1
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Phillippy BQ, Donahue JL, Williams SP, Cridland CA, Perera IY, Gillaspy GE. Regulation of inositol 1,2,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate and inositol hexakisphosphate levels in Gossypium hirsutum by IPK1. Planta 2023; 257:46. [PMID: 36695941 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04080-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The IPK1 genes, which code for 2-kinases that can synthesize Ins(1,2,4,5,6)P5 from Ins(1,4,5,6)P4, are expressed throughout cotton plants, resulting in the highest Ins(1,2,4,5,6)P5 concentrations in young leaves and flower buds. Cotton leaves contain large amounts of Ins(1,2,4,5,6)P5 and InsP6 compared to plants not in the Malvaceae family. The inositol polyphosphate pathway has been linked to stress tolerance in numerous plant species. Accordingly, we sought to determine why cotton and other Malvaceae have such high levels of these inositol phosphates. We have quantified the levels of InsP5 and InsP6 in different tissues of cotton plants and determined the expression of IPK1 (inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate 2-kinase gene) in vegetative and reproductive tissues. Gossypium hirsutum was found to contain four IPK1 genes that were grouped into two pair (AB, CD) where each pair consists of very similar sequences that were measured together. More IPK1AB is expressed in leaves than in roots, whereas more IPK1CD is expressed in roots than in leaves. Leaves and flower buds have more InsP5 and InsP6 than stems and roots. Leaves and roots contain more InsP5 than InsP6, whereas flower buds and stems contain more InsP6 than InsP5. Dark-grown seedlings contain more InsP5 and InsP6 than those grown under lights, and the ratio of InsP5 to InsP6 is greater in the light-grown seedlings. During 35 days of the life cycle of the third true leaf, InsP5 and InsP6 gradually decreased by more than 50%. Silencing IPK1AB and IPK1CD with Cotton Leaf Crumple Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) resulted in plants with an intense viral phenotype, reduced IPK1AB expression and lowered amounts of InsP5. The results are consistent with Ins(1,2,4,5,6)P5 synthesis from Ins(1,4,5,6)P4 by IPK1. This study detailed the central role of IPK1 in cotton inositol polyphosphate metabolism, which has potential to be harnessed to improve the resistance of plants to different kinds of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Q Phillippy
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| | - Janet L Donahue
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Sarah P Williams
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA
| | | | - Imara Y Perera
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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2
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Crouch-Smith HA, Fenn KJ, Williams SP. Epistaxis in people with hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia: surgical management and psychological impact. Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 2021; 82:1-10. [PMID: 34817260 DOI: 10.12968/hmed.2020.0688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
From the emergency management of acute epistaxis to the surgical procedures for chronic epistaxis, this article covers the options available to control the archetypal symptom of hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia while exploring the psychological effect such a disease has on the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - K J Fenn
- Department of Clinical Health Psychology, Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - S P Williams
- Otolaryngology Department, Arrowe Park Hospital, Wirral, UK
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3
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Hampton T, Allan J, Pearson D, Emerson H, Jones GH, Junaid M, Kanzara T, Lau AS, Siau R, Williams SP, Wilkie MD. A multi-centre analysis of a decade of endoscopic pharyngeal pouch surgery in Cheshire and Merseyside. J Laryngol Otol 2020; 134:1-6. [PMID: 33138870 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215120002224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are sparse data on the outcomes of endoscopic stapling of pharyngeal pouches. The Mersey ENT Trainee Collaborative compared regional practice against published benchmarks. METHODS A 10-year retrospective analysis of endoscopic pharyngeal pouch surgery was conducted and practice was assessed against eight standards. Comparisons were made between results from the tertiary centre and other sites. RESULTS A total of 225 procedures were performed (range of 1.2-9.2 cases per centre per year). All centres achieved 90 per cent resumption of oral intake within 2 days. All centres achieved less than 2-day hospital stays. Primary success (84 per cent (i.e. abandonment of endoscopic stapling in 16 per cent)), symptom resolution (83 per cent) and recurrence rates (13 per cent) failed to meet the standard across the non-tertiary centres. CONCLUSION Endoscopic pharyngeal pouch stapling is a procedure with a low mortality and brief in-patient stay. There was significant variance in outcomes across the region. This raises the question of whether this service should become centralised and the preserve of either tertiary centres or sub-specialist practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hampton
- Mersey ENT Trainee Research Collaborative, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
- Department of ENT Surgery, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - J Allan
- Mersey ENT Trainee Research Collaborative, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
- Department of ENT Surgery, Wirral University Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birkenhead, UK
| | - D Pearson
- Mersey ENT Trainee Research Collaborative, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
- Department of ENT Surgery, Wirral University Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birkenhead, UK
| | - H Emerson
- Mersey ENT Trainee Research Collaborative, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
- Department of ENT Surgery, Warrington and Halton Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Warrington, UK
| | - G H Jones
- Mersey ENT Trainee Research Collaborative, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
- Department of ENT Surgery, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - M Junaid
- Mersey ENT Trainee Research Collaborative, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
- Department of ENT Surgery, Warrington and Halton Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Warrington, UK
| | - T Kanzara
- Mersey ENT Trainee Research Collaborative, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
- Department of ENT Surgery, Mid Cheshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Crewe, UK
| | - A S Lau
- Mersey ENT Trainee Research Collaborative, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
- Department of ENT Surgery, Wirral University Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birkenhead, UK
| | - R Siau
- Mersey ENT Trainee Research Collaborative, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
- Department of ENT Surgery, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - S P Williams
- Mersey ENT Trainee Research Collaborative, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
- Department of ENT Surgery, Countess of Chester Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Chester, UK
| | - M D Wilkie
- Mersey ENT Trainee Research Collaborative, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
- Department of ENT Surgery, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
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4
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Williams SP, Losty PD, Dhannapuneni R, Lotto A, Guerrero R, Donne AJ. Aortopexy for the management of paediatric tracheomalacia - the Alder Hey experience. J Laryngol Otol 2020; 134:1-4. [PMID: 31971119 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215120000031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whilst aortopexy is an accepted and established procedure, there remains considerable heterogeneity within the literature, with inconsistencies in both the approach taken and the technique employed. Furthermore, limited data exist on both patient selection and long-term outcomes. This study aimed to report the experience of managing severe tracheomalacia by way of aortopexy in a large UK paediatric centre. METHOD A retrospective case note review was conducted. Mean follow up was five years. RESULTS Twenty-five patients underwent aortopexy for severe tracheomalacia caused by external vascular compression. Acute life-threatening events precipitated investigation in 72 per cent of cases. Twenty-one patients initially presented to ENT services for investigation, which comprised upper airway endoscopy and imaging with computed tomography angiography. Post-operatively, the majority of patients demonstrated complete resolution of symptoms and were discharged from all associated services. Only four patients required a tracheostomy. CONCLUSION Aortopexy offers an effective method of treating severe tracheomalacia due to vascular compression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Williams
- Department of Paediatric ENT, Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - P D Losty
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - R Dhannapuneni
- Department of Paediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - A Lotto
- Department of Paediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - R Guerrero
- Department of Paediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - A J Donne
- Department of Paediatric ENT, Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, UK
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5
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Rigoulot SB, Petzold HE, Williams SP, Brunner AM, Beers EP. Populus trichocarpa clade A PP2C protein phosphatases: their stress-induced expression patterns, interactions in core abscisic acid signaling, and potential for regulation of growth and development. Plant Mol Biol 2019; 100:303-317. [PMID: 30945147 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-019-00861-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of the poplar PP2C protein phosphatase gene PtrHAB2 resulted in increased tree height and altered leaf morphology and phyllotaxy, implicating PP2C phosphatases as growth regulators functioning under favorable conditions. We identified and studied Populus trichocarpa genes, PtrHAB1 through PtrHAB15, belonging to the clade A PP2C family of protein phosphatases known to regulate abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. PtrHAB1 through PtrHAB3 and PtrHAB12 through PtrHAB15 were the most highly expressed genes under non-stress conditions. The poplar PP2C genes were differentially regulated by drought treatments. Expression of PtrHAB1 through PtrHAB3 was unchanged or downregulated in response to drought, while all other PtrHAB genes were weakly to strongly upregulated in response to drought stress treatments. Yeast two-hybrid assays involving seven ABA receptor proteins (PtrRCAR) against 12 PtrHAB proteins detected 51 interactions involving eight PP2Cs and all PtrRCAR proteins with 22 interactions requiring the addition of ABA. PtrHAB2, PtrHAB12, PtrHAB13 and PtrHAB14 also interacted with the sucrose non-fermenting related kinase 2 proteins PtrSnRK2.10 and PtrSnRK2.11, supporting conservation of a SnRK2 signaling cascade regulated by PP2C in poplar. Additionally, PtrHAB2, PtrHAB12, PtrHAB13 and PtrHAB14 interacted with the mitogen-activated protein kinase protein PtrMPK7. Due to its interactions with PtrSnRK2 and PtrMPK7 proteins, and its reduced expression during drought stress, PtrHAB2 was overexpressed in poplar to test its potential as a growth regulator under non-stress conditions. 35S::PtrHAB2 transgenics exhibited increased growth rate for a majority of transgenic events and alterations in leaf phyllotaxy and morphology. These results indicate that PP2Cs have additional roles which extend beyond canonical ABA signaling, possibly coordinating plant growth and development in response to environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Rigoulot
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - H Earl Petzold
- Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Sarah P Williams
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
- Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, 23187, USA
| | - Amy M Brunner
- Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Eric P Beers
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
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6
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Stern SA, Weaver HA, Spencer JR, Olkin CB, Gladstone GR, Grundy WM, Moore JM, Cruikshank DP, Elliott HA, McKinnon WB, Parker JW, Verbiscer AJ, Young LA, Aguilar DA, Albers JM, Andert T, Andrews JP, Bagenal F, Banks ME, Bauer BA, Bauman JA, Bechtold KE, Beddingfield CB, Behrooz N, Beisser KB, Benecchi SD, Bernardoni E, Beyer RA, Bhaskaran S, Bierson CJ, Binzel RP, Birath EM, Bird MK, Boone DR, Bowman AF, Bray VJ, Britt DT, Brown LE, Buckley MR, Buie MW, Buratti BJ, Burke LM, Bushman SS, Carcich B, Chaikin AL, Chavez CL, Cheng AF, Colwell EJ, Conard SJ, Conner MP, Conrad CA, Cook JC, Cooper SB, Custodio OS, Dalle Ore CM, Deboy CC, Dharmavaram P, Dhingra RD, Dunn GF, Earle AM, Egan AF, Eisig J, El-Maarry MR, Engelbrecht C, Enke BL, Ercol CJ, Fattig ED, Ferrell CL, Finley TJ, Firer J, Fischetti J, Folkner WM, Fosbury MN, Fountain GH, Freeze JM, Gabasova L, Glaze LS, Green JL, Griffith GA, Guo Y, Hahn M, Hals DW, Hamilton DP, Hamilton SA, Hanley JJ, Harch A, Harmon KA, Hart HM, Hayes J, Hersman CB, Hill ME, Hill TA, Hofgartner JD, Holdridge ME, Horányi M, Hosadurga A, Howard AD, Howett CJA, Jaskulek SE, Jennings DE, Jensen JR, Jones MR, Kang HK, Katz DJ, Kaufmann DE, Kavelaars JJ, Keane JT, Keleher GP, Kinczyk M, Kochte MC, Kollmann P, Krimigis SM, Kruizinga GL, Kusnierkiewicz DY, Lahr MS, Lauer TR, Lawrence GB, Lee JE, Lessac-Chenen EJ, Linscott IR, Lisse CM, Lunsford AW, Mages DM, Mallder VA, Martin NP, May BH, McComas DJ, McNutt RL, Mehoke DS, Mehoke TS, Nelson DS, Nguyen HD, Núñez JI, Ocampo AC, Owen WM, Oxton GK, Parker AH, Pätzold M, Pelgrift JY, Pelletier FJ, Pineau JP, Piquette MR, Porter SB, Protopapa S, Quirico E, Redfern JA, Regiec AL, Reitsema HJ, Reuter DC, Richardson DC, Riedel JE, Ritterbush MA, Robbins SJ, Rodgers DJ, Rogers GD, Rose DM, Rosendall PE, Runyon KD, Ryschkewitsch MG, Saina MM, Salinas MJ, Schenk PM, Scherrer JR, Schlei WR, Schmitt B, Schultz DJ, Schurr DC, Scipioni F, Sepan RL, Shelton RG, Showalter MR, Simon M, Singer KN, Stahlheber EW, Stanbridge DR, Stansberry JA, Steffl AJ, Strobel DF, Stothoff MM, Stryk T, Stuart JR, Summers ME, Tapley MB, Taylor A, Taylor HW, Tedford RM, Throop HB, Turner LS, Umurhan OM, Van Eck J, Velez D, Versteeg MH, Vincent MA, Webbert RW, Weidner SE, Weigle GE, Wendel JR, White OL, Whittenburg KE, Williams BG, Williams KE, Williams SP, Winters HL, Zangari AM, Zurbuchen TH. Initial results from the New Horizons exploration of 2014 MU 69, a small Kuiper Belt object. Science 2019; 364:364/6441/eaaw9771. [PMID: 31097641 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw9771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The Kuiper Belt is a distant region of the outer Solar System. On 1 January 2019, the New Horizons spacecraft flew close to (486958) 2014 MU69, a cold classical Kuiper Belt object approximately 30 kilometers in diameter. Such objects have never been substantially heated by the Sun and are therefore well preserved since their formation. We describe initial results from these encounter observations. MU69 is a bilobed contact binary with a flattened shape, discrete geological units, and noticeable albedo heterogeneity. However, there is little surface color or compositional heterogeneity. No evidence for satellites, rings or other dust structures, a gas coma, or solar wind interactions was detected. MU69's origin appears consistent with pebble cloud collapse followed by a low-velocity merger of its two lobes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Stern
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA.
| | - H A Weaver
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - J R Spencer
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - C B Olkin
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - G R Gladstone
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
| | - W M Grundy
- Lowell Observatory, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
| | - J M Moore
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - D P Cruikshank
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - H A Elliott
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - W B McKinnon
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - J Wm Parker
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - A J Verbiscer
- Department of Astronomy, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - L A Young
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - D A Aguilar
- Independent consultant, Carbondale, CO 81623, USA
| | - J M Albers
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - T Andert
- Universität der Bundeswehr München, Neubiberg 85577, Germany
| | - J P Andrews
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - F Bagenal
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - M E Banks
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - B A Bauer
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | | | - K E Bechtold
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - C B Beddingfield
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.,SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - N Behrooz
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - K B Beisser
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - S D Benecchi
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - E Bernardoni
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - R A Beyer
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.,SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - S Bhaskaran
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - C J Bierson
- Earth and Planetary Science Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - R P Binzel
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - E M Birath
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - M K Bird
- Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, University of Bonn, Bonn D-53121, Germany.,Rheinisches Institut für Umweltforschung, Universität zu Köln, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - D R Boone
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - A F Bowman
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - V J Bray
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - D T Britt
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - L E Brown
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - M R Buckley
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - M W Buie
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - B J Buratti
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - L M Burke
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - S S Bushman
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - B Carcich
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA.,Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - A L Chaikin
- Independent science writer, Arlington, VT 05250, USA
| | - C L Chavez
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.,SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - A F Cheng
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - E J Colwell
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - S J Conard
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - M P Conner
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - C A Conrad
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - J C Cook
- Pinhead Institute, Telluride, CO 81435, USA
| | - S B Cooper
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - O S Custodio
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - C M Dalle Ore
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.,SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - C C Deboy
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - P Dharmavaram
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | | | - G F Dunn
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
| | - A M Earle
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - A F Egan
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - J Eisig
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - M R El-Maarry
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - C Engelbrecht
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - B L Enke
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - C J Ercol
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - E D Fattig
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
| | - C L Ferrell
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - T J Finley
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - J Firer
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | | | - W M Folkner
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - M N Fosbury
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - G H Fountain
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - J M Freeze
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - L Gabasova
- University Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - L S Glaze
- NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546, USA
| | - J L Green
- NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546, USA
| | - G A Griffith
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - Y Guo
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - M Hahn
- Rheinisches Institut für Umweltforschung, Universität zu Köln, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - D W Hals
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - D P Hamilton
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - S A Hamilton
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - J J Hanley
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
| | - A Harch
- Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - K A Harmon
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - H M Hart
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - J Hayes
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - C B Hersman
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - M E Hill
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - T A Hill
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - J D Hofgartner
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - M E Holdridge
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - M Horányi
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - A Hosadurga
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - A D Howard
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - C J A Howett
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - S E Jaskulek
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - D E Jennings
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - J R Jensen
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - M R Jones
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - H K Kang
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - D J Katz
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - D E Kaufmann
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - J J Kavelaars
- National Research Council of Canada, Victoria, BC V9E 2E7, Canada
| | - J T Keane
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - G P Keleher
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - M Kinczyk
- Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - M C Kochte
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - P Kollmann
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - S M Krimigis
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - G L Kruizinga
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - D Y Kusnierkiewicz
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - M S Lahr
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - T R Lauer
- National Optical Astronomy Observatory, Tucson, AZ 26732, USA
| | - G B Lawrence
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - J E Lee
- NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812, USA
| | | | - I R Linscott
- Independent consultant, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - C M Lisse
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - A W Lunsford
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - D M Mages
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - V A Mallder
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - N P Martin
- Independent consultant, Crested Butte, CO 81224, USA
| | - B H May
- Independent collaborator, Windlesham GU20 6YW, UK
| | - D J McComas
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA.,Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - R L McNutt
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - D S Mehoke
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - T S Mehoke
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | | | - H D Nguyen
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - J I Núñez
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - A C Ocampo
- NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546, USA
| | - W M Owen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - G K Oxton
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - A H Parker
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - M Pätzold
- Rheinisches Institut für Umweltforschung, Universität zu Köln, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | | | | | - J P Pineau
- Stellar Solutions, Palo Alto, CA 94306, USA
| | - M R Piquette
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - S B Porter
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - S Protopapa
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - E Quirico
- University Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - J A Redfern
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - A L Regiec
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | | | - D C Reuter
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - D C Richardson
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - J E Riedel
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - M A Ritterbush
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - S J Robbins
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - D J Rodgers
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - G D Rogers
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - D M Rose
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - P E Rosendall
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - K D Runyon
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - M G Ryschkewitsch
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - M M Saina
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | | | - P M Schenk
- Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - J R Scherrer
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
| | - W R Schlei
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - B Schmitt
- University Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - D J Schultz
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - D C Schurr
- NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546, USA
| | - F Scipioni
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.,SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - R L Sepan
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - R G Shelton
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | | | - M Simon
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - K N Singer
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - E W Stahlheber
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | | | - J A Stansberry
- Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - A J Steffl
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - D F Strobel
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - M M Stothoff
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
| | - T Stryk
- Roane State Community College, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - J R Stuart
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - M E Summers
- George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - M B Tapley
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
| | - A Taylor
- KinetX Aerospace, Tempe, AZ 85284, USA
| | - H W Taylor
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - R M Tedford
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - H B Throop
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - L S Turner
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - O M Umurhan
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.,SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - J Van Eck
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - D Velez
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - M H Versteeg
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
| | - M A Vincent
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - R W Webbert
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - S E Weidner
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - G E Weigle
- Independent consultant, Burden, KS 67019, USA
| | - J R Wendel
- NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546, USA
| | - O L White
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.,SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - K E Whittenburg
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | | | | | - S P Williams
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - H L Winters
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - A M Zangari
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
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Taib BG, Williams SP, Sood S, Ung K, Nixon PP, Sharma R. Treatment of sialorrhoea with repeated ultrasound-guided injections of botulinum toxin A into the parotid and submandibular glands. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2019; 57:442-448. [PMID: 31010597 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum toxin injections are useful in patients with refractory sialorrhoea although the optimum treatment protocol and its efficacy over a long period of follow up are controversial. The aim of our prospective study was to examine the efficacy and complications of a protocol of repeated ultrasound-guided botulinum toxin injections of fixed doses at a tertiary children's hospital. A total of 79 procedures were done in 34 patients who were followed up for two years. The overall complication rate was 3%. The outcome measures considered included the Drooling Frequency Severity Scale (DFSS), visual analogue scale (VAS), and carers' assessments of the reduction in drooling. Our study highlighted two types on non-responders (primary and secondary) of which 3/34 required definitive surgical management. In summary, this study shows that a protocol of repeated injections of fixed doses of botulinum toxin A, while not beneficial in all cases, is a potentially valuable option for the safe and effective treatment of sialorrhoea in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G Taib
- University of Liverpool, Cedar House, Ashton Street, Liverpool L3 5PS.
| | - S P Williams
- Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Prescot Road, L14 5AB
| | - S Sood
- Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Prescot Road, L14 5AB
| | - K Ung
- Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Prescot Road, L14 5AB
| | - P P Nixon
- Royal Liverpool University Dental Hospital, Pembroke Pl, Liverpool L3 5PS
| | - R Sharma
- Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Prescot Road, L14 5AB
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8
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Di Battista EM, Bracken RM, Stephens JW, Rice S, Williams SP, Thomas M, Mellalieu SD. Cardiovascular risk assessments at occupational health services: employee experiences. Occup Med (Lond) 2019; 69:106-112. [PMID: 30476220 DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqy156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Across England in the UK, population screening for cardiovascular disease (CVD) primarily takes place within general practice in the form of the National Health Service Health Check. Additional screening sites such as occupational health are advocated to improve the population impact. AIMS To investigate participant experiences with cardiovascular and type 2 diabetes risk assessment (RA) at occupational health and subsequent support-seeking at general practice. METHODS Face-to-face interviews were conducted for this qualitative study. Participants were recruited at three workplaces; a steel works and two hospital sites. Using interpretive phenomenological analyses, themes were drawn from salient narratives and categorically organized. RESULTS There were 29 participants. Themes (n = 16) were organized into two domains; factors that facilitated (n = 9) or thwarted (n = 7) participant engagement with the RA and general practice. All participants described the RA as worthwhile and strongly valued RA at occupational health. Those with obesity and high CVD risk highlighted their difficulties in making lifestyle changes. Participants reported confusion and anxiety when GP advice about medication appeared to contradict what participants had interpreted during RA at occupational health. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights factors that facilitate or thwart engagement in cardiovascular RA at occupational health services and general practice follow-up. Stakeholders can integrate these factors into standard operating procedures to enhance participant engagement and enable safeguards that minimize potential harm to participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Di Battista
- Aneurin Bevan University Health Board, Adult Weight Management Service, Saint Cadoc's Hospital, Caerleon, Newport, UK.,University of South Wales, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, Pontypridd, UK
| | - R M Bracken
- Applied Sports Technology Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea University Bay Campus, Swansea, UK.,Diabetes Research Group, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, UK
| | - J W Stephens
- Diabetes Research Group, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, UK
| | - S Rice
- Hywel Dda Health Board, Diabetes Centre, Prince Philip Hospital, Llanelli, Carmarthenshire, UK
| | - S P Williams
- TATA Steel Packaging Recycling, Trostre, Llanelli, Carmarthenshire, UK
| | - M Thomas
- Public Health Wales, Carmarthen, Carmarthenshire, UK
| | - S D Mellalieu
- Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cyncoed Campus, Cardiff, UK
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9
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Williams SP, Dickinson R, Walmsley SR. S44 Pseudomonas aeruginosa induces neutrophil cell death which is reversed by hypoxia. Thorax 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2016-209333.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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10
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Gray BJ, Stephens JW, Williams SP, Davies CA, Turner D, Bracken RM. Cardiorespiratory fitness testing and cardiovascular disease risk in male steelworkers. Occup Med (Lond) 2016; 67:38-43. [PMID: 27694428 DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqw131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The workplace has been advocated as a setting to perform cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk assessments. These risk assessments usually focus on traditional risk factors rather than cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) despite established associations between CRF and CVD. The lack of guidance on interpreting health-related CRF values has been suggested as a barrier to utilizing CRF in practice. AIMS To assess the merits of CRF testing in the workplace and explore whether a CRF value identified male individuals above the recommended threshold for further clinical investigation. METHODS Cross-sectional analysis of male steelworkers from Carmarthenshire, South Wales, UK who completed a workplace-based CVD risk assessment with an added CRF protocol based on heart rate responses (Chester Step Test). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was undertaken to explore the possibility of a CRF value to identify individuals at an increased 10-year risk of CVD (QRISK2 ≥ 10%). RESULTS There were 81 participants. ROC analysis revealed that a CRF level of 34.5ml/kg/min identified those individuals above the ≥10% QRISK2 threshold with the best sensitivity (0.800) and specificity (0.687) to discriminate against true- and false-positive rates. Further analysis revealed that individuals with either 'Average' or 'Below Average' CRF would be five times more likely to have a 10-year CVD risk above the ≥10% QRISK2 threshold than individuals with an 'Excellent' or 'Good' level of fitness [OR 5.10 (95% CI 1.60-16.3)]. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests CRF assessments are a useful addition to a workplace CVD assessment and could identify male individuals at increased predicted risk of the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Gray
- Policy, Research and International Development, Public Health Wales, Cardiff CF10 4BZ, UK,
| | - J W Stephens
- Diabetes Research Group, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - S P Williams
- TATA Steel Packaging Recycling, Trostre, Llanelli, Carmarthenshire SA14 9SD, UK
| | - C A Davies
- TATA Steel Packaging Recycling, Trostre, Llanelli, Carmarthenshire SA14 9SD, UK
| | - D Turner
- Red Bull North America, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA
| | - R M Bracken
- Diabetes Research Group, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.,Applied Sports Technology Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, College of Engineering, Swansea University (Bay Campus), Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
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Gray BJ, Bracken RM, Turner D, Long SJ, Thomas M, Williams SP, Davies CA, Morgan K, Williams M, Rice S, Stephens JW. A workplace-based risk assessment improves predicted lifetime cardiovascular disease risk in male steelworkers. Public Health 2016; 138:160-3. [PMID: 27132069 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2016.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B J Gray
- Policy, Research and International Development, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, UK.
| | - R M Bracken
- Diabetes Research Group, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, UK; Applied Sports Technology Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, College of Engineering, Swansea University (Bay Campus), Swansea, UK
| | - D Turner
- RedBull North America, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - S J Long
- Policy, Research and International Development, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - M Thomas
- Public Health Wales, Carmarthen, Carmarthenshire, UK
| | - S P Williams
- TATA Steel Packaging Recycling, Trostre, Llanelli, Carmarthenshire, UK
| | - C A Davies
- TATA Steel Packaging Recycling, Trostre, Llanelli, Carmarthenshire, UK
| | - K Morgan
- Hywel Dda Health Board, Prince Philip Hospital, Llanelli, Carmarthenshire, UK
| | - M Williams
- Hywel Dda Health Board, Prince Philip Hospital, Llanelli, Carmarthenshire, UK
| | - S Rice
- Hywel Dda Health Board, Prince Philip Hospital, Llanelli, Carmarthenshire, UK
| | - J W Stephens
- Diabetes Research Group, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, UK
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Lau AS, Smith K, Mealey L, Rylands J, Heseltine J, Williams SP, Swift AC. Do mandatory nasal interventions after epistaxis just delay discharge?--Our experience in 90 adults. Clin Otolaryngol 2016; 40:486-90. [PMID: 25757999 DOI: 10.1111/coa.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A S Lau
- Department of ENT and Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Aintree NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - K Smith
- Department of ENT and Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Aintree NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - L Mealey
- Department of ENT and Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Aintree NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - J Rylands
- Department of ENT and Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Aintree NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - J Heseltine
- Department of ENT and Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Aintree NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - S P Williams
- Department of ENT and Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Aintree NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - A C Swift
- Department of ENT and Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Aintree NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
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13
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Lau AS, Krishnan M, Williams SP, Mamais C, Sweed A, Bhat J, Somashekar S, Leong SC. A re-appraisal of publication rates of scientific papers presented at the Otorhinolaryngology Research Society meetings. Clin Otolaryngol 2016; 41:694-699. [PMID: 26589964 DOI: 10.1111/coa.12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review the rate of publication of papers in peer-reviewed journals after oral presentations at the Otorhinolaryngology Research Society meetings between 1996 and 2013 and to compare trends with the previous review (1979-1995). DESIGN Literature review. SETTING Merseyside ENT Research Collaborative. PARTICIPANTS The abstracts of presentations at Otorhinolaryngology Research Society meetings are published in Clinical Otolaryngology. A structured search of PubMed was undertaken to identify published Otorhinolaryngology Research Society presentations. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Publication rates. RESULTS A total of 460 abstracts were identified. The interobserver reliability among reviewers was 98%. Of the total, 259 (56.3%) abstracts were published in peer-reviewed journals. The average time from Otorhinolaryngology Research Society presentation to publication was 27.7 months (median 23), which was not significantly different from the previous review. Publication by subspeciality was as follows: head and neck (45.6%), otology (30.5%), rhinology (22%) and others (1.9%). Most published Otorhinolaryngology Research Society presentations were published in Clinical Otolaryngology (22.4%), followed by the Journal of Laryngology and Otology (8.1%) and the Laryngoscope (7.3%). Clinical research was the most common category of abstracts being presented at Otorhinolaryngology Research Society meetings, followed by laboratory-based research. Over half (56.5%) of laboratory research presented were head and neck themed, while otology and rhinology predominated clinical research presentations. Over half (52.1%) of Otorhinolaryngology Research Society abstracts originated from units in the North of England. Bristol presented the most abstracts (30.1%), followed by Newcastle (25.1%). CONCLUSIONS The publication rate of Otorhinolaryngology Research Society presentations remains high and many are subsequently published in high-impact factor otolaryngology journals. More Otorhinolaryngology Research Society presentations are now published in American and European journals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Lau
- Merseyside ENT Research Collaborative, Liverpool, UK
| | - M Krishnan
- Merseyside ENT Research Collaborative, Liverpool, UK
| | - S P Williams
- Merseyside ENT Research Collaborative, Liverpool, UK
| | - C Mamais
- Merseyside ENT Research Collaborative, Liverpool, UK
| | - A Sweed
- Merseyside ENT Research Collaborative, Liverpool, UK.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Ain Shams University, Egypt
| | - J Bhat
- Merseyside ENT Research Collaborative, Liverpool, UK
| | - S Somashekar
- Merseyside ENT Research Collaborative, Liverpool, UK
| | - S C Leong
- Merseyside ENT Research Collaborative, Liverpool, UK.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Aintree, Liverpool, UK
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14
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Williams SP, Wilkie MD, Tahery J. Microscope-assisted thyroidectomy: Our experience in one hundred and twenty-one consecutive cases. Clin Otolaryngol 2015; 39:307-11. [PMID: 25042640 DOI: 10.1111/coa.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S P Williams
- ENT Department, Countess of Chester Hospital, Chester, UK
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15
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Williams SP, Gillaspy GE, Perera IY. Biosynthesis and possible functions of inositol pyrophosphates in plants. Front Plant Sci 2015; 6:67. [PMID: 25729385 PMCID: PMC4325660 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Inositol phosphates (InsPs) are intricately tied to lipid signaling, as at least one portion of the inositol phosphate signaling pool is derived from hydrolysis of the lipid precursor, phosphatidyl inositol (4,5) bisphosphate. The focus of this review is on the inositol pyrophosphates, which are a novel group of InsP signaling molecules containing diphosphate or triphosphate chains (i.e., PPx) attached to the inositol ring. These PPx-InsPs are emerging as critical players in the integration of cellular metabolism and stress signaling in non-plant eukaryotes. Most eukaryotes synthesize the precursor molecule, myo-inositol (1,2,3,4,5,6)-hexakisphosphate (InsP6), which can serve as a signaling molecule or as storage compound of inositol, phosphorus, and minerals (referred to as phytic acid). Even though plants produce huge amounts of precursor InsP6 in seeds, almost no attention has been paid to whether PPx-InsPs exist in plants, and if so, what roles these molecules play. Recent work has delineated that Arabidopsis has two genes capable of PP-InsP5 synthesis, and PPx-InsPs have been detected across the plant kingdom. This review will detail the known roles of PPx-InsPs in yeast and animal systems, and provide a description of recent data on the synthesis and accumulation of these novel molecules in plants, and potential roles in signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah P. Williams
- Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic and State UniversityBlacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Glenda E. Gillaspy
- Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic and State UniversityBlacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Imara Y. Perera
- Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State UniversityRaleigh, NC, USA
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16
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Desai M, Rangarajan P, Donahue JL, Williams SP, Land ES, Mandal MK, Phillippy BQ, Perera IY, Raboy V, Gillaspy GE. Two inositol hexakisphosphate kinases drive inositol pyrophosphate synthesis in plants. Plant J 2014; 80:642-53. [PMID: 25231822 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Inositol pyrophosphates are unique cellular signaling molecules with recently discovered roles in energy sensing and metabolism. Studies in eukaryotes have revealed that these compounds have a rapid turnover, and thus only small amounts accumulate. Inositol pyrophosphates have not been the subject of investigation in plants even though seeds produce large amounts of their precursor, myo-inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6 ). Here, we report that Arabidopsis and maize InsP6 transporter mutants have elevated levels of inositol pyrophosphates in their seed, providing unequivocal identification of their presence in plant tissues. We also show that plant seeds store a little over 1% of their inositol phosphate pool as InsP7 and InsP8 . Many tissues, including, seed, seedlings, roots and leaves accumulate InsP7 and InsP8 , thus synthesis is not confined to tissues with high InsP6 . We have identified two highly similar Arabidopsis genes, AtVip1 and AtVip2, which are orthologous to the yeast and mammalian VIP kinases. Both AtVip1 and AtVip2 encode proteins capable of restoring InsP7 synthesis in yeast mutants, thus AtVip1 and AtVip2 can function as bonafide InsP6 kinases. AtVip1 and AtVip2 are differentially expressed in plant tissues, suggesting non-redundant or non-overlapping functions in plants. These results contribute to our knowledge of inositol phosphate metabolism and will lay a foundation for understanding the role of InsP7 and InsP8 in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mintu Desai
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Room 4209, Gardner Hall, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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17
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Gray BJ, Bracken RM, Thomas M, Williams SP, Williams M, Rice S, Stephens JW. 'Prosiect Sir Gâr': workplace-based cardiovascular disease and diabetes risk assessments. Occup Med (Lond) 2014; 64:549-56. [PMID: 25194014 DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqu103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes remain two of the greatest health challenges in the UK. Government guidelines recommend screening for both of these conditions to identify individuals at high risk. Assessing individuals in the work environment for these two conditions as part of routine annual medicals could have benefits for both the employee and employer. AIMS To introduce the Prosiect Sir Gâr workplace-based initiative for CVD and diabetes prevention and report some of the baseline measurements in regards to CVD and diabetes risk. METHODS Individuals from two workplaces (local health board and steelworks) attended a medical health check with an added CVD and diabetes risk assessment component. Demographic and anthropometric data, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, smoking status and family and medical histories were recorded. Blood samples were analysed for total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and HbA1c. Ten year risk of CVD and diabetes were predicted using the QRISK2 and QDiabetes algorithms. Individuals at high risk of either condition were referred to a lifestyle intervention programme. RESULTS Among over 800 individuals screened a high prevalence of central obesity (75%), systolic hypertension (20%) and diastolic hypertension (23%) were observed in both workforces. In addition, a substantial proportion of the workers were either 'overweight' (42%) or 'obese' (28%). CONCLUSIONS Introducing CVD and diabetes risk assessments to routine annual medicals in the workplace uncovered significant isolated risk factors for both CVD and diabetes that may otherwise have remained undiagnosed. This approach also gave employers a more detailed awareness of the current health of their employees.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Gray
- Diabetes Research Group, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK, Applied Sports Technology Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK,
| | - R M Bracken
- Diabetes Research Group, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK, Applied Sports Technology Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - M Thomas
- Public Health Wales, Carmarthen, Carmarthenshire SA31 3WY, UK
| | - S P Williams
- TATA Steel Packaging Recycling, Trostre, Llanelli, Carmarthenshire SA14 9SD, UK
| | - M Williams
- Hywel Dda Health Board, Prince Philip Hospital, Llanelli, Carmarthenshire SA14 8QF, UK
| | - S Rice
- Hywel Dda Health Board, Prince Philip Hospital, Llanelli, Carmarthenshire SA14 8QF, UK
| | - J W Stephens
- Diabetes Research Group, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
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Williams SP, Curnow TL, Almeyda R. Lessons learnt from the diagnosis and antimicrobial management of necrotising (malignant) otitis externa: our experience in a tertiary referral centre. B-ENT 2014; 10:99-104. [PMID: 25090807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Necrotising otitis externa is an uncommon and aggressive infection of the external auditory canal with a tendency to present in the elderly and immunocompromised patient. We report a series of twenty-five patients admitted to our institution over a four-year period with this diagnosis. We review the diagnosis and antimicrobial management of these cases, and propose a treatment algorithm based on our experience.
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Williams SP, Rangarajan P, Donahue JL, Hess JE, Gillaspy GE. Regulation of Sucrose non-Fermenting Related Kinase 1 genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. Front Plant Sci 2014; 5:324. [PMID: 25071807 PMCID: PMC4090914 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The Sucrose non-Fermenting Related Kinase 1 (SnRK1) proteins have been linked to regulation of energy and stress signaling in eukaryotes. In plants, there is a small SnRK1 gene family. While the SnRK1.1 gene has been well studied, the role other SnRK1 isoforms play in energy or stress signaling is less well understood. We used promoter:GUS analysis and found SnRK1.1 is broadly expressed, while SnRK1.2 is spatially restricted. SnRK1.2 is expressed most abundantly in hydathodes, at the base of leaf primordia, and in vascular tissues within both shoots and roots. We examined the impact that sugars have on SnRK1 gene expression and found that trehalose induces SnRK1.2 expression. Given that the SnRK1.1 and SnRK1.2 proteins are very similar at the amino acid level, we sought to address whether SnRK1.2 is capable of re-programming growth and development as has been seen previously with SnRK1.1 overexpression. While gain-of-function transgenic plants overexpressing two different isoforms of SnRK1.1 flower late as seen previously in other SnRK1.1 overexpressors, SnRK1.2 overexpressors flower early. In addition, SnRK1.2 overexpressors have increased leaf size and rosette diameter during early development, which is the opposite of SnRK1.1 overexpressors. We also investigated whether SnRK1.2 was localized to similar subcellular compartments as SnRK1.1, and found that both accumulate in the nucleus and cytoplasm in transient expression assays. In addition, we found SnRK1.1 accumulates in small puncta that appear after a mechanical wounding stress. Together, these data suggest key differences in regulation of the SnRK1.1 and SnRK1.2 genes in plants, and highlights differences overexpression of each gene has on the development of Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Glenda E. Gillaspy
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia TechBlacksburg, VA, USA
- *Correspondence: Glenda E. Gillaspy, Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA e-mail:
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Williams SP, Kroeger K, Avey H, Fuller E, Branscomb J, Wong N. P4.005 From Policy to Practice: Utilizing a Health in All Policies Approach to Enhance Public Health and Promote Sexual Health in Communities Affected by Structural Change and Redevelopment. Br J Vener Dis 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2013-051184.0904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Sorahan T, Williams SP. Respiratory cancer in nickel carbonyl refinery workers. Occup Environ Med 2006; 63:856; author reply 856. [PMID: 17139768 PMCID: PMC2078008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Excess risks of respiratory cancer have been shown in some groups of nickel exposed workers. It is clear, however, that not all forms of nickel exposure are implicated in these excess risks. AIM To determine whether occupational exposures received in a modern nickel carbonyl refinery lead to increased risks of cancer, in particular nasal cancer and lung cancer. METHODS The mortality experienced by a cohort of 812 workers employed at a nickel refinery was investigated. Study subjects were all male workforce employees first employed in the period 1953-92 who had at least five years' employment with the company. Observed numbers of cause specific deaths were compared with expectations based on national mortality rates; SMRs were also calculated by period from commencing employment, year of commencing employment, and type of work. RESULTS Overall, standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) were close to 100 for all causes (Obs 191, SMR 96, 95% CI 83 to 111), all neoplasms (Obs 63, SMR 104, 95% CI 80 to 133), non-malignant diseases of the respiratory system (Obs 18, SMR 97, 95% CI 57 to 153), and diseases of the circulatory system (Obs 85, SMR 94, 95% CI 75 to 116). There were no significantly increased SMRs for any site of cancer. There was a non-significant excess for lung cancer (Obs 28, Exp 20.17, SMR 139, 95% CI 92 to 201), and in subgroup analyses a significantly increased SMR of 231 (Obs 9) was found for those 142 workers with at least five years' employment in the feed handling and nickel extraction departments. In the total cohort there was a single death from nasal cancer (Exp 0.10). CONCLUSIONS The non-significant excess of lung cancer deaths may well be a chance finding, but in light of previous studies some role for nickel exposures cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sorahan
- Institute of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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Adesogan AT, Salawu MB, Williams SP, Fisher WJ, Dewhurst RJ. Reducing concentrate supplementation in dairy cow diets while maintaining milk production with pea-wheat intercrops. J Dairy Sci 2004; 87:3398-406. [PMID: 15377618 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(04)73475-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the first of 2 experiments, 40 dairy cows were used to evaluate the milk production potential and concentrate-sparing effect of feeding dairy cows a basal diet of pea-wheat intercrop silages instead of perennial rye-grass silage (GS). Dairy cows were offered GS or 2 intercrop silages prepared from wheat and either Magnus peas (MW, a tall-straw variety) or Setchey peas (SW, a short-straw variety) ad libitum. The respective intercrops were supplemented with 4 kg/d of a dairy concentrate (CP = 240 g/kg dry matter; MW4 and SW4), and the GS were supplemented with 4 (GS4) or 8 (GS8) kg/d of the same concentrate. The second experiment measured the forage DM intake, digestibility, rumen function, and microbial protein synthesis from the forages by offering them alone to 3, nonlactating cows (3 x 3 Latin square design with 21-d periods). Forage dry matter intake was greater in cows fed the intercrop silages than those fed GS. Milk production was greater in cows fed SW4 than those fed GS4 or MW4, but similar to cows fed GS8. Dietary treatment did not affect milk fat, protein, or lactose concentrations. The intercrops had greater N retention, and were more digestible than the GS, and these factors probably contributed to the greater forage DM intakes and greater milk production from the intercrop silages compared with the GS. Rumen volatile fatty acid concentrations were similar across forages, but urinary purine derivative excretion was greater in the cows fed the intercrop silages than the GS, suggesting that rumen microbial protein synthesis was enhanced by feeding the intercrops. In conclusion, similar milk yield and milk composition can be obtained by feeding SW and 4 kg of concentrates as that obtained with GS and 8 kg of concentrates. Feeding intercrop silages instead of GS with the same amount of concentrates increased forage intakes, N retention, and microbial protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Adesogan
- Institute of Rural Sciences, University of Wales, Aberystwyth SY23 3AL, United Kingdom.
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Williams SP, Gardos PS, Ortiz-Torres B, Tross S, Ehrhardt AA. Urban women's negotiation strategies for safer sex with their male partners. Women Health 2002; 33:133-48. [PMID: 11527101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Heterosexual transmission of HIV is growing at an increasing rate. One primary prevention strategy is to consistently use condoms. With the exception of female condoms, women do not "wear" condoms and therefore must negotiate condom use with their male partners. This present study examines the strategies women believe they would use in a safer sex negotiation with a male partner including (1) initiating negotiations, (2) resolving conflict, and (3) maintaining the intention to practice safer sex. The findings highlight the importance of understanding women's patterns of negotiation as well as their repertoire of negotiation skills prior to their exposure to behavioral interventions and prevention programs.
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25
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Burt RA, Christians GL, Williams SP, Wilson DJ. Dense nonaqueous phase liquid tracer tests: experimental results. Environ Monit Assess 2001; 72:297-326. [PMID: 11720230 DOI: 10.1023/a:1012050810427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Two dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) tracer tests were carried out in a shallow aquifer north of Fort Worth, TX. i-Propanol was used as the nonpartitioning tracer: n-hexanol and n-octanol were the partitioning tracers. Field data, mathematical modeling, the results of column tests, and field tracer tests with NaCl were used in designing the DNAPL tracer tests. The results indicated the presence of DNAPL at both sites tested; semi-quantitative estimates of the amounts of DNAPL present were obtained by mathematical modeling. Interpretation was complicated by heterogeneity of the aquifer and mass transport effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Burt
- Eckenfelder/Brown and Caldwell, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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26
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Williams SP, Gerber HP, Giordano FJ, Peale FV, Bernstein LJ, Bunting S, Chien KR, Ferrara N, van Bruggen N. Dobutamine stress cine-MRI of cardiac function in the hearts of adult cardiomyocyte-specific VEGF knockout mice. J Magn Reson Imaging 2001; 14:374-82. [PMID: 11599061 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.1197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A mouse model of non-necrotic vascular deficiency in the adult heart was studied using cine-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and other techniques. The mice lacked cardiomyocyte-derived vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) following a targeted knockout in the ventricular cardiomyocytes. Quantitative endothelial labeling showed that the capillary density was significantly reduced in the hearts of knockout mice. Gene expression patterns suggested that they were hypoxic. Semiautomated MR image analysis was employed to obtain both global and regional measurements of left ventricular function at 10 or more time points through the cardiac cycle. MRI measurements showed a marked reduction in ejection fraction both at rest and under low- and high-dose dobutamine stress. Regional wall thickness, thickening, and displacement were all attenuated in the knockout mice. A prolonged high-dose dobutamine challenge was monitored by MRI. A maximal response was sustained for 90 minutes, suggesting that it did not depend on endogenous glycogen stores.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Williams
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way #72A, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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Watkins RE, Wisely GB, Moore LB, Collins JL, Lambert MH, Williams SP, Willson TM, Kliewer SA, Redinbo MR. The human nuclear xenobiotic receptor PXR: structural determinants of directed promiscuity. Science 2001; 292:2329-33. [PMID: 11408620 DOI: 10.1126/science.1060762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 560] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The human nuclear pregnane X receptor (hPXR) activates cytochrome P450-3A expression in response to a wide variety of xenobiotics and plays a critical role in mediating dangerous drug-drug interactions. We present the crystal structures of the ligand-binding domain of hPXR both alone and in complex with the cholesterol-lowering drug SR12813 at resolutions of 2.5 and 2.75 angstroms, respectively. The hydrophobic ligand-binding cavity of hPXR contains a small number of polar residues, permitting SR12813 to bind in three distinct orientations. The position and nature of these polar residues were found to be critical for establishing the precise pharmacologic activation profile of PXR. Our findings provide important insights into how hPXR detects xenobiotics and may prove useful in predicting and avoiding drug-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Watkins
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina (UNC) at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Giordano FJ, Gerber HP, Williams SP, VanBruggen N, Bunting S, Ruiz-Lozano P, Gu Y, Nath AK, Huang Y, Hickey R, Dalton N, Peterson KL, Ross J, Chien KR, Ferrara N. A cardiac myocyte vascular endothelial growth factor paracrine pathway is required to maintain cardiac function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:5780-5. [PMID: 11331753 PMCID: PMC33290 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.091415198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the cardiac myocyte as a mediator of paracrine signaling in the heart has remained unclear. To address this issue, we generated mice with cardiac myocyte-specific deletion of the vascular endothelial growth factor gene, thereby producing a cardiomyocyte-specific knockout of a secreted factor. The hearts of these mice had fewer coronary microvessels, thinned ventricular walls, depressed basal contractile function, induction of hypoxia-responsive genes involved in energy metabolism, and an abnormal response to beta-adrenergic stimulation. These findings establish the critical importance of cardiac myocyte-derived vascular endothelial growth factor in cardiac morphogenesis and determination of heart function. Further, they establish an adult murine model of hypovascular nonnecrotic cardiac contractile dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Giordano
- Cardiovascular Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, 295 Congress Avenue, Room 336C, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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29
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Williams SP. Your child--health. The new face of nutrition. Newsweek 2001; 136:42, 44-5. [PMID: 11184689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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Jin H, Yang R, Awad TA, Wang F, Li W, Williams SP, Ogasawara A, Shimada B, Williams PM, de Feo G, Paoni NF. Effects of early angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on cardiac gene expression after acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 2001; 103:736-42. [PMID: 11156887 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.103.5.736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ACE inhibition after myocardial infarction (MI) has been shown to have beneficial effects on cardiac anatomy and function. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of ACE inhibition on cardiac gene expression after MI. METHODS AND RESULTS Rats were randomized to receive captopril or no treatment 1 day after MI. Eight weeks later, cardiac function and hemodynamics were measured by use of indwelling catheters and perivascular flow probes. Myocardial gene expression was assessed with DNA microarrays and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The ratios of heart and left ventricular weights to body weight were significantly increased by MI and normalized by captopril. Cardiac index and stroke volume index were lower in the untreated MI group than in sham controls but were normal in the MI+captopril group. Thirty-seven genes were found to be differentially expressed between the untreated MI group and sham controls; 31 were induced and 6 repressed. Captopril partially or completely inhibited changes in 10 of the genes. The 37 genes clustered into 11 functional groups, and 6 had >/=1 genes whose expression was modified by ACE inhibition. CONCLUSIONS ACE inhibition after MI inhibits cardiac hypertrophy, preserves cardiac function, and attenuates changes in myocardial gene expression. Gene expression profiling reveals, however, that some elements of the pathophysiology may be unaffected by the treatment and be targets for new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Jin
- Cardiovascular Research Department, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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Abstract
Women are the fastest growing group in the USA to become infected with HIV. Also, the mode of transmission is changing with heterosexual behaviour being the predominant source. As these changes occur, HIV infection becomes more common in women who have not typically been considered at high risk. This paper describes an intervention designed to decrease unsafe sexual encounters and to focus on a highly meaningful concern in the lives of these women: relationships with men. The sessions encouraged making decisions, choice, partner selection, sexual rights, refusal of any unwanted sex, female controlled methods and other elements of empowerment. An eight-session and a four-session curriculum were created to assess dose factors as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Miller
- HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University, New York, USA
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Abstract
This study investigates whether phorbol esters increase phosphoinositide hydrolysis in intact vascular smooth muscle, and the mechanism underlying the hydrolysis. Phorbol myristate acetate induced time- and concentration-dependent increases in phosphoinositide hydrolysis, as demonstrated by elevated inositol monophosphate levels, in deendothelialized rat aorta. The phorbol ester-elevated inositol monophosphate levels were abolished by indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, but were only partially decreased by SQ29548, a thromboxane A2/prostaglandin H2 receptor antagonist. SQ29548 also only partially decreased elevated inositol monophosphate levels due to prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin F2alpha, prostaglandin I2 and carbacyclin, a stable prostaglandin I2 analog. SQ29548 abolished elevated inositol monophosphate levels due to U46619, a stable thromboxane A2/prostaglandin H2 receptor agonist. These studies demonstrate that phorbol esters increase phosphoinositide hydrolysis in intact vascular smooth muscle, and that the increase is due, at lease in part, to endogenously released prostaglandins other than prostaglandin H2.
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MESH Headings
- 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid/pharmacology
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Aorta, Thoracic/enzymology
- Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic
- Epoprostenol/analogs & derivatives
- Epoprostenol/pharmacology
- Fatty Acids, Unsaturated
- Hydrazines/pharmacology
- Hydrolysis
- Indomethacin/pharmacology
- Inositol Phosphates/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Phosphatidylinositols/metabolism
- Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases/metabolism
- Prostaglandins/metabolism
- Prostaglandins/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Rapoport
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH 45267-0575, USA.
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Abstract
Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the breast is a rare clinical entity. We diagnosed a patient who presented with a pure squamous cell cancer of the breast 12 years after local radiation for a primary adenocarcinoma of breast. Previously reported cancers related to radiation of the breast have been squamous cell of skin and esophagus and sarcomas, especially angiosarcomas, and on literature review this is the first reported case of primary squamous carcinoma of the breast related to previous radiation. Although our observation suggests a possible link, no established cause and effect relationship is known at this point.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Singh
- Department of Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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van Bruggen N, Thibodeaux H, Palmer JT, Lee WP, Fu L, Cairns B, Tumas D, Gerlai R, Williams SP, van Lookeren Campagne M, Ferrara N. VEGF antagonism reduces edema formation and tissue damage after ischemia/reperfusion injury in the mouse brain. J Clin Invest 1999; 104:1613-20. [PMID: 10587525 PMCID: PMC409867 DOI: 10.1172/jci8218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
VEGF is mitogenic, angiogenic, and a potent mediator of vascular permeability. VEGF causes extravasation of plasma protein in skin bioassays and increases hydraulic conductivity in isolated perfused microvessels. Reduced tissue oxygen tension triggers VEGF expression, and increased protein and mRNA levels for VEGF and its receptors (Flt-1, Flk-1/KDR) occur in the ischemic rat brain. Brain edema, provoked in part by enhanced cerebrovascular permeability, is a major complication in central nervous system pathologies, including head trauma and stroke. The role of VEGF in this pathology has remained elusive because of the lack of a suitable experimental antagonist. We used a novel fusion protein, mFlt(1-3)-IgG, which sequesters murine VEGF, to treat mice exposed to transient cortical ischemia followed by reperfusion. Using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging, we found a significant reduction in volume of the edematous tissue 1 day after onset of ischemia in mice that received mFlt(1-3)-IgG. 8-12 weeks after treatment, measurements of the resultant infarct size revealed a significant sparing of cortical tissue. Regional cerebral blood flow was unaffected by the administration of mFlt(1-3)-IgG. These results demonstrate that antagonism of VEGF reduces ischemia/reperfusion-related brain edema and injury, implicating VEGF in the pathogenesis of stroke and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- N van Bruggen
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.
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35
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van Lookeren Campagne M, Thomas GR, Thibodeaux H, Palmer JT, Williams SP, Lowe DG, van Bruggen N. Secondary reduction in the apparent diffusion coefficient of water, increase in cerebral blood volume, and delayed neuronal death after middle cerebral artery occlusion and early reperfusion in the rat. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1999; 19:1354-64. [PMID: 10598940 DOI: 10.1097/00004647-199912000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported recently that very delayed damage can occur as a result of focal cerebral ischemia induced by vascular occlusion of short duration. With use of diffusion-, T2-, and contrast-enhanced dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques, the occlusion time dependence together with the temporal profile for this delayed response in a rat model of transient focal cortical ischemia have been established. The distal branch of the middle cerebral artery was occluded for 20, 30, 45, or 90 minutes. Twenty minutes of vascular occlusion with reperfusion exhibited no significant mean change in either the apparent diffusion coefficient of water (ADC) or the T2 relaxation time at 6, 24, 48, or 72 hours after reperfusion (P = 0.97 and 0.70, respectively). Ninety minutes of ischemia caused dramatic tissue injury at 6 hours, as indicated by an increase in T2 relaxation times to 135% of the contralateral values (P < 0.01). However, at intermediate periods of ischemia (30 to 45 minutes), complete reversal of the ADC was seen at 6 hours after reperfusion but was followed by a secondary decline over time, such that a 25% reduction in tissue ADC was seen at 24 as compared with 6 hours (P < 0.02). This secondary response was accompanied by an increase in cerebral blood volume (CBV), as shown by contrast-enhanced dynamic MRI (120% of contralateral values; P < 0.001), an increase in T2 relaxation time (132%; P < 0.01), together with clear morphological signs of cell death. By day 18, the mean volume of missing cortical tissue measured with high-resolution MRI in animals occluded for 30 and 45 minutes was 50% smaller than that in 90-minute occluded animals (P < 0.005). These data show that ultimate infarct size is reduced after early reperfusion and is occlusion time dependent. The early tissue recovery that is seen with intermediate occlusion times can be followed by cell death, which has a delayed onset and is accompanied by an increase in CBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- M van Lookeren Campagne
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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van Lookeren Campagne M, Thibodeaux H, van Bruggen N, Cairns B, Gerlai R, Palmer JT, Williams SP, Lowe DG. Evidence for a protective role of metallothionein-1 in focal cerebral ischemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:12870-5. [PMID: 10536015 PMCID: PMC23139 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.22.12870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of metal binding proteins that have been proposed to participate in a cellular defense against zinc toxicity and free radicals. In the present study, we investigated whether increased expression of MT in MT-1 isoform-overexpressing transgenic mice (MT-TG) affords protection against mild focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Transient focal ischemia was induced in control (wild type) and MT-TG mice by occluding the right middle cerebral artery for 45 min. Upon reperfusion, cerebral edema slowly developed and peaked at 24 hr as shown by T2-weighted MRI. The volume of affected tissue was on the average 42% smaller in MT-TG mice compared with control mice at 6, 9, 24, and 72 hr and 14 days postreperfusion (P < 0.01). In addition, functional studies showed that 3 weeks after reperfusion MT-TG mice showed a significantly better motor performance compared with control mice (P = 0.011). Although cortical baseline levels of MT-1 mRNA were similar in control and MT-TG mice, there was an increase in MT-1 mRNA levels in the ischemic cortex of MT-TG mice to 7.5 times baseline levels compared with an increase to 2.3 times baseline levels in control mice 24 hr after reperfusion. In addition, MT-TG mice showed an increased MT immunoreactivity in astrocytes, vascular endothelial cells, and neurons 24 hr after reperfusion whereas in control mice MT immunoreactivity was restricted mainly to astrocytes and decreased in the infarcted tissue. These results provide evidence that increased expression of MT-1 protects against focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M van Lookeren Campagne
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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Benn T, Betts D, Grime LP, Harrison J, Hayes A, Inskip H, Martin PA, Rushton L, Williams SP, Wilks MF. Guidelines for the compilation of occupational health-related records to facilitate future epidemiological studies of chemical exposure. Working Party of the Human Toxicology Section of the British Toxicology Society. Occup Med (Lond) 1999; 49:439-42. [PMID: 10665145 DOI: 10.1093/occmed/49.7.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T Benn
- Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit, Health & Safety Executive, Bootle, Merseyside, UK.
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van Bruggen N, Busch E, Palmer JT, Williams SP, de Crespigny AJ. High-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging of the rat brain: mapping changes in cerebral blood volume using iron oxide contrast media. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1998; 18:1178-83. [PMID: 9809506 DOI: 10.1097/00004647-199811000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging was used to produce high-resolution activation maps reflecting local changes in cerebral blood volume after a simple sensory stimulus. Activation of the forelimb region of the somatosensory cortex was performed in alpha-chloralose-anaesthetized rats with an electrical stimulus (5 V, 3 Hz) delivered through needle electrodes placed subcutaneously on the left forelimb. A gradient echo magnetic resonance imaging sequence, sensitive to changes in the relative amount of deoxyhemoglobin within the cerebral vasculature, produced a 4.05%+/-1.69% increase in signal intensity. This effect was enhanced with an injection of an intravascular iron oxide contrast agent (Combidex, Advanced Magnetics), resulting in a 9.11%+/-1.52% decrease in signal intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N van Bruggen
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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Gerlai R, Williams SP, Cairns B, Van Bruggen N, Moran P, Shih A, Caras I, Sauer H, Phillips HS, Winslow JW. Protein targeting in the analysis of learning and memory: a potential alternative to gene targeting. Exp Brain Res 1998; 123:24-35. [PMID: 9835389 DOI: 10.1007/s002210050541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Gene targeting using homologous recombination in embryonic stem (ES) cells offers unprecedented precision with which one may manipulate single genes and investigate the in vivo effects of defined mutations in the mouse. Geneticists argue that this technique abrogates the lack of highly specific pharmacological tools in the study of brain function and behavior. However, by now it has become clear that gene targeting has some limitations too. One problem is spatial and temporal specificity of the generated mutation, which may appear in multiple brain regions or even in other organs and may also be present throughout development, giving rise to complex, secondary phenotypical alterations. This may be a disadvantage in the functional analysis of a number of genes associated with learning and memory processes. For example, several proteins, including neurotrophins--cell-adhesion molecules--and protein kinases, that play a significant developmental role have recently been suggested to be also involved in neural and behavioral plasticity. Knocking out genes of such proteins may lead to developmental alterations or even embryonic lethality in the mouse, making it difficult to study their function in neural plasticity, learning, and memory. Therefore, alternative strategies to gene targeting may be needed. Here, we suggest a potentially useful in vivo strategy based on systemic application of immunoadhesins, genetically engineered fusion proteins possessing the Fc portion of the human IgG molecule and, for example, a binding domain of a receptor of interest. These proteins are stable in vivo and exhibit high binding specificity and affinity for the endogenous ligand of the receptor, but lack the ability to signal. Thus, if delivered to the brain, immunoadhesins may specifically block signalling of the receptor of interest. Using osmotic minipumps, the protein can be infused in a localized region of the brain for a specified period of time (days or weeks). Thus, the location and timing of delivery are controlled. Here, we present methodological details of this novel approach and argue that infusion of immunoadhesins will be useful for studying the role particular receptors play in behavioral and neural plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gerlai
- Neuroscience Department, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080-4990, USA.
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Abstract
The physiological effects of progestins are mediated by the progesterone receptor, a member of the steroid/nuclear receptor superfamily. As progesterone is required for maintenance of pregnancy, its receptor has been a target for pharmaceuticals. Here we report the 1.8 A crystal structure of a progesterone-bound ligand-binding domain of the human progesterone receptor. The nature of this structure explains the receptor's selective affinity for progestins and establishes a common mode of recognition of 3-oxy steroids by the cognate receptors. Although the overall fold of the progesterone receptor is similar to that found in related receptors, the progesterone receptor has a quite different mode of dimerization. A hormone-induced stabilization of the carboxy-terminal secondary structure of the ligand-binding domain of the progesterone receptor accounts for the stereochemistry of this distinctive dimer, explains the receptor's characteristic pattern of ligand-dependent protease resistance and its loss of repression, and indicates how the anti-progestin RU486 might work in birth control. The structure also indicates that the analogous 3-keto-steroid receptors may have a similar mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Williams
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
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Tanenbaum DM, Wang Y, Williams SP, Sigler PB. Crystallographic comparison of the estrogen and progesterone receptor's ligand binding domains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:5998-6003. [PMID: 9600906 PMCID: PMC27574 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.11.5998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 495] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/1998] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2.8-A crystal structure of the complex formed by estradiol and the human estrogen receptor-alpha ligand binding domain (hERalphaLBD) is described and compared with the recently reported structure of the progesterone complex of the human progesterone receptor ligand binding domain, as well as with similar structures of steroid/nuclear receptor LBDs solved elsewhere. The hormone-bound hERalphaLBD forms a distinctly different and probably more physiologically important dimer interface than its progesterone counterpart. A comparison of the specificity determinants of hormone binding reveals a common structural theme of mutually supported van der Waals and hydrogen-bonded interactions involving highly conserved residues. The previously suggested mechanism by which the estrogen receptor distinguishes estradiol's unique 3-hydroxy group from the 3-keto function of most other steroids is now described in atomic detail. Mapping of mutagenesis results points to a coactivator-binding surface that includes the region around the "signature sequence" as well as helix 12, where the ligand-dependent conformation of the activation function 2 core is similar in all previously solved steroid/nuclear receptor LBDs. A peculiar crystal packing event displaces helix 12 in the hERalphaLBD reported here, suggesting a higher degree of dynamic variability than expected for this critical substructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Tanenbaum
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, 260 Whitney Avenue, JWG 423, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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O'Brien SM, Hatfield AR, Craig PI, Williams SP. A 5-year follow-up of self-expanding metal stents in the endoscopic management of patients with benign bile duct strictures. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1998; 10:141-5. [PMID: 9581990 DOI: 10.1097/00042737-199802000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metal stents offer superior biliary drainage in patients with malignant bile duct obstruction, with fewer episodes of stent occlusion compared with polyethylene stents. Metal stent patency has only been studied over limited time periods in such patients with malignant disease. OBJECTIVE To assess the long-term patency of metal stents in a group of patients with benign bile duct strictures who are suitable for extended follow-up. METHODS Between May 1989 and May 1992, eight patients (median age 59.0 years; range 26-88 years) with benign biliary strictures were selected at a tertiary referral centre for insertion of a metal stent. Strictures were secondary to bile duct trauma (n = 5), chronic pancreatitis (n = 2) or idiopathic (n = 1). A long metal stent was inserted in three patients and a short metal stent in five patients. RESULTS After a median follow-up of 64.5 months (range 26-81 months, seven of the eight patients are alive. Baby scope examination at 1 year showed complete epithelialization of the metal stent in all subjects examined. Median stent patency was 35 months (range 7-72 months). Symptomatic episodes of metal stent occlusion have occurred on nine occasions in five patients (62.5%) secondary to mucosal hypertrophy (n = 3) or biliary calculi (n = 2). CONCLUSION The long-term management of selected patients with benign bile duct strictures may be significantly improved by the use of metal stents avoiding the need for frequent polyethylene stent changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M O'Brien
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Middlesex Hospital, London, UK
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Abstract
This investigation aimed to ascertain whether embryo transfer was a feasible method of breaking the disease cycle caused by Chlamydia psittaci (ovis). Ten naive ewe lambs were inoculated orally with the T76 and G188 isolates of C. psittaci (ovis) in late pregnancy. Five animals which sero-converted to the complement fixation test (CFT) were used as donors for a multiple ovulation and embryo transfer programme. Three ewes excreted chlamydiae at parturition 1 year after inoculation, with one animal exhibiting a CFT titre indicative of clinical disease. Twelve embryos collected from these three donors and transferred to seven disease-free recipients survived and were not infected, nor were their recipient dams. It therefore appears possible to infect ewe lambs during the final stages of pregnancy with the disease manifesting itself during the following breeding season. Embryos collected from infected animals do not appear to transmit the chlamydia causing enzootic abortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Williams
- Welsh Institute of Rural Studies, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, Llanbadarn, UK
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Abstract
This research was designed to identify determinants of unintended pregnancy among women attending family practice or family planning clinics. Survey data were collected from 95 women who were categorized according to whether or not they had experienced an unintended pregnancy. Women reporting unintended pregnancy were younger, reported earlier sexual debut and a greater number of sexual partners than those not having experienced an unintended pregnancy. Those who had avoided unintended pregnancy displayed higher levels of preventive sexual self-efficacy, had more confidence in their ability to use contraceptive methods, perceived more negative consequences associated with having children in the near future, and believed pregnancy among unmarried women to be less acceptable than did women who had had unintended pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Williams
- HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Abstract
The techniques of NMR spectroscopy and molecular genetics have provided new and powerful approaches to studying the control and organisation of cellular metabolism in vivo. We review here our recent applications of these methodologies to the study of energy metabolism in yeast and mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Brindle
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, UK
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Jones WA, Johnson JA, Williams SP. Controlling defensive medical practices and costs through state health policy reform. J Health Hum Serv Adm 1997; 19:163-81. [PMID: 10166071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W A Jones
- Medical University of South Carolina, USA
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Abstract
Three glycolytic enzymes, hexokinase, phosphoglycerate kinase, and pyruvate kinase, were fluorine labeled in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae by biosynthetic incorporation of 5-fluorotryptophan. 19F NMR longitudinal relaxation time measurements on the labeled enzymes were used to assess their rotational mobility in the intact cell. Comparison with the results obtained from relaxation time measurements of the purified enzymes in vitro and from theoretical calculations showed that two of the labeled enzymes, phosphoglycerate kinase and hexokinase, were tumbling in a cytoplasm that had a viscosity approximately twice that of water. There were no detectable signals from pyruvate kinase in vivo, although it could be detected in diluted cell extracts, indicating that there was some degree of motional restriction of the enzyme in the intact cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Williams
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Webb SA, Marshall MF, Williams SP. Physician-assisted suicide and the courts: a sea change. J S C Med Assoc 1996; 92:347-9. [PMID: 8810137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S A Webb
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425-0950, USA
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Rapoport RM, Williams SP. Role of prostaglandins in acetylcholine-induced contraction of aorta from spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto rats. Hypertension 1996; 28:64-75. [PMID: 8675266 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.28.1.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Evidence in support of prostaglandin (PG) H2 as the endothelium-derived contracting factor released in response to acetylcholine in vessels from adult spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) is to a large degree indirect. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that a prostaglandin or prostaglandins other than PGH2 may serve as the endothelium-derived contracting factor that mediates acetylcholine-induced contraction in these vessels. Acetylcholine-induced contraction of endothelium-intact aorta from 7- to 12-month-old SHR and WKY in the presence of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N omega-nitro-L-arginine was abolished by indomethacin and only partially decreased by the thromboxane (Tx) A2/PGH2 receptor antagonist SQ29548. Contraction induced by the TxA2/ PGH2 receptor agonist U46619 was abolished by SQ29548. These findings suggest that in endothelium-intact aorta from SHR and WKY, acetylcholine causes the release of a cyclooxygenase product other than PGH2 that induces contraction independently of TxA2/PGH2 receptor activation. To investigate which prostaglandin or prostaglandins could be responsible for the TxA2/PGH2 receptor-independent component, we challenged endothelium-denuded aorta from SHR and WKY with various prostaglandins in the presence of SQ29548. In SQ29548-treated aorta from 7- to 12-month-old rats, maximal contractions to PGF2 alpha, PGE2, and carbacyclin (a PGI2 analogue) were greater than the magnitude of acetylcholine-induced contraction. These findings suggest that PGF2 alpha, PGE2, and/or PGI2 could serve as mediators of the TxA2 receptor-independent component of the acetylcholine-induced contraction. However, in studies with SQ29548-treated aorta from 4- to 6-week-old SHR and WKY (an age at which acetylcholine-induced contraction is known to be absent), maximal contraction to PGF2 alpha and PGE2 was also greater or equivalent to that of SQ29548-treated aorta from 7- to 12-month-old rats, whereas carbacyclin induced negligible contraction. Thus, unlike PGE2 and PGF2 alpha, the age-dependent pattern of contraction induced by carbacyclin closely resembles the pattern induced by acetylcholine. We also measured the levels of PGI2 released in response to acetylcholine and found that they are sufficient to account for the TxA2 receptor-independent component of the acetylcholine-induced contraction. Thus, we propose that PGI2 released in response to acetylcholine may serve as the endothelium-derived contracting factor that elicits the TxA2/PGH2 receptor-independent and dependent components of the acetylcholine-induced contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Rapoport
- Department of Pharmacology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, (Ohio), College of Medicine 45267-0575, USA
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