal Breeding, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chelmonskiego 38C, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Wanda Górniak
- Department of Automotive Engineering, Mechanical Faculty, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Na Grobli 13, 50-421 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Paulina Zielińska
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Plac Grunwaldzki 51, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksander Górniak
- Department of Automotive Engineering, Mechanical Faculty, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Na Grobli 13, 50-421 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Nina Čebulj-Kadunc
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mariusz Korczyński
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chelmonskiego 38C, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland
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19
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Effect of air-drying on the generation of vitamin D2 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 by pulsed UV irradiation in button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus). J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.105034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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20
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Gopal J, Sivanesan I, Muthu M, Oh JW. Scrutinizing the Nutritional Aspects of Asian Mushrooms, Its Commercialization and Scope for Value-Added Products. Nutrients 2022; 14:3700. [PMID: 36145076 PMCID: PMC9502967 DOI: 10.3390/nu14183700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mushrooms are the gifts of the non-green revolution; they are not limited by land demand or specific growth requirements. Nearly 14,000 species of mushrooms are on record thus far; of these, only 2200 species are deemed edible. Only 650 species from this list have been cultivated and consumed. Farmed on waste, mushrooms are rich reservoirs of proteins, polysaccharides, metabolites, minerals and vitamins. In the following review, various edible mushrooms have been listed and their nutritional aspects and their associated contributions have been discussed. Furthermore, the commercial mushroom-based products that are on the market have been surveyed. The challenges facing the use of mushroom and mushroom products as foods, functional foods and nutraceuticals have been presented. The need to seek options to troubleshoot the current limitations has also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Gopal
- Department of Research and Innovation, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai 602105, India
| | - Iyyakkannu Sivanesan
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, Institute of Natural Science and Agriculture, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Manikandan Muthu
- Department of Research and Innovation, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai 602105, India
| | - Jae-Wook Oh
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
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21
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Effect of Vitamin-D-Enriched Edible Mushrooms on Vitamin D Status, Bone Health and Expression of CYP2R1, CYP27B1 and VDR Gene in Wistar Rats. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8080864. [PMID: 36012852 PMCID: PMC9409838 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in India and worldwide. Mushrooms are important nutritional foods, and in this context shiitake (Lentinula edodes), button (Agaricus bisporus) and oyster (Pleurotus ostreatus) mushrooms are known for their bioactive properties. The application of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation for the production of substantial amounts of vitamin D2 is well established. Levels of serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25-OHD), parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were significantly (p < 0.05) improved in vitamin-D-deficient rats after feeding with UVB irradiated mushrooms for 4 weeks. Further, microscopic observations indicate an improvement in the osteoid area and the reduction in trabecular separation of the femur bone. In addition, the level of expression of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene and genes metabolizing vitamin D were explored. It was observed that in mushroom-fed and vitamin-D-supplemented groups, there was upregulation of CYP2R1 and VDR, while there was downregulation of CYP27B1 in the liver. Further, CYP2R1 was downregulated, while CYP27B1 and VDR were upregulated in kidney tissue.
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22
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Ewendt F, Kotwan J, Ploch S, Feger M, Hirche F, Föller M, Stangl GI. Tachysterol 2 increases the synthesis of fibroblast growth factor 23 in bone cells. Front Nutr 2022; 9:948264. [PMID: 35958252 PMCID: PMC9358286 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.948264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tachysterol2 (T2) is a photoisomer of the previtamin D2 found in UV-B-irradiated foods such as mushrooms or baker’s yeast. Due to its structural similarity to vitamin D, we hypothesized that T2 can affect vitamin D metabolism and in turn, fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), a bone-derived phosphaturic hormone that is transcriptionally regulated by the vitamin D receptor (VDR). Initially, a mouse study was conducted to investigate the bioavailability of T2 and its impact on vitamin D metabolism and Fgf23 expression. UMR106 and IDG-SW3 bone cell lines were used to elucidate the effect of T2 on FGF23 synthesis and the corresponding mechanisms. LC-MS/MS analysis found high concentrations of T2 in tissues and plasma of mice fed 4 vs. 0 mg/kg T2 for 2 weeks, accompanied by a significant decrease in plasma 1,25(OH)2D and increased renal Cyp24a1 mRNA abundance. The Fgf23 mRNA abundance in bones of mice fed T2 was moderately higher than that in control mice. The expression of Fgf23 strongly increased in UMR106 cells treated with T2. After Vdr silencing, the T2 effect on Fgf23 diminished. This effect is presumably mediated by single-hydroxylated T2-derivatives, since siRNA-mediated silencing of Cyp27a1, but not Cyp27b1, resulted in a marked reduction in T2-induced Fgf23 gene expression. To conclude, T2 is a potent regulator of Fgf23 synthesis in bone and activates Vdr. This effect depends, at least in part, on the action of Cyp27a1. The potential of oral T2 to modulate vitamin D metabolism and FGF23 synthesis raises questions about the safety of UV-B-treated foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Ewendt
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Julia Kotwan
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.,NutriCARD Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Stefan Ploch
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Martina Feger
- Department of Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Frank Hirche
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Michael Föller
- Department of Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Gabriele I Stangl
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.,NutriCARD Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health, Halle (Saale), Germany
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23
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Koeder C, Perez-Cueto FJA. Vegan nutrition: a preliminary guide for health professionals. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:670-707. [PMID: 35959711 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2107997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Since the beginning of the 21st century, interest in vegan diets has been rapidly increasing in most countries. Misconceptions about vegan diets are widespread among the general population and health professionals. Vegan diets can be health-promoting and may offer certain important advantages compared to typical Western (and other mainstream) eating patterns. However, adequate dietary sources/supplements of nutrients of focus specific to vegan diets should be identified and communicated. Without supplements/fortified foods, severe vitamin B12 deficiency may occur. Other potential nutrients of focus are calcium, vitamin D, iodine, omega-3 fatty acids, iron, zinc, selenium, vitamin A, and protein. Ensuring adequate nutrient status is particularly important during pregnancy, lactation, infancy, and childhood. Health professionals are often expected to be able to provide advice on the topic of vegan nutrition, but a precise and practical vegan nutrition guide for health professionals is lacking. Consequently, it is important and urgent to provide such a set of dietary recommendations. It is the aim of this article to provide vegan nutrition guidelines, based on current evidence, which can easily be communicated to vegan patients/clients, with the goal of ensuring adequate nutrient status in vegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Koeder
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Leibniz University Hanover, Hanover, Germany
- Department of Nutrition, University of Applied Sciences Münster, Münster, Germany
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24
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Plants, Plants, and More Plants: Plant-Derived Nutrients and Their Protective Roles in Cognitive Function, Alzheimer’s Disease, and Other Dementias. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58081025. [PMID: 36013492 PMCID: PMC9414574 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58081025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, with the risk of developing it attributed to non-modifiable and modifiable factors. Currently, there is no cure for AD. A plant-based diet may protect against cognitive decline, due to the effects of plant-based nutrients such as vitamins, antioxidants, and fiber. The aim of the review is to summarize current literature on plant-based nutrients and their impact on cognition. Materials and Methods: A search was conducted on PubMed for clinical and murine studies, using combinations of the following words: “Alzheimer’s disease”, “dementia”, “cognition”, “plant-based diet”, “mild cognitive impairment”, “vitamin B”, “vitamin C”, “vitamin E, “beta carotene”, “antioxidants”, “fiber”, “vitamin K”, “Mediterranean diet”, “vitamin D”, and “mushrooms”. Results and Conclusions: A diet rich in vitamin B and antioxidants can benefit the cognitive functions of individuals as shown in randomized clinical trials. Vitamin K is associated with improved cognition, although large randomized controlled trials need to be done. Fiber has been shown to prevent cognitive decline in animal studies. Vitamin D may contribute to cognitive health via anti-inflammatory processes. Several medical organizations have recommended a plant-based diet for optimizing cognitive health and potentially helping to prevent dementia.
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25
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Turck D, Bohn T, Castenmiller J, De Henauw S, Hirsch-Ernst KI, Maciuk A, Mangelsdorf I, McArdle HJ, Naska A, Pelaez C, Pentieva K, Siani A, Thies F, Tsabouri S, Vinceti M, Cubadda F, Frenzel T, Heinonen M, Marchelli R, Neuhäuser-Berthold M, Poulsen M, Prieto Maradona M, Schlatter JR, van Loveren H, Gerazova-Efremova K, Roldán-Torres R, Knutsen HK. Safety of vitamin D 2 mushroom powder as a Novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 (NF 2019/1471). EFSA J 2022; 20:e07326. [PMID: 35706680 PMCID: PMC9186149 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on vitamin D2 mushroom powder as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The NF is produced from Agaricus bisporus mushroom that has been exposed to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation to induce the conversion of provitamin D2 (ergosterol) to vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol). The NF contains levels of vitamin D in the form of vitamin D2 in the range of 125-375 µg/g. The information provided on the production process, composition and specifications of the NF does not raise safety concerns. The applicant intends to add the NF as an ingredient in a variety of foods and beverages in amounts that result in either 1.125 or 2.25 µg vitamin D2 per 100 g or 100 mL of the food as consumed. The applicant also intends to add the NF in food supplements, for infants from 7 to 11 months at a maximum of 10 µg vitamin D2/day and of 15 µg vitamin D2/day for individuals aged 1 year or older, as well as in foods for special medical purposes (FSMPs) and total and meal diet replacement for weight control. For the adult population, the maximum intended use level in FSMPs is 15 µg vitamin D2/day and 5 µg vitamin D2/meal in total and meal diet replacement for weight control. The Panel concludes that the NF is safe under the proposed conditions of use. The Panel notes uncertainty regarding the calculated combined exposures to vitamin D for the general population, given the fact that the range of foods fortified with vitamin D has increased over the years, as well as the marketing of high-dose vitamin D supplements.
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Kessi-Pérez EI, González A, Palacios JL, Martínez C. Yeast as a biological platform for vitamin D production: A promising alternative to help reduce vitamin D deficiency in humans. Yeast 2022; 39:482-492. [PMID: 35581681 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is an important human hormone, known primarily to be involved in the intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate, but it is also involved in various non-skeletal processes (molecular, cellular, immune, and neuronal). One of the main health problems nowadays is the vitamin D deficiency of the human population due to lack of sun exposure, with estimates of one billion people worldwide with vitamin D deficiency, and the consequent need for clinical intervention (i.e., prescription of pharmacological vitamin D supplements). An alternative to reduce vitamin D deficiency is to produce good dietary sources of it, a scenario in which the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae seems to be a promising alternative. This review focuses on the potential use of yeast as a biological platform to produce vitamin D, summarizing both the biology aspects of vitamin D (synthesis, ecology and evolution, metabolism, and bioequivalence) and the work done to produce it in yeast (both for vitamin D2 and for vitamin D3 ), highlighting existing challenges and potential solutions. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo I Kessi-Pérez
- Centro de Estudios en Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (CECTA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
| | - Adens González
- Centro de Estudios en Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (CECTA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
| | - José Luis Palacios
- Centro de Estudios en Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (CECTA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Martínez
- Centro de Estudios en Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (CECTA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
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Vats A, Chavan R, Kumar D, Kurade SA, Mutnuri S. Development of sensitive and selective UPLC-MS/MS method for the quantification of vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) and its demonstration in Agaricus bisporus. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2021.1995743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anumeha Vats
- Applied Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Birla Institute of Technology & Science—Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus, Sancoale, India
| | - Ram Chavan
- Applied Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Birla Institute of Technology & Science—Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus, Sancoale, India
- School of Bioengineering Sciences and Research, MIT ADT University, Pune, India
| | - Devendra Kumar
- Central Sophisticated Instrumentation Facility, Birla Institute of Technology & Science—Pilani, Sancoale, India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | | | - Srikanth Mutnuri
- Applied Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Birla Institute of Technology & Science—Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus, Sancoale, India
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Tiwari A, Singh G, Singh U, Sapra L, Rana V, Sharma V, Srivastava RK, Sharma S. Edible mushrooms: The potential game changer in alleviating vitamin D deficiency and improving human health. Int J Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhay Tiwari
- Centre for Rural Development & Technology Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) New Delhi India
| | - Garima Singh
- Centre for Rural Development & Technology Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) New Delhi India
| | - Umesh Singh
- Centre for Rural Development & Technology Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) New Delhi India
| | - Leena Sapra
- Department of Biotechnology All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) New Delhi India
| | - Vikrant Rana
- Department of Applied Agriculture School of Basic and Applied Sciences Central University of Punjab Bathinda Punjab India
| | - Vasudha Sharma
- Department of Food Technology Jamia Hamdard New Delhi India
| | - Rupesh K. Srivastava
- Department of Biotechnology All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) New Delhi India
| | - Satyawati Sharma
- Centre for Rural Development & Technology Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) New Delhi India
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Chang SN, Lee JJ, Kim HJ, Kang SC. Quercetin enhances vitamin D 2 stability and mitigate the degradation influenced by elevated temperature and pH value. Turk J Chem 2021; 45:1155-1161. [PMID: 34707441 PMCID: PMC8517607 DOI: 10.3906/kim-2103-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D2 (vit. D2) is a nutraceutical essentially needed for good health. However, it is susceptible to oxygen and high temperature. The use of natural products such as bioflavonoids possessing anti-degradative effect of vit. D2 degradation has not been described before. A combinational effect of vit. D2 with quercetin showed a positive effect and inhibited vit. D2 degradation when exposed to high temperature (50 ℃ and 75 ℃) at different time points. The results obtained revealed vit. D2 degradation was drastically increased with longer incubation under thermal treatment. However, quercetin and vit. D2 groups were able to significantly inhibit the degradation of vit. D2 and stabilize it, evaluated through the retention percentage. We also exposed vit. D2 at solutions with different pH values (1, 4, 5, 7, 10). Quercetin exerted vit. D2 anti-degradation at different pH values as well as under thermal pressure at different time points. Conclusively, quercetin can be an effective way to reduce temperature and pH induced degradation of vit. D2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sun Chul Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan Korea
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30
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Harnessing the potential of UVB irradiation for improving the nutraceutical properties of edible xylotrophic mushroom dried powder. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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31
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Neill HR, Gill CIR, McDonald EJ, McRoberts WC, Pourshahidi LK. The future is bright: Biofortification of common foods can improve vitamin D status. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:505-521. [PMID: 34291674 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1950609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is a global concern, linked to suboptimal musculoskeletal health and immune function, with status inadequacies owing to variations in UV dependent cutaneous synthesis and limited natural dietary sources. Endogenous biofortification, alongside traditional fortification and supplement usage is urgently needed to address this deficit. Evidence reviewed in the current article clearly demonstrates that feed modification and UV radiation, either independently or used in combination, effectively increases vitamin D content of primary produce or ingredients, albeit in the limited range of food vehicles tested to date (beef/pork/chicken/eggs/fish/bread/mushrooms). Fewer human trials have confirmed that consumption of these biofortified foods can increase circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations (n = 10), which is of particular importance to avoid vitamin D status declining to nadir during wintertime. Meat is an unexplored yet plausible food vehicle for vitamin D biofortification, owing, at least in part, to its ubiquitous consumption pattern. Consumption of PUFA-enriched meat in human trials demonstrates efficacy (n = 4), lighting the way for exploration of vitamin D-biofortified meats to enhance consumer vitamin D status. Response to vitamin D-biofortified foods varies by food matrix, with vitamin D3-enriched animal-based foods observing the greatest effect in maintaining or elevating 25(OH)D concentrations. Generally, the efficacy of biofortification appears to vary dependent upon vitamer selected for animal feed supplementation (vitamin D2 or D3, or 25(OH)D), baseline participant status and the bioaccessibility from the food matrix. Further research in the form of robust human clinical trials are required to explore the contribution of biofortified foods to vitamin D status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly R Neill
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Chris I R Gill
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | | | | | - L Kirsty Pourshahidi
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
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Kotwan J, Kühn J, Baur AC, Stangl GI. Oral Intake of Lumisterol Affects the Metabolism of Vitamin D. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2001165. [PMID: 34061442 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202001165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE The treatment of food with ultraviolet-B (UV-B) light to increase the vitamin D content is accompanied by the formation of photoisomers, such as lumisterol2 . The physiological impact of photoisomers is largely unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS Three groups of C57Bl/6 mice are fed diets containing 50 µg kg-1 deuterated vitamin D3 with 0, 50 (moderate-dose) or 2000 µg kg-1 (high-dose) lumisterol2 for four weeks. Considerable quantities of lumisterol2 and vitamin D2 are found in the plasma and tissues of mice fed with 2000 µg kg-1 lumisterol2 but not in those fed 0 or 50 µg kg-1 lumisterol2 . Mice fed with 2000 µg kg-1 lumisterol2 showed strongly reduced deuterated 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (-50%) and calcitriol (-80%) levels in plasma, accompanied by downregulated mRNA abundance of cytochrom P450 (Cyp)27b1 and upregulated Cyp24a1 in the kidneys. Increased tissue levels of vitamin D2 were also seen in mice in a second study that are kept on a diet with 0.2% UV-B exposed yeast versus those fed 0.2% untreated yeast containing iso-amounts of vitamin D2 . CONCLUSION High doses of lumisterol2 can enter the body, induce the formation of vitamin D2 , reduce the levels of 25(OH)D3 and calcitriol and strongly impact the expression of genes involved in the degradation and synthesis of bioactive vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kotwan
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Jena, Germany
| | - Julia Kühn
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Anja C Baur
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Jena, Germany
| | - Gabriele I Stangl
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Jena, Germany
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Dey DK, Chang SN, Gu JY, Kim KM, Lee JJ, Kim TH, Kang SC. Ultraviolet B-irradiated mushroom supplementation increased the Ca ++ uptake and ameliorated the LPS-induced inflammatory responses in zebrafish larvae. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13742. [PMID: 33931887 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The harmful effects of excessive ultraviolet (UV) exposure are well known. However, moderate exposure to UV radiation is beneficial and required for active vitamin D synthesis in our body. People living in the coldest regions on the earth are unable to expose their skin to the solar UV radiation and, therefore, additional supplementation of Vitamin D2 is recommended. Mushrooms are one such consumable macrofungi, which has high vitamin content and therefore used in various traditional medicines. Particularly, UVB-irradiated mushrooms are rich in active vitamin D content and that is why recommended to include in the daily diets for the patients suffering from the problems associated with bone mineralization. In the present study, we evaluated the cytotoxic effect of mushroom extract (UVB-ME) (Lentinus edodes) treatment against MG-63 cells, HepG2 cells, and CCD 841 CoN cells. Furthermore, we elucidated the potential of UVB-ME on Ca++ uptake in osteoblast-like MG-63 cells. Next, we validated the response of Ca++ uptake on the growth and development of zebrafish larvae. In addition, the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory potential of UVB-ME treatment against lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response was also analyzed in vivo. Collectively, the study suggested that dietary supplementation of UVB-irradiated mushroom is beneficial for bone calcification and could modulate the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasish Kumar Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Ji Ye Gu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Kyungsung University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Min Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Kyungsung University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Tae Hee Kim
- Naturetech Co. Ltd., Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Chul Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
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Turck D, Castenmiller J, De Henauw S, Hirsch‐Ernst KI, Kearney J, Maciuk A, Mangelsdorf I, McArdle HJ, Naska A, Pelaez C, Pentieva K, Siani A, Thies F, Tsabouri S, Vinceti M, Cubadda F, Frenzel T, Heinonen M, Marchelli R, Neuhauser‐Berthold M, Poulsen M, Prieto Maradona M, Schlatter JR, van Loveren H, Roldán‐Torres R, Knutsen HK. Safety of Vitamin D 2 mushroom powder ( Agaricus bisporus) as a Novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06516. [PMID: 33854579 PMCID: PMC8028285 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on vitamin D2 mushroom powder as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The NF is an ingredient produced from Agaricus bisporus mushroom powder that has been exposed to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation to induce the conversion of provitamin D2 (ergosterol) to vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol). The NF contains concentrations of vitamin D provided by vitamin D2 in the ranges of 580-595 μg/g. The information provided on the manufacturing process, composition and specifications of the NF does not raise safety concerns. The applicant intends to add the NF in a variety of foods and beverages, including food for special medical purposes and food supplements. The target population is the general population except for food supplements and Foods for Special Medical Purposes (FSMPs), for which the target population is individuals above 1 year of age. The Panel concludes that the NF, used as an ingredient, is safe for the general population at the proposed condition of use in foods and beverages and that the NF used as a food supplement, is safe for individuals above 1 year.
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Uptake of Vitamins D 2, D 3, D 4, D 5, D 6, and D 7 Solubilized in Mixed Micelles by Human Intestinal Cells, Caco-2, an Enhancing Effect of Lysophosphatidylcholine on the Cellular Uptake, and Estimation of Vitamins D' Biological Activities. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041126. [PMID: 33805560 PMCID: PMC8067314 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamins D have various biological activities, as well as intestinal calcium absorption. There has been recent concern about insufficient vitamin D intake. In addition to vitamins D2 and D3, there are lesser-known vitamins D4–D7. We synthesized vitamins D5–D7, which are not commercially available, and then evaluated and compared the mixed micelles-solubilized vitamins D uptake by Caco-2 cells. Except for vitamin D5, the uptake amounts of vitamins D4–D7 by differentiated Caco-2 cells were similar to those of vitamins D2 and D3. The facilitative diffusion rate in the ezetimibe inhibited pathway was approximately 20% for each vitamin D type, suggesting that they would pass through the pathway at a similar rate. Lysophosphatidylcholine enhanced each vitamin D uptake by approximately 2.5-fold. Lysophosphatidylcholine showed an enhancing effect on vitamin D uptake by reducing the intercellular barrier formation of Caco-2 cells by reducing cellular cholesterol, suggesting that increasing the uptakes of vitamins D and/or co-ingesting them with lysophosphatidylcholine, would improve vitamin D insufficiency. The various biological activities in the activated form of vitamins D4–D7 were estimated by Prediction of Activity Spectra for Substances (PASS) online simulation. These may have some biological activities, supporting the potential as nutritional components.
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36
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Kaur K, Bindra P, Mondal S, Li WP, Sharma S, Sahu BK, Naidu BS, Yeh CS, Gautam UK, Shanmugam V. Upconversion Nanodevice-Assisted Healthy Molecular Photocorrection. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:291-298. [PMID: 33356144 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mushrooms are rich in ergosterol, a precursor of ergocalciferol, which is a type of vitamin D2. The conversion of ergosterol to ergocalciferol takes place in the presence of UV radiation by the cleavage of the "B-ring" in the ergosterol. As the UV radiation cannot penetrate deep into the tissue, only minimal increase occurs in sunlight. In this study, upconversion nanoparticles with the property to convert deep-penetrating near-infrared radiation to UV radiation have been cast into a disk to use sunlight and emit UV radiation for vitamin D conversion. An engineered upconversion nanoparticle (UCNP) disk with maximum particles and limited clusters demonstrates ∼2.5 times enhanced vitamin D2 conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamaljit Kaur
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase-10, Sector-64, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Pulkit Bindra
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase-10, Sector-64, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Sanjit Mondal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Wei-Peng Li
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Sandeep Sharma
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase-10, Sector-64, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Bandana Kumari Sahu
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase-10, Sector-64, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Boddu S Naidu
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase-10, Sector-64, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Chen-Sheng Yeh
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Ujjal K Gautam
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Vijayakumar Shanmugam
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase-10, Sector-64, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India
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Salwan R, Katoch S, Sharma V. Recent Developments in Shiitake Mushrooms and Their Nutraceutical Importance. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-64406-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Panea B, Ripoll G. Vitamin D-enhanced pork meat consumers’ purchase intention: an exploratory case study in Spain. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF FOOD TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1981-6723.10520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract: This paper investigated if Spanish consumers would be willing to consume vitamin D-enhanced pork meat from animals fed on mushrooms treated with ultraviolet (UV) light. The questionnaire briefly explained the context of the study (vitamin D deficiency) and asked the consumers to choose answers with which they were most in agreement (non-enriched meat, enriched meat with synthetic vitamin D or enriched meat with vitamin D from UV-irradiated mushrooms). A survey was conducted to 400 non-vegan nor vegetarian consumers in Aragón (Spain) by direct invitation. Sampling was carried out in a random and stratified manner, by province, gender and age group using the Aragón population data for 2017 (INE). Some sociodemographic, health and consumption habit data were requested. Most consumers preferred non-enriched meat. Treatment with UV-irradiated mushrooms was rejected by most consumers, and the consumers who presented any willingness to buy meat enriched with UV-irradiated mushrooms were in the youngest age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Panea
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Spain
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The Effects of Vitamin D-Enriched Mushrooms and Vitamin D3 on Cognitive Performance and Mood in Healthy Elderly Adults: A Randomised, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123847. [PMID: 33339304 PMCID: PMC7766163 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite abundant cross-sectional evidence that low vitamin D status is associated with risk of cognitive decline in ageing, interventional evidence for benefits of vitamin D supplementation is lacking. This study was a 6 month randomised, double-blinded placebo-controlled clinical trial of the effects of vitamin D3 (D3), enhanced vitamin D2 in a mushroom matrix (D2M), standard mushroom (SM) and placebo (PL) on cognition and mood in n = 436 healthy older male (49%) and female volunteers aged ≥ 60 years. Primary end points were change in serum vitamin D metabolites (25-OH-D, 25-OH-D2 and 25-OH-D3), cognitive performance, and mood over 24 weeks. Levels of total 25-OH-D and 25-OH-D3 were maintained in the D3 arm but decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in the remaining arms (D2M, SM and PL). Analysis also revealed differential changes in these metabolites depending on total vitamin D status at baseline. There were no significant effects of treatment on any of the measures of cognitive function or mood. Overall, the results show that daily supplementation of ~600 IU of vitamin D3 was sufficient to maintain 25-OH-D throughout winter months, but in contrast to existing cross-sectional studies there was no support for benefit of vitamin D supplementation for mood or cognition in healthy elderly people.
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40
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Podkowa A, Kryczyk-Poprawa A, Opoka W, Muszyńska B. Culinary–medicinal mushrooms: a review of organic compounds and bioelements with antioxidant activity. Eur Food Res Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-020-03646-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThere are about 3000 species of mushrooms, which have a high amount of substances that are beneficial to human health, such as antioxidants. It is well known that oxidative stress plays an important role in the etiopathogenesis of many diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disorders, and diseases of the central nervous system. One way to prevent homeostasis disorders that occur as a result of excessive production of pro-oxidative substances is to include the ingredients having antioxidant properties in the diet. Several compounds, such as those with phenolic and indole derivatives as well as carotenoids and some vitamins, exhibit antioxidant activity. These substances are present in many foods, including mushrooms. In addition, they have certain unique compounds that are not found in other sources (e.g., norbadione A). The present work discusses selected ingredients exhibiting antioxidant activity, which are found in various species of mushrooms as wells as describes the content of these compounds in the extracts obtained from mushrooms using artificial digestive juice.
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Pinto JM, Merzbach V, Willmott AGB, Antonio J, Roberts J. Assessing the impact of a mushroom-derived food ingredient on vitamin D levels in healthy volunteers. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2020; 17:54. [PMID: 33176826 PMCID: PMC7659128 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-020-00387-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency has been noted in athletic populations, although less is known about recreationally active individuals. Biofortification of natural food sources (e.g. UV radiated mushrooms) may support vitamin D status and is therefore of current scientific and commercial interest. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of a mushroom-derived food ingredient on vitamin D status in recreationally active, healthy volunteers. METHODS Twenty-eight participants were randomly assigned to either: 25 μg (1000 IU) encapsulated natural mushroom-derived vitamin D2; matched-dose encapsulated vitamin D3 or placebo (PL) for 12 weeks. Venous blood samples were collected at baseline, week 6 and 12 for analysis of serum 25(OH)D2 and 25(OH)D3 using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Habitual dietary intake and activity were monitored across the intervention. RESULTS Vitamin D status (25(OH)DTOTAL) was significantly increased with vitamin D3 supplementation from 46.1 ± 5.3 nmol·L- 1 to 88.0 ± 8.6 nmol·L- 1 (p < 0.0001) across the intervention, coupled with an expected rise in 25(OH)D3 concentrations from 38.8 ± 5.2 nmol·L- 1 to 82.0 ± 7.9 nmol·L- 1 (p < 0.0001). In contrast, D2 supplementation increased 25(OH)D2 by + 347% (7.0 ± 1.1 nmol·L- 1 to 31.4 ± 2.1 nmol·L- 1, p < 0.0001), but resulted in a - 42% reduction in 25(OH)D3 by week 6 (p = 0.001). A net + 14% increase in 25(OH)DTOTAL was established with D2 supplementation by week 12 (p > 0.05), which was not statistically different to D3. Vitamin D status was maintained with PL, following an initial - 15% reduction by week 6 (p ≤ 0.046 compared to both supplement groups). CONCLUSIONS The use of a UV radiated mushroom food ingredient was effective in maintaining 25(OH)DTOTAL in healthy, recreationally active volunteers. This may offer an adjunct strategy in supporting vitamin D intake. However, consistent with the literature, the use of vitamin D3 supplementation likely offers benefits when acute elevation in vitamin D status is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Marques Pinto
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Compass House, East Road, Cambridge, CB1 1PT, UK.
| | - Viviane Merzbach
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Compass House, East Road, Cambridge, CB1 1PT, UK
| | - Ashley G B Willmott
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Compass House, East Road, Cambridge, CB1 1PT, UK
| | - Jose Antonio
- Exercise and Sport Science, Nova Southeastern-Florida University, Davie, FL, USA
| | - Justin Roberts
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Compass House, East Road, Cambridge, CB1 1PT, UK.
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Rozmus D, Ciesielska A, Płomiński J, Grzybowski R, Fiedorowicz E, Kordulewska N, Savelkoul H, Kostyra E, Cieślińska A. Vitamin D Binding Protein (VDBP) and Its Gene Polymorphisms-The Risk of Malignant Tumors and Other Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7822. [PMID: 33105665 PMCID: PMC7659952 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is an important component of the endocrine system that controls calcium homeostasis and bone mineralization. Because of the very short half-life of free serum vitamin D it is stabilized and transported to target tissues by being bound to the vitamin D binding protein (VDBP). The most common polymorphisms: rs4588 and rs7041 in the vitamin D binding protein gene may correlate with differences in vitamin D status in the serum. This review presents data that relate to the presence of genetic variants in the VDBP gene in correlation with certain diseases, mostly concerning cancers (breast, prostate, pancreatic, lung, colorectal, basal cell carcinoma cancer and cutaneous melanoma) or other related diseases (thyroid autoimmunity disorders, obesity, diabetes mellitus, bone metabolism, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, tuberculosis and coronary artery diseases).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Rozmus
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (D.R.); (A.C.); (E.F.); (N.K.); (E.K.)
| | - Alicja Ciesielska
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (D.R.); (A.C.); (E.F.); (N.K.); (E.K.)
| | - Janusz Płomiński
- Clinical Department of Trauma-Orthopedic Surgery and Spine Surgery of the Provincial Specialist Hospital in Olsztyn, 10-561 Olsztyn, Poland; (J.P.); (R.G.)
- Department and Clinic of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Roman Grzybowski
- Clinical Department of Trauma-Orthopedic Surgery and Spine Surgery of the Provincial Specialist Hospital in Olsztyn, 10-561 Olsztyn, Poland; (J.P.); (R.G.)
- Department and Clinic of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Ewa Fiedorowicz
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (D.R.); (A.C.); (E.F.); (N.K.); (E.K.)
| | - Natalia Kordulewska
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (D.R.); (A.C.); (E.F.); (N.K.); (E.K.)
| | - Huub Savelkoul
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AG Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Elżbieta Kostyra
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (D.R.); (A.C.); (E.F.); (N.K.); (E.K.)
| | - Anna Cieślińska
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (D.R.); (A.C.); (E.F.); (N.K.); (E.K.)
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Riccardi C, Perrone L, Napolitano F, Sampaolo S, Melone MAB. Understanding the Biological Activities of Vitamin D in Type 1 Neurofibromatosis: New Insights into Disease Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Design. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2965. [PMID: 33066259 PMCID: PMC7602022 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble steroid hormone playing a pivotal role in calcium and phosphate homeostasis as well as in bone health. Vitamin D levels are not exclusively dependent on food intake. Indeed, the endogenous production-occurring in the skin and dependent on sun exposure-contributes to the majority amount of vitamin D present in the body. Since vitamin D receptors (VDRs) are ubiquitous and drive the expression of hundreds of genes, the interest in vitamin D has tremendously grown and its role in different diseases has been extensively studied. Several investigations indicated that vitamin D action extends far beyond bone health and calcium metabolism, showing broad effects on a variety of critical illnesses, including cancer, infections, cardiovascular and autoimmune diseases. Epidemiological studies indicated that low circulating vitamin D levels inversely correlate with cutaneous manifestations and bone abnormalities, clinical hallmarks of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). NF1 is an autosomal dominant tumour predisposition syndrome causing significant pain and morbidity, for which limited treatment options are available. In this context, vitamin D or its analogues have been used to treat both skin and bone lesions in NF1 patients, alone or combined with other therapeutic agents. Here we provide an overview of vitamin D, its characteristic nutritional properties relevant for health benefits and its role in NF1 disorder. We focus on preclinical and clinical studies that demonstrated the clinical correlation between vitamin D status and NF1 disease, thus providing important insights into disease pathogenesis and new opportunities for targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Riccardi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cintia 21, I-80126 Naples, Italy;
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, 2nd Division of Neurology, Center for Rare Diseases and InterUniversity Center for Research in Neurosciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, via Sergio Pansini 5, I-80131 Naples, Italy; (L.P.); (F.N.); (S.S.)
| | - Lorena Perrone
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, 2nd Division of Neurology, Center for Rare Diseases and InterUniversity Center for Research in Neurosciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, via Sergio Pansini 5, I-80131 Naples, Italy; (L.P.); (F.N.); (S.S.)
| | - Filomena Napolitano
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, 2nd Division of Neurology, Center for Rare Diseases and InterUniversity Center for Research in Neurosciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, via Sergio Pansini 5, I-80131 Naples, Italy; (L.P.); (F.N.); (S.S.)
| | - Simone Sampaolo
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, 2nd Division of Neurology, Center for Rare Diseases and InterUniversity Center for Research in Neurosciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, via Sergio Pansini 5, I-80131 Naples, Italy; (L.P.); (F.N.); (S.S.)
| | - Mariarosa Anna Beatrice Melone
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, 2nd Division of Neurology, Center for Rare Diseases and InterUniversity Center for Research in Neurosciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, via Sergio Pansini 5, I-80131 Naples, Italy; (L.P.); (F.N.); (S.S.)
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biology, Temple University, BioLife Building (015-00), 1900 North 12th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122-6078, USA
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Gleize B, Hiolle M, Meunier N, Pereira B, Richard R, Savary‐Auzeloux I, Buffière C, Peyron M, Halimi C, Caris‐Veyrat C, Nau F, Reboul E. Food Structure Modulates the Bioavailability of Triglycerides and Vitamin D, and Partly That of Lutein: A Randomized Trial with a Crossover Design in Adults. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e2000228. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Manon Hiolle
- STLO, INRAE AGROCAMPUS OUEST Rennes 35042 France
| | - Nathalie Meunier
- CHU Clermont‐Ferrand Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne Clermont‐Ferrand 63000 France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- CHU Clermont‐Ferrand DRCI Clermont‐Ferrand 63000 France
| | - Ruddy Richard
- CHU Clermont‐Ferrand Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne Clermont‐Ferrand 63000 France
- CHU Clermont‐Ferrand DRCI Clermont‐Ferrand 63000 France
| | - Isabelle Savary‐Auzeloux
- INRAE, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, UMR1019 University Clermont Auvergne Clermont‐Ferrand F‐63000 France
| | - Caroline Buffière
- INRAE, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, UMR1019 University Clermont Auvergne Clermont‐Ferrand F‐63000 France
| | - Marie‐Agnès Peyron
- INRAE, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, UMR1019 University Clermont Auvergne Clermont‐Ferrand F‐63000 France
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Khare L, Karve T, Jain R, Dandekar P. Menthol based hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent for extraction and purification of ergosterol using response surface methodology. Food Chem 2020; 340:127979. [PMID: 32920303 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency has been linked to various diseases, but could be rectified via fortified food stuffs or supplementation. In this study 39 different hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents were evaluated for green extraction of ergosterol from mushroom. Extraction parameters (e.g. time, solvent volume) were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) and a maximum extraction yield of 6995.00 µg ergosterol/g dry weight mushroom was attained with menthol: pyruvic acid. The extracted ergosterol was purified using a novel methodology and the extraction solvent was reused for six cycles, while retaining extraction efficiency (up to 28%). The ergosterol was exposed to ultra-violet radiation for conversion to ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) resulting in a yield of ergocalciferol that was equivalent to 2142.01 µg/g dry weight mushroom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalit Khare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, N.P. Marg, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, Maharashtra, India
| | - Tanvi Karve
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, N.P. Marg, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ratnesh Jain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, N.P. Marg, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prajakta Dandekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, N.P. Marg, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, Maharashtra, India.
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46
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Sachinvala ND, Teramoto N, Stergiou A. Proposed Neuroimmune Roles of Dimethyl Fumarate, Bupropion, S-Adenosylmethionine, and Vitamin D 3 in Affording a Chronically Ill Patient Sustained Relief from Inflammation and Major Depression. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E600. [PMID: 32878267 PMCID: PMC7563300 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10090600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We had discussed earlier that, after most of the primary author's multiple sclerosis (MS) symptoms were lessened by prior neuroimmune therapies, use of dimethyl fumarate (DMF) gradually subdued his asthma and urticaria symptoms, as well as his MS-related intercostal cramping; and bupropion supplemented with S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) and vitamin D3 (vit-D3) helped remit major depression (MD). Furthermore, the same cocktail (bupropion plus supplements), along with previously discussed routines (yoga, meditation, physical exercises, and timely use of medications for other illnesses), continued to subdue MD during new difficulties with craniopharyngioma, which caused bitemporal vision loss; sphenoid sinus infections, which caused cranial nerve-VI (CN6) palsy and diplopia; and through their treatments. Impressed by the benefit the four compounds provided, in this manuscript, we focus on explaining current neuroimmune literature proposals on how: (1) DMF impedes inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell death in CNS and peripheral tissues; (2) Bupropion curbs anxiety, MD, and enhances alertness, libido, and moods; (3) SAMe silences oxidative stress and depression by multiple mechanisms; and (4) Vit-D3 helps brain development and functioning and subdues inflammation. we realize that herein we have reviewed proposed mechanisms of remedies we discovered by literature searches and physician assisted auto-experimentation; and our methods might not work with other patients. We present our experiences so readers are heartened to reflect upon their own observations in peer-reviewed forums and make available a wide body of information for the chronically ill and their physicians to benefit from.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naozumi Teramoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-17-1, Tsudanuma, Narashino, Chiba 275-0016, Japan;
| | - Angeline Stergiou
- Department of Medicine, Fairfield Medical Center, 401 North Ewing, Lancaster, OH 43130, USA;
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47
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Barnkob LL, Argyraki A, Jakobsen J. Naturally enhanced eggs as a source of vitamin D: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Determination of Vitamins K1, K2 MK-4, MK-7, MK-9 and D3 in Pharmaceutical Products and Dietary Supplements by TLC-Densitometry. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8070870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K is a group of lipophilic molecules. Forms of vitamin K play an essential role in the activation of specific proteins involved in blood clotting cascade or bone metabolism. Another molecule belonging to the fat-soluble vitamins group that also plays an important role in calcium metabolism is vitamin D3. The dietary supplements containing vitamins K and D3 are one of the most frequently consumed by patients. The objective of this work was to develop a simple, fast and sensitive thin-layer chromatography (TLC)-densitometric procedure for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of vitamins K and D3 in pharmaceutical products and dietary supplements. The analysis of vitamins was performed on the silica gel RP-18 F₂₅₄s plates with methanol-ethanol-isopropanol in a volume ratio of 15:1:4 as a mobile phase. The densitometric measurements were made at 254 nm. The method was validated by checking the specificity, linearity, precision, recovery, limit of detection, limit of quantification and robustness in accordance with International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The method was shown to be specific, accurate (recoveries were from 95.78 to 104.96%), linear over the tested range (correlation coefficient, exceeding 0.99), and precise (precision and intermediate precision RSD below 2.70% for all analytes). The satisfactory results of the validation of the method indicate that it can be used in the quality control of dietary supplements and pharmaceutical products containing vitamins K and D3.
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49
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Blumfield M, Abbott K, Duve E, Cassettari T, Marshall S, Fayet-Moore F. Examining the health effects and bioactive components in Agaricus bisporus mushrooms: a scoping review. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 84:108453. [PMID: 32653808 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence from both in vitro and animal models that the consumption of edible mushrooms has beneficial effects on health. It is unclear whether similar effects exist in humans and which bioactive compounds are present. This review synthesises the evidence on the world's most commonly consumed mushroom, Agaricus bisporus to (i) examine its effect on human health outcomes; and (ii) determine the nutrient density of its bioactive compounds, which may explain their health effects. A systematic literature search was conducted on the consumption of A. bisporus, without date and study design limits. Bioactive compounds included ergosterol, ergothioneine, flavonoids, glucans and chitin. Two authors independently identified studies for inclusion and assessed methodological quality. Beneficial effects of A. bisporus on metabolic syndrome, immune function, gastrointestinal health and cancer, with the strongest evidence for the improvement in Vitamin D status in humans, were found. Ultraviolet B (UVB) exposed mushrooms may increase and maintain serum 25(OH)D levels to a similar degree as vitamin D supplements. A. bisporus contain beta-glucans, ergosterol, ergothioneine, vitamin D and an antioxidant compound usually reported as flavonoids; with varying concentrations depending on the type of mushroom, cooking method and duration, and UVB exposure. Further research is required to fully elucidate the bioactive compounds in mushrooms using vigorous analytical methods and expand the immunological markers being tested. To enable findings to be adopted into clinical practice and public health initiatives, replication of existing studies in different population groups is required to confirm the impact of A. bisporus on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Blumfield
- BNutrDiet (Hons), PhD, Nutrition Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kylie Abbott
- BNutrDiet (Hons), PhD, Nutrition Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Nutraceuticals Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Emily Duve
- BPESS, MPH, Nutrition Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tim Cassettari
- BSc(Hons), BAppSc, Nutrition Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Skye Marshall
- BNutrDiet (Hons), PhD, Nutrition Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Bond University, Nutrition and Dietetics Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Flavia Fayet-Moore
- BSc(Hons), MNutrDiet, PhD, Nutrition Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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50
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Gill BD, Abernethy GA, Indyk HE, Wood JE, Woollard DC. Differential Thermal Isomerization: Its Role in the Analysis of Vitamin D3 in Foods. J AOAC Int 2020; 103:563-569. [DOI: 10.1093/jaocint/qsz001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
For nutritional purposes, the measurement of vitamin D3 (defined as the sum of vitamin D3 and previtamin D3) is required to obtain an accurate and reliable estimate of its content in foods. An often neglected aspect in the development of methods for the analysis of vitamin D3 is accounting for any potential analytical bias in the results associated with differential thermal isomerization between previtamin D and vitamin D.
Conclusions
For LC-UV methods using a vitamin D2 internal standard, cold saponification, or direct lipid extraction techniques should be avoided, unless chromatographic separation of vitamin D2, vitamin D3, and their previtamin forms is achieved so that UV absorbance corrections can be made. For both LC-UV and LC-MS methods using calciferol internal standards, the simplest solution to avoid analytical bias due to the presence of previtamin D is to utilize heating conditions (typically during saponification) such that previtamin D and vitamin D in the sample and the internal standard reach an equivalent equilibrium state prior to instrumental analysis. Only under such circumstances is the integration of previtamin D unnecessary to obtain accurate results for vitamin D3.
Highlights
A detailed discussion of the quantitation of vitamin D3 in food with concise recommendations for avoiding measurement bias as a consequence of differential thermal isomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon D Gill
- Fonterra Co-operative Group Ltd, P.O. Box 7, Waitoa 3380, New Zealand
| | - Grant A Abernethy
- Fonterra Co-operative Group Ltd, Dairy Farm Rd, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Harvey E Indyk
- Fonterra Co-operative Group Ltd, P.O. Box 7, Waitoa 3380, New Zealand
| | - Jackie E Wood
- Fonterra Co-operative Group Ltd, P.O. Box 7, Waitoa 3380, New Zealand
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