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Liu Q, Martin NC, Findling RL, Youngstrom EA, Garber J, Curry JF, Hyde JS, Essex MJ, Compas BE, Goodyer IM, Rohde P, Stark KD, Slattery MJ, Forehand R, Cole DA. Hopelessness and depressive symptoms in children and adolescents: An integrative data analysis. J Abnorm Psychol 2021; 130:594-607. [PMID: 34553955 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although hopelessness has been linked to depression for centuries, the diagnostic criteria for depression are inconsistent with regard to the status of hopelessness. Most research on hopelessness and depression has focused on adults. The current study examined this relation in children and adolescents. Integrative data analyses with a pooled sample (N = 2466) showed that clinical levels of hopelessness multiplied the odds of having a clinical diagnosis of depression 10-fold. Conversely, not having clinical levels of hopelessness multiplied the odds of endorsing no clinical level of depressive symptoms 28-fold. Moreover, results differed by levels of depression: (a) among youths with clinical levels of depression, hopelessness was associated with six depressive symptoms; (b) among youths without clinical levels of depression, hopelessness was associated with nine depressive symptoms. We found that hopelessness helps to explain the heterogeneity of depressive presentations. Our finding supports the consideration of hopelessness in the diagnosis (if not treatment and prevention) of depression in children and adolescents. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qimin Liu
- Department of Psychology and Human Development
| | | | | | | | - Judy Garber
- Department of Psychology and Human Development
| | - John F Curry
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
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2
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McEwen LM, O'Donnell KJ, McGill MG, Edgar RD, Jones MJ, MacIsaac JL, Lin DTS, Ramadori K, Morin A, Gladish N, Garg E, Unternaehrer E, Pokhvisneva I, Karnani N, Kee MZL, Klengel T, Adler NE, Barr RG, Letourneau N, Giesbrecht GF, Reynolds JN, Czamara D, Armstrong JM, Essex MJ, de Weerth C, Beijers R, Tollenaar MS, Bradley B, Jovanovic T, Ressler KJ, Steiner M, Entringer S, Wadhwa PD, Buss C, Bush NR, Binder EB, Boyce WT, Meaney MJ, Horvath S, Kobor MS. The PedBE clock accurately estimates DNA methylation age in pediatric buccal cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:23329-23335. [PMID: 31611402 PMCID: PMC7519312 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1820843116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of biological markers of aging has primarily focused on adult samples. Epigenetic clocks are a promising tool for measuring biological age that show impressive accuracy across most tissues and age ranges. In adults, deviations from the DNA methylation (DNAm) age prediction are correlated with several age-related phenotypes, such as mortality and frailty. In children, however, fewer such associations have been made, possibly because DNAm changes are more dynamic in pediatric populations as compared to adults. To address this gap, we aimed to develop a highly accurate, noninvasive, biological measure of age specific to pediatric samples using buccal epithelial cell DNAm. We gathered 1,721 genome-wide DNAm profiles from 11 different cohorts of typically developing individuals aged 0 to 20 y old. Elastic net penalized regression was used to select 94 CpG sites from a training dataset (n = 1,032), with performance assessed in a separate test dataset (n = 689). DNAm at these 94 CpG sites was highly predictive of age in the test cohort (median absolute error = 0.35 y). The Pediatric-Buccal-Epigenetic (PedBE) clock was characterized in additional cohorts, showcasing the accuracy in longitudinal data, the performance in nonbuccal tissues and adult age ranges, and the association with obstetric outcomes. The PedBE tool for measuring biological age in children might help in understanding the environmental and contextual factors that shape the DNA methylome during child development, and how it, in turn, might relate to child health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M McEwen
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia-BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4H4
| | - Kieran J O'Donnell
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H4H 1R3
- Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1M1
| | - Megan G McGill
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H4H 1R3
| | - Rachel D Edgar
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia-BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4H4
| | - Meaghan J Jones
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia-BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4H4
| | - Julia L MacIsaac
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia-BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4H4
| | - David Tse Shen Lin
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia-BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4H4
| | - Katia Ramadori
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia-BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4H4
| | - Alexander Morin
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia-BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4H4
| | - Nicole Gladish
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia-BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4H4
| | - Elika Garg
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H4H 1R3
| | - Eva Unternaehrer
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H4H 1R3
| | - Irina Pokhvisneva
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H4H 1R3
| | - Neerja Karnani
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); Singapore 117609
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596
| | - Michelle Z L Kee
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); Singapore 117609
| | - Torsten Klengel
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School-McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478
| | - Nancy E Adler
- Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1M1
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Ronald G Barr
- Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1M1
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Nicole Letourneau
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Gerald F Giesbrecht
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
- Department of Paediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - James N Reynolds
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Darina Czamara
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Jeffrey M Armstrong
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Marilyn J Essex
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Carolina de Weerth
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 HR, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roseriet Beijers
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, 6525 HR, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke S Tollenaar
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, 2300 RB, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bekh Bradley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Tanja Jovanovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Kerry J Ressler
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School-McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478
| | - Meir Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4L8
| | - Sonja Entringer
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Medical Psychology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Development, Health, and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617
| | - Pathik D Wadhwa
- Development, Health, and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92617
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92617
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92617
| | - Claudia Buss
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Medical Psychology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole R Bush
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Elisabeth B Binder
- Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1M1
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - W Thomas Boyce
- Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1M1
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Michael J Meaney
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H4H 1R3
- Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1M1
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); Singapore 117609
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596
| | - Steve Horvath
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095;
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Michael S Kobor
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia-BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4H4;
- Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1M1
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3
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Javaras KN, Armstrong JM, Klein MH, Essex MJ, Davidson RJ, Goldsmith HH. Sex Differences in the Relationship Between Childhood Self-Regulation and Adolescent Adiposity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020; 28:1761-1769. [PMID: 32767554 PMCID: PMC7483948 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research suggests that higher childhood self-regulation (CSR) predicts lower adiposity in adolescence. However, it is unclear whether this relationship differs by sex or by baseline weight status. Thus, this study investigated these questions in a longitudinal, community-based cohort. METHODS The cohort included 221 girls and 214 boys. At age 9, CSR was assessed via parent/teacher reports of effortful control, and childhood BMI z scores (BMIz) were calculated from staff measurements. Late-adolescent waist-to-height ratio was based on staff measurements at age 18. RESULTS CSR has a small inverse correlation with concurrent childhood BMIz in girls, but not in boys. Prospectively, however, CSR has a small inverse association with late-adolescent weight-to-height ratio in both sexes, after adjusting for childhood BMIz and other childhood predictors. This prospective association is marginally stronger for girls with higher (vs. lower) childhood BMIz. CONCLUSIONS CSR inversely predicts changes in adiposity across adolescence in both sexes, with some evidence that this association is stronger for girls with higher (vs. lower) childhood adiposity. However, this inverse association between CSR and adiposity may emerge earlier in girls. Future research should examine the causal status of CSR and its relationship to behaviors (e.g., diet).
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Affiliation(s)
- K. N. Javaras
- University of Wisconsin - Madison, Department of
Psychology, 1202 E. Johnson St., Madison, WI 53706, United States
- McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, United
States
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA
02115, United States
- Corresponding author
()
| | - Jeffrey M. Armstrong
- University of Wisconsin - Madison, Department of
Psychiatry, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, WI 53719, United States
| | - Marjorie H. Klein
- University of Wisconsin - Madison, Department of
Psychiatry, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, WI 53719, United States
| | - Marilyn J. Essex
- University of Wisconsin - Madison, Department of
Psychiatry, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, WI 53719, United States
| | - Richard J. Davidson
- University of Wisconsin - Madison, Department of
Psychology, 1202 E. Johnson St., Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - H. Hill Goldsmith
- University of Wisconsin - Madison, Department of
Psychology, 1202 E. Johnson St., Madison, WI 53706, United States
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4
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Bush NR, Edgar RD, Park M, MacIsaac JL, McEwen LM, Adler NE, Essex MJ, Kobor MS, Boyce WT. The biological embedding of early-life socioeconomic status and family adversity in children's genome-wide DNA methylation. Epigenomics 2018; 10:1445-1461. [PMID: 30351206 PMCID: PMC6462839 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2018-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To examine variation in child DNA methylation to assess its potential as a pathway for effects of childhood social adversity on health across the life course. Materials & methods: In a diverse, prospective community sample of 178 kindergarten children, associations between three types of social experience and DNA methylation within buccal epithelial cells later in childhood were examined. Results: Family income, parental education and family psychosocial adversity each associated with increased or decreased DNA methylation (488, 354 and 102 sites, respectively) within a unique set of genomic CpG sites. Gene ontology analyses pointed to genes serving immune and developmental regulation functions. Conclusion: Findings provided support for DNA methylation as a biomarker linking early-life social experiences with later life health in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole R Bush
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Health & Community, Weill Neuroscience Institute, University of California, San Francisco, 3333 California Street, Suite 465, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Developmental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Rachel D Edgar
- Department of Medical Genetics, BC Children's Hospital, Centre for Molecular Medicine & Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28th Ave., Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Mina Park
- School of Population & Public Health, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, 4480 Oak St, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - Julia L MacIsaac
- Department of Medical Genetics, BC Children's Hospital, Centre for Molecular Medicine & Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28th Ave., Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Lisa M McEwen
- Department of Medical Genetics, BC Children's Hospital, Centre for Molecular Medicine & Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28th Ave., Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Nancy E Adler
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Health & Community, Weill Neuroscience Institute, University of California, San Francisco, 3333 California Street, Suite 465, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Marilyn J Essex
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison,16330 Ellendale Road, Dallas, OR 97338, USA
| | - Michael S Kobor
- Department of Medical Genetics, BC Children's Hospital, Centre for Molecular Medicine & Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28th Ave., Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - W Thomas Boyce
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Health & Community, Weill Neuroscience Institute, University of California, San Francisco, 3333 California Street, Suite 465, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Developmental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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5
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Goodman SJ, Roubinov DS, Bush NR, Park M, Farré P, Emberly E, Hertzman C, Essex MJ, Kobor MS, Boyce WT. Children's biobehavioral reactivity to challenge predicts DNA methylation in adolescence and emerging adulthood. Dev Sci 2018; 22:e12739. [PMID: 30176105 PMCID: PMC6433477 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of research has documented associations between adverse childhood environments and DNA methylation, highlighting epigenetic processes as potential mechanisms through which early external contexts influence health across the life course. The present study tested a complementary hypothesis: indicators of children's early internal, biological, and behavioral responses to stressful challenges may also be linked to stable patterns of DNA methylation later in life. Children's autonomic nervous system reactivity, temperament, and mental health symptoms were prospectively assessed from infancy through early childhood, and principal components analysis (PCA) was applied to derive composites of biological and behavioral reactivity. Buccal epithelial cells were collected from participants at 15 and 18 years of age. Findings revealed an association between early life biobehavioral inhibition/disinhibition and DNA methylation across many genes. Notably, reactive, inhibited children were found to have decreased DNA methylation of the DLX5 and IGF2 genes at both time points, as compared to non‐reactive, disinhibited children. Results of the present study are provisional but suggest that the gene's profile of DNA methylation may constitute a biomarker of normative or potentially pathological differences in reactivity. Overall, findings provide a foundation for future research to explore relations among epigenetic processes and differences in both individual‐level biobehavioral risk and qualities of the early, external childhood environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Goodman
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Hospital Research, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Nicole R Bush
- Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Mina Park
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Hospital Research, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Pau Farré
- Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Eldon Emberly
- Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Clyde Hertzman
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Human Early Learning Partnership, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marilyn J Essex
- Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Michael S Kobor
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Hospital Research, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Human Early Learning Partnership, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - W Thomas Boyce
- Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
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6
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Abstract
Theories about the self-concept suggest that different aspects of the self are organized according to importance, or psychological centrality. The ways in which psychological centrality can change and how these changes are associated with psychological well-being were investigated in a sample of aging women who had experienced community relocation. The self-concept was measured before and after the move, with regard to five life domains (health, family, friends, economics, and daily activities). It was hypothesized that well-being is maximized by increasing the psychological centrality of life domains in which one is doing well and by lowering the psychological centrality of life domains in which one is doing poorly. The hypothesized, adaptive psychological centrality shifts emerged in the health and friends domains for select outcome measures. Centrality shifts with different patterns of directionality were observed for the other three domains and are interpreted as reflecting problem-focused coping.
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7
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Herringa RJ, Burghy CA, Stodola DE, Fox ME, Davidson RJ, Essex MJ. Enhanced prefrontal-amygdala connectivity following childhood adversity as a protective mechanism against internalizing in adolescence. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging 2016; 1:326-334. [PMID: 27725969 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Much research has focused on the deleterious neurobiological effects of childhood adversity that may underlie internalizing disorders. While most youth show emotional adaptation following adversity, the corresponding neural mechanisms remain poorly understood. METHODS In this longitudinal community study, we examined the associations among childhood family adversity, adolescent internalizing symptoms, and their interaction on regional brain activation and amygdala/hippocampus functional connectivity during emotion processing in 132 adolescents. RESULTS Consistent with prior work, childhood adversity predicted heightened amygdala reactivity to negative, but not positive, images in adolescence. However, amygdala reactivity was not related to internalizing symptoms. Furthermore, childhood adversity predicted increased fronto-amygdala connectivity to negative, but not positive, images, yet only in lower internalizing adolescents. Childhood adversity also predicted increased fronto-hippocampal connectivity to negative images, but was not moderated by internalizing. These findings were unrelated to adolescence adversity or externalizing symptoms, suggesting specificity to childhood adversity and adolescent internalizing. CONCLUSIONS Together, these findings suggest that adaptation to childhood adversity is associated with augmentation of fronto-subcortical circuits specifically for negative emotional stimuli. Conversely, insufficient enhancement of fronto-amygdala connectivity, with increasing amygdala reactivity, may represent a neural signature of vulnerability for internalizing by late adolescence. These findings implicate early childhood as a critical period in determining the brain's adaptation to adversity, and suggest that even normative adverse experiences can have significant impact on neurodevelopment and functioning. These results offer potential neural mechanisms of adaptation and vulnerability which could be used in the prediction of risk for psychopathology following childhood adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Herringa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Cory A Burghy
- Center for Investigating Healthy Minds at the Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Diane E Stodola
- Center for Investigating Healthy Minds at the Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Michelle E Fox
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Richard J Davidson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Center for Investigating Healthy Minds at the Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Marilyn J Essex
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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8
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Abstract
This study examined a model specifying the links among the physical, functional, and subjective components of physical health status and depression among older women, and assessed the effects of the self-concept (i.e., health confidence and self-esteem) and coping responses (i.e., direct action, positive cognitive, and passive cognitive coping) at each point in the model. Based on cross-sectional interview data with 274 older women, a series of regression analyses indicated that the self-concept and coping responses were significantly involved at each step of the health process but that the specific effects of the self-concept were different earlier than later in the model. Earlier in the model, self-esteem and physical health status indirectly influenced subsequent health status through their effects on health confidence and the cognitive coping responses. At the final point in the model, physical health status continued to operate indirectly through health confidence and the cognitive coping responses, however, health confidence and positive cognitive coping responses then directly affected self-esteem which, together with health confidence, subsequently had direct negative effects on depression. These results were interpreted within a social psychological framework that incorporated self-concept theory with cognitive theories of depression.
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9
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Abstract
The Wisconsin Maternity Leave and Health Study addresses an important policy issue, parental leave, by investigating the work status, maternity leave, and mental health of 570 women. In the longitudinal design, the women, all of whom were living with a husband or partner, were interviewed during the fifth month of pregnancy, 1 month postpartum, and 4 months postpartum. At 4 months postpartum, full-time workers, part-time workers, and homemakers did not differ in depression or anger, but full-time workers showed elevated anxiety compared with the other two groups. In multiple regression analyses, length of leave interacted significantly with marital concerns when predicting depression; women who took a short leave (6 weeks or less) and were high on marital concerns had the highest depression scores. Short maternity leave can be conceptualized as a risk factor that, when combined with other risk factors such as marital concerns, places women at greater risk for depression.
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10
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Abstract
Employment status, maternity leave, and role quality were investigated as predictors of women's mental health one year after delivery. Home-makers and part-time and full-time employees did not differ on measures of depression, anxiety, anger, or self-esteem. There were no main effects of leave length. Distress was associated with job overload, role restriction, and infant distress. Leave length interacted with the relative salience of work and family, and employment status interacted with employment preference to predict distress. Depression was greatest among women relatively high in work salience when leaves were long. Anxiety and anger were greatest among women whose employment status was not congruent with their preferences. These interactions underscore the importance of individual differences in responses to leave and work.
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11
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Hilt LM, Armstrong JM, Essex MJ. Rumination and Moderators of Multifinality: Predicting Internalizing Symptoms and Alcohol Use During Adolescence. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 2015; 46:746-753. [PMID: 26514293 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2015.1070354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Rumination, a perseverative cognitive process that involves repetitively and passively focusing on negative emotions, is a transdiagnostic risk factor for the development of psychopathology. Although rumination has been linked to various forms of psychopathology including depression, anxiety, and alcohol misuse, little is known about the conditions that lead to multifinality. Here, we test putative moderators (Nolen-Hoeksema & Watkins, 2011) of the association between rumination and subsequent internalizing symptoms and frequency of alcohol use during adolescence. Participants included 388 youth (52% girls; 90% Caucasian) in a longitudinal birth cohort study who completed questionnaires in Grades 9 and 11. Brooding, a maladaptive form of rumination measured in Grade 9, was associated with greater internalizing symptoms in Grade 11 and greater perceived peer rejection in Grade 9 amplified this association. Brooding was also associated with greater frequency of alcohol use among adolescents who reported having more friends who use alcohol. Gender differences were also examined. Findings provide support for some of the predictions regarding moderators of multifinality made by Nolen-Hoeksema and Watkins. Implications of understanding divergent trajectories in the prevention of psychopathology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori M Hilt
- a Department of Psychology , Lawrence University
| | | | - Marilyn J Essex
- b Department of Psychiatry , University of Wisconsin-Madison
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12
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Pitula CE, Thomas KM, Armstrong JM, Essex MJ, Crick NR, Gunnar MR. Peer victimization and internalizing symptoms among post-institutionalized, internationally adopted youth. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2015; 42:1069-76. [PMID: 24619483 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-014-9855-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clio E Pitula
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, 51 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA,
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Ruttle PL, Maslowsky J, Armstrong JM, Burk LR, Essex MJ. Longitudinal associations between diurnal cortisol slope and alcohol use across adolescence: a seven-year prospective study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2015; 56:23-8. [PMID: 25796068 PMCID: PMC4404216 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A large body of research has linked hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function and alcohol consumption, including work suggesting that flatter diurnal cortisol slopes are associated with greater alcohol use. A lack of longitudinal studies and a focus on adult and alcoholic populations leaves unclear whether such associations are also present in younger, non-clinical populations and whether flatter diurnal slopes are a consequence of or preexisting risk factor for alcohol use; however, theory suggests such associations may be mutually reinforcing. In a longitudinal, community sample of 200 (55% female) adolescents, the current study demonstrates that flatter diurnal cortisol slope at age 11 predicts higher levels of alcohol use from ages 15-18, and that heavier alcohol use in turn predicts further flattening of diurnal cortisol rhythm at age 18.5. This is the first study to demonstrate a longitudinal chain of associations between diurnal cortisol slope and alcohol use. Findings support contemporary theoretical models of the neurobiological processes underlying alcohol use and can inform future research on risk factors for and consequences of underage drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula L Ruttle
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53719-1176, USA.
| | - Julie Maslowsky
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719-1176, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Armstrong
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53719-1176, USA
| | - Linnea R Burk
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719-1176, USA
| | - Marilyn J Essex
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53719-1176, USA
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Belsky J, Ruttle PL, Boyce WT, Armstrong JM, Essex MJ. Early adversity, elevated stress physiology, accelerated sexual maturation, and poor health in females. Dev Psychol 2015; 51:816-822. [PMID: 25915592 DOI: 10.1037/dev0000017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionary-minded developmentalists studying predictive-adaptive-response processes linking childhood adversity with accelerated female reproductive development and health scientists investigating the developmental origins of health and disease (DOoHaD) may be tapping the same process, whereby longer-term health costs are traded off for increased probability of reproducing before dying via a process of accelerated reproductive maturation. Using data from 73 females, we test the following propositions using path analysis: (a) greater exposure to prenatal stress predicts greater maternal depression and negative parenting in infancy, (b) which predicts elevated basal cortisol at 4.5 years, (c) which predicts accelerated adrenarcheal development, (d) which predicts more physical and mental health problems at age 18. Results prove generally consistent with these propositions, including a direct link from cortisol to mental health problems. DOoHaD investigators should consider including early sexual maturation as a core component linking early adversity and stress physiology with poor health later in life in females.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paula L Ruttle
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | | | - Jeffrey M Armstrong
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Marilyn J Essex
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison
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Caldwell JZK, Armstrong JM, Hanson JL, Sutterer MJ, Stodola DE, Koenigs M, Kalin NH, Essex MJ, Davidson RJ. Preschool externalizing behavior predicts gender-specific variation in adolescent neural structure. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117453. [PMID: 25658357 PMCID: PMC4319931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction in the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus is believed to underlie the development of much psychopathology. However, to date only limited longitudinal data relate early behavior with neural structure later in life. Our objective was to examine the relationship of early life externalizing behavior with adolescent brain structure. We report here the first longitudinal study linking externalizing behavior during preschool to brain structure during adolescence. We examined the relationship of preschool externalizing behavior with amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex volumes at age 15 years in a community sample of 76 adolescents followed longitudinally since their mothers’ pregnancy. A significant gender by externalizing behavior interaction revealed that males—but not females—with greater early childhood externalizing behavior had smaller amygdala volumes at adolescence (t = 2.33, p = .023). No significant results were found for the hippocampus or the prefrontal cortex. Greater early externalizing behavior also related to smaller volume of a cluster including the angular gyrus and tempoparietal junction across genders. Results were not attributable to the impact of preschool anxiety, preschool maternal stress, school-age internalizing or externalizing behaviors, or adolescent substance use. These findings demonstrate a novel, gender-specific relationship between early-childhood externalizing behavior and adolescent amygdala volume, as well as a cross-gender result for the angular gyrus and tempoparietal junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Z. K. Caldwell
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jeffrey M. Armstrong
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jamie L. Hanson
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Matthew J. Sutterer
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Diane E. Stodola
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Michael Koenigs
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ned H. Kalin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Marilyn J. Essex
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Davidson
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Center for Investigating Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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Ruttle PL, Klein MH, Slattery MJ, Kalin NH, Armstrong JM, Essex MJ. Adolescent adrenocortical activity and adiposity: differences by sex and exposure to early maternal depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2014; 47:68-77. [PMID: 25001956 PMCID: PMC4106120 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Prior research has linked either basal cortisol levels or stress-induced cortisol responses to adiposity; however, it remains to be determined whether these distinct cortisol measures exert joint or independent effects. Further, it is unclear how they interact with individual and environmental characteristics to predict adiposity. The present study aims to address whether morning cortisol levels and cortisol responses to a psychosocial stressor independently and/or interactively influence body mass index (BMI) in 218 adolescents (117 female) participating in a longitudinal community study, and whether associations are moderated by sex and exposure to early maternal depression. Reports of maternal depressive symptoms were obtained in infancy and preschool. Salivary cortisol measures included a longitudinal morning cortisol measure comprising sampling points across ages 11, 13, 15, and 18 and measures of stress-induced cortisol responses assessed via the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) at age 18. Lower morning cortisol and higher TSST cortisol reactivity independently predicted higher age 18 BMI. Morning cortisol also interacted with sex and exposure to early maternal depression to predict BMI. Specifically, girls exposed to lower levels of early maternal depression displayed a strong negative morning cortisol-BMI association, and girls exposed to higher levels of maternal depression demonstrated a weaker negative association. Among boys, those exposed to lower levels of maternal depression displayed no association, while those exposed to higher levels of maternal depression displayed a negative morning cortisol-BMI association. Results point to the independent, additive effects of morning and reactive cortisol in the prediction of BMI and suggest that exposure to early maternal depression may exert sexually dimorphic effects on normative cortisol-BMI associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula L. Ruttle
- Corresponding author at: Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, WI 53719-1176, USA. (P. L. Ruttle).
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Armstrong JM, Ruttle PL, Klein MH, Essex MJ, Benca RM. Associations of child insomnia, sleep movement, and their persistence with mental health symptoms in childhood and adolescence. Sleep 2014; 37:901-9. [PMID: 24790268 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.3656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES To examine the patterns of insomnia and sleep-related movement from ages 4.5 to 9 years, their concurrent associations with mental health symptoms in childhood, and the longitudinal associations of sleep-problem persistence with mental health symptoms at ages 9 and 18 years. DESIGN A 14-year prospective follow-up study. Assessments included maternal report on the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire at ages 4.5 and 9, and child mental health symptoms via maternal report at age 4.5, multi-informant (child, teacher, mother) report at age 9, and adolescent report at age 18. SETTING Community. PARTICIPANTS A total of 396 children (51% female). INTERVENTIONS N/A. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Sleep problems were more common at age 4.5 than 9; symptoms of insomnia and abnormal sleep movement both had persistence rates of 9-10%. At age 4.5, insomnia was associated with hostile-aggressive and hyperactive-distractible behavior, but there were no significant associations for sleep movement. At age 9, both insomnia and sleep movement were associated with symptoms of depression, externalizing, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Insomnia persistence was associated with symptoms of depression, externalizing, and ADHD at age 9 and anxiety and externalizing at age 18; sleep- movement persistence was associated with externalizing and ADHD at age 9, and ADHD at age 18. The age 18 persistence effects for insomnia and anxiety and for sleep movement and ADHD were significant when controlling for earlier mental health. CONCLUSIONS Childhood insomnia and sleep movement are common and associated with mental health symptoms. Their persistence from middle to late childhood predicts associations with specific types of mental health symptoms at age 18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Armstrong
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Paula L Ruttle
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Marjorie H Klein
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Marilyn J Essex
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Ruth M Benca
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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18
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Marceau K, Ruttle PL, Shirtcliff EA, Essex MJ, Susman EJ. Developmental and contextual considerations for adrenal and gonadal hormone functioning during adolescence: Implications for adolescent mental health. Dev Psychobiol 2014; 57:742-68. [PMID: 24729154 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Substantial research has implicated the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axes independently in adolescent mental health problems, though this literature remains largely inconclusive. Given the cross-talk between the HPA and HPG axes and their increased activation in adolescence, a dual-axis approach that examines both axes simultaneously is proposed to predict the emergence and persistence of adolescent mental health problems. After briefly orienting readers to HPA and HPG axis functioning, we review the literature examining associations between hormone levels and changes with behavior during adolescence. Then, we provide a review of the literature supporting examination of both axes simultaneously and present the limited research that has taken a dual-axis approach. We propose future directions including consideration of between-person and within-person approaches to address questions of correlated changes in HPA and HPG hormones. Potential moderators are considered to increase understanding of the nuanced hormone-behavior associations during key developmental transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Marceau
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA. .,Brown University, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Providence, RI. .,Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI.
| | - Paula L Ruttle
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Elizabeth A Shirtcliff
- Iowa State University, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, New Orleans, LA
| | - Marilyn J Essex
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
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Armstrong JM, Ruttle PL, Burk LR, Costanzo PR, Strauman TJ, Essex MJ. Early risk factors for alcohol use across high school and its covariation with deviant friends. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2013; 74:746-56. [PMID: 23948534 PMCID: PMC3749318 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2013.74.746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Past research has associated childhood characteristics and experiences with alcohol use at single time points in adolescence. Other work has focused on drinking trajectories across adolescence but with risk factors typically no earlier than middle or high school. Similarly, although the connection between underage drinking and affiliation with deviant friends is well established, early risk factors for their covariation across adolescence are uncertain. The present study examines the influence of early individual and contextual factors on (a) trajectories across high school of per-occasion alcohol use and (b) the covariation of alcohol use and deviant friends over time. METHOD In a longitudinal community sample (n = 374; 51% female), temperamental disinhibition, authoritarian and authoritative parenting, and parental alcohol use were assessed during childhood, and adolescents reported on alcohol use and affiliation with deviant friends in the spring of Grades 9, 10, 11, and 12. RESULTS Early parental alcohol use predicted the intercept of adolescent drinking. Subsequent patterns of adolescent alcohol use were predicted by sex and interactions of sex and childhood disinhibition with early authoritarian parenting. Additionally, childhood disinhibition interacted with parental alcohol use to moderate the covariation of drinking and deviant friends. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight early individual and contextual risk factors for alcohol use across high school, extending previous work and underscoring the importance of developmental approaches and longitudinal techniques for understanding patterns of growth in underage drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Armstrong
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53719, USA.
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20
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Slattery MJ, Grieve AJ, Ames ME, Armstrong JM, Essex MJ. Neurocognitive function and state cognitive stress appraisal predict cortisol reactivity to an acute psychosocial stressor in adolescents. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38:1318-27. [PMID: 23253895 PMCID: PMC4077190 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Stress and associated alterations in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) function have deleterious influence on the development of multiple mental and physical health problems. Prior research has aimed to identify individuals most at risk for the development of these stress-related maladies by examining factors that may contribute to inter-individual differences in HPA responses to acute stress. The objectives of this study were to investigate, in adolescents, (1) whether differences in neurocognitive abilities influenced cortisol reactivity to an acute stressor, (2) whether internalizing psychiatric disorders influenced this relationship, and (3) whether acute cognitive stress-appraisal mechanisms mediated an association between neurocognitive function and cortisol reactivity. Subjects were 70 adolescents from a community sample who underwent standardized neurocognitive assessments of IQ, achievement, and declarative memory measures at mean age 14 and whose physiological and behavioral responses to a standardized psychosocial stress paradigm (Trier Social Stress Test, TSST) were assessed at mean age 18. Results showed that, among all adolescents, lower nonverbal memory performance predicted lower cortisol reactivity. In addition, internalizing disorders interacted with verbal memory such that the association with cortisol reactivity was strongest for adolescents with internalizing disorders. Finally, lower secondary cognitive appraisal of coping in anticipation of the TSST independently predicted lower cortisol reactivity but did not mediate the neurocognitive-cortisol relationship. Findings suggest that declarative memory may contribute to inter-individual differences in acute cortisol reactivity in adolescents, internalizing disorders may influence this relationship, and cognitive stress appraisal also predicts cortisol reactivity. Developmental, research, and clinical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia J Slattery
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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Ruttle PL, Shirtcliff EA, Armstrong JM, Klein MH, Essex MJ. Neuroendocrine coupling across adolescence and the longitudinal influence of early life stress. Dev Psychobiol 2013; 57:688-704. [PMID: 23775330 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Drawing on conceptual models illustrating the advantages of a multisystemic, interactive, developmental approach to understanding development, the present study examines the covariation of stress and sex hormones across the adolescent transition and the effect of early life stress (ELS) on neuroendocrine coupling to gain insight into atypical development. Morning levels of cortisol, testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) were assessed at ages 11, 13, and 15; ELS was assessed during the infancy and preschool periods. Hierarchical linear modeling revealed that cortisol-DHEA coupling patterns progressed to tight, positive coupling across adolescence. Cortisol-testosterone coupling was positive at age 11 but became more negative at ages 13 and 15. Exposure to ELS resulted in more adultlike neuroendocrine coupling patterns earlier in life than non-exposed youth; however the effect of ELS on cortisol-testosterone coupling was unique to girls. Results illustrate trajectories of neuroendocrine coupling that may be unique to adolescence. Moderation by ELS suggests that early stress exposure may prompt earlier adultlike neuroendocrine coupling, particularly within girls, which may contribute to early pubertal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula L Ruttle
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, WI, 53719-1176.
| | | | - Jeffrey M Armstrong
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, WI, 53719-1176
| | - Marjorie H Klein
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, WI, 53719-1176
| | - Marilyn J Essex
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, WI, 53719-1176
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Ruttle PL, Javaras KN, Klein MH, Armstrong JM, Burk LR, Essex MJ. Concurrent and longitudinal associations between diurnal cortisol and body mass index across adolescence. J Adolesc Health 2013; 52:731-7. [PMID: 23402983 PMCID: PMC3654073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Childhood and adolescent obesity have reached epidemic levels; however, little is known about the psychobiological underpinnings of obesity in youth and whether these differ from the mechanisms identified in adults. The current study examines concurrent (i.e., measured at the same point in time) and longitudinal (i.e., using earlier cortisol measures to predict later body mass index [BMI]) associations between diurnal cortisol and BMI across adolescence. METHODS Adolescent diurnal cortisol was measured over 3 days at each 11, 13, and 15 years. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to extract average measures of predicted morning, afternoon, evening levels of cortisol and the diurnal slope at each assessment. Adolescent BMI (kg/m(2)) was measured at 11, 13, 15, and 18 years. Sex, family socioeconomic status, mother's BMI, pubertal status, and adolescent mental health were examined as possible confounding variables. RESULTS Linear regressions revealed that blunted patterns of adolescent cortisol were associated with increased measures of BMI across adolescence both concurrently and longitudinally, particularly when examining measures of cortisol in early adolescence. Multinomial logistic regressions extended the linear regression findings beyond BMI scores to encompass categories of obesity. CONCLUSIONS The current study builds on previous research documenting diurnal cortisol-obesity findings in adults by demonstrating similar findings exist both concurrently and longitudinally in adolescents. Findings suggest the association between cortisol and BMI is developmentally influenced and that blunted diurnal cortisol patterns can be identified in overweight individuals at a younger age than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula L. Ruttle
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin–Madison,Address correspondence to: Paula L. Ruttle, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, WI 53719-1176.
| | | | - Marjorie H. Klein
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin–Madison
| | - Jeffrey M. Armstrong
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin–Madison
| | - Linnea R. Burk
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin–Madison
| | - Marilyn J. Essex
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin–Madison
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Essex MJ, Boyce WT, Hertzman C, Lam LL, Armstrong JM, Neumann SMA, Kobor MS. Epigenetic vestiges of early developmental adversity: childhood stress exposure and DNA methylation in adolescence. Child Dev 2013; 84:58-75. [PMID: 21883162 PMCID: PMC3235257 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01641.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Fifteen-year-old adolescents (N = 109) in a longitudinal study of child development were recruited to examine differences in DNA methylation in relation to parent reports of adversity during the adolescents' infancy and preschool periods. Microarray technology applied to 28,000 cytosine-guanine dinucleotide sites within DNA derived from buccal epithelial cells showed differential methylation among adolescents whose parents reported high levels of stress during their children's early lives. Maternal stressors in infancy and paternal stressors in the preschool years were most strongly predictive of differential methylation, and the patterning of such epigenetic marks varied by children's gender. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of prospective associations between adversities in early childhood and the epigenetic conformation of adolescents' genomic DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn J Essex
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health.
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24
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Hanson JL, Suh JW, Nacewicz BM, Sutterer MJ, Cayo AA, Stodola DE, Burghy CA, Wang H, Avants BB, Yushkevich PA, Essex MJ, Pollak SD, Davidson RJ. Robust Automated Amygdala Segmentation via Multi-Atlas Diffeomorphic Registration. Front Neurosci 2012; 6:166. [PMID: 23226114 PMCID: PMC3509347 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2012.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we describe a novel method for volumetric segmentation of the amygdala from MRI images collected from 35 human subjects. This approach is adapted from open-source techniques employed previously with the hippocampus (Suh et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2011a,b). Using multi-atlas segmentation and machine learning-based correction, we were able to produce automated amygdala segments with high Dice (Mean = 0.918 for the left amygdala; 0.916 for the right amygdala) and Jaccard coefficients (Mean = 0.850 for the left; 0.846 for the right) compared to rigorously hand-traced volumes. This automated routine also produced amygdala segments with high intra-class correlations (consistency = 0.830, absolute agreement = 0.819 for the left; consistency = 0.786, absolute agreement = 0.783 for the right) and bivariate (r = 0.831 for the left; r = 0.797 for the right) compared to hand-drawn amygdala. Our results are discussed in relation to other cutting-edge segmentation techniques, as well as commonly available approaches to amygdala segmentation (e.g., Freesurfer). We believe this new technique has broad application to research with large sample sizes for which amygdala quantification might be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Hanson
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI, USA ; Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI, USA
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25
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Burghy CA, Stodola DE, Ruttle PL, Molloy EK, Armstrong JM, Oler JA, Fox ME, Hayes AS, Kalin NH, Essex MJ, Davidson RJ, Birn RM. Developmental pathways to amygdala-prefrontal function and internalizing symptoms in adolescence. Nat Neurosci 2012; 15:1736-41. [PMID: 23143517 PMCID: PMC3509229 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Previous work demonstrates that early life stress (ELS) and HPA-axis function predict later psychopathology. Animal work and cross-sectional human studies suggest that this process might operate through amygdala-ventromedial prefrontal cortical (vmPFC) circuitry implicated in emotion regulation. The current study prospectively investigated the roles of ELS and childhood basal cortisol in the development of adolescent resting-state functional connectivity (fcMRI) in the amygdala-PFC circuit. In females only, greater ELS predicted increased childhood cortisol levels, which, in turn, predicted decreased amygdala-vmPFC fcMRI 14 years later. Further, for females, amygdala-vmPFC fcMRI was inversely correlated with concurrent anxious symptoms, but positively associated with depressive symptoms, suggesting differing pathways from childhood cortisol function through adolescent amygdala-vmPFC functional connectivity to anxiety and depression. These data highlight that, for females, the effects of ELS and early HPA-axis function may be detected much later in the intrinsic processing of emotion-related brain circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory A Burghy
- Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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Cole DA, Cho SJ, Martin NC, Youngstrom EA, March JS, Findling RL, Compas BE, Goodyer IM, Rohde P, Weissman M, Essex MJ, Hyde JS, Curry JF, Forehand R, Slattery MJ, Felton JW, Maxwell MA. Are increased weight and appetite useful indicators of depression in children and adolescents? J Abnorm Psychol 2012; 121:838-51. [PMID: 22686866 PMCID: PMC3547528 DOI: 10.1037/a0028175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
During childhood and adolescence, physiological, psychological, and behavioral processes strongly promote weight gain and increased appetite while also inhibiting weight loss and decreased appetite. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-IV (DSM-IV) treats both weight-gain/increased-appetite and weight-loss/decreased-appetite as symptoms of major depression during these developmental periods, despite the fact that one complements typical development and the other opposes it. To disentangle the developmental versus pathological correlates of weight and appetite disturbance in younger age groups, the current study examined symptoms of depression in an aggregated sample of 2307 children and adolescents, 47.25% of whom met criteria for major depressive disorder. A multigroup, multidimensional item response theory model generated three key results. First, weight loss and decreased appetite loaded strongly onto a general depression dimension; in contrast, weight gain and increased appetite did not. Instead, weight gain and increased appetite loaded onto a separate dimension that did not correlate strongly with general depression. Second, inclusion or exclusion of weight gain and increased appetite affected neither the nature of the general depression dimension nor the fidelity of major depressive disorder diagnosis. Third, the general depression dimension and the weight-gain/increased-appetite dimension showed different patterns across age and gender. In child and adolescent populations, these results call into question the utility of weight gain and increased appetite as indicators of depression. This has serious implications for the diagnostic criteria of depression in children and adolescents. These findings inform a revision of the DSM, with implications for the diagnosis of depression in this age group and for research on depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Cole
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, 230 Appleton Place, Nashville, TN 37203, USA.
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Oler JA, Birn RM, Patriat R, Fox AS, Shelton SE, Burghy CA, Stodola DE, Essex MJ, Davidson RJ, Kalin NH. Evidence for coordinated functional activity within the extended amygdala of non-human and human primates. Neuroimage 2012; 61:1059-66. [PMID: 22465841 PMCID: PMC3376204 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroanatomists posit that the central nucleus of the amygdala (Ce) and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) comprise two major nodes of a macrostructural forebrain entity termed the extended amygdala. The extended amygdala is thought to play a critical role in adaptive motivational behavior and is implicated in the pathophysiology of maladaptive fear and anxiety. Resting functional connectivity of the Ce was examined in 107 young anesthetized rhesus monkeys and 105 young humans using standard resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) methods to assess temporal correlations across the brain. The data expand the neuroanatomical concept of the extended amygdala by finding, in both species, highly significant functional coupling between the Ce and the BST. These results support the use of in vivo functional imaging methods in nonhuman and human primates to probe the functional anatomy of major brain networks such as the extended amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Oler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53719, USA.
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Slattery MJ, Essex MJ, Paletz EM, Vanness ER, Infante M, Rogers GM, Gern JE. Depression, anxiety, and dermatologic quality of life in adolescents with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 128:668-71. [PMID: 21684588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
We know very little about the development of rumination, the tendency to passively brood about negative feelings. Because rumination is a risk factor for many forms of psychopathology, especially depression, such knowledge could prove important for preventing negative mental health outcomes in youth. This study examined developmental origins of rumination in a longitudinal sample (N=337; 51% girls) studied in preschool (ages 3½ and 4½ years) and early adolescence (ages 13 and 15 years). Results indicated that family context and child temperament, assessed during the preschool period, were risk factors for a ruminative style in adolescence. Specifically, early family contexts characterised by over-controlling parenting and a family style of negative-submissive expressivity predicted higher levels of later rumination. These associations were moderated by children's temperamental characteristics of negative affect and effortful control. Further, the interaction of these temperament factors exerted an additional influence on later rumination. Implications for prevention and intervention efforts are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori M Hilt
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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Shirtcliff EA, Allison AL, Armstrong JM, Slattery MJ, Kalin NH, Essex MJ. Longitudinal stability and developmental properties of salivary cortisol levels and circadian rhythms from childhood to adolescence. Dev Psychobiol 2011; 54:493-502. [PMID: 21953537 DOI: 10.1002/dev.20607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to (1) identify a stable, trait-like component to cortisol and its circadian rhythm, and (2) investigate individual differences in developmental trajectories of HPA-axis maturation. Multiple salivary cortisol samples were collected longitudinally across four assessments from age 9 (3rd grade) through age 15 (9th grade) in a community sample of children (N = 357). Sophisticated statistical models examined cortisol levels and its rhythm over time; effects of age, puberty and gender were primarily considered. In addition to situation-specific and stable short-term or epoch-specific cortisol components, there is a stable, trait-like component of cortisol levels and circadian rhythm across multiple years covering the transition from childhood into adolescence. Youth had higher cortisol and flatter circadian rhythms as they got older and more physically developed. Girls had higher cortisol, stronger circadian rhythms, and greater developmental influences across adolescence. Distinguishing a stable, trait-like component of cortisol level and its circadian rhythm provides the empirical foundation for investigating putative mechanisms underlying individual differences in HPA functioning. The findings also provide important descriptive information about maturational processes influencing HPA-axis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Shirtcliff
- Department of Psychology, University of New Orleans, 2000 Lakeshore Drive, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA.
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Burk LR, Armstrong JM, Park JH, Zahn-Waxler C, Klein MH, Essex MJ. Stability of early identified aggressive victim status in elementary school and associations with later mental health problems and functional impairments. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2011; 39:225-38. [PMID: 20811772 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-010-9454-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Aggressive victims-children who are both perpetrators and victims of peer aggression-experience greater concurrent mental health problems and impairments than children who are only aggressive or only victimized. The stability of early identified aggressive victim status has not been evaluated due to the fact that most studies of aggressor/victim subgroups have focused on preadolescents and/or adolescents. Further, whether children who exhibit early and persistent patterns of aggression and victimization continue to experience greater mental health problems and functional impairments through the transition to adolescence is not known. This study followed 344 children (180 girls) previously identified as socially adjusted, victims, aggressors, or aggressive victims at Grade 1 (Burk et al. 2008) to investigate their involvement in peer bullying through Grade 5. The children, their mothers, and teachers reported on children's involvement in peer aggression and victimization at Grades 1, 3, and 5; and reported on internalizing symptoms, externalizing symptoms, inattention and impulsivity, as well as academic functioning, physical health, and service use at Grades 5, 7, and 9. Most children categorized as aggressive victims in Grade 1 continued to be significantly involved in peer bullying across elementary school. Children with recurrent aggressive victim status exhibited higher levels of some mental health problems and greater school impairments across the adolescent transition when compared to other longitudinal peer status groups. This study suggests screening for aggressive victim status at Grade 1 is potentially beneficial. Further early interventions may need to be carefully tailored to prevent and/or attenuate later psychological, academic, and physical health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnea R Burk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53719, USA.
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Slattery MJ, Essex MJ. Specificity in the association of anxiety, depression, and atopic disorders in a community sample of adolescents. J Psychiatr Res 2011; 45:788-95. [PMID: 21111430 PMCID: PMC3079801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The specificity of relationships between anxiety and depressive symptoms, with each of the major atopic disorders of asthma, allergic rhinitis (AR), and atopic dermatitis (AD) was systematically investigated within a single study sample. Participants included 367 adolescents who participated in a community, longitudinal study investigating risk factors for the development of psychiatric and physical health problems. Mental health symptoms were assessed at 7, 9, 11, and 13 years of age. Lifetime history of atopic disorders was assessed by parent report at age 13. Analysis of variance was used to investigate the specificity of the associations between anxiety and depression, and each of the atopic disorders. Results indicated that anxiety was associated with a lifetime history of atopic disorders as a group. The association was significantly strengthened when controlling for depression and externalizing psychiatric symptoms. Among atopic disorders, "pure" anxiety was associated with asthma and AR, and having both asthma and AR strengthened the association compared to having either disorder alone. The association of "pure" anxiety with asthma and AR is consistent with existing data suggesting a relationship between anxiety and respiratory disorders. Having both asthma and AR appeared to confer an additive "dose effect" on the strength of the association. The lack of an association with depression suggests that other factors may contribute to the differential expression of anxiety and depression with atopic disorders. Findings demonstrate the importance of assessing the impact of co-morbid psychiatric symptoms and atopic disorders within individual studies to determine the specificity of underlying relationships between these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia J. Slattery
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA,Corresponding author. . Tel.: +1 608 263 6100; fax +1 608 262 9246
| | - Marilyn J. Essex
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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Gagne JR, Van Hulle CA, Aksan N, Essex MJ, Goldsmith HH. Deriving childhood temperament measures from emotion-eliciting behavioral episodes: scale construction and initial validation. Psychol Assess 2011; 23:337-53. [PMID: 21480723 PMCID: PMC3115493 DOI: 10.1037/a0021746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The authors describe the development and initial validation of a home-based version of the Laboratory Temperament Assessment Battery (Lab-TAB), which was designed to assess childhood temperament with a comprehensive series of emotion-eliciting behavioral episodes. This article provides researchers with general guidelines for assessing specific behaviors using the Lab-TAB and for forming behavioral composites that correspond to commonly researched temperament dimensions. We used mother ratings and independent postvisit observer ratings to provide validity evidence in a community sample of 4.5-year-old children. 12 Lab-TAB behavioral episodes were employed, yielding 24 within-episode temperament components that collapsed into 9 higher level composites (Anger, Sadness, Fear, Shyness, Positive Expression, Approach, Active Engagement, Persistence, and Inhibitory Control). These dimensions of temperament are similar to those found in questionnaire-based assessments. Correlations among the 9 composites were low to moderate, suggesting relative independence. As expected, agreement between Lab-TAB measures and postvisit observer ratings was stronger than agreement between the Lab-TAB and mother questionnaire. However, for Active Engagement and Shyness, mother ratings did predict child behavior in the Lab-TAB quite well. Findings demonstrate the feasibility of emotion-eliciting temperament assessment methodologies, suggest appropriate methods for data aggregation into trait-level constructs and set some expectations for associations between Lab-TAB dimensions and the degree of cross-method convergence between the Lab-TAB and other commonly used temperament assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Gagne
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1202 West Johnson Street, Madison, WI 53706-1611, USA.
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Cole DA, Cai L, Martin NC, Findling RL, Youngstrom EA, Garber J, Curry JF, Hyde JS, Essex MJ, Compas BE, Goodyer IM, Rohde P, Stark KD, Slattery MJ, Forehand R. Structure and measurement of depression in youths: applying item response theory to clinical data. Psychol Assess 2011; 23:819-33. [PMID: 21534696 DOI: 10.1037/a0023518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Our goals in this article were to use item response theory (IRT) to assess the relation of depressive symptoms to the underlying dimension of depression and to demonstrate how IRT-based measurement strategies can yield more reliable data about depression severity than conventional symptom counts. Participants were 3,403 children and adolescents from 12 contributing clinical and nonclinical samples; all participants had received the Kiddie Schedule of Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Aged Children. Results revealed that some symptoms reflected higher levels of depression and were more discriminating than others. Furthermore, use of IRT-based information about symptom severity and discriminability in the measurement of depression severity was shown to reduce measurement error and increase measurement fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Cole
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Peabody MSC 512, 230 Appleton Place, Nashville, TN 37203, USA.
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Vendlinski MK, Lemery-Chalfant K, Essex MJ, Goldsmith HH. Genetic risk by experience interaction for childhood internalizing problems: converging evidence across multiple methods. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2011; 52:607-18. [PMID: 21198591 PMCID: PMC3079020 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02343.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying how genetic risk interacts with experience to predict psychopathology is an important step toward understanding the etiology of mental health problems. Few studies have examined genetic risk by experience interaction (G×E) in the development of childhood psychopathology. METHODS We used both co-twin and parent mental health as markers of genetic risk to test whether G×E predicted internalizing problems in a sample of 8-year-old twins. Multi-instrument composites were used to characterize both parent and child psychopathology, and five experiential risk factors (socioeconomic status, single parent upbringing, negative parent-child interactions, number of negative life events, negative impact of negative life events) composed a cumulative risk index. RESULTS We found consistent evidence for G×E for child internalizing problems, with significant interaction effects emerging both when genetic risk was indexed by co-twin mental health and when it was based on parent mental health. When co-twin mental health was used to estimate genetic risk, child internalizing problems were more heritable for children at low rather than high experiential risk. When parent mental health was used to estimate genetic risk, the association between genetic risk and internalizing problems was stronger for children at elevated experiential risk. Consideration of the interaction effect sizes helps to reconcile these findings. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the processes involved in both diathesis-stress and bioecological models of development may operate for child internalizing problems. Effect sizes indicated that the main effects of genetic and experiential risk were much better predictors of child internalizing problems than was their interaction.
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Burk LR, Armstrong JM, Goldsmith HH, Klein MH, Strauman TJ, Costanzo P, Essex MJ. Sex, temperament, and family context: how the interaction of early factors differentially predict adolescent alcohol use and are mediated by proximal adolescent factors. Psychol Addict Behav 2011; 25:1-15. [PMID: 21443307 PMCID: PMC3174803 DOI: 10.1037/a0022349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Adolescent alcohol use is common and has serious immediate and long-term ramifications. While concurrent individual and context factors are robustly associated with adolescent alcohol use, the influence of early childhood factors, particularly in interaction with child sex, are less clear. Using a prospective community sample of 362 (190 girls), this study investigated sex differences in the joint influence of distal childhood and proximal adolescent factors on Grade 10 alcohol use. All risk factors and two-way early individual-by-context interactions, and interactions of each of these with child sex, were entered into the initial regression. Significant sex interactions prompted the use of separate models for girls and boys. In addition to the identification of early (family socioeconomic status, authoritative parenting style) and proximal adolescent (mental health symptoms, deviant friends) risk factors for both girls and boys, results highlighted important sex differences. In particular, girls with higher alcohol consumption at Grade 10 were distinguished by the interaction of early temperamental disinhibition and exposure to parental stress; boys with higher alcohol consumption at Grade 10 were distinguished primarily by early temperamental negative affect. Results have implications for the timing and type of interventions offered to adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnea R Burk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
| | - Jeffrey M Armstrong
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
| | - H Hill Goldsmith
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
| | - Marjorie H Klein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
| | | | | | - Marilyn J Essex
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
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Wiik KL, Loman MM, Van Ryzin MJ, Armstrong JM, Essex MJ, Pollak SD, Gunnar MR. Behavioral and emotional symptoms of post-institutionalized children in middle childhood. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2011; 52:56-63. [PMID: 20649913 PMCID: PMC2978793 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02294.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experience in institutional/orphanage care has been linked to increased mental health problems. Research suggests that children adopted from institutions experience specific difficulties related to inattention/overactivity. Evidence of internalizing and conduct problems relative to non-adopted peers has been found in early childhood and early adolescence, but problems may not differ from other adopted children. This study clarifies the understanding of behavioral and emotional symptoms of post-institutionalized (PI) children during middle childhood. METHODS Eight- to eleven-year-old PI children (n=68) and two comparison groups, children internationally adopted from foster care (n=74) and non-adopted children (n=76), and their parents completed the MacArthur Health and Behavior Questionnaire related to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), externalizing, and internalizing symptoms. Group means for symptom level and number of children with symptoms above clinical cutoffs were compared. RESULTS PI children displayed an increased level of ADHD symptoms per parent report. PI child and parent report indicated a higher number of PI children above clinical ADHD cutoff. Both groups of internationally adopted (IA) children had higher levels of externalizing symptoms relative to non-adopted children, with parent report indicating higher numbers of IA children above the externalizing clinical threshold. Informants differed in their report of internalizing symptoms. Parents indicated that both IA groups displayed increased internalizing symptom levels and greater numbers above clinical threshold; however, children reported this to be true only for the PI group. CONCLUSIONS PI children differ from non-adopted peers across symptom domains in middle childhood. Whether these concerns were more broadly associated with international adoption rather than institutional care depended on symptom domain and informant. An understanding of this variability may be beneficial for treatment and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L. Wiik
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Michelle M. Loman
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Marilyn J. Essex
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Seth D. Pollak
- Department of Psychology and Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Megan R. Gunnar
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Monk TH, Burk LR, Klein MH, Kupfer DJ, Soehner AM, Essex MJ. Behavioral circadian regularity at age 1 month predicts anxiety levels during school-age years. Psychiatry Res 2010; 178:370-3. [PMID: 20494458 PMCID: PMC2902574 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2009.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Revised: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Daily lifestyle regularity is measured using the Social Rhythm Metric (SRM). We developed a Baby SRM, with 59 babies followed for approximately 13years. Baby SRM score at age 1 month significantly predicted the child's school (K-9, 5 time points) anxiety level (more regular=less anxious), and may be mediated through sociability and directed-attention pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy H Monk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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39
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Rogers GM, Park JH, Essex MJ, Klein MH, Silva SG, Hoyle RH, Curry JF, Feeny NC, Kennard B, Kratochvil CJ, Pathak S, Reinecke MA, Rosenberg DR, Weller EB, March JS. The dysfunctional attitudes scale: psychometric properties in depressed adolescents. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 2010; 38:781-9. [PMID: 20183662 DOI: 10.1080/15374410903259007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The psychometric properties and factor structure of the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale were examined in a sample of 422 male and female adolescents (ages 12-17) with current major depressive disorder. The scale demonstrated high internal consistency (alpha = .93) and correlated significantly with self-report and interview-based measures of depression. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that a correlated 2-factor model, with scales corresponding to perfectionism and need for social approval, provided a satisfactory fit to the data. The goodness-of-fit was equivalent across sexes and age groups. The findings support the use of the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale and its subscales in the assessment of clinically depressed adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M Rogers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, WI 53719-1176, USA.
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Essex MJ, Klein MH, Slattery MJ, Goldsmith HH, Kalin NH. Early risk factors and developmental pathways to chronic high inhibition and social anxiety disorder in adolescence. Am J Psychiatry 2010; 167:40-6. [PMID: 19917594 PMCID: PMC2806488 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.07010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evidence suggests that chronic high levels of behavioral inhibition are a precursor of social anxiety disorder. The authors sought to identify early risk factors for, and developmental pathways to, chronic high inhibition among school-age children and the association of chronic high inhibition with social anxiety disorder by adolescence. METHOD A community sample of 238 children was followed from birth to grade 9. Mothers, teachers, and children reported on the children's behavioral inhibition from grades 1 to 9. Lifetime history of psychiatric disorders was available for the subset of 60 (25%) children who participated in an intensive laboratory assessment at grade 9. Four early risk factors were assessed: female gender; exposure to maternal stress during infancy and the preschool period; and at age 4.5 years, early manifestation of behavioral inhibition and elevated afternoon salivary cortisol levels. RESULTS All four risk factors predicted greater and more chronic inhibition from grades 1 to 9, and together they defined two developmental pathways. The first pathway, in girls, was partially mediated by early evidence of behavioral inhibition and elevated cortisol levels at age 4.5 years. The second pathway began with exposure to early maternal stress and was also partially mediated by childhood cortisol levels. By grade 9, chronic high inhibition was associated with a lifetime history of social anxiety disorder. CONCLUSIONS Chronic high levels of behavioral inhibition are associated with social anxiety disorder by adolescence. The identification of two developmental pathways suggests the potential importance of considering both sets of risk factors in developing preventive interventions for social anxiety disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ned H. Kalin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison,Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison
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Luby JL, Essex MJ, Armstrong JM, Klein MH, Zahn-Waxler C, Sullivan JP, Goldsmith HH. Gender differences in emotional reactivity of depressed and at-risk preschoolers: implications for gender specific manifestations of preschool depression. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 2009; 38:525-37. [PMID: 20183639 PMCID: PMC2829727 DOI: 10.1080/15374410902976312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether differences in positive and negative emotional reactivity could be found in depressed preschoolers and preschoolers at risk for later internalizing symptoms relative to nondepressed/low risk comparison groups. Observational measures of emotional reactivity, used to derive a score of the balance between anger and sadness, were obtained and analyzed in independent samples. One study utilized cross-sectional data from preschoolers (M age = 4.6 years) with a current depressive syndrome and two nondepressed comparison groups. The other study utilized longitudinal data that assessed emotional reactivity at preschool age (M age = 4.5 years) and later mental health symptoms during the transition to primary school, allowing a retrospective determination of risk. Depressed and at-risk boys displayed more anger than sadness in contrast to girls in the same groups and in contrast to no disorder/low-risk controls. This finding was detected in depressed and "at risk for internalizing" boys who were not comorbid for externalizing problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan L Luby
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Essex MJ, Kraemer HC, Slattery MJ, Burk LR, Boyce WT, Woodward HR, Kupfer DJ. Screening for childhood mental health problems: outcomes and early identification. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2009; 50:562-70. [PMID: 19432682 PMCID: PMC2682224 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.02015.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many childhood psychiatric problems are transient. Consequently, screening procedures to accurately identify children with problems unlikely to remit and thus, in need of intervention, are of major public health concern. This study aimed to develop a universal school-based screening procedure based on the answers to three questions: (1) What are the broad patterns of mental health problems from kindergarten to grade 5? (2) What are the grade 5 outcomes of these patterns? (3) How early in school can children likely to develop the most impairing patterns be identified accurately? METHODS Mothers and teachers reported on a community sample (N = 328) of children's internalizing and externalizing symptoms in kindergarten and grades 1, 3, and 5. In grade 5, teachers reported on children's school-based functional impairments, physical health problems, and service use; mothers reported on children's specialty mental health care. RESULTS Four patterns distinguished children who (1) never evidenced symptoms; (2) evidenced only isolated symptoms; or evidenced recurrent symptoms, either (3) without or (4) with comorbid internalizing and externalizing. By grade 5, children with recurrent comorbid symptoms had the greatest impairments, physical health problems, and service use. These children can be identified quite accurately by grade 1. CONCLUSIONS Universal screening at school entry can effectively identify children likely to develop recurrent comorbid symptoms, and would provide a basis for developing optimal targeted intervention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helena C. Kraemer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University
| | | | - Linnea R. Burk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - W. Thomas Boyce
- College for Interdisciplinary Studies and Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia
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Abstract
Recent biosocial theories postulate that both biological risk and the social context influence the development of mental health problems [Boyce and Ellis (2005) Development and Psychopathology, 17(2), 271-301]. Guided by this framework, we examined whether basal cortisol and its diurnal rhythm were associated with mental health symptoms in early adolescence. Because cross-sectional and longitudinal investigations sometimes reveal different cortisol-mental health associations, we examined the association both concurrently and longitudinally when children transition to middle school, a time which entails a major change in social context from single to multiple teachers, classrooms, and sets of classmates. Salivary cortisol was measured three times a day (waking, afternoon, and bedtime) across 3 days when adolescents were 5th graders. Mental health was measured when adolescents were in 5th and 7th grades, just before and after the transition to middle school. To deal with the substantial comorbidity of internalizing and externalizing symptoms at this developmental stage, mental health measures distinguished overall symptom severity from the preponderance of internalizing versus externalizing symptoms (i.e., directionality). A three-level Hierarchical Linear Model was used to extract basal cortisol and its diurnal rhythm separate from the day-to-day and within-the-day fluctuations in cortisol in response to daily experiences. Results were specific to symptom severity, suggesting that cortisol is a nonspecific risk factor for mental health symptoms in young adolescents. At 5th grade, low basal cortisol was associated with concurrent symptom severity. However, longitudinally, it was adolescents with high cortisol at 5th grade who were at risk for increasing mental health symptoms by 7th grade. Flat diurnal rhythms in 5th grade were related to levels of symptom severity at both 5th and 7th grades. Considering the change in social context, as defined by the transition to middle school, helped resolve seemingly inconsistent evidence that both hypo- and hyper-arousal were associated with mental health symptoms in early adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Shirtcliff
- Department of Psychology, University of New Orleans, 2006 Geology/Psychology Bldg, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA.
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Abstract
Life history theorists have proposed that humans have evolved to be sensitive to specific features of early childhood environments and that exposure to different environments biases children toward development of different reproductive strategies, including differential pubertal timing. The current research provides a longitudinal test of this theory. Assessments of family environments, based on interviews with mothers and fathers, were conducted in preschool, and children were then followed prospectively through middle childhood. Adrenal hormones were assayed in a selected subsample of 120 children (73 girls) at age 7, and parent and child reports of secondary sexual characteristics were collected in the full female sample of 180 girls at age 11. Higher quality parental investment (from both mothers and fathers) and less father-reported Marital Conflict/Depression forecast later adrenarche. Older age at menarche in mothers, higher socioeconomic status, greater mother-based Parental Supportiveness, and lower third-grade body mass index each uniquely and significantly predicted later sexual development in daughters. Consistent with a life history perspective, quality of parental investment emerged as a central feature of the proximal family environment in relation to pubertal timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce J Ellis
- Division of Family Studies and Human Development, John and Doris Norton School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Arizona, PO Box 210033, Tucson, AZ 85721-0033, USA.
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Burk LR, Park JH, Armstrong JM, Klein MH, Goldsmith HH, Zahn-Waxler C, Essex MJ. Identification of Early Child and Family Risk Factors for Aggressive Victim Status in First Grade. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2007; 36:513-26. [PMID: 18092191 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-007-9196-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2007] [Accepted: 11/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linnea R Burk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53719, USA
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Lemery-Chalfant K, Schreiber JE, Schmidt NL, VAN Hulle CA, Essex MJ, Goldsmith HH. Assessing internalizing, externalizing, and attention problems in young children: validation of the MacArthur HBQ. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2007; 46:1315-1323. [PMID: 17885573 DOI: 10.1097/chi.0b013e3180f616c6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the validity of the MacArthur Health and Behavior Questionnaire (HBQ) using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis to determine optimal thresholds for the HBQ in predicting Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version-IV (DISC-IV) diagnoses. The roles of child sex, level of impairment, and physical health in understanding of psychopathology were also considered. METHOD A sample of 814 8-year-old twin children was recruited from birth records. Mothers were interviewed over the telephone using the HBQ and were also interviewed in person using the DISC-IV. Fathers also completed the HBQ; children completed the parallel module of the Berkeley Puppet Interview. RESULTS The HBQ identified more cases overall than the DISC-IV. Sex did not contribute to prediction of diagnosis. Impairment, DISC-IV symptom counts, father HBQ, child Berkeley Puppet Interview, and physical health significantly distinguished the HBQ low and high symptom groups. CONCLUSIONS The HBQ is a valid new screening measure of psychopathology for use with children under 9 years of age. It is sensitive to internalizing disorders, which may aid the understanding of depression and anxiety disorders that are often underappreciated in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Lemery-Chalfant
- Dr. Lemery-Chalfant is with Arizona State University, Tempe; Drs. Essex and Goldsmith and Ms. Schrieber and Ms. Schmidt are with University of Wisconsin-Madison; and Dr. Van Hulle is with the University of Chicago.
| | - Jane E Schreiber
- Dr. Lemery-Chalfant is with Arizona State University, Tempe; Drs. Essex and Goldsmith and Ms. Schrieber and Ms. Schmidt are with University of Wisconsin-Madison; and Dr. Van Hulle is with the University of Chicago
| | - Nicole L Schmidt
- Dr. Lemery-Chalfant is with Arizona State University, Tempe; Drs. Essex and Goldsmith and Ms. Schrieber and Ms. Schmidt are with University of Wisconsin-Madison; and Dr. Van Hulle is with the University of Chicago
| | - Carol A VAN Hulle
- Dr. Lemery-Chalfant is with Arizona State University, Tempe; Drs. Essex and Goldsmith and Ms. Schrieber and Ms. Schmidt are with University of Wisconsin-Madison; and Dr. Van Hulle is with the University of Chicago
| | - Marilyn J Essex
- Dr. Lemery-Chalfant is with Arizona State University, Tempe; Drs. Essex and Goldsmith and Ms. Schrieber and Ms. Schmidt are with University of Wisconsin-Madison; and Dr. Van Hulle is with the University of Chicago
| | - H H Goldsmith
- Dr. Lemery-Chalfant is with Arizona State University, Tempe; Drs. Essex and Goldsmith and Ms. Schrieber and Ms. Schmidt are with University of Wisconsin-Madison; and Dr. Van Hulle is with the University of Chicago
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Infante M, Slattery MJ, Klein MH, Essex MJ. Association of internalizing disorders and allergies in a child and adolescent psychiatry clinical sample. J Clin Psychiatry 2007; 68:1419-25. [PMID: 17915983 DOI: 10.4088/jcp.v68n0915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the specificity of the association between internalizing disorders (anxiety and depression) and atopic disorders (asthma, allergic rhinitis, urticaria, and atopic dermatitis) in a child and adolescent psychiatric clinical sample. METHOD A sample of 184 youths was evaluated for current DSM-IV psychiatric disorders (clinical interview) and lifetime history of atopic disorders (parent report and chart review) in a child and adolescent psychiatry clinic from September 1, 2001, through December 31, 2002. Logistic regression analyses were used to assess the differential likelihood of having a lifetime history of atopic disorders among psychiatrically ill youths with and without internalizing disorders. RESULTS Youths with internalizing disorders were significantly more likely than those with noninternalizing disorders to have a lifetime history of atopic disorders (odds ratio [OR] = 1.95, 95% CI = 1.02 to 3.73, p = .04). Moreover, analyses distinguishing youths with "pure" internalizing disorders from those with comorbid internalizing and externalizing disorders, "pure" externalizing disorders, and other psychiatric disorders showed that the association with atopic disorders was specific for "pure" internalizing disorders only (OR = 2.40, 95% CI = 1.09 to 5.30, p = .03). CONCLUSIONS Atopic disorders may be associated specifically with "pure" internalizing disorders in psychiatrically ill youths. Additional studies are needed to identify the underlying mechanisms of this specificity for the subsequent development of effective treatment and prevention interventions that target both disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Infante
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53719-1176, USA
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Essex MJ, Kraemer HC, Armstrong JM, Boyce WT, Goldsmith HH, Klein MH, Woodward H, Kupfer DJ. Exploring risk factors for the emergence of children's mental health problems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 63:1246-56. [PMID: 17088505 DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.63.11.1246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Exploratory studies that generate testable models of how risk factors for childhood mental health problems work together over time are critical for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies. OBJECTIVE To build models addressing the following 2 questions: (1) How early can we identify children at risk for mental health problems in third grade? (2) How do the risk factors work together over time? DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS We assessed a Wisconsin community sample 8 times, beginning during pregnancy. Three hundred seventy-nine families completed multi-informant reports (mothers, teachers, and children) of children's mental health symptoms in third grade. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Symptom severity and directionality (externalizing vs internalizing). RESULTS The hypothesis was generated that family socioeconomic status (SES) defined different pathways to symptom severity. In low/middle SES families, children were at risk if their mothers were distressed during the infancy period, which was then associated with more generalized maternal and child distress and dysregulation during the preschool period. In high SES families, the picture was more complex, beginning with parental histories of depression and family psychopathology, which then led to greater family stress in the infancy period and maternal and child distress and dysregulation during the preschool period. For all children, social and academic impairment during the school transition was an important mediator. Two pathways to later symptom directionality consisted of one beginning with child sex and the other with child temperament. CONCLUSIONS Most risk factors predicted symptom severity and not directionality. The risk factors for internalizing and externalizing problems may be much the same, and the same preventive interventions might be effective for both classes of problems. Furthermore, at-risk children from high SES families might be identifiable as early as infancy, whereas those from lower SES families may be identifiable only as preschoolers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn J Essex
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53719, USA.
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Boyce WT, Essex MJ, Alkon A, Goldsmith HH, Kraemer HC, Kupfer DJ. Early father involvement moderates biobehavioral susceptibility to mental health problems in middle childhood. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006; 45:1510-20. [PMID: 17135997 DOI: 10.1097/01.chi.0000237706.50884.8b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study how early father involvement and children's biobehavioral sensitivity to social contexts interactively predict mental health symptoms in middle childhood. METHOD Fathers' involvement in infant care and maternal symptoms of depression were prospectively ascertained in a community-based study of child health and development in Madison and Milwaukee, WI. In a subsample of 120 children, behavioral, autonomic, and adrenocortical reactivity to standardized challenges were measured as indicators of biobehavioral sensitivity to social context during a 4-hour home assessment in 1998, when the children were 7 years of age. Mental health symptoms were evaluated at age 9 years using parent, child, and teacher reports. RESULTS Early father involvement and children's biobehavioral sensitivity to context significantly and interactively predicted symptom severity. Among children experiencing low father involvement in infancy, behavioral, autonomic, and adrenocortical reactivity became risk factors for later mental health symptoms. The highest symptom severity scores were found for children with high autonomic reactivity that, as infants, had experienced low father involvement and mothers with symptoms of depression. CONCLUSIONS Among children experiencing minimal paternal caretaking in infancy, heightened biobehavioral sensitivity to social contexts may be an important predisposing factor for the emergence of mental health symptoms in middle childhood. Such predispositions may be exacerbated by the presence of maternal depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Thomas Boyce
- School of Public Health and Institute of Development, University of California, Berkeley, USA.
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Manian N, Papadakis AA, Strauman TJ, Essex MJ. The Development of Children's Ideal and Ought Self-Guides: Parenting, Temperament, and Individual Differences in Guide Strength. J Pers 2006; 74:1619-45. [PMID: 17083660 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00422.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory focus theory (RFT; Higgins, 1997) predicts that individual differences in the strength of promotion (ideal) and prevention (ought) orientations emerge from patterns of parent/child interactions that emphasize making good things happen versus keeping bad things from happening. This article examines the development of individual differences in the strength of children's promotion and prevention goals and presents selected findings from three studies exploring the origins of regulatory focus. We found a three-factor structure for parenting behaviors that differentiated between the presence/absence of positive outcomes versus the presence/absence of negative outcomes in two different data sets and validated that factor structure by examining its associations with maternal temperament. In turn, the parenting factors predicted individual differences in children's orientations to ideal and ought guides, and those associations were moderated by individual differences in child temperament.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanmathi Manian
- Child and Family Research, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892-7971, USA.
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