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Watanabe M, Nikaido Y, Sasaki N. Validation of the anesthetic effect of a mixture of remimazolam, medetomidine, and butorphanol in three mouse strains. Exp Anim 2024; 73:223-232. [PMID: 38246607 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.23-0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Proper administration of anesthesia is indispensable for the ethical treatment of lab animals in biomedical research. Therefore, selecting an effective anesthesia protocol is pivotal for the design and success of experiments. Hence, continuous development and refinement of anesthetic agents are imperative to improve research outcomes and elevate animal welfare. "Balanced anesthesia" involves using multiple drugs to optimize efficacy while minimizing side effects. The medetomidine, midazolam, and butorphanol, called MMB, and medetomidine, alfaxalone, and butorphanol, called MAB, are popular in Japan. However, the drawbacks of midazolam, including its extended recovery time, and the narrow safety margin of MAB, have prompted research for suitable alternatives. This study replaced midazolam in the MMB combination with remimazolam (RMZ), which is noted for its ultra-short half-life. The resulting combination, called MRB, was effective in providing a wider safety margin compared to MAB while maintaining an anesthesia depth equivalent level to that of MMB in mice. Notably, MRB consistently exhibited better recovery scores after antagonist administration in contrast to MMB. Furthermore, the re-sedation phenomenon observed with MMB was not observed with MRB. The rapid metabolism of RMZ enables reliable anesthesia induction, circumventing the complications linked to MAB. Overall, MRB excelled in providing extended surgical anesthesia and swift post-antagonist recovery. These results highlight the potential of RMZ for broader animal research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Watanabe
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 35-1 Higashi-23, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Yuko Nikaido
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 35-1 Higashi-23, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Nobuya Sasaki
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 35-1 Higashi-23, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
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2
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Bočkay A, Agudelo CF, Figurová M, Vargová N, Trbolová A. Effect of Butorphanol- Medetomidine and Butorphanol-Dexmedetomidine on Echocardiographic Parameters during Propofol Anaesthesia in Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1379. [PMID: 38731383 PMCID: PMC11083730 DOI: 10.3390/ani14091379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
This study compared the effects of butorphanol-medetomidine and butorphanol-dexmedetomidine combinations on echocardiographic parameters during propofol anaesthesia in dogs. The dogs were randomly divided into two groups. In the butorphanol-medetomidine (BM) group, butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg) and medetomidine (15 μg/kg) were intravenously administered; in the butorphanol-dexmedetomidine (BD) group, butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg) and dexmedetomidine (7.5 μg/kg) was used. Anaesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with a constant-rate infusion of propofol (0.2 mg/kg/min). The echocardiographic parameters were assessed in conscious dogs (T0). Echocardiography was conducted again at 10 min post premedication (T1), followed by assessments at 30 (T2), 60 (T3), and 90 (T4) mins. The dogs were subjected to diagnostic procedures (radiography, computed tomography) under anaesthesia. A significant reduction in heart rate and cardiac output was noted in both groups at T1. There was no significant difference in the stroke volume between the BM and BD groups. The application of butorphanol-dexmedetomidine caused a significant increase in the left ventricular internal diameter in diastole and the diameter of the left atrium compared to that caused by butorphanol-medetomidine. This study documented that butorphanol-medetomidine and butorphanol-dexmedetomidine combinations caused similar reductions in heart rate and cardiac output in both groups. 'New´ valvular regurgitation occurred following their administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Bočkay
- Small Animal Hospital, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia; (C.F.A.); (M.F.); (N.V.); (A.T.)
| | - Carlos Fernando Agudelo
- Small Animal Hospital, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia; (C.F.A.); (M.F.); (N.V.); (A.T.)
- Small Animal Referral Centre Sibra, Na Vrátkach13, 841 01 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Mária Figurová
- Small Animal Hospital, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia; (C.F.A.); (M.F.); (N.V.); (A.T.)
| | - Nela Vargová
- Small Animal Hospital, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia; (C.F.A.); (M.F.); (N.V.); (A.T.)
| | - Alexandra Trbolová
- Small Animal Hospital, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia; (C.F.A.); (M.F.); (N.V.); (A.T.)
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KANDA T, AKASHI N, KAWAMURA N, NEKI Y, OSUMI M, SUGINO R, IWASAKI H, KADOWAKI Y, ITOI T. Effect of fentanyl constant-rate infusions with or without medetomidine on the minimum infusion rate of propofol required to prevent motor movement in dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2024; 86:266-271. [PMID: 38267038 PMCID: PMC10963098 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Propofol is a potential injectable anesthetic agent used in total intravenous anesthesia. However, the sparing effect of fentanyl and medetomidine on the required propofol dose in dogs remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the effect of fentanyl constant-rate infusion (CRI) with or without medetomidine on the minimum infusion rate of propofol required to prevent motor movement (MIRNM) in dogs. Six healthy purpose-bred dogs were anesthetized on three occasions with propofol alone (loading dose [LD], 8 mg/kg to effect; initial infusion rate [IR], 0.70 mg/kg/min); propofol (LD, 6 mg/kg to effect; IR, 0.35 mg/kg/min) and fentanyl (LD, 2 µg/kg; IR, 0.10 µg/kg/min); or propofol (LD, 4 mg/kg to effect; IR, 0.25 mg/kg/min), fentanyl (LD, 2 µg/kg; IR, 0.10 µg/kg/min), and medetomidine (LD, 2 µg/kg; IR, 0.5 µg/kg/hr) under controlled ventilation. The MIRNM was determined by observing the response to a noxious electrical stimulus. Heart rate, blood pressure, and blood gas analyses were performed at 1, 2, 3, and 4 hr after initiating CRI. The MIRNM (mean [range]) was significantly lower in the propofol-fentanyl-medetomidine group (0.16 [0.10-0.27] mg/kg/min) than that in the propofol-alone group (0.63 [0.47-0.82] mg/kg/min) (P=0.0004). Fentanyl combined with medetomidine did not significantly decrease the mean arterial pressure in dogs receiving propofol CRI 1-3 hr after initiating CRI compared with propofol CRI alone (P>0.9999, P=0.1536, and P=0.0596, respectively), despite inducing a significantly lower heart rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teppei KANDA
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ehime, Japan
- Department of Comparative Animal Science, College of Life Science, Kurashiki University of Science and the Arts, Okayama, Japan
| | - Natsuki AKASHI
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ehime, Japan
| | - Nanako KAWAMURA
- Department of Comparative Animal Science, College of Life Science, Kurashiki University of Science and the Arts, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuna NEKI
- Department of Comparative Animal Science, College of Life Science, Kurashiki University of Science and the Arts, Okayama, Japan
| | - Miho OSUMI
- Department of Comparative Animal Science, College of Life Science, Kurashiki University of Science and the Arts, Okayama, Japan
| | - Reina SUGINO
- Department of Comparative Animal Science, College of Life Science, Kurashiki University of Science and the Arts, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hana IWASAKI
- Department of Comparative Animal Science, College of Life Science, Kurashiki University of Science and the Arts, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yumi KADOWAKI
- Department of Comparative Animal Science, College of Life Science, Kurashiki University of Science and the Arts, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takamasa ITOI
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ehime, Japan
- Department of Comparative Animal Science, College of Life Science, Kurashiki University of Science and the Arts, Okayama, Japan
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4
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Tsukano K, Yamakawa S, Suzuki K. Optimal clinical dose of medetomidine for sedation of young cows during dehorning surgery. Acta Vet Hung 2024; 71:142-146. [PMID: 37999759 DOI: 10.1556/004.2023.00919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The present paper reports on the clinical efficacy and optimal clinical dose of medetomidine for sedation of young cows during dehorning surgery. Medical records of 24 female Holstein cows that underwent dehorning surgery were used in this study. In four groups, the sedation of animals was carried out by one of the four intravenous treatments: 0.1 mg kg-1 xylazine (Xyl group, n = 6), 5.0 μg kg-1 medetomidine (5.0 Med group, n = 6), 10.0 μg kg-1 medetomidine (10.0 Med group, n = 6) or 20.0 μg kg-1 medetomidine (20.0 Med group, n = 6). The clinical sedation score (CSS) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. The CSSs after intravenous administration of each α2-adrenergic receptor agonist increased rapidly and peaked at 12.5 (10.0-16.0) at t = 20 min in the Xyl group, 11.5 (10.0-15.0) at t = 10 min in the 5.0 Med group, 16.0 (14.0-16.0) at t = 20 min in the 10.0 Med group and 16.0 (14.0 - 16.0) at t = 20 min in the 20.0 Med group. A similar degree of bradycardia was observed after every sedative treatment. We conclude that the intravenous administration of 10.0-20.0 μg kg-1 medetomidine is appropriate for sedation of young cows without severe side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Tsukano
- 1Aomori Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 1-495 Aza Tounosawayama, Touhokumachi, Kamikita-gun, Aomori, 039-2654, Japan
| | - Shohei Yamakawa
- 2Hokkaido Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 74-2 Higashimae, Hokuto, Hokkaido, 041-1214, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Suzuki
- 3School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimachi, Bunnkyoudai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan
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Jacques CN, Klaver RW, DePerno CS, Rockhill AP. Comparing the Efficacy of Two Immobilization Drug Combinations for the Chemical Restraint of Bobcats (Lynx rufus). J Wildl Dis 2024; 60:86-94. [PMID: 37937480 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-22-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Chemical immobilization agents that provide rapid induction time, short duration of action, wide margin of safety, and postreversal recovery are important attributes to the handling process of immobilized animals. We evaluated differences in induction, recovery, and physiologic parameters in 23 (13 female, nine adults and four yearlings; 10 male, nine adults and one yearling) free-ranging bobcats (Lynx rufus) chemically immobilized with an intramuscular combination of ketamine (10 mg/kg) and xylazine (KX; 1.5 mg/kg; n=11) or a combination of butorphanol (0.8 mg/kg), azaperone (0.27 mg/kg), and medetomidine (BAM; 0.32 mg/kg; n=12). Induction parameters, time to first effect, hemoglobin oxygen saturation, and anesthesia between bobcats administered KX and BAM were similar. Pulse rate was significantly higher for KX than for BAM. Time to standing and full recovery after reversal were faster for bobcats administered BAM than KX. Six of 11 (55%) bobcats given KX were effectively immobilized with a single injection, and five required additional drugs to allow adequate time for processing. Of 12 bobcats given BAM, six (50%) were effectively immobilized with a single injection, three (25%) individuals were not completely immobilized and required additional doses to allow adequate time for processing, and three (25%) required additional doses after complete arousal during processing. We found that BAM provided reduced sedation and processing times (<30 min), whereas KX provided extended sedation and processing times beyond 30 min. We suggest that researchers increase initial BAM drug volumes for yearling and adult bobcats at time of processing and consider taking appropriate safety precautions when handling free-ranging bobcats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher N Jacques
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Illinois University, 1 University Circle, Macomb, Illinois 61455, USA
- Current address: Illinois Department of Natural Resources, 8542 North Lake Road, Lena, Illinois 61048, USA
| | - Robert W Klaver
- US Geological Survey, Iowa Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, 342 Science II, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Christopher S DePerno
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Aimee P Rockhill
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resources, Western Carolina University, 308 Stillwell Building, Cullowhee, North Carolina 28723, USA
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Sheldon JD, Zhu X, Williamson R, Blair C. Butorphanol-Azaperone- Medetomidine Is as Safe and Effective as Nalbuphine-Azaperone-Medetomidine for Immobilization of Juvenile American Black Bears (Ursus americanus). J Wildl Dis 2024; 60:188-192. [PMID: 37909402 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-23-00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Immobilization kits including butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine (BAM) and nalbuphine-azaperone-medetomidine can provide effective, safe, and easy-to-use protocols in bears. Nalbuphine-azaperone-medetomidine is not commercially available but may be useful for wildlife agencies because it does not contain controlled substances. This study directly compared BAM to nalbuphine-azaperone-medetomidine immobilization in 10 juvenile healthy black bears (10 mo old; four females, six males) undergoing prerelease examinations after rehabilitation. Bears were immobilized via remote delivery of 1 mL of BAM (n=5) or nalbuphine-azaperone-medetomidine (n=5) intramuscularly in the shoulder during December (randomized, blinded trial). Bears were intubated, monitored with an electrocardiogram, pulse oximeter, capnograph, noninvasive blood pressure cuff, and rectal thermometer, and underwent physical examination, sample collection, morphometrics, and ear-tag placement. Induction, physiologic, and recovery parameters were recorded, including arterial blood gas analysis. The anesthetic agents were antagonized with atipamezole and naltrexone. There were no differences between protocols in induction or recovery times. There were no differences between protocols in heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature, oxygen saturation, end-tidal CO2, mean arterial pressure, or blood gas analysis or any differences between male and female bears in any parameters. Bears were hypertensive and normoxemic with low oxygen saturation via pulse oximeter, but all recovered smoothly and were released within 2 h of recovery. This study supports that nalbuphine-azaperone-medetomidine is clini-cally as safe and effective as BAM in American black bears.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie D Sheldon
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Xiaojuan Zhu
- Office of Information Technology, University of Tennessee, 2309 Kingston Pike, Knoxville, Tennessee 37919, USA
| | - Ryan Williamson
- Great Smoky Mountains National Park, National Park Services, 107 Park Headquarters Road, Gatlinburg, Tennessee 37738, USA
| | - Coy Blair
- Appalachian Bear Rescue, 121 Painted Trillium Way, Townsend, Tennessee 37882, USA
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Johnson SR, Ellis CK, Wickham CK, Selleck MR, Gilbert AT. Comparison of Ketamine-Xylazine, Butorphanol-Azaperone- Medetomidine, and Nalbuphine-Medetomidine-Azaperone for Raccoon (Procyon lotor) Immobilization. J Wildl Dis 2024; 60:95-104. [PMID: 37924235 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-23-00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Raccoons (Procyon lotor) are frequently handled using chemical immobilization in North America for management and research. In a controlled environment, we compared three drug combinations: ketamine-xylazine (KX), butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine (BAM), and nalbuphine-medetomidine-azaperone (NalMed-A) for raccoon immobilization. In crossover comparisons, raccoons received a mean of the following: 8.66 mg/kg ketamine and 1.74 mg/kg xylazine (0.104 mL/kg KX); 0.464 mg/kg butorphanol, 0.155 mg/kg azaperone, and 0.185 mg/kg medetomidine (0.017 mL/kg BAM); and 0.800 mg/kg nalbuphine, 0.200 mg/kg azaperone, and 0.200 mg/kg medetomidine (0.020 mL/kg NalMed-A). Induction time was shortest with KX (mean±SE, 10.0±0.7 min) and longest with NalMed-A (13.0±1.3 min). A sampling procedure was completed on 89% (16/18), 72% (13/18), and 89% (16/18) of the raccoons administered KX, BAM, and NalMed-A, respectively. Reasons for incomplete sampling included inadequate immobilization (one KX and one NalMed-A), responsive behaviors (one each with KX, BAM, NalMed-A), or animal safety (four BAM). Mean recovery time for KX was 32.8±7.1 min without antagonizing and 28.6±5.2 min following delivery of an antagonist. Mean recovery time was 6.2±0.8 min for BAM and 5.1±0.5 min for NalMed-A after antagonizing. Only with KX were raccoons observed to recover without use of an antagonist. Supplemental oxygen was provided to 23% (3/13), 72% (13/18), and 71% (12/17) of raccoons immobilized with KX, BAM, and NalMed-A, respectively. Hypoxemia at <80% oxygen saturation occurred in 0% (0/17), 27% (4/15), and 6% (1/16) of the raccoons administered KX, BAM, and NalMed-A, respectively; all raccoons fully recovered from chemical immobilization. All combinations could be used for raccoon immobilization; however, the need for delivery of supplemental oxygen to a majority of raccoons immobilized with BAM and NalMed-A may limit broader use of these agents for certain field studies involving capture, sample, and release of free-ranging animals from a practical standpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shylo R Johnson
- US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA
| | - Christine K Ellis
- US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA
- Current address: US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, 2150 Centre Avenue, Building B, Fort Collins, Colorado 80526, USA
| | - Chad K Wickham
- US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA
- Current address: US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, 3375 Koapaka Street, Suite H-420, Honolulu, Hawaii 96819, USA
| | - Molly R Selleck
- US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA
| | - Amy T Gilbert
- US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA
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Rashbrook VS, Denti L, Ruhrberg C. Tamoxifen exacerbates morbidity and mortality in male mice receiving medetomidine anaesthesia. Anim Welf 2023; 32:e78. [PMID: 38487465 PMCID: PMC10936365 DOI: 10.1017/awf.2023.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Tamoxifen-induced CreER-LoxP recombination is often used to induce spatiotemporally controlled gene deletion in genetically modified mice. Prior work has shown that tamoxifen and tamoxifen-induced CreER activation can have off-target effects that should be controlled. However, it has not yet been reported whether tamoxifen administration, independently of CreER expression, interacts adversely with commonly used anaesthetic drugs such as medetomidine or its enantiomer dexmedetomidine in laboratory mice (Mus musculus). Here, we report a high incidence of urinary plug formation and morbidity in male mice on a mixed C57Bl6/J6 and 129/SvEv background when tamoxifen treatment was followed by ketamine-medetomidine anaesthesia. Medetomidine is therefore contra-indicated for male mice after tamoxifen treatment. As dexmedetomidine causes morbidity and mortality in male mice at higher rates than medetomidine even without tamoxifen treatment, our findings suggest that dexmedetomidine is not a suitable alternative for anaesthesia of male mice after tamoxifen treatment. We conclude that the choice of anaesthetic drug needs to be carefully evaluated in studies using male mice that have undergone tamoxifen treatment for inducing CreER-LoxP recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria S Rashbrook
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Laura Denti
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Christiana Ruhrberg
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
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9
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Honkavaara J, Grobelna A, Restitutti F, Kallio-Kujala I, Raekallio M, Spillmann T. Validity and Repeatability Characteristics of a Non-Invasive, Infrared-Based Method Estimating Plasma Indocyanine Green Decay in Healthy Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3455. [PMID: 38003073 PMCID: PMC10668645 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma clearance of indocyanine green (ICG-CL) is an invasive method to evaluate liver dysfunction. We aimed to investigate the practicality of a noninvasive, transcutaneous, infrared-based method estimating the disappearance rate of indocyanine green (ICG-PDR). In a randomized, cross-over study, both ICG-CL and ICG-PDR were determined in eight healthy dogs while conscious and when sedated with medetomidine and medetomidine-vatinoxan. ICG-PDR was further repeated in six of the dogs to assess its repeatability. Differences were tested with repeated-measures analysis of variance and post hoc t-tests with Bonferroni corrections, while associations were evaluated by both Spearman and Pearson correlation analyses. Furthermore, repeatability was assessed by examining calculated coefficients of variation (CV). A significant decrease in ICG-CL was observed in dogs sedated with medetomidine, while no difference between conscious and sedated states was detected with ICG-PDR. Overall, correlations between ICG-CL and ICG-PDR were poor, as was the intrasubject repeatability of ICG-PDR in conscious dogs with CV consistently above 20%. While some of the results may be explained by poor signal quality for the non-invasive method, we conclude that in healthy dogs ICG-PDR performed poorly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhana Honkavaara
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland (F.R.); (I.K.-K.); (M.R.); (T.S.)
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10
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Somers LN, Jackson DH, Dugger KM, Burco JD. A MIXTURE OF NALBUPHINE, AZAPERONE, AND MEDETOMIDINE FOR IMMOBILIZING RINGTAILS (BASSARISCUS ASTUTUS). J Wildl Dis 2023; 59:610-615. [PMID: 37846912 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-23-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated a combination of nalbuphine HCl (40 mg/mL), azaperone tartrate (10 mg/mL), and medetomidine HCl (10 mg/mL), a combination known as NAM or NalMed-A, in 23 ringtails (Bassariscus astutus) during 29 handling events for a radio-collaring study in southern Oregon, US, from August 2020 to March 2022. The combination was delivered to ringtails by hand injection at 0.075 mL NAM per estimated 1 kg body mass. The mean (± standard deviation, SD) dosage calculated post hoc was 3.366 (±0.724) mg/kg nalbuphine, 0.841 (±0.181) mg/kg medetomidine, and 0.841 (±0.181) mg/kg azaperone. All captured ringtails were effectively immobilized with a mean (SD) induction time of 13.24 (±3.57) min. The medetomidine and nalbuphine components were antagonized with a combination of atipamezole and naltrexone HCl with a mean (SD) recovery time of 2.48 (±1.94) min. This combination appeared to be safe and effective for immobilizing ringtails with a low volume dose, smooth antagonism, and rapid recovery. In addition, NAM does not contain any drugs that are US Drug Enforcement scheduled, which makes it useful for immobilization procedures by wildlife professionals in the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay N Somers
- Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, 104 Nash Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - DeWaine H Jackson
- Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Umpqua Watershed District Office, 4192 N. Umpqua Hwy, Roseburg, Oregon 97470, USA
| | - Katie M Dugger
- Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, 104 Nash Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
- US Geological Survey, Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, 104 Nash Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Julia D Burco
- Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Wildlife Health and Population Laboratory, 7118 NE Vandenberg Ave., Corvallis, Oregon 97330, USA
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Gantner L, Portier K, Quintard B. Comparison of intramuscular alfaxalone with medetomidine-ketamine for inducing anaesthesia in Trachemys scripta spp. undergoing sterilization. Vet Anaesth Analg 2023; 50:421-429. [PMID: 37507249 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effect of two anaesthetic protocols on heart rate (HR), time to muscle relaxation and tracheal intubation and time to surgical plane of anaesthesia, in Trachemys scripta spp. undergoing oophorectomy. STUDY DESIGN Prospective randomized clinical study. ANIMALS A total of 43 healthy female turtles. METHODS Morphine (1.5 mg kg-1) was injected subcutaneously 2 hours before anaesthesia induction. The turtles were randomly administered either medetomidine (0.2 mg kg-1) and ketamine (10 mg kg-1) (group MK; n = 23) or alfaxalone (20 mg kg-1) (group A; n = 20) intramuscularly followed by bupivacaine (2 mg kg-1) administered subcutaneously along the incision site. Anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane delivered in oxygen (100%). HR and the anaesthetic depth score (ADS) were recorded every 5 minutes from induction to recovery. A Friedman test followed by Wilcoxon tests with Bonferroni adjustment were used to compare these non-parametric data (HR and ADS) between groups and over time. Time to muscle relaxation of neck and limbs (TMR), tracheal tube insertion (TTTI) and stage of surgical anaesthesia (TADS≤3) were recorded and compared between groups using a Welch's t test after logarithmic transformation. RESULTS Median values of TMR, TTTI and TADS≤3 were 4, 9.5 and 25 minutes in group A, respectively, and 14, 20 and 35 minutes in group MK (TMR, TTTIp ≤ 0.0001; TADS≤3p = 0.001). Plane of anaesthesia was significantly deeper in group A than in group MK for the first 20 minutes (p < 0.01). HR at 10 and 15 minutes post injection was significantly lower in group MK (28 beats minute-1) than in group A (36 and 34 beats minute-1) (p < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE After intramuscular injection in Trachemys scripta spp., tracheal intubation, muscle relaxation and a surgical plane of anaesthesia developed faster with alfaxalone than medetomidine-ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurène Gantner
- VetAgro Sup, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; Parc Zoologique & Botanique de Mulhouse, Mulhouse, France; Espace Zoologique, Saint Martin la Plaine, France.
| | - Karine Portier
- VetAgro Sup, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
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12
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Sisco E, Appley M. Identification of the veterinary sedative medetomidine in combination with opioids and xylazine in Maryland. J Forensic Sci 2023; 68:1708-1712. [PMID: 36966471 PMCID: PMC10520217 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
Public health, public safety, and forensic science personnel continue to face the emergence of new compounds into the drug market. While focus is often put on the detection of new analogs of known illicit drugs, monitoring the changes in cutting agents and other compounds can be equally as important. Over the last year, near real-time monitoring of the drug supply in Maryland has been completed through a public health-public safety partnership whereby residue from suspected drug packaging or used paraphernalia is collected and analyzed. Through this project, we have recently detected the presence of the veterinary sedative medetomidine in a small number of samples. The presence of medetomidine has been identified in both public health and law enforcement samples and in the presence of fentanyl and xylazine-another veterinary sedative that has been widely observed over the last year. While the rate at which medetomidine has been detected remains low, it is concerning and worthy of continued monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Sisco
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Meghan Appley
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
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Joerger FB, Wieser ML, Steblaj B, Niemann L, Turunen H, Kutter AP. Evaluation of cardiovascular effects of intramuscular medetomidine and a medetomidine-vatinoxan combination in Beagle dogs: A randomized blinded crossover laboratory study. Vet Anaesth Analg 2023; 50:397-407. [PMID: 37481386 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the cardiovascular effects of a combination of medetomidine and vatinoxan (MVX) versus medetomidine (MED) alone administered intramuscularly (IM) and to determine whether heart rate (HR) can be used as a surrogate for cardiac output (CO) after the use of medetomidine with or without vatinoxan. STUDY DESIGN A randomized, blinded, experimental, crossover study. ANIMALS A group of eight healthy Beagle dogs aged 4.6 (2.3-9.4) years and weighing 12.9 (9-14.7) kg, median (range). METHODS Each dog was injected with 1 mg m-2 medetomidine with or without 20 mg m-2 vatinoxan IM with a washout period of 7 days. Cardiovascular data and arterial and mixed venous blood gas samples were collected at baseline, 5, 10, 15, 20, 35, 45, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after treatment administration. CO was measured at all time points via thermodilution. Differences between treatments, period and sequence were evaluated with repeated measures analysis of covariance and the relationship between HR and CO was assessed with a repeated measures analysis of variance; p values < 0.05 were deemed significant. RESULTS The CO was 47-96% lower after MED than after MVX (p < 0.0001). Increases in systemic, pulmonary arterial and right atrial pressures and oxygen extraction ratio were significantly higher after MED than after MVX (all p < 0.0001). HR was significantly lower after MED and the linear relationship to CO was significant (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Overall, MED affected the cardiovascular system more negatively than MVX, and the difference in cardiovascular function between the treatments can be considered clinically relevant. HR was linearly related to CO, and decreases in HR reflected cardiac performance for dogs sedated with medetomidine with or without vatinoxan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Binia Joerger
- Section Anaesthesiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Manuela L Wieser
- Section Anaesthesiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Steblaj
- Section Anaesthesiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Niemann
- Section Anaesthesiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Annette Pn Kutter
- Section Anaesthesiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
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14
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Donaldson AC, Buss PE, Fuller A, Meyer LCR. Effects of three immobilizing drug combinations on ventilation, gas exchange and metabolism in free-living African lions ( Panthera leo). Conserv Physiol 2023; 11:coad059. [PMID: 37575612 PMCID: PMC10416691 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coad059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Free-living lions (12 per group) were immobilized with tiletamine-zolazepam-medetomidine (TZM), ketamine-medetomidine (KM), or ketamine-butorphanol-medetomidine (KBM). During immobilization, respiratory, blood gas and acid-base variables were monitored for 30 minutes. Respiratory rates were within expected ranges and remained constant throughout the immobilizations. Ventilation increased in lions over the immobilization period from 27.2 ± 9.5 to 35.1 ± 25.4 L/min (TZM), 26.1 ± 14.3 to 28.4 ± 18.4 L/min (KM) and 23.2 ± 10.8 to 26.7 ± 14.2 L/min (KBM). Tidal volume increased over the immobilization period from 1800 ± 710 to 2380 ± 1930 mL/breath (TZM), 1580 ± 470 to 1640 ± 500 mL/breath (KM) and 1600 ± 730 to 1820 ± 880 mL/breath (KBM). Carbon dioxide production was initially lower in KBM (0.4 ± 0.2 L/min) than in TZM (0.5 ± 0.2 L/min) lions but increased over time in all groups. Oxygen consumption was 0.6 ± 0.2 L/min (TZM), 0.5 ± 0.2 L/min (KM) and 0.5 ± 0.2 L/min (KBM) and remained constant throughout the immobilization period. Initially the partial pressure of arterial oxygen was lower in KBM (74.0 ± 7.8 mmHg) than in TZM (78.5 ± 4.7 mmHg) lions, but increased to within expected range in all groups over time. The partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide was higher throughout the immobilizations in KBM (34.5 ± 4.2 mmHg) than in TZM (32.6 ± 2.2 mmHg) and KM (32.6 ± 3.8 mmHg) lions. Alveolar-arterial gradients were initially elevated, but decreased over time for all groups, although in KM lions it remained elevated (26.9 ± 10.4 mmHg) above the expected normal. Overall, all three drug combinations caused minor respiratory and metabolic side-effects in the immobilized lions. However, initially hypoxaemia occurred as the drug combinations, and possibly the stress induced by the immobilization procedure, hinder alveoli oxygen gas exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh Claire Donaldson
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Soutpan Road, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa, 0110
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Soutpan Road, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa, 0110
- Center for Zoo and Wild Animal Health, Copenhagen Zoo, Frederiksberg, Denmark, 2000
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa, 2193
| | - Peter Erik Buss
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Soutpan Road, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa, 0110
- Veterinary Wildlife Services, South African National Parks, Kruger National Park, Skukuza, Mpumalanga, South Africa, 1350
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Soutpan Road, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa, 0110
| | - Andrea Fuller
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Soutpan Road, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa, 0110
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Soutpan Road, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa, 0110
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa, 2193
| | - Leith Carl Rodney Meyer
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Soutpan Road, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa, 0110
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Soutpan Road, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa, 0110
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa, 2193
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15
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Mizuno S, Asada R, Yu Y, Hamamoto Y, Hasegawa D. Investigation of the effect and availability of ketamine on electroencephalography in cats with temporal lobe epilepsy. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1236275. [PMID: 37559886 PMCID: PMC10407800 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1236275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, electroencephalography (EEG) in veterinary medicine has become important not only in the diagnosis of epilepsy, but also in determining the epileptogenic focus. In cats, sedation and immobilization, usually with medetomidine or dexmedetomidine, are necessary to place the electrodes and to obtain stable scalp EEG recordings. In this study, we hypothesized that, for cats with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), ketamine, a sedative/anesthetic and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist that activates the limbic system and is also used to treat refractory status epilepticus in dogs, would induce sufficient sedation and immobilization for EEG, as well as induce interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) that are more pronounced than those induced with medetomidine. We obtained EEG recordings from TLE cats and healthy cats administered either ketamine or medetomidine alone (study 1) or ketamine after medetomidine sedation (study 2). In study 1, the frequency of IEDs showed no statistically significant difference between ketamine and medetomidine in both TLE and healthy cats. Seizures were observed in 75% (9/12) cats of the TLE group with ketamine alone. When ketamine was administered after sedation with medetomidine (study 2), 3/18 cats in the TLE group developed generalized tonic-clonic seizure and 1/18 cats showed subclinical seizure activity. However, no seizures were observed in all healthy cats in both study 1 and study 2. Slow wave activity at 2-4 Hz was observed in many individuals after ketamine administration regardless studies and groups, and quantitative analysis in study 2 showed a trend toward increased delta band activities in both groups. While there was no significant difference in the count of IEDs between medetomidine and ketamine, ketamine caused seizures in cats with TLE similar to their habitual seizure type and with a higher seizure frequency. Our results suggest that ketamine may activate epileptiform discharges during EEG recordings. However, caution should be used for cats with TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Mizuno
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Neurology, Graduate School of Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan
| | - Rikako Asada
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Neurology, Graduate School of Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Yu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Neurology, Graduate School of Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan
| | - Yuji Hamamoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Neurology, Graduate School of Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Neurology, Graduate School of Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan
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Mauthe von Degerfeld M, Serpieri M, Bonaffini G, Ottino C, Quaranta G. Intranasal Atomization of Ketamine, Medetomidine and Butorphanol in Pet Rabbits Using a Mucosal Atomization Device. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2076. [PMID: 37443874 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A non-invasive method of drug delivery, intranasal atomization, has shown positive results in human medicine and in some animal species. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of intranasal atomization, compared to intramuscular administration, of a mix of anesthetic drugs in pet rabbits. In total, 104 mixed-breed pet rabbits, undergoing various types of surgery, received a combination of ketamine, medetomidine, and butorphanol (20, 0.4, and 0.2 mg/kg) by intranasal atomization using a Mucosal Atomization Device (Group MAD) or intramuscular administration (Group IM). When required, isoflurane was dispensed through a face mask. At the end of the procedures, atipamezole was administered using the same routes in the respective Groups. There were no differences in time to loss of righting reflex between the groups, while differences were found for the need for isoflurane (higher in Group MAD) and recovery time, occurring earlier in Group MAD. The results suggest that intranasal atomization of a combination of ketamine, medetomidine, and butorphanol produces a lighter depth of anesthesia in pet rabbits, compared to intramuscular administration. Intranasal atomization can be performed to administer sedative and anesthetic drugs, avoiding the algic stimulus related to the intramuscular inoculation of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitzy Mauthe von Degerfeld
- Centro Animali Non Convenzionali, Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Matteo Serpieri
- Centro Animali Non Convenzionali, Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bonaffini
- Centro Animali Non Convenzionali, Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Chiara Ottino
- Centro Animali Non Convenzionali, Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Quaranta
- Centro Animali Non Convenzionali, Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
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17
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Allera C, Gallelli MF, Neild DM, Carretero MI. Evaluation of DNA integrity and chromatin condensation in cat sperm collected by urethral catheterization and epididymis slicing. Reprod Domest Anim 2023. [PMID: 37191500 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES evaluate the effectiveness of the original Sperm Chromatin Dispersion (SCD) assay and the Toluidine Blue (TB) stain to assess DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation respectively, in cat sperm obtained by urethral catheterization (CT) and epididymis slicing (EP). CT and EP samples were collected from the same cat and sperm motility, concentration, morphology, DNA integrity and chromatin condensation were evaluated. As controls, aliquots of the samples were incubated with 0.3 M NaOH and with 1% of dithiothreitol (DTT) to promote DNA fragmentation and chromatin decondensation, respectively. With SCD, four DNA dispersion halo patterns were observed: large, medium, small and no halo. TB staining patterns were: light blue (condensed chromatin), light violet (moderate chromatin decondensation) and dark blue-violet (high chromatin decondensation). Sperm incubations with NaOH and with DTT were effective to induce DNA fragmentation and chromatin decondensation, respectively. No significant differences were observed in the percentages of the SCD and TB patterns between samples (CT and EP) and no correlation was observed between sperm head abnormalities and the different SCD and TB patterns. The original SCD technique and the TB stain were adapted to evaluate DNA integrity and chromatin condensation in cat sperm obtained by CT and EP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Allera
- Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología en Reproducción Animal (INITRA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Bs. As., Argentina
| | - María Florencia Gallelli
- Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología en Reproducción Animal (INITRA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Bs. As., Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Bs. As., Argentina
| | - Deborah Margarita Neild
- Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología en Reproducción Animal (INITRA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Bs. As., Argentina
| | - María Ignacia Carretero
- Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología en Reproducción Animal (INITRA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Bs. As., Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Bs. As., Argentina
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Campos Krauer JM, West G, Holland J, Goblet C, Talavera R, Isaza R, Newell-Fugate AE. EVALUATION OF A COMBINATION OF TILETAMINE-ZOLAZEPAM, MEDETOMIDINE, AND AZAPERONE WITH NASAL OXYGEN SUPPLEMENTATION FOR THE IMMOBILIZATION OF CAPTIVE CHACOAN PECCARIES (CATAGONUS WAGNERI) IN THE CHACO REGION OF PARAGUAY. J Wildl Dis 2023:492079. [PMID: 37036477 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-21-00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
A combination of tiletamine-zolazepam, medetomidine, and azaperone was used to immobilize captive Chacoan peccaries (Catagonus wagneri) for health assessments and biological sample collection at the Centro Chaqueño para la Conservación e Investigación (CCCI) in the Paraguayan Chaco during July in 2017 and 2018. In total, 83 peccaries kept in 0.25-1.50 hectare enclosures were immobilized via dart-administered anesthetic. Mean animal weight was 33.89±3.74 kg (standard deviation; n=77). The mean intramuscular (IM) anesthetic drug and dosages were 0.03±0.00 mg/kg of medetomidine, 0.91±0.10 mg/kg of Zoletil 50 (tiletamine-zolazepam), and 0.30±0.03 mg/kg azaperone. The mean time to recumbency after darting was 6.07±2.65 min. The mean time to reach the anesthetic plane postdarting was 10.00±2.00 min. Muscle relaxation was adequate to allow minor veterinary procedures. A mean dosage of 0.15±0.02 mg/kg of atipamezole was given IM to reverse the medetomidine. Recoveries were smooth and animals were standing by 59.17±30.18 min postreversal. Full recovery and release back to enclosures occurred 90±30 min postreversal. A single dose of this drug combination provided adequate anesthesia for 88% of adult Chacoan peccaries; 12% needed a supplemental dose of tiletamine-zolazepam because of failure to receive the full dose from the anesthetic dart. Sex and age did not impact the dosage required to achieve immobilization. Confinement during recovery from anesthesia is required with this protocol. Aside from mild hypoxemia, no adverse effects from anesthesia were observed. However, oxygen supplementation as a part of this protocol is recommended to support circulatory and respiratory capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Campos Krauer
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
- Department of Wildlife, Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, 110 Newins-Ziegler Hall, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Gary West
- Arizona Center for Nature Conservation and Phoenix Zoo, 455 N. Galvin Parkway, Phoenix, Arizona 85008, USA
| | - Jeff Holland
- Center for the Conservation of Tropical Ungulates, 46470 Farabee RD, Punta Gorda, Florida 33982, USA
| | - Camille Goblet
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22033, USA
| | - Rodrigo Talavera
- Centro Chaqueño para la Conservación e Investigación, Fortín Toledo, Boquerón, Py
| | - Ramiro Isaza
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Annie E Newell-Fugate
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, 4466 TAMU, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845, USA
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19
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Wei Y, Chen IY, Tamogi H, Sugita C, Daimaruya N, Hirokawa T, Kato K, Itami T, Sano T, Yamashita K. The sedative effect of intranasal administration of medetomidine using a mucosal atomization device in Japanese White rabbits. J Vet Med Sci 2023; 85:471-478. [PMID: 36878590 PMCID: PMC10139782 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To prevent aspiration in Japanese White (JW) rabbits, the maximum single volume of medetomidine administered intranasally is 0.3 mL per nostril using a mucosal atomization device (MAD). This study aimed to examine the sedative effect of intranasal administration of medetomidine using MAD in eight healthy female JW rabbits. Each rabbit received intranasal atomization (INA) of saline (Control treatment) along with three doses of 1 mg/mL medetomidine (0.3 mL to one nostril [MED0.3 treatment]; 0.3 mL each to both nostrils [MED0.6 treatment]; 0.3 mL twice to both nostrils [MED1.2 treatment]), with a washout period of at least 7 days between treatments. The actual doses of medetomidine were 82 (75-84) μg/kg (median [interquartile range]), 163 (156-168) μg/kg, and 323 (295-343) μg/kg for the MED0.3, MED0.6, and MED1.2 treatments, respectively. A medetomidine-dose dependent sedative effect was detected, and the loss of righting reflex (LRR) was achieved in one rabbit at 18 min, seven rabbits at 11 (9-18) min, and eight rabbits at 7 (4-18) min after the MED0.3, MED0.6, and MED1.2 treatments, respectively. The LRR was maintained for 63 (29-71) min and 83 (68-101) min after the MED0.6 and MED1.2 treatments, respectively. Additionally, the INA of medetomidine produced a significant dose-dependent cardiorespiratory depression including a decrease in pulse rate, respiratory rate, percutaneous oxygen saturation, and arterial partial pressure of oxygen, and an increase in arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixian Wei
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University
| | - I-Ying Chen
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University
| | - Haruka Tamogi
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University
| | - Chihiro Sugita
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University
| | - Nozomi Daimaruya
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University
| | - Taku Hirokawa
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University
| | - Keiko Kato
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University
| | - Takaharu Itami
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University
| | - Tadashi Sano
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University
| | - Kazuto Yamashita
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University
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Schöndorfer B, Vogl C, Eberspächer-Schweda E. Sedative effects and changes in cardiac rhythm with intravenous premedication of medetomidine, butorphanol and ketamine in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2023; 50:136-145. [PMID: 36754695 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the sedative effects and characteristics of cardiac rhythm with intravenous (IV) premedication of medetomidine, butorphanol and ketamine in dogs. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, blinded, randomized clinical trial. ANIMALS A total of 116 client-owned healthy dogs undergoing elective surgery. METHODS Dogs were randomly allocated one of four groups: group M, medetomidine 5 μg kg-1; group B, butorphanol 0.2 mg kg-1; group MB, medetomidine 5 μg kg-1 and butorphanol 0.2 mg kg-1; or group MBK, medetomidine 5 μg kg-1, butorphanol 0.2 mg kg-1 and ketamine 1 mg kg-1 IV. Sedation was assessed using a numerical descriptive scale. Heart rate (HR) and rhythm were monitored; propofol dose (mg kg-1 IV) to allow orotracheal intubation was documented. Data were analysed using anova, accounting for multiple testing with the Tukey honest significant difference test. RESULTS Sedation scores varied significantly between all groups at all time points, except between groups MB and MBK at four time points. HR decreased in all groups: most in groups M and MB, least in group B. HR was initially higher in group MBK than in groups M and MB. Arrhythmias occurred in all groups: group B showed second-degree atrioventricular blocks occasionally, all other groups showed additionally ventricular escape complexes and bundle branch blocks. Dose of propofol required for orotracheal intubation was significantly higher in group B (5.0 ± 2.0 mg kg-1) than in group M (2.6 ± 0.6 mg kg-1). Although no difference could be demonstrated between groups MB (1.4 ± 0.6 mg kg-1) and MBK (0.9 ± 0.8 mg kg-1), both groups required significantly less propofol than group M. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Medetomidine-based premedication protocols led to various bradyarrhythmias. Addition of subanaesthetic doses of ketamine to medetomidine-based protocols resulted in higher HRs, fewer bradyarrhythmias and fewer animals that required propofol for intubation without causing side effects in healthy dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Schöndorfer
- Clinic of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Intensive Care, Department of Small Animals and Horses, Veterinary University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claus Vogl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Veterinary University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Eberspächer-Schweda
- Clinic of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Intensive Care, Department of Small Animals and Horses, Veterinary University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Bakker J, Maaskant A, Wegman M, Zijlmans DGM, Hage P, Langermans JAM, Remarque EJ. Reference Intervals and Percentiles for Hematologic and Serum Biochemical Values in Captive Bred Rhesus ( Macaca mulatta) and Cynomolgus Macaques ( Macaca fascicularis). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030445. [PMID: 36766334 PMCID: PMC9913310 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Several physiological characteristics and housing conditions are known to affect hematologic and serum biochemical values in macaques. However, the studies that have been conducted either report values calculated based on a small number of animals, were designed specifically to document the effect of a particular condition on the normal range of hematologic and serum biochemical values, or used parametric assumptions to calculate hematologic and serum biochemical reference intervals. We conducted a retrospective longitudinal cohort study to estimate reference intervals for hematologic and serum biochemical values in clinically healthy macaques based on observed percentiles without parametric assumptions. Data were obtained as part of the Biomedical Primate Research Centre (Rijswijk, The Netherlands) health monitoring program between 2018 and 2021. In total, 4009 blood samples from 1475 macaques were analyzed with a maximum of one repeat per year per animal. Data were established by species, gender, age, weight-for-height indices, pregnancy, sedation protocol, and housing conditions. Most of the parameters profoundly affected just some hematologic and serum biochemical values. A significant glucose difference was observed between the ketamine and ketamine-medetomidine sedation protocols. The results emphasize the importance of establishing uniform experimental groups with validated animal husbandry and housing conditions to improve the reproducibility of the experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaco Bakker
- Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-152842579
| | - Annemiek Maaskant
- Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
- Department Population Health Sciences, Animals in Science & Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Merel Wegman
- Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Dian G. M. Zijlmans
- Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Patrice Hage
- Department Population Health Sciences, Animals in Science & Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A. M. Langermans
- Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
- Department Population Health Sciences, Animals in Science & Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Edmond J. Remarque
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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Donaldson AC, Meyer LCR, Fuller A, Buss PE. Comparison of the cardiovascular effects of immobilization with three different drug combinations in free-ranging African lions. Conserv Physiol 2023; 11:coac077. [PMID: 36655170 PMCID: PMC9835075 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coac077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Thirty-six free-ranging lions (12 per group) were immobilized with tiletamine-zolazepam (Zoletil 0.6 mg/kg i.m.) plus medetomidine (0.036 mg/kg i.m.) (TZM), ketamine (3.0 mg/kg i.m.) plus medetomidine (0.036 mg/kg i.m.) (KM) or ketamine (1.2 mg/kg i.m.) plus butorphanol (0.24 mg/kg i.m.) plus medetomidine (0.036 mg/kg i.m.) (KBM). During immobilization cardiovascular variables were monitored at 5-minute intervals for a period of 30 minutes. Lions immobilized with all three drug combinations were severely hypertensive. Systolic arterial pressure was higher at initial sampling in lions immobilized with KM (237.3 ± 24.8 mmHg) than in those immobilized with TZM (221.0 ± 18.1 mmHg) or KBM (226.0 ± 20.6 mmHg) and decreased to 205.8 ± 19.4, 197.7 ± 23.7 and 196.3 ± 17.7 mmHg, respectively. Heart rates were within normal ranges for healthy, awake lions and decreased throughout the immobilization regardless of drug combination used. Lions immobilized with TZM had a higher occurrence (66%) of skipped heart beats than those immobilized with KBM (25%). The three drug combinations all caused negative cardiovascular effects, which were less when KBM was used, but adverse enough to warrant further investigations to determine if these effects can be reversed or prevented when these three combinations are used to immobilize free-living lions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leith Carl Rodney Meyer
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Soutpan Road, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa, 0110
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Soutpan Road, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa, 0110
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa, 2193
| | - Andrea Fuller
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Soutpan Road, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa, 0110
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Soutpan Road, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa, 0110
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa, 2193
| | - Peter Erik Buss
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Soutpan Road, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa, 0110
- Veterinary Wildlife Services, South African National Parks, Kruger National Park, Skukuza, South Africa, 1350
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Soutpan Road, Onderstepoort, Gauteng, South Africa, 0110
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Brown LJ, Jamieson SE. Field Evaluation of Tiletamine-Zolazepam- Medetomidine for Immobilization of Raccoons (Procyon lotor) and Striped Skunks (Mephitis mephitis). J Wildl Dis 2022; 58:914-8. [PMID: 35951023 DOI: 10.7589/JWD-D-22-00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of tiletamine-zolazepam (1.7 mg/kg) plus medetomidine (0.07 mg/kg; TZM) as an immobilizing combination in raccoons (Procyon lotor; n=43) and striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis; n=7) was evaluated during October 2019. Mean (±SD) induction time for raccoons was 15.0±6.6 min. First signs of recovery (head up) occurred 12.9±6.0 min after receiving atipamezole reversal (0.35 mg/kg) and animals were standing in 30.3±16.1 min. Mean induction time for skunks was 11.7±5.8 min. Following reversal, skunks first raised their heads in 6.7±4.3 min and stood in 17.1±12.9 min. Recovery in skunks and female raccoons was not related to length of time immobilized, but male raccoons that were immobilized for longer periods of time stood faster after reversal. Raccoon heart rate (HR) remained steady during immobilization, but respiration rate (RR) and rectal temperature (RT) declined. The HR and RR were similar among males and females, but RT of male raccoons were, on average, 0.5 C higher than those of females, and rate of temperature decline was slower for males. The HR, RR, and RT of skunks declined during immobilization. Although induction times for both raccoons and skunks were longer than expected, induction and recovery were smooth, side effects were few, analgesia was adequate for nonsurgical procedures, and reversal reduced time in captivity.
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Salla KM, Turunen HA, Kallio-Kujala IJ, Pekkola V, Casoni DC, Lepajoe J, Björkenheim P, Raekallio MR, Vainio O. Effects of vatinoxan in dogs premedicated with medetomidine and butorphanol followed by sevoflurane anaesthesia: a randomized clinical study. Vet Anaesth Analg 2022:S1467-2987(22)00129-5. [PMID: 36115767 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate effects of vatinoxan in dogs, when administered as intravenous (IV) premedication with medetomidine and butorphanol before anaesthesia for surgical castration. STUDY DESIGN A randomized, controlled, blinded, clinical trial. ANIMALS A total of 28 client-owned dogs. METHODS Dogs were premedicated with medetomidine (0.125 mg m-2) and butorphanol (0.2 mg kg-1) (group MB; n = 14), or medetomidine (0.25 mg m-2), butorphanol (0.2 mg kg-1) and vatinoxan (5 mg m-2) (group MB-VATI; n = 14). Anaesthesia was induced 15 minutes later with propofol and maintained with sevoflurane in oxygen (targeting 1.3%). Before surgical incision, lidocaine (2 mg kg-1) was injected intratesticularly. At the end of the procedure, meloxicam (0.2 mg kg-1) was administered IV. The level of sedation, the qualities of induction, intubation and recovery, and Glasgow Composite Pain Scale short form (GCPS-SF) were assessed. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (fR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), end-tidal concentration of sevoflurane (Fe'Sevo) and carbon dioxide (Pe'CO2) were recorded. Blood samples were collected at 10 and 30 minutes after premedication for plasma medetomidine and butorphanol concentrations. RESULTS At the beginning of surgery, HR was 61 ± 16 and 93 ± 23 beats minute-1 (p = 0.001), and MAP was 78 ± 7 and 56 ± 7 mmHg (p = 0.001) in MB and MB-VATI groups, respectively. No differences were detected in fR, Pe'CO2, Fe'Sevo, the level of sedation, the qualities of induction, intubation and recovery, or in GCPS-SF. Plasma medetomidine concentrations were higher in group MB-VATI than in MB at 10 minutes (p = 0.002) and 30 minutes (p = 0.0001). Plasma butorphanol concentrations were not different between groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In group MB, HR was significantly lower than in group MB-VATI. Hypotension detected in group MB-VATI during sevoflurane anaesthesia was clinically the most significant difference between groups.
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Levionnois OL, Barbarossa A, Bardhi A, Siegenthaler J, Forss Pleyers T, Guidi M, Spadavecchia C, Raillard M. Enantiospecific pharmacokinetics of intravenous dex medetomidine in beagles. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2022; 45:366-372. [PMID: 35484944 PMCID: PMC9543782 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic (PK) behaviour of dexmedetomidine in dogs administered as a pure enantiomer versus as part of a racemic mixture. Eight unmedicated intact purpose‐bread beagles were included. Two intravenous treatments of either medetomidine or dexmedetomidine were administered at 10‐ to 14‐day intervals. Atipamezole or saline solution was administered intramuscularly 45 min later. Venous blood samples were collected into EDTA collection tubes, and the quantification of dexmedetomidine and levomedetomidine was performed by chiral LC–MS/MS. All dogs appeared sedated after each treatment without complication. Plasma concentrations of levomedetomidine were measured only in the racemic group and were 51.4% (51.4%–56.1%) lower than dexmedetomidine. Non‐compartmental analysis (NCA) was performed for both drugs, while dexmedetomidine data were further described using a population pharmacokinetic approach. A standard two‐compartment mammillary model with linear elimination with combined additive and multiplicative error model for residual unexplained variability was established for dexmedetomidine. An exponential model was finally retained to describe inter‐individual variability on parameters of clearance (Cl1) and central and peripheral volumes of distribution (V1, V2). No effect of occurrence, levomedetomidine or atipamezole could be observed on dexmedetomidine PK parameters. Dexmedetomidine did not undergo significantly different PK when administered alone or as part of the racemic mixture in otherwise unmedicated dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Louis Levionnois
- Section of Anaesthesiology and Pain Therapy, Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Barbarossa
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Anisa Bardhi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Joelle Siegenthaler
- Section of Anaesthesiology and Pain Therapy, Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tekla Forss Pleyers
- Section of Anaesthesiology and Pain Therapy, Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Monia Guidi
- Service of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Center for Research and Innovation in Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teaching and Research Department, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Spadavecchia
- Section of Anaesthesiology and Pain Therapy, Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Raillard
- Section of Anaesthesiology and Pain Therapy, Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Tashiro M, Tohei A. Recommended doses of medetomidine-midazolam-butorphanol with atipamezole for preventing hypothermia in mice. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:445-453. [PMID: 35135936 PMCID: PMC8983292 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A non-narcotic anesthetic combination (Me/Mi/Bu) of medetomidine (Me), midazolam (Mi), and butorphanol (Bu) has been recommended as the injectable anesthesia in mice. An original dose of Me/Mi/Bu (0.3/4.0/5.0 mg/kg) has provided sufficient anesthetic duration of 40–50 min in mice. In addition, atipamezole is available for reversal of Me/Mi/Bu anesthesia. As an adverse effect of Me/Mi/Bu anesthesia, however, severe hypothermia has been also observed in mice. In the present study, we investigated 1) the main agent in Me/Mi/Bu to cause of hypothermia, 2) the effects of the differential doses of atipamezole on hypothermia induced by Me/Mi/Bu anesthesia and on the plasma levels of creatinine phosphokinase and transaminases, and 3) those recommended doses for preventing hypothermia induced by Me/Mi/Bu anesthesia in mice. The results suggested that 1) the α2-agonist medetomidine is most likely to induce hypothermia in mice under Me/Mi/Bu anesthesia, 2) the antagonism of atipamezole within proper dose range is effective in promoting the recovery from Me/Mi/Bu-induced hypothermia, and 3) Me/Mi/Bu at the recommended dose of 0.2/6.0/10.0 mg/kg enable to provide anesthetic effects for 40 min and is more considerable to prevent the hypothermia than that at the original dose of 0.3/4.0/5.0 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuho Tashiro
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Atsushi Tohei
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
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Gutierrez-Barragan D, Singh NA, Alvino FG, Coletta L, Rocchi F, De Guzman E, Galbusera A, Uboldi M, Panzeri S, Gozzi A. Unique spatiotemporal fMRI dynamics in the awake mouse brain. Curr Biol 2022; 32:631-644.e6. [PMID: 34998465 PMCID: PMC8837277 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human imaging studies have shown that spontaneous brain activity exhibits stereotypic spatiotemporal reorganization in awake, conscious conditions with respect to minimally conscious states. However, whether and how this phenomenon can be generalized to lower mammalian species remains unclear. Leveraging a robust protocol for resting-state fMRI (rsfMRI) mapping in non-anesthetized, head-fixed mice, we investigated functional network topography and dynamic structure of spontaneous brain activity in wakeful animals. We found that rsfMRI networks in the awake state, while anatomically comparable to those observed under anesthesia, are topologically configured to maximize interregional communication, departing from the underlying community structure of the mouse axonal connectome. We further report that rsfMRI activity in wakeful animals exhibits unique spatiotemporal dynamics characterized by a state-dependent, dominant occurrence of coactivation patterns encompassing a prominent participation of arousal-related forebrain nuclei and functional anti-coordination between visual-auditory and polymodal cortical areas. We finally show that rsfMRI dynamics in awake mice exhibits a stereotypical temporal structure, in which state-dominant coactivation patterns are configured as network attractors. These findings suggest that spontaneous brain activity in awake mice is critically shaped by state-specific involvement of basal forebrain arousal systems and document that its dynamic structure recapitulates distinctive, evolutionarily relevant principles that are predictive of conscious states in higher mammalian species. fMRI networks in awake mice depart from underlying anatomical structure fMRI dynamics in wakeful mice is critically shaped by arousal-related nuclei Occurrence and topography of rsfMRI coactivation patterns define conscious states fMRI coactivation dynamics defines a signature of consciousness in the mouse brain
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gutierrez-Barragan
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive systems, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Neha Atulkumar Singh
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive systems, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Filomena Grazia Alvino
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive systems, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Ludovico Coletta
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive systems, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy; Center for Mind and Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Federico Rocchi
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive systems, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy; Center for Mind and Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Elizabeth De Guzman
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive systems, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Alberto Galbusera
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive systems, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Panzeri
- Department of Excellence for Neural Information Processing, Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany; Neural Computation Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gozzi
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive systems, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy.
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Kamohara H, Kamohara T, Hikasa Y. Effects of pretreatment with medetomidine, midazolam, ketamine, and their combinations on stress-related hormonal and metabolic responses in isoflurane-anesthetized cats undergoing surgery. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2022; 8:563-575. [PMID: 35106295 PMCID: PMC8757666 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2021.h546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of pretreatment with medetomidine (Me), midazolam (Mi), and ketamine (Ke) on stress-related neurohormonal and metabolic responses in isoflurane-anesthetized cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy and castration. Materials and Methods: We prospectively recruited 112 client-owned healthy mixed-breed cats. In both surgeries, we divided the cats into seven groups (eight cats per group): non-treatment (control), Me (50 μg/kg), Mi (0.5 mg/kg), Ke (5 mg/kg), Me + Mi, Me + Ke and Me + Mi + Ke administered intramuscularly. After pretreatments, we maintained anesthesia with isoflurane and oxygen. Venous blood was taken before pretreatment, pre- and post-operatively during anesthesia, and at early- and complete-recovery. Results: Both plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline were reduced during anesthesia in all groups. Plasma cortisol increased during anesthesia and at early recovery in non-Me-treated groups, whereas it decreased in Me-treated groups in both surgeries. Plasma insulin and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) decreased, and glucose increased during anesthesia in all groups, but hyperglycemia and decrease in NEFA were greater in Me-treated groups. Conclusions: In isoflurane-anesthetized cats undergoing surgeries, premedication with Me alone and in combination is useful for reducing the perioperative stress-related increase in cortisol and catecholamines except for hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yoshiaki Hikasa
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori-shi, Japan
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Hyppönen V, Stenroos P, Nivajärvi R, Ardenkjaer-Larsen JH, Gröhn O, Paasonen J, Kettunen MI. Metabolism of hyperpolarised [1- 13 C]pyruvate in awake and anaesthetised rat brains. NMR Biomed 2022; 35:e4635. [PMID: 34672399 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The use of hyperpolarised 13 C pyruvate for nononcological neurological applications has not been widespread so far, possibly due to delivery issues limiting the visibility of metabolites. First proof-of-concept results have indicated that metabolism can be detected in human brain, and this may supersede the results obtained in preclinical settings. One major difference between the experimental setups is that preclinical MRI/MRS routinely uses anaesthesia, which alters both haemodynamics and metabolism. Here, we used hyperpolarised [1-13 C]pyruvate to compare brain metabolism in awake rats and under isoflurane, urethane or medetomidine anaesthesia. Spectroscopic [1-13 C]pyruvate time courses measured sequentially showed that pyruvate-to-bicarbonate and pyruvate-to-lactate labelling rates were lower in isoflurane animals than awake animals. An increased bicarbonate-to-lactate ratio was observed in the medetomidine group compared with other groups. The study shows that hyperpolarised [1-13 C]pyruvate experiments can be performed in awake rats, thus avoiding anaesthesia-related issues. The results suggest that haemodynamics probably dominate the observed pyruvate-to-metabolite labelling rates and area-under-time course ratios of referenced to pyruvate. On the other hand, the results obtained with medetomidine suggest that the ratios are also modulated by the underlying cerebral metabolism. However, the ratios between intracellular metabolites were unchanged in awake compared with isoflurane-anaesthetised rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viivi Hyppönen
- Kuopio Biomedical Imaging Unit, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petteri Stenroos
- Kuopio Biomedical Imaging Unit, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Riikka Nivajärvi
- Kuopio Biomedical Imaging Unit, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jan Henrik Ardenkjaer-Larsen
- Center for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Olli Gröhn
- Kuopio Biomedical Imaging Unit, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jaakko Paasonen
- Kuopio Biomedical Imaging Unit, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko I Kettunen
- Kuopio Biomedical Imaging Unit, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Connell AR, Hookham MB, Fu D, Brazil DP, Lyons TJ, Yu JY. Comparisons of α2-Adrenergic Agents, Medetomidine and Xylazine, with Pentobarbital for Anesthesia: Important Pitfalls in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Rats. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2021; 38:156-166. [PMID: 34964655 PMCID: PMC8971989 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2021.0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Anesthesia is necessary to conduct rodent electroretinograms (ERGs). We evaluated utility of the α2-agonist medetomidine versus xylazine for ERG studies in nondiabetic and diabetic rats. Pentobarbital was included as a comparator. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats, with and without streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes, were anesthetized with medetomidine (1 mg/kg), xylazine (10 mg/kg) (both with ketamine 75 mg/kg), or pentobarbital (70 mg/kg). The depth of anesthesia was assessed, and if adequate, scotopic ERGs were recorded. Blood glucose was monitored. Results: In nondiabetic rats, all three agents induced satisfactory anesthesia, but with differing durations: medetomidine > pentobarbital > xylazine. ERG responses were similar under medetomidine and xylazine, but relatively reduced under pentobarbital. Both α2-agonists (but not pentobarbital) elicited marked hyperglycemia (peak values 316.1 ± 42.6 and 300.3 ± 29.5 mg/dL, respectively), persisting for 12 h. In diabetic rats, elevated blood glucose concentrations were not affected by any of the agents, but the depth of anesthesia under medetomidine and xylazine was inadequate for ERG recording. Conclusions: In nondiabetic rats, medetomidine and xylazine elicited comparable effects on ERGs that differ from pentobarbital, but both perturbed glucose metabolism, potentially confounding experimental outcomes. In STZ-diabetic rats, neither α2-agent provided adequate anesthesia, while pentobarbital did so. Problems with α2-anesthetic agents, including medetomidine, must be recognized to ensure meaningful interpretation of experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Connell
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle B Hookham
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Dongxu Fu
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Diabetes Free South Carolina, BlueCross BlueShield of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Derek P Brazil
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J Lyons
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Diabetes Free South Carolina, BlueCross BlueShield of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jeremy Y Yu
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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31
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Meuffels J, Lueders I, Bertschinger H, Luther-Binoir I, Pohlin F, Gerber L, Tindall B. Cardiopulmonary Parameters and Arterial Blood Gases During Etorphine- Medetomidine-Midazolam Immobilization in Free-Ranging Black Rhinoceroses ( Diceros bicornis) Undergoing Electro-Ejaculation-A Preliminary Study. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:740614. [PMID: 34926635 PMCID: PMC8674947 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.740614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Conservation management interventions for the critically endangered black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) require immobilization, which offer opportunities for semen collection and cryopreservation to establish genetic reservoirs. In free-ranging rhinoceroses, a combination of the potent opioid etorphine and the tranquilizer azaperone is routinely used for chemical immobilization but is associated with muscle rigidity and severe cardiopulmonary changes. Additionally, azaperone inhibits semen emission. Seven free-ranging, male, sexually mature black rhinoceroses were immobilized with an alternative protocol consisting of 4.5 mg etorphine, 5 mg medetomidine, 50 mg midazolam and 2,500 IU hyaluronidase delivered remotely by darting from a helicopter. During the immobilization, electro-ejaculation was performed with a portable electro-ejaculator, and a species-specific rectal probe. Animals were observed for muscle tremors. Longitudinal changes in respiratory rate, heart rate and peripheral oxyhemoglobin saturation, measured at 5 min intervals, were assessed using a general mixed model. Non-invasive oscillometric blood pressure and arterial blood gas variables were measured at first handling and before reversal and compared using the Wilcoxon rank sum test. All animals were successfully immobilized, showed no muscle tremors, presented with normal heart rates and lactate concentration (<5 mmol/L), recovered uneventfully, but experienced acidemia, hypoxemia and hypercapnia. Induction time and total time in recumbency were 4.2 ± 0.41 and 38.4 ± 6.9 min, respectively. Electro-stimulation commenced after 11.7 ± 3.98 min and completed after 24.3 ± 6.65 min. Semen-rich fractions were successfully collected from six animals. Our observations indicate that etorphine-medetomidine-midazolam provides a promising immobilization protocol for free-ranging black rhinoceroses, that allows for successful electro-ejaculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Meuffels
- Cryovault, Hemmersbach Rhino Force NCP, Tokai, South Africa.,Department of Production Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Imke Lueders
- Cryovault, Hemmersbach Rhino Force NCP, Tokai, South Africa.,GEOlifes, Animal Fertility and Reproductive Research, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henk Bertschinger
- Department of Production Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ilse Luther-Binoir
- GEOSperm, Wildlife Reproduction and Biotechnology Services, Brits, South Africa
| | - Friederike Pohlin
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leandri Gerber
- Scientific Services Unit, Eastern Cape Parks and Tourism Agency, East London, South Africa
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32
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Ryden A, Fisichella S, Perchiazzi G, Nyman G. Comparison of two injectable anaesthetic techniques on induction and subsequent anaesthesia in pigs. Lab Anim 2021; 55:540-550. [PMID: 34325556 DOI: 10.1177/00236772211029810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pig experiments often require anaesthesia, and a rapid stress-free induction is desired. Induction drugs may alter the subsequent anaesthesia. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare, in pigs, the effects of two different injectable anaesthetic techniques on the induction and on the physiological variables in a subsequent eight hours of total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA). Twelve domestic castrates (Swedish Landrace/Yorkshire) 27‒31 kg were used. The pigs were randomly assigned to different induction drug combinations of zolazepam-tiletamine and medetomidine intramuscularly (ZTMe) or midazolam, ketamine intramuscularly and fentanyl intravenously (MiKF). Time from injection to unconsciousness was recorded and the ease of endotracheal intubation assessed. The TIVA infusion rate was adjusted according to the response exhibited from the nociceptive stimulus delivered by mechanically clamping the dewclaw. The time from injection to unconsciousness was briefer and intubation was easier in the ZTMe group. Results from the recorded heart rate, cardiac index and arterial blood pressure variables were satisfactorily preserved and cardiovascular function was maintained in both groups. Shivering was not observed in the ZTMe group, but was observed in four of the pigs in the MiKF group. The requirement of TIVA was lower in the ZTMe group. In conclusion, ZTMe had better results than MiKF in areas such as shorter induction time, better intubation scoring results and less adjustment and amount of TIVA required up to six hours of anaesthesia. The results may have been due to a greater depth of anaesthesia achieved with the ZTMe combination at the dose used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneli Ryden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden
| | - Sheila Fisichella
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden
| | - Gaetano Perchiazzi
- Hedenstierna Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden
- Department of Anaesthesia, Operation and Intensive Care, Uppsala University Hospital, Sweden
| | - Görel Nyman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden
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33
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Rauch H, Pohlin F, Einwaller J, Habe M, Painer J, Stalder G. Comparison of the Cardiovascular Effects of Two Medetomidine Doses Combined with Tiletamine-Zolazepam for the Immobilization of Red Deer Hinds (Cervus elaphus). J Wildl Dis 2021. [PMID: 34724568 DOI: 10.7589/JWD-D-20-00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Wild animal immobilization often requires high doses of α2-adrenoceptor agonists. Despite their desired sedative and analgetic effects, well-recognized cardiovascular side effects, such as hypertension and bradycardia, remain a major concern. We compared two medetomidine doses on intra-arterial blood pressure and heart rate in 13 captive, female red deer (Cervus elaphus) immobilized during winter. Each animal was randomly assigned to receive either 80 μg/kg (group L) or 100 μg/kg (group H) medetomidine, combined with 3 mg/kg tiletamine-zolazepam administered intramuscularly. Changes in cardiovascular variables over time and differences between the groups were analyzed using linear mixed-effect models. Induction time was faster in group L compared with group H; recovery time did not differ between groups. Initially, the arterial blood pressure was higher in group H compared with group L, but differences between groups diminished during anesthesia. Moreover, the decline in arterial blood pressure in group H was more rapid. Heart rate was significantly lower in group L, but bradycardia was not observed. The higher medetomidine dose did not reduce induction time, and initial hypertension was reduced by administering the lower dose. Therefore, although the sample size was small and, thus, the significance of results might be limited, we suggest using 80 μg/kg instead of 100 μg/kg medetomidine when combined with 3 mg/kg tiletamine-zolazepam for the immobilization of female red deer.
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Kamohara H, Kamohara T, Hikasa Y. Reversal effects of atipamezole, flumazenil, and 4-aminopyridine on bradycardia and increases in blood pressures induced by medetomidine, midazolam, and ketamine in isoflurane-anesthetized cats. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2021; 32:207-215. [PMID: 34704354 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of a fixed dose of atipamezole (AT), flumazenil (FL), and 4-aminopyridine (AP), both alone and in combination, on changes in arterial blood pressure and heart rate induced by medetomidine (ME), midazolam (MI), and ketamine (KE) under isoflurane anesthesia with controlled ventilation in healthy cats. DESIGN Prospective experimental study. SETTING University animal research facility. ANIMALS Healthy adult mixed-breed cats were used for 8 investigation groups (6 cats per group), with ≥2 weeks between interventions. INTERVENTIONS Cats were anesthetized with an end-tidal isoflurane concentration of 2% under controlled ventilation. A catheter was inserted into the right or left femoral artery for arterial pressure monitoring and blood gas sampling, and ECG electrodes were placed. Upon completed preparations, cats were administered a mixture of ME (0.05 mg/kg) and MI (0.5 mg/kg), followed 10 minutes later by intramuscular KE (10 mg/kg). Twenty minutes after KE injection, the cats received IV injection with either a physiological saline solution at 0.1 mL/kg (control), or 1 of 7 variations of experimental drugs, alone or in combination: AT (0.2 mg/kg), FL (0.1 mg/kg), AP (0.5 mg/kg), AT+FL, FL+AP, AT+AP, and AT+FL+AP. Arterial blood pressure and heart rate were continuously measured over 120 minutes after administration of potential antagonists. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS ME+MI+KE induced an increase in blood pressure and bradycardia. Potential antagonists alone or in combination did not significantly alter the bradycardia. FL, AP alone, and FL+AP did not significantly alter the changes in blood pressures induced by ME+MI+KE. Meanwhile, administration of AT alone or in combination reversed the increase in blood pressure induced by ME+MI+KE but transiently caused excessive hypotension. CONCLUSION These results revealed that AT alone or in combination is effective for antagonizing hypertension induced by ME+MI+KE; however, attention should be paid to temporary hypotension in cats anesthetized with isoflurane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Kamohara
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan.,Kamohara Animal Hospital, Kochi, Japan
| | | | - Yoshiaki Hikasa
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan.,Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
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35
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Corti P, Arnemo JM. Partially Reversible Immobilization of Free-Ranging Huemul Deer (Hippocamelus bisulcus) with Medetomidine-Ketamine and Atipamezole. J Wildl Dis 2021; 57:927-31. [PMID: 34410403 DOI: 10.7589/JWD-D-20-00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A combination of intramuscular medetomidine and ketamine was used to immobilize 46 free-ranging huemul deer (Hippocamelus bisulcus) with a remote drug delivery system in Chilean Patagonia for tagging and biological sampling. Captures occurred in May-October of 2005-09 between fall and early spring in the southern hemisphere. An initial dose of 6.6 mg medetomidine and 185 mg ketamine was adjusted after 17 captures to 3 mg and 200 mg, respectively, in the 29 remaining deer. Mean±SD adjusted dose was 0.042±0.012 mg/kg of medetomidine and 2.929±0.427 mg/kg of ketamine. Inductions were calm and the mean±SD time to sternal recumbency was 10.3±10.1 min. Palpebral reflex and jaw tone were present during immobilization. Atipamezole at 5 mg/mg of medetomidine was administered intramuscularly for reversal after 55.3±18.8 min procedure time. Recoveries were smooth and mean±SD time to standing was 10.2±3.3. All immobilized animals were hypoxemic by pulse oximetry (blood oxygen saturation approximately 81%). Three animals that developed apnea were resuscitated through chest compression and atipamezole administration, another regurgitated during capture, and all developed tachypnea. The combination of medetomidine-ketamine and atipamezole can be used for partially reversible immobilization of huemul, but supplemental oxygen should be administered, blood oxygenation should be monitored, and equipment for intubation and manual ventilation should be available.
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36
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Raisis AL, Hosgood GL, Crawford N, Kästner S, Musk GC, Herrmann P, Mosing M. Comparison of pulmonary function in isoflurane anaesthetized ventilated sheep ( Ovis aries) following administration of intravenous xylazine versus medetomidine. Lab Anim 2021; 55:443-452. [PMID: 33645310 DOI: 10.1177/0023677220983366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Alpha2 receptor agonists (alpha2-agonists) are useful sedative and analgesic agents in sheep, but have adverse pulmonary effects, which are reportedly similar between different alpha2-agonists. This randomized crossover study compared pulmonary function after intravenous administration of an alpha2-agonist, either xylazine or an equipotent dose of medetomidine in 34 female sheep anaesthetized twice. Pulmonary function was assessed using spirometry, volumetric capnography, arterial blood gas analysis 1 min prior to, and 5 and 10 min after administration of the allocated alpha 2 agonist drug. Pulmonary structural changes were subsequently assessed using computed tomography (CT). Tachypnoea or hypoxaemia prompted reversal with atipamezole and exclusion of data. Data were analysed for a fixed effect of drug using a mixed effect linear model with significance set at p < 0.05. Ten sheep administered xylazine required atipamezole while none of sheep receiving medetomidine did. Xylazine produced significantly higher respiratory frequency, airway pressures, airway resistance and arterial carbon dioxide (CO2), and lower dynamic compliance, tidal volume, CO2 elimination and end tidal CO2 tension and arterial oxygen tension than medetomidine. This was associated with a significantly lower % of aerated tissue and higher % poorly and non-aerated tissue in CT images of sheep receiving xylazine versus medetomidine. In conclusion, xylazine administration produced marked decreases in pulmonary function, in ventilated isoflurane anaesthetized sheep, when compared to an equipotent dose of medetomidine when administered as an intravenous bolus supporting the use of medetomidine when alpha2-agonists are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthea L Raisis
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Australia
| | | | | | - Sabine Kästner
- Clinic for small domestic animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany
| | - Gabrielle C Musk
- Animal Care Services, The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter Herrmann
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martina Mosing
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Australia
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Einwaller J, Meyer LCR, Auer U, Raekallio M, Nowack J, Haw A, Vetter S, Painer J, Stalder G. Cardiovascular effects of intravenous vatinoxan in wild boars (Sus scrofa) anaesthetised with intramuscular medetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam. Vet Rec 2021; 190:e835. [PMID: 34472117 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potent sedative medetomidine is a commonly used adjunct for the immobilisation of non-domestic mammals. However, its use is associated with pronounced cardiovascular side effects, such as bradycardia, vasoconstriction and decreased cardiac output. We investigated the effects of the peripherally-acting alpha-2-adrenoceptor antagonist vatinoxan on cardiovascular properties in medetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam anaesthetised wild boar (Sus scrofa). METHODS Twelve wild boars, anaesthetised twice with medetomidine (0.1 mg/kg) and tiletamine/zolazepam (2.5 mg/kg) IM in a randomised, crossover study, were administered (0.1 mg/kg) vatinoxan or an equivalent volume of saline IV (control). Cardiovascular variables, including heart rate (HR), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP) and cardiac output (CO), were assessed 5 min prior to vatinoxan/saline administration until the end of anaesthesia 30 min later. RESULTS MAP (p < 0.0001), MPAP (p < 0.001) and MPAOP (p < 0.0001) significantly decreased from baseline after vatinoxan until the end of anaesthesia. HR increased significantly (p < 0.0001) from baseline after vatinoxan administration. However, the effect on HR subsided 3 min after vatinoxan. All variables remained constant after saline injection. There was no significant effect of vatinoxan or saline on CO. CONCLUSION Vatinoxan significantly reduced systemic and pulmonary artery hypertension, induced by medetomidine in wild boar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Einwaller
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leith C R Meyer
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences and Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Ulrike Auer
- Clinical Unit of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Intensive-Care Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marja Raekallio
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Julia Nowack
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Anna Haw
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sebastian Vetter
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johanna Painer
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabrielle Stalder
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Widmer DR, Tacke S, Ternes K, Marcordes S, Kempf H. Injectable Anesthesia With Medetomidine, Ketamine, and Butorphanol in Captive Humboldt Penguins ( Spheniscus humboldti). J Avian Med Surg 2021; 35:167-179. [PMID: 34256547 DOI: 10.1647/2019-489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The effects of an injectable anesthesia with 0.05 mg/kg medetomidine, 5 mg/kg ketamine, and 0.5 mg/kg butorphanol administered together intramuscularly were evaluated in 22 captive Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti, 10 male and 12 female), with a mean age of 8.5 ± 8.23 years. The birds fasted for18-24 hours prior to the procedure. Induction was followed by 4 distinct progressive responses of the birds to the anesthetic effect, including onset of initial effects at 2.0 ± 1.7 minutes (x̄ ± SD), sternal recumbency with the head still elevated at 2.2 ± 1.6 minutes, lowering and placing the beak tip to the ground at 3.6 ± 3.4 minutes, and lateral positioning of the neck and head at 4.2 ± 3.4 minutes. A general state of sedation, muscle relaxation, and analgesia were noted 10.0 ± 2.8 minutes postinjection. However, according to an established scoring system for the assessment of anesthetic depth in avian patients, a surgical plane of anesthesia was not achieved. Muscle relaxation determined by the same scoring system lasted for 31.4 ± 17.1 minutes. The penguins' mean respiratory rate did not demonstrate significant change and spontaneous ventilation was present throughout the procedure. Relative peripheral arterial oxygen saturation decreased significantly from 92.83 ± 5.77% at 10 minutes to 90.91 ± 5.77% at 40 minutes following induction. The birds' heart rate also decreased significantly from 112.55 ± 23.97 beats/min at 10 minutes to 101.65 ± 25.42 beats/min at 40 minutes. The measured cloacal temperatures were maintained within normal range despite ambient temperatures of up to 28.3°C (82.9°F). Reversal of medetomidine with 0.25 mg/kg atipamezole was conducted after 45.1 ± 7.3 minutes. Recovery was smooth but of variable duration with patients being able or willing to stand steadily in an upright position after 50.1 ± 34.6 minutes. One penguin died during recovery from a ruptured left ventricle and consecutive pericardial tamponade, but no predisposing factors were identified. The anesthetic protocol proved to be effective for noninvasive and minor painful procedures (eg, diagnostic imaging, blood collection). Disadvantages to the administration of the combined anesthetic agents in the penguins included a short period of muscle relaxation and smooth but potentially prolonged recovery. The safety of the anesthetic protocol described for Humboldt penguins in this report has to be evaluated critically against the the death of 1 penguin during recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabine Tacke
- Justus-Liebig-Universitaet Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | | | | | - Hermann Kempf
- Tieraerztliche Praxis für Exoten, D-86167 Augsburg, Germany
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Von Degerfeld MM, Serpieri M, Banchi P, Quaranta G. FIELD ANESTHESIA OF FREE-RANGING NUTRIAS (MYOCASTOR COYPUS) FOR SURGICAL REPRODUCTION CONTROL. J Wildl Dis 2021; 57:495-502. [PMID: 34015804 DOI: 10.7589/JWD-D-20-00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The nutria (Myocastor coypus), a rodent native to South America, has been introduced and has established feral populations at numerous locations in North America, Europe, and Asia. As such, the nutria is subject to research and management programs, including investigation of surgical fertility-control techniques. We evaluated the efficacy of a mixture of ketamine and medetomidine, with additional use of isoflurane and reversal with atipamezole, to provide safe, reliable anesthesia for surgical procedures under field conditions. We anesthetized 40 free-ranging nutrias between December 2018 and March 2019, in Turin, Italy, to perform surgical reproduction control techniques. We administered a ketamine and medetomidine mixture (6 mg/kg and 140 µg/kg, respectively) after trapping the animals and weighing them in the cage traps. After induction, we reweighed the rodents and performed a brief clinical examination. The times of loss of palpebral and pedal reflexes were noted. After induction of anesthesia, heart rate, respiratory rate, and percentage of oxygen saturation were monitored and recorded. Isoflurane was delivered through a face mask to 27 nutrias (70%) to maintain an adequate depth of anesthesia. Upon completion of surgery and other procedures, atipamezole was administered to the animals at doses 2.5 higher than those of medetomidine (actual dose: 366±31 µg/kg). Induction times were short (3±2 min), with the animals completely immobilized. The heart rate and respiratory rate both decreased. After administration of atipamezole, recoveries were smooth and complete. There were two deaths after higher doses of atipamezole and longer surgeries. Carprofen (4 mg/kg) was administered subcutaneously for its analgesic effects. The animals were released at the end of all the procedures. Overall, the medetomidine and ketamine mixture, with supplemental isoflurane in most instances, provided a reliable anesthesia in free-ranging nutrias, adequate for performing surgical procedures under field conditions.
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40
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Nannarone S, Adami C. Inadvertent injection of medetomidine in the cerebromedullaris cisterna of a dog during myelographic exam. SCHWEIZ ARCH TIERH 2021; 163:431-436. [PMID: 34097637 DOI: 10.17236/sat00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A mixed breed dog was anesthetized for diagnostic myelography to investigate acute onset neck pain. Instead of contrast medium, 444 μg/kg medetomidine were inadvertently injected into the cerebromedullaris cisterna owing to a human error. Severe bradycardia, undetectable peripheral pulse, respiratory arrest and loss of pupillary, palpebral and corneal reflexes were observed immediately after injection. Profound hypothermia developed and esophageal temperature, measured 20 minutes after medetomidine injection, was 33 °C. Atipamezole at 1 mg/kg im was administered, followed by a second dose of 0,5 mg/kg iv 20 minutes thereafter. In the meantime, cardiorespiratory parameters and body temperature were monitored, and supportive care that included manually assisted pulmonary ventilation, active warming, and administration of 5 μg/kg/min dopamine was initiated. The dog's clinical condition improved within one hour from the beginning of supportive care, at which time ocular reflexes and swallowing returned, spontaneous ventilation was deemed as adequate and the trachea could be extubated. The dog was discharged in good clinical conditions five days later. Human error and distraction led to a potentially life-threatening complication in the dog of this report and could have possibly been prevented with the use of checklists and with a clearer definition of roles and responsibilities of the personnel involved prior to commencing the clinical procedure. Profound cardiovascular, respiratory, and thermoregulatory depression caused by intracisternal injection of medetomidine responded to parenteral administration of its antagonist and supportive care.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nannarone
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - C Adami
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
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Roşu O, Melega I, Evans AL, Arnemo JM, Küker S. Evaluation of Medetomidine-Ketamine for Immobilization of Feral Horses in Romania. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:655217. [PMID: 34235198 PMCID: PMC8255603 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.655217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Feral horses are immobilized for a variety of reasons including population control via contraceptives. Although opioid combinations have been successfully used for immobilization of feral horses, there is a need for combinations using drugs that are more readily available and present less of a human health hazard. We evaluated the chemical immobilization with physiological measurements and blood gas analyses of 91 free-ranging feral horses (Equus ferus caballus) remotely immobilized with a combination of 30 mg medetomidine and 775 mg ketamine in a single disposable 6 ml dart. During immobilization, heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, capillary refill time and peripheral oxygen hemoglobin saturation (SpO2) were evaluated. In eight horses, arterial blood samples were analyzed to evaluate the blood gases, acid-base status and hematologic variables. Targeted horses presented a wide range of age, size and body condition. Eighty-one horses had an uneventful mean induction of 7.2 min. Eighty-nine horses were immobilized in lateral recumbency with good muscle relaxation and a median recumbency time of 67 min. Ten horses required supplemental ketamine intravenously (x̄ = 434 mg) due to incomplete immobilization. In 58 horses the effects of medetomidine were antagonized with atipamezole intravenously. Increased respiratory rate (>20 breaths/min), increased heart rate (>45 beats/min) and decreased SpO2 < 90% were noted in more than half of the individuals, while increased rectal temperature (>39.0°C) was recorded in six animals. Blood parameters showed hypoxemia (<90 mmHg, n = 8), hypercapnia (>45 mmHg, n = 5), high glucose levels (>134 mmol/L, n = 3), increased blood lactate (>1.5 mmol/L), total carbon dioxide, bicarbonate and base excess which further increased in the second sample, whereas SpO2 and calcium values decreased. Recoveries were smooth, with one (n = 86) or more (n = 5) attempts of standing. Eighty-nine recoveries were uneventful, besides one male that showed signs of monoparesis of the left front leg and one mare with signs consistent with exertional myopathy. In conclusion, medetomidine-ketamine provided a reliable immobilization in feral horses over a wide range of body mass and age. However, based on the observed hypoxemia during immobilization, oxygen supplementation is strongly recommended for this protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ovidiu Roşu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Iulia Melega
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alina L Evans
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Koppang, Norway
| | - Jon M Arnemo
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Koppang, Norway.,Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Susanne Küker
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Koppang, Norway
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Balko JA, Fogle C, Stuska SJ, Fogle JE, Posner LP. Retrospective and prospective assessment of butorphanol, azaperone and medetomidine (BAM™) for immobilisation of feral horses (Equus ferus caballus). Equine Vet J 2021; 54:549-555. [PMID: 34145913 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine (BAM™) has not been evaluated in horses. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to evaluate BAM™ for chemical restraint of feral horses. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective and prospective descriptive studies. METHODS Data were collected retrospectively from medical records of 28 feral horses immobilised with BAM™ over a 6-year period. Prospectively, 0.0125 mL/kg bwt of BAM™ (butorphanol 27.3 mg/mL, azaperone 9.1 mg/mL and medetomidine 10.9 mg/mL) intramuscularly (im) was administered to eight stallions via dart, and once recumbent, 1.0 mg/kg bwt ketamine was given intravenously (iv). Induction and recovery time and quality via a standardised rubric (1 = very poor; 5 = excellent) and visual analogue scale (VAS), need for additional darts, weight tape measurement and serial physiological parameters were recorded. Serial arterial blood gas analysis was performed during recumbency. Following castration, horses were given 0.1 mg/kg bwt atipamezole (25% iv and 75% im) and allowed to recover unaided. RESULTS Retrospectively, 28 horses were successfully immobilised with BAM™ without a major complication. Prospectively, eight horses were given a median (range) actual BAMTM dose of 0.0143 (0.0127-0.0510) mL/kg bwt. Three of eight horses needed 1, 2 or 5 additional darts. Median (range) time to recumbency was 11 (2-44) minutes. Median (range) induction (n = 4) and recovery (n = 6) scores via rubric and VAS were 5 (4-5) and 5 (5-5) and 92 (86-93) and 98 (92-99) cm, respectively. Four of seven horses were hypoxaemic at ≥1 time point with otherwise acceptable physiological parameters. Following atipamezole, median (range) time to sternal recumbency and standing was 12 (2-18) and 17 (11-52) minutes, respectively (n = 6). MAIN LIMITATIONS The sample size was small. Data could not be collected before darting or after recovery. Some data were missing from retrospective analysis. CONCLUSIONS Intramuscular BAM™ with iv ketamine provided chemical restraint suitable for field castration of feral horses with no mortality. Hypoxaemia occurred in the majority of horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Balko
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Callie Fogle
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | - Jonathan E Fogle
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Lysa P Posner
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Lu CQ, Zeng CH, Cui Y, Meng XP, Luan Y, Xu XM, Ju S. An Investigation of the Impacts of Three Anesthetic Regimens on Task-Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Functional Connectivity Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Sprague Dawley and Wistar Rats. Brain Connect 2021; 12:74-84. [PMID: 33947271 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2020.0875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate basic task-functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) or resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI) results on Sprague Dawley (SD) rats and Wistar rats under three anesthetic regimens. Introduction: SD rats and Wistar rats are the two-most commonly used rat strains in medical research and neuroimaging studies. It still lacks a direct comparison of basic task-fMRI and rs-fMRI results between the Wistar rats and SD rats under different anesthetic regimens. Methods: Two rat strains and different time points were adopted to investigate task-fMRI activation and rs-fMRI functional connectivity (FC) results under three kinds of anesthetic regimens (2-2.5% isoflurane only, dexmedetomidine bolus combined with a continuous infusion, and dexmedetomidine bolus combined with 0.3-0.5% isoflurane). The electrical forepaw stimulation method and seed-based FC results were used to compare the task-fMRI brain activation and rs-fMRI FC patterns between the two rat strains. Results: The results showed that Wistar rats had more robust brain activation in task fMRI experiments while exhibiting a less specific interhemispheric FC than that of SD rats under the two dexmedetomidine anesthetic regimens. Moreover, even low-level isoflurane could significantly affect task-fMRI and rs-fMRI results in both rat strains. Conclusions: SD and Wistar rats showed different brain activations and interhemispheric FC patterns under the two dexmedetomidine anesthetic regimens. These results may serve as reference information for small-animal fMRI studies. Impact statement Our study demonstrates different stimulation-induced blood oxygen level-dependent responses and functional connectivity patterns between Sprague Dawley rats and Wistar rats under three anesthetics. This study provides some reference results for different anesthetics' effects on different rat strains in different functional magnetic resonance imaging modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Qiang Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chu-Hui Zeng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Cui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang-Pan Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Luan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Min Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shenghong Ju
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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Gardner BR, Spolander B, Seakamela SM, McCue SA, Kotze PGH, Musson M. Disentanglement of Cape fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus) with reversible medetomidine-midazolam-butorphanol. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2021; 92:e1-e5. [PMID: 34082540 PMCID: PMC8182561 DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v92i0.2119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaesthesia in pinnipeds is considered a much higher risk than in most terrestrial mammals because of their frequent proximity to water and physiological and anatomical adaptations related to diving, which also influence their anaesthesia management. Anaesthetising and immobilising entangled seals does not allow for selection of animals that are at a safe distance from the water’s edge. Medetomidine-midazolam-butorphanol (MMB) sedation was trialled on eight entangled Cape fur seals (CFS) (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus) to determine if it was safe to use on animals that entered the water post-darting. The MMB was given at an estimated dose of 0.03 mg/kg, 0.2 mg/kg and 0.2 mg/kg, respectively, via remote darting. Sedation was reversed with intramuscular atipamezole (0.15 mg/kg) and naltrexone (0.4 mg/kg) to antagonise the effects of medetomidine and butorphanol, respectively. Moderate sedation was achieved in six animals. Six of the animals entered the water after being darted. There was a single mortality and a single animal that was too lightly sedated for capture. The preliminary results indicate that MMB produces suitable sedation for disentanglement of CFS. Additionally, MMB might be suitable for application to field-based biological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett R Gardner
- Werribee Open Range Veterinary Hospital, Zoos Victoria, Werribee.
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Wolfe LL, Mays T, Fisher MC, Miller MW. Tissue Residue Levels of the Tranquilizer Combination of Butorphanol, Azaperone, and Medetomidine, and the Antagonists, Naltrexone, Atipamezole, and Tolazoline, in Black Bears (Ursus americanus) Postimmobilization. J Wildl Dis 2020; 56:933-6. [PMID: 32348204 DOI: 10.7589/JWD-D-19-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The tranquilizer combination of butorphanol, azaperone, and medetomidine (BAM) has shown good efficacy for immobilization of wildlife, including black bears (Ursus americanus). BAM is antagonized with a combination of naltrexone and atipamezole. We immobilized 19 adult captive wild caught black bears and, except for three bears that were euthanized immediately, bears were recovered with naltrexone and atipamezole. Tissue residues (≥0.01 ppm) for the tranquilizers butorphanol, azaperone, and medetomidine were detected in liver and muscle of all three bears euthanized on day 0 postinjection (PI). Azaperone was not detected after 1 d PI. Residue for medetomidine was detected in two bears: in the liver 3 d PI and in the kidney 6 d PI. Butorphanol was reported in three bears: in fat 5 d PI, in kidney 6 d PI, and, surprisingly, in kidney, muscle, and fat 7 d PI. No tissue residues were detected in the three bears euthanized at 8 d PI. Tissue residues for the antagonists, naltrexone and atipamezole, were detected in bears euthanized 2 and 6 d PI, but not in tissues from animals euthanized at 7 or 8 d PI.
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Erratum: Evaluation of Three Medetomidine-Based Anesthetic Protocols in Free-Ranging Wild Boars ( Sus scrofa). Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:693925. [PMID: 33996987 PMCID: PMC8114179 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.693925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.655345.].
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Wiederkehr A, Barbarossa A, Ringer SK, Jörger FB, Bryner M, Bettschart-Wolfensberger R. Clinical Randomized Comparison of Medetomidine and Xylazine for Isoflurane Balanced Anesthesia in Horses. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:603695. [PMID: 33959647 PMCID: PMC8093396 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.603695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: To assess drug plasma levels, preanesthetic sedation, cardiopulmonary effects during anesthesia and recovery in horses anesthetized with isoflurane combined with medetomidine or xylazine. Study design: Prospective blinded randomized clinical study. Animals: Sixty horses undergoing elective surgery. Methods: Thirty minutes after administration of antibiotics, flunixine meglumine or phenylbutazone and acepromazine horses received medetomidine 7 μg kg−1 (group MED) or xylazine 1.1 mg kg−1 (group XYL) slowly intravenously (IV) and sedation was assessed 3 min later. Anesthesia was induced with ketamine/diazepam and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen/air and medetomidine 3.5 μg kg−1 h−1 or xylazine 0.69 mg kg−1 h−1. Ringer's acetate 10 mL kg−1 h−1 and dobutamine were administered to maintain normotension. All horses were mechanically ventilated to maintain end-tidal carbon dioxide pressures at 45 ± 5 mmHg (5.3–6.7 kPa). Heart rate (HR), invasive arterial blood pressures, inspired and expired gas compositions, pH, arterial blood gases, electrolytes, lactate and glucose were measured. For recovery all horses received intramuscular morphine 0.1 mg kg−1 and medetomidine 2 μg kg−1 or xylazine 0.3 mg kg−1 IV. Recovery was timed and scored using three different scoring systems. Plasma samples to measure medetomidine and xylazine concentrations were collected at predetermined timepoints. Repeatedly measured parameters were analyzed using a two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance for differences between groups and over time; p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Mean arterial blood pressures (MAP) stayed within normal ranges but were higher (p = 0.011) in group XYL despite significant lower dobutamine doses (p = 0.0003). Other measured parameters were within clinically acceptable ranges. Plasma levels were at steady state during anesthesia (MED 2.194 ± 0.073; XYL 708 ± 18.791 ng mL−1). During recovery lateral recumbency (MED 42.7 ± 2.51; XYL 34.3 ± 2.63 min; p = 0.027) and time to standing (MED 62.0 ± 2.86; XYL 48.8 ± 3.01 min; p = 0.002) were significantly shorter in group XYL compared to group MED. Recovery scores did not differ significantly between groups. Conclusion and Clinical Relevance: In horses anesthetized with isoflurane and medetomidine or xylazine, xylazine maintained higher MAP, reduced the dobutamine consumption and recovery time, whilst overall recovery quality was unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Wiederkehr
- Section Anesthesiology, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Barbarossa
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simone K Ringer
- Section Anesthesiology, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabiola B Jörger
- Section Anesthesiology, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Bryner
- Clinic for Equine Surgery, Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Regula Bettschart-Wolfensberger
- Section Anesthesiology, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Patterson M, Caulkett N, Neuhaus P, Pasloske K, Ruckstuhl K. The utility of a novel formulation of alfaxalone in a remote delivery system. Vet Anaesth Analg 2021; 48:537-40. [PMID: 34023229 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2021.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantify induction time, reliability, physiological effects, recovery quality and dart volume of a novel formulation of alfaxalone (40 mg mL-1) used in combination with medetomidine and azaperone for the capture and handling of wild bighorn sheep. STUDY DESIGN Prospective clinical study. ANIMALS A total of 23 wild bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) in Sheep River Provincial Park, AB, Canada. METHODS Free-ranging bighorn sheep were immobilized using medetomidine, azaperone and alfaxalone delivered with a remote delivery system. Arterial blood was collected for measurement of blood gases, physiologic variables (temperature, heart and respiratory rates) were recorded and induction and recovery length and quality were scored. RESULTS Data from 20 animals were included. Administered dose rates were alfaxalone (0.99 ± 0.20 mg kg-1; 40 mg mL-1), azaperone (0.2 ± 0.04 mg kg-1; 10 mg mL-1) and medetomidine (0.16 ± 0.03 mg kg-1; 30 mg mL-1). The mean drug volume injected was 1.51 mL. The median (range) induction time was 7.7 (5.8-9.7) minutes, and recovery was qualitatively smooth. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE An increased concentration formulation of alfaxalone was administered in combination with medetomidine and azaperone, and resulted in appropriate anesthesia for the capture and handling of bighorn sheep. The dart volume was small, with potential for reducing capture-related morbidity.
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Morelli J, Rossi S, Fuchs B, Richard E, Barros DSB, Küker S, Arnemo JM, Evans AL. Evaluation of Three Medetomidine-Based Anesthetic Protocols in Free-Ranging Wild Boars ( Sus scrofa). Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:655345. [PMID: 33855059 PMCID: PMC8039318 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.655345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Three medetomidine-based drug protocols were compared by evaluating time courses, reliability and physiological effects in wild boars. A total of 21 cage-trapped wild boars (Sus scrofa) were immobilized using one of the following drug combinations; MTZ: medetomidine (0.2 mg/kg) + tiletamine-zolazepam (2.0 mg/kg), MK: medetomidine (0.15 mg/kg) + ketamine (5 mg/kg), and MKB: medetomidine (0.1 mg/kg) + ketamine (5.0 mg/kg) + butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg). Induction time, recovery time, and physiological variables were recorded and arterial blood gas analysis measured twice, before and after 15 min of oxygen supplementation (0.5–1.0 L/min). For reversal, 4 mg of atipamezole per mg of medetomidine was administered intramuscularly. The boars recovered in the cage and were released once ataxia resolved. The MK group had significantly longer recovery times (mean 164 min ± 79 SD) compared to the other groups. MKB elicited longer and incomplete induction compared to the other groups (mean induction time 20 min ± 10 SD), decreasing the efficiency of the capture and increasing the risk of hyperthermia. Both ketamine-based protocols required additional ketamine intramuscularly to prolong the anesthesia after 20–40 min from induction. Agreement between the pulse oximeter and the blood gas analyzer was low, with the pulse oximeter underestimating the real values of arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation, particularly at higher readings. Mild acute respiratory acidosis (PaCO2 45–60 mmHg) and mild to moderate hypoxemia (PaO2 69–80 mmHg) occurred in most boars, regardless of the treatment group but especially in the MKB group. The acid-base status improved and hypoxemia resolved in all boars during oxygen supplementation, with the PaO2 rising above the physiological reference range (81.6–107.7 mmHg) in many individuals. MK and MKB induced safe and reliable immobilization of wild boars for at least 20 min. Supplemental oxygen delivery is recommended in order to prevent hypoxemia in wild boars immobilized with the protocols used in the present study. Long and ataxic recoveries occurred in most animals, regardless of the protocol, but especially in the MKB group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Morelli
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Koppang, Norway
| | - Sophie Rossi
- Wildlife Diseases Unit, French Agency for Biodiversity, Gap, France
| | - Boris Fuchs
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Koppang, Norway
| | | | - Daniela S B Barros
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Koppang, Norway
| | - Susanne Küker
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Veterinary Public Health Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jon M Arnemo
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Koppang, Norway.,Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Alina L Evans
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Koppang, Norway
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Ahmad AA, Douay G, Low MR, Fabbri S, Chen HC. Comparison of the effects of butorphanol-midazolam- medetomidine and butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine in wild common palm civets (Paradoxurus musangus). Vet Anaesth Analg 2021; 48:380-7. [PMID: 33827780 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy of butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine (BAM) and butorphanol-midazolam-medetomidine (BMM) protocols for immobilization of wild common palm civets (Paradoxurus musangus) with subsequent antagonization with atipamezole. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, randomized, blinded clinical trial. ANIMALS A total of 40 adult wild common palm civets, 24 female and 16 male, weighing 1.5-3.4 kg. METHODS The civets were randomly assigned for anesthesia with butorphanol, azaperone and medetomidine (0.6, 0.6 and 0.2 mg kg-1, respectively; group BAM) or with butorphanol, midazolam and medetomidine (0.3, 0.4 and 0.1 mg kg-1, respectively; group BMM) intramuscularly (IM) in a squeeze cage. When adequately relaxed, the trachea was intubated for oxygen administration. Physiological variables were recorded every 5 minutes after intubation. Following morphometric measurements, sampling, microchipping and parasite treatment, medetomidine was reversed with atipamezole at 1.0 or 0.5 mg kg-1 IM to groups BAM and BMM, respectively. Physiological variables and times to reach the different stages of anesthesia were compared between groups. RESULTS Onset time of sedation and recumbency was similar in both groups; time to achieve complete relaxation and tracheal intubation was longer in group BAM. Supplementation with isoflurane was required to enable intubation in five civets in group BAM and one civet in group BMM. All civets in group BAM required topical lidocaine to facilitate intubation. End-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure was lower in group BAM, but heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, peripheral hemoglobin oxygen saturation and mean arterial blood pressure were not different. All civets in both groups recovered well following administration of atipamezole. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Both BAM and BMM combinations were effective for immobilizing wild common palm civets. The BMM combination had the advantage of producing complete relaxation that allowed intubation more rapidly.
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