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Vail KJ, da Silveira BP, Bell SL, Cohen ND, Bordin AI, Patrick KL, Watson RO. The opportunistic intracellular bacterial pathogen Rhodococcus equi elicits type I interferon by engaging cytosolic DNA sensing in macrophages. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009888. [PMID: 34473814 PMCID: PMC8443056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodococcus equi is a major cause of foal pneumonia and an opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised humans. While alveolar macrophages constitute the primary replicative niche for R. equi, little is known about how intracellular R. equi is sensed by macrophages. Here, we discovered that in addition to previously characterized pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., Tnfa, Il6, Il1b), macrophages infected with R. equi induce a robust type I IFN response, including Ifnb and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), similar to the evolutionarily related pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Follow up studies using a combination of mammalian and bacterial genetics demonstrated that induction of this type I IFN expression program is largely dependent on the cGAS/STING/TBK1 axis of the cytosolic DNA sensing pathway, suggesting that R. equi perturbs the phagosomal membrane and causes DNA release into the cytosol following phagocytosis. Consistent with this, we found that a population of ~12% of R. equi phagosomes recruits the galectin-3,-8 and -9 danger receptors. Interestingly, neither phagosomal damage nor induction of type I IFN require the R. equi’s virulence-associated plasmid. Importantly, R. equi infection of both mice and foals stimulates ISG expression, in organs (mice) and circulating monocytes (foals). By demonstrating that R. equi activates cytosolic DNA sensing in macrophages and elicits type I IFN responses in animal models, our work provides novel insights into how R. equi engages the innate immune system and furthers our understanding how this zoonotic pathogen causes inflammation and disease. Rhodococcus equi is a facultative intracellular bacterial pathogen of horses and other domestic animals, as well as an opportunistic pathogen of humans. In human patients, Rhodococcus pneumonia bears some pathological similarities to pulmonary tuberculosis, and poses a risk for misdiagnosis. In horses, R. equi infection has a major detrimental impact on the equine breeding industry due to a lack of an efficacious vaccine and its ubiquitous distribution in soil. Given the prevalence of subclinical infection and high false positive rate in current screening methods, there exists a critical need to identify factors contributing to host susceptibility. Here, we use a combination of bacterial genetics and animal models to investigate innate immune responses during R. equi infection. We found that R. equi modulates host immune sensing to elicit a type I interferon response in a manner resembling that of M. tuberculosis. We also found that the danger sensors galectin-3, -8, and -9 are recruited to a population of R. equi-containing vacuoles, independent of expression of VapA. Our research identifies innate immune sensing events and immune transcriptional signatures that may lead to biomarkers for clinical disease, more accurate screening methods, and insight into susceptibility to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal J. Vail
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bibiana Petri da Silveira
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Samantha L. Bell
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas, United States of America
| | - Noah D. Cohen
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Angela I. Bordin
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kristin L. Patrick
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas, United States of America
| | - Robert O. Watson
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
cGAS, an innate immune sensor of cellular stress, recognizes double-stranded DNA mislocalized in the cytosol upon infection, mitochondrial stress, DNA damage, or malignancy. Early models suggested that cytosolic localization of cGAS prevents autoreactivity to nuclear and mitochondrial self-DNA, but this paradigm has shifted in light of recent findings of cGAS as a predominantly nuclear protein tightly bound to chromatin. This has raised the question how nuclear cGAS is kept inactive while being surrounded by chromatin, and what function nuclear localization of cGAS may serve in the first place? Cryo-EM structures have revealed that cGAS interacts with nucleosomes, the minimal units of chromatin, mainly via histones H2A/H2B, and that these protein-protein interactions block cGAS from DNA binding and thus prevent autoreactivity. Here, we discuss the biological implications of nuclear cGAS and its interaction with chromatin, including various mechanisms for nuclear cGAS inhibition, release of chromatin-bound cGAS, regulation of different cGAS pools in the cell, and chromatin structure/chromatin protein effects on cGAS activation leading to cGAS-induced autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina C de Oliveira Mann
- Gene CenterLudwig‐Maximilians‐UniversitätMunichGermany
- Department of BiochemistryLudwig‐Maximilians‐UniversitätMunichGermany
| | - Karl‐Peter Hopfner
- Gene CenterLudwig‐Maximilians‐UniversitätMunichGermany
- Department of BiochemistryLudwig‐Maximilians‐UniversitätMunichGermany
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3
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Sousa J, Cá B, Maceiras AR, Simões-Costa L, Fonseca KL, Fernandes AI, Ramos A, Carvalho T, Barros L, Magalhães C, Chiner-Oms Á, Machado H, Veiga MI, Singh A, Pereira R, Amorim A, Vieira J, Vieira CP, Bhatt A, Rodrigues F, Rodrigues PNS, Gagneux S, Castro AG, Guimarães JT, Bastos HN, Osório NS, Comas I, Saraiva M. Mycobacterium tuberculosis associated with severe tuberculosis evades cytosolic surveillance systems and modulates IL-1β production. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1949. [PMID: 32327653 PMCID: PMC7181847 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15832-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis affects immune responses and clinical outcomes of tuberculosis (TB). However, how bacterial diversity orchestrates immune responses to direct distinct TB severities is unknown. Here we study 681 patients with pulmonary TB and show that M. tuberculosis isolates from cases with mild disease consistently induce robust cytokine responses in macrophages across multiple donors. By contrast, bacteria from patients with severe TB do not do so. Secretion of IL-1β is a good surrogate of the differences observed, and thus to classify strains as probable drivers of different TB severities. Furthermore, we demonstrate that M. tuberculosis isolates that induce low levels of IL-1β production can evade macrophage cytosolic surveillance systems, including cGAS and the inflammasome. Isolates exhibiting this evasion strategy carry candidate mutations, generating sigA recognition boxes or affecting components of the ESX-1 secretion system. Therefore, we provide evidence that M. tuberculosis strains manipulate host-pathogen interactions to drive variable TB severities.
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Grants
- The authors thank the excellent support from the i3S scientific platforms, namely Animal facility, Advanced Light Microscopy and BioSciences Screening, member of the national infrastructure PPBI - Portuguese Platform of Bioimaging (PPBI-POCI-01-0145-FEDER-022122). This work was financed by FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia/ Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação grant POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028955 (to MS) and by the Northern Portugal Regional Operational Programme (NORTE 2020), under the Portugal 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000013, to MIV, FR, AGC and NSO). IC acknowledges the support of Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (SAF2016-77346-R) and the European Research Council (638553-TB-ACCELERATE). HNB acknowledges the support of Bolsa D. Manuel de Mello and of the Portuguese Society for Pneumology; AB and MS were also recipients of an International Exchanges Grant from the Royal Society. JS is funded by a research fellow NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000012; BC and KLF are funded by FCT PhD scholarships SFRH/BD/114403/2016 and SFRH/BD/114405/2016, respectively; MIV is funded by FCT through DL 57/2016 (CRP) and MS through Estimulo Individual ao Emprego Científico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Sousa
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Doctoral Program in Molecular and Cell Biology, ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Baltazar Cá
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Doctoral Program in Molecular and Cell Biology, ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Raquel Maceiras
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luisa Simões-Costa
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Kaori L Fonseca
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Doctoral Program in Molecular and Cell Biology, ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Isabel Fernandes
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Angélica Ramos
- São João Hospital Center & EPIUnit-Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Teresa Carvalho
- São João Hospital Center & EPIUnit-Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Leandro Barros
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos Magalhães
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | | | - Henrique Machado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Maria Isabel Veiga
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Albel Singh
- School of Biosciences and Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rui Pereira
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Amorim
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Vieira
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina P Vieira
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Apoorva Bhatt
- School of Biosciences and Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Fernando Rodrigues
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Pedro N S Rodrigues
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sebastien Gagneux
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - António Gil Castro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - João Tiago Guimarães
- São João Hospital Center & EPIUnit-Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helder Novais Bastos
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- São João Hospital Center, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno S Osório
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Iñaki Comas
- Biomedicine Institute of Valencia (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Margarida Saraiva
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Sanchez‐Garrido J, Slater SL, Clements A, Shenoy AR, Frankel G. Vying for the control of inflammasomes: The cytosolic frontier of enteric bacterial pathogen-host interactions. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13184. [PMID: 32185892 PMCID: PMC7154749 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Enteric pathogen-host interactions occur at multiple interfaces, including the intestinal epithelium and deeper organs of the immune system. Microbial ligands and activities are detected by host sensors that elicit a range of immune responses. Membrane-bound toll-like receptors and cytosolic inflammasome pathways are key signal transducers that trigger the production of pro-inflammatory molecules, such as cytokines and chemokines, and regulate cell death in response to infection. In recent years, the inflammasomes have emerged as a key frontier in the tussle between bacterial pathogens and the host. Inflammasomes are complexes that activate caspase-1 and are regulated by related caspases, such as caspase-11, -4, -5 and -8. Importantly, enteric bacterial pathogens can actively engage or evade inflammasome signalling systems. Extracellular, vacuolar and cytosolic bacteria have developed divergent strategies to subvert inflammasomes. While some pathogens take advantage of inflammasome activation (e.g. Listeria monocytogenes, Helicobacter pylori), others (e.g. E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia sp.) deploy a range of virulence factors, mainly type 3 secretion system effectors, that subvert or inhibit inflammasomes. In this review we focus on inflammasome pathways and their immune functions, and discuss how enteric bacterial pathogens interact with them. These studies have not only shed light on inflammasome-mediated immunity, but also the exciting area of mammalian cytosolic immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Avinash R. Shenoy
- Department of Infectious Disease, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology & InfectionImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Gad Frankel
- Department of Life SciencesImperial College LondonLondonUK
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5
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Abstract
The first layer of plant immunity is deployed by recognition of pathogen-associated molecule patterns (PAMPs) and induction of early stress responses. Flagellin is the major protein component of the flagellum. Flagellin-derived peptide fragments such as Flg22, a short active peptide derived from the highly conserved part of the N-terminal region, are recognized as PAMPs by a specific perception system present in most higher plants. Some bacteria evade the plant recognition system by altering the Flg22 region in the flagellin. Instead, a small subset of plants (i.e., solanaceous plants) can sense these bacteria by recognizing a second region, termed FlgII-28. The function of FlgII-28 has been well-documented in tomato but not in potato plants. Here, we investigated the effect of FlgII-28 on several defense responses in potato. Cytosolic calcium (Ca2+) elevation is an early defense response upon pathogenic infection. We generated transgenic potato plants expressing aequorin, a nontoxic Ca2+-activated photoprotein. The results showed that FlgII-28 induced strong cytosolic Ca2+ elevation in a dose-dependent manner, whereas the response was attenuated when a Ca2+ channel blocker was added. In addition, the FlgII-28-triggered cytosolic Ca2+ elevation was shown to subsequently promote extracellular alkalinization, reactive oxygen species production, mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation, and transcriptional reprogramming of defense-related genes in potato. Interestingly, all tested defense responses caused by FlgII-28 were significantly stronger than those caused by Flg22, suggesting that FlgII-28 acts as a primary flagellar PAMP to elicit multiple defense responses in potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Moroz
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, U.S.A
| | - Kiwamu Tanaka
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, U.S.A
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Kieser Q, Noyce RS, Shenouda M, Lin YCJ, Evans DH. Cytoplasmic factories, virus assembly, and DNA replication kinetics collectively constrain the formation of poxvirus recombinants. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228028. [PMID: 31945138 PMCID: PMC6964908 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Poxviruses replicate in cytoplasmic structures called factories and each factory begins as a single infecting particle. Sixty-years ago Cairns predicted that this might have effects on vaccinia virus (VACV) recombination because the factories would have to collide and mix their contents to permit recombination. We've since shown that factories collide irregularly and that even then the viroplasm mixes poorly. We’ve also observed that while intragenic recombination occurs frequently early in infection, intergenic recombination is less efficient and happens late in infection. Something inhibits factory fusion and viroplasm mixing but what is unclear. To study this, we’ve used optical and electron microscopy to track factory movement in co-infected cells and correlate these observations with virus development and recombinant formation. While the technical complexity of the experiments limited the number of cells that are amenable to extensive statistical analysis, these studies do show that intergenic recombination coincides with virion assembly and when VACV replication has declined to ≤10% of earlier levels. Along the boundaries between colliding factories, one sees ER membrane remnants and other cell constituents like mitochondria. These collisions don't always cause factory fusion, but when factories do fuse, they still entrain cell constituents like mitochondria and ER-wrapped microtubules. However, these materials wouldn’t seem to pose much of a further barrier to DNA mixing and so it’s likely that the viroplasm also presents an omnipresent impediment to DNA mixing. Late packaging reactions might help to disrupt the viroplasm, but packaging would sequester the DNA just as the replication and recombination machinery goes into decline and further reduce recombinant yields. Many factors thus appear to conspire to limit recombination between co-infecting poxviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinten Kieser
- The Dept. of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ryan S. Noyce
- The Dept. of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mira Shenouda
- The Dept. of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Y.-C. James Lin
- The Dept. of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - David H. Evans
- The Dept. of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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7
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Abdel-Nour M, Carneiro LAM, Downey J, Tsalikis J, Outlioua A, Prescott D, Costa LSD, Hovingh ES, Farahvash A, Gaudet RG, Molinaro R, van Dalen R, Lau CCY, Azimi FC, Escalante NK, Trotman-Grant A, Lee JE, Gray-Owen SD, Divangahi M, Chen JJ, Philpott DJ, Arnoult D, Girardin SE. The heme-regulated inhibitor is a cytosolic sensor of protein misfolding that controls innate immune signaling. Science 2019; 365:eaaw4144. [PMID: 31273097 PMCID: PMC10433729 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw4144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple cytosolic innate sensors form large signalosomes after activation, but this assembly needs to be tightly regulated to avoid accumulation of misfolded aggregates. We found that the eIF2α kinase heme-regulated inhibitor (HRI) controls NOD1 signalosome folding and activation through a process requiring eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), the transcription factor ATF4, and the heat shock protein HSPB8. The HRI/eIF2α signaling axis was also essential for signaling downstream of the innate immune mediators NOD2, MAVS, and TRIF but dispensable for pathways dependent on MyD88 or STING. Moreover, filament-forming α-synuclein activated HRI-dependent responses, which suggests that the HRI pathway may restrict toxic oligomer formation. We propose that HRI, eIF2α, and HSPB8 define a novel cytosolic unfolded protein response (cUPR) essential for optimal innate immune signaling by large molecular platforms, functionally homologous to the PERK/eIF2α/HSPA5 axis of the endoplasmic reticulum UPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mena Abdel-Nour
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Leticia A. M. Carneiro
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Downey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jessica Tsalikis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ahmed Outlioua
- INSERM U1197, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 94807 Villejuif Cedex, France
- Molecular Genetics and Immunophysiopathology Research Team, Health and Environment Laboratory, Aïn Chock Faculty of Sciences, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Dave Prescott
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Elise S. Hovingh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Armin Farahvash
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ryan G. Gaudet
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Raphael Molinaro
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rob van Dalen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Charles C. Y. Lau
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Farshad C. Azimi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Jeffrey E. Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Scott D. Gray-Owen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maziar Divangahi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jane-Jane Chen
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dana J. Philpott
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Damien Arnoult
- INSERM U1197, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 94807 Villejuif Cedex, France
| | - Stephen E. Girardin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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8
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Min BK, Park S, Kang HJ, Kim DW, Ham HJ, Ha CM, Choi BJ, Lee JY, Oh CJ, Yoo EK, Kim HE, Kim BG, Jeon JH, Hyeon DY, Hwang D, Kim YH, Lee CH, Lee T, Kim JW, Choi YK, Park KG, Chawla A, Lee J, Harris RA, Lee IK. Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase Is a Metabolic Checkpoint for Polarization of Macrophages to the M1 Phenotype. Front Immunol 2019; 10:944. [PMID: 31134063 PMCID: PMC6514528 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming during macrophage polarization supports the effector functions of these cells in health and disease. Here, we demonstrate that pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK), which inhibits the pyruvate dehydrogenase-mediated conversion of cytosolic pyruvate to mitochondrial acetyl-CoA, functions as a metabolic checkpoint in M1 macrophages. Polarization was not prevented by PDK2 or PDK4 deletion but was fully prevented by the combined deletion of PDK2 and PDK4; this lack of polarization was correlated with improved mitochondrial respiration and rewiring of metabolic breaks that are characterized by increased glycolytic intermediates and reduced metabolites in the TCA cycle. Genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of PDK2/4 prevents polarization of macrophages to the M1 phenotype in response to inflammatory stimuli (lipopolysaccharide plus IFN-γ). Transplantation of PDK2/4-deficient bone marrow into irradiated wild-type mice to produce mice with PDK2/4-deficient myeloid cells prevented M1 polarization, reduced obesity-associated insulin resistance, and ameliorated adipose tissue inflammation. A novel, pharmacological PDK inhibitor, KPLH1130, improved high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance; this was correlated with a reduction in the levels of pro-inflammatory markers and improved mitochondrial function. These studies identify PDK2/4 as a metabolic checkpoint for M1 phenotype polarization of macrophages, which could potentially be exploited as a novel therapeutic target for obesity-associated metabolic disorders and other inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byong-Keol Min
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Programs, Department of Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- Research Institute of Aging and Metabolism, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Sungmi Park
- Leading-Edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hyeon-Ji Kang
- Research Institute of Aging and Metabolism, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Dong Wook Kim
- Leading-Edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hye Jin Ham
- Leading-Edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Chae-Myeong Ha
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Programs, Department of Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Byung-Jun Choi
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Programs, Department of Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jung Yi Lee
- Leading-Edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Chang Joo Oh
- Research Institute of Aging and Metabolism, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Yoo
- Leading-Edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hui Eon Kim
- Leading-Edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Byung-Gyu Kim
- Leading-Edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jae-Han Jeon
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Do Young Hyeon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Daehee Hwang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Yong-Hoon Kim
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Lee
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Taeho Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jung-whan Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Yeon-Kyung Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Keun-Gyu Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Ajay Chawla
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jongsoon Lee
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science, Soon Chun Hyang University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Robert A. Harris
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Programs, Department of Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- Research Institute of Aging and Metabolism, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- Leading-Edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
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9
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Anzilotti C, Swan DJ, Boisson B, Deobagkar-Lele M, Oliveira C, Chabosseau P, Engelhardt KR, Xu X, Chen R, Alvarez L, Berlinguer-Palmini R, Bull KR, Cawthorne E, Cribbs AP, Crockford TL, Dang TS, Fearn A, Fenech EJ, de Jong SJ, Lagerholm BC, Ma CS, Sims D, van den Berg B, Xu Y, Cant AJ, Kleiner G, Leahy TR, de la Morena MT, Puck JM, Shapiro RS, van der Burg M, Chapman JR, Christianson JC, Davies B, McGrath JA, Przyborski S, Santibanez Koref M, Tangye SG, Werner A, Rutter GA, Padilla-Parra S, Casanova JL, Cornall RJ, Conley ME, Hambleton S. An essential role for the Zn 2+ transporter ZIP7 in B cell development. Nat Immunol 2019; 20:350-361. [PMID: 30718914 PMCID: PMC6561116 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0295-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite the known importance of zinc for human immunity, molecular insights into its roles have remained limited. Here we report a novel autosomal recessive disease characterized by absent B cells, agammaglobulinemia and early onset infections in five unrelated families. The immunodeficiency results from hypomorphic mutations of SLC39A7, which encodes the endoplasmic reticulum-to-cytoplasm zinc transporter ZIP7. Using CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis we have precisely modeled ZIP7 deficiency in mice. Homozygosity for a null allele caused embryonic death, but hypomorphic alleles reproduced the block in B cell development seen in patients. B cells from mutant mice exhibited a diminished concentration of cytoplasmic free zinc, increased phosphatase activity and decreased phosphorylation of signaling molecules downstream of the pre-B cell and B cell receptors. Our findings highlight a specific role for cytosolic Zn2+ in modulating B cell receptor signal strength and positive selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consuelo Anzilotti
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David J Swan
- Primary Immunodeficiency Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Bertrand Boisson
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163 Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Mukta Deobagkar-Lele
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Catarina Oliveira
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Pauline Chabosseau
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Karin R Engelhardt
- Primary Immunodeficiency Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Xijin Xu
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rui Chen
- Primary Immunodeficiency Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Luis Alvarez
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Katherine R Bull
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eleanor Cawthorne
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adam P Cribbs
- MRC WIMM Centre for Computational Biology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tanya L Crockford
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tarana Singh Dang
- Primary Immunodeficiency Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Amy Fearn
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Emma J Fenech
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah J de Jong
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - B Christoffer Lagerholm
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Cindy S Ma
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Sims
- MRC WIMM Centre for Computational Biology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bert van den Berg
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Yaobo Xu
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Andrew J Cant
- Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Gary Kleiner
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - T Ronan Leahy
- Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M Teresa de la Morena
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington and Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jennifer M Puck
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Mirjam van der Burg
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J Ross Chapman
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Benjamin Davies
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John A McGrath
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Stuart G Tangye
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andreas Werner
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Guy A Rutter
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Sergi Padilla-Parra
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Dynamic Structural Virology Group, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163 Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard J Cornall
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Mary Ellen Conley
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Sophie Hambleton
- Primary Immunodeficiency Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
- Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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10
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Li Y, Li H, Su N, Liu D, Luo R, Jin H. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of duck DDX41. Dev Comp Immunol 2018; 88:183-189. [PMID: 30025984 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) box polypeptide 41 (DDX41), a receptor belonging to DExD/H-box helicase family, acts as an intracellular DNA sensor and induces type I IFN production in mammals and fish. However, the function of avian DDX41 in innate immune response is still unknown. In this study, the full-length duck DDX41 (duDDX41) cDNA sequence was cloned for the first time and encoded a putative protein of 618 amino acid residues which showed the high sequence similarity with both zebra finch and chicken DDX41s. The duDDX41 mRNA was widely distributed in all tested tissues, especially the cerebrum, cerebellum, and liver. Overexpression of duDDX41 triggered the activation of transcription factors IRF1 and NF-κB, as well as IFN-β expression in DEFs. The DEADc domain of duDDX41 played an extremely vital role in duck type I IFN signaling pathway. Knockdown of duDDX41 by siRNA silencing dramatically decreased IFN-β expression stimulated by poly(dA:dT) or duck enteritis virus (DEV). In addition, the replication of DEV was significantly inhibited in duDDX41-expressed DEFs and was enhanced in DDX41 knockdown DEFs. These results suggest that DDX41 is an important cytosolic DNA sensor and plays a crucial role in duck antiviral innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Huilin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Na Su
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Dejian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Rui Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Hui Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
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11
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Abstract
Besides constituting a first layer of defense against microbial challenges, the detection of cytosolic DNA is fundamental for mammalian organisms to control malignant transformation and tumor progression. The accumulation of DNA in the cytoplasm can initiate the proliferative inactivation (via cellular senescence) or elimination (via regulated cell death) of neoplastic cell precursors. Moreover, cytosolic DNA sensing is intimately connected to the secretion of cytokines that support innate and adaptive antitumor immunity. Here, we discuss the molecular mechanisms whereby cytosolic DNA enables cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic oncosuppression, and their relevance for the development of novel therapeutic approaches that reinstate anticancer immunosurveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Vanpouille-Box
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Stich Radiation Oncology, 525 East 68th Street, Box #169, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sandra Demaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Stich Radiation Oncology, 525 East 68th Street, Box #169, New York, NY 10065, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Silvia C Formenti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Stich Radiation Oncology, 525 East 68th Street, Box #169, New York, NY 10065, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Stich Radiation Oncology, 525 East 68th Street, Box #169, New York, NY 10065, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Paris, France.
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12
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Agop-Nersesian C, Niklaus L, Wacker R, Theo Heussler V. Host cell cytosolic immune response during Plasmodium liver stage development. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 42:324-334. [PMID: 29529207 PMCID: PMC5995216 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuy007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed a great gain in knowledge regarding parasite-host cell interactions during Plasmodium liver stage development. It is now an accepted fact that a large percentage of sporozoites invading hepatocytes fail to form infectious merozoites. There appears to be a delicate balance between parasite survival and elimination and we now start to understand why this is so. Plasmodium liver stage parasites replicate within the parasitophorous vacuole (PV), formed during invasion by invagination of the host cell plasma membrane. The main interface between the parasite and hepatocyte is the parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM) that surrounds the PV. Recently, it was shown that autophagy marker proteins decorate the PVM of Plasmodium liver stage parasites and eliminate a proportion of them by an autophagy-like mechanism. Successfully developing Plasmodium berghei parasites are initially also labeled but in the course of development, they are able to control this host defense mechanism by shedding PVM material into the tubovesicular network (TVN), an extension of the PVM that releases vesicles into the host cell cytoplasm. Better understanding of the molecular events at the PVM/TVN during parasite elimination could be the basis of new antimalarial measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Agop-Nersesian
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, MA 02118, USA
| | - Livia Niklaus
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 4, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rahel Wacker
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 4, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Volker Theo Heussler
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 4, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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13
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Macchia V, Paduano D, Di Carlo A, Mariano A, Cecere C, Ferrante G. Serum and Tissue Levels of CEA, TPA, CA 125 and CA 15.3 in Patients with Lung Cancer. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 8:215-20. [PMID: 8138661 DOI: 10.1177/172460089300800403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Forty-nine healthy subjects (Group I), 24 patients with benign lung diseases (Group II) and 48 patients surgically treated for lung cancer (Group III): 28 with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and 20 with adenocarcinoma (adenoca), were tested for the presence of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA), cancer antigen CA 125 and antigen CA 15.3. The four markers were measured in the serum of the patients of the three groups and in the cytosol extract of tumoral and peritumoral tissues of Group III subjects. The mean levels of serum CEA and TPA were significantly higher in squamous cell carcinoma and in adenocarcinoma patients than in normal subjects. In benign lung disease serum CEA was equal and TPA slightly higher than in normal subjects. CA 125 was higher in the serum of patients with malignant diseases compared to normal or benign lung diseases but this difference was not statistically significant. Serum CA 15.3 levels were similar in all subjects studied. CA 125 in squamous cell carcinoma cytosol was much higher than in peritumoral cytosol whereas the other three markers were not significantly different in tumor cytosol or peritumoral cytosol. A direct correlation between serum and cytosol values was observed for CEA, but not for the other markers. The levels of the four markers in serum and cytosol did not correlate with the stage or grade of the tumors.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/blood
- Adenocarcinoma/immunology
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antigens, Neoplasm/blood
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate/blood
- Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate/metabolism
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoembryonic Antigen/blood
- Carcinoembryonic Antigen/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/blood
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/immunology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Cytosol/immunology
- Cytosol/metabolism
- Female
- Humans
- Lung Neoplasms/blood
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Peptides/blood
- Peptides/metabolism
- Prognosis
- Tissue Polypeptide Antigen
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Affiliation(s)
- V Macchia
- CNR Center of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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14
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Grebenschikov N, Geurts-Moespot A, De Witte H, Heuvel J, Leake R, Sweep F, Benraad T. A Sensitive and Robust Assay for Urokinase and Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activators (Upa and Tpa) and Their Inhibitor Type I (Pai-1) in Breast Tumor Cytosols. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 12:6-14. [PMID: 9176711 DOI: 10.1177/172460089701200102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
uPA and PAI-1 are becoming established as amongst the most effective markers of poor prognosis for patients with node-negative breast cancer; tPA is an index of longer survival. This paper describes a sensitive ELISA for the measurement of uPA, tPA and PAI-1 in breast cancer cytosols. The structure of the assay involves coating Ab (sheep α-Chicken IgY), catching Ab (chicken α-analyte), tagging Ab (rabbit α-analyte) and detecting Ab (goat α-rabbit IgG) labelled with HRP. The assay has a high degree of accuracy and specificity. Comparison with the American Diagnostica kits shows the results’ equivalence for PAI-1 and tPA. For uPA the results of the assay were twice as high. The assay is sensitive and relatively inexpensive. It is the first published assay to yield strictly comparative values for uPA, tPA and PAI-1 in tissue extracts and is readily subject to external quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Grebenschikov
- Department of Experimental & Chemical Endocrinology, Academic Hospital St Radboud, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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15
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Alvarez A, Martinez Rodriguez PI, Nuñez MI, Alba A, Allende MT, Ruibal Morell A. TPS cytosolic levels in non-malignant breast diseases. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 10:183-5. [PMID: 8551064 DOI: 10.1177/172460089501000311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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16
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Glück S, Guey B, Gulen MF, Wolter K, Kang TW, Schmacke NA, Bridgeman A, Rehwinkel J, Zender L, Ablasser A. Innate immune sensing of cytosolic chromatin fragments through cGAS promotes senescence. Nat Cell Biol 2017; 19:1061-1070. [PMID: 28759028 PMCID: PMC5826565 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 667] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is triggered by various distinct stresses and characterized by a permanent cell cycle arrest. Senescent cells secrete a variety of inflammatory factors, collectively referred to as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). The mechanism(s) underlying the regulation of the SASP remains incompletely understood. Here we define a role for innate DNA sensing in the regulation of senescence and the SASP. We find that cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) recognizes cytosolic chromatin fragments in senescent cells. The activation of cGAS, in turn, triggers the production of SASP factors via stimulator of interferon genes (STING), thereby promoting paracrine senescence. We demonstrate that diverse stimuli of cellular senescence engage the cGAS-STING pathway in vitro and we show cGAS-dependent regulation of senescence following irradiation and oncogene activation in vivo. Our findings provide insights into the mechanisms underlying cellular senescence by establishing the cGAS-STING pathway as a crucial regulator of senescence and the SASP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selene Glück
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Baptiste Guey
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Muhammet Fatih Gulen
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Wolter
- Department of Internal Medicine VIII, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Physiology I, Institute of Physiology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tae-Won Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine VIII, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Physiology I, Institute of Physiology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Translational Gastrointestinal Oncology Group, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Niklas Arndt Schmacke
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anne Bridgeman
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Jan Rehwinkel
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Lars Zender
- Department of Internal Medicine VIII, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Physiology I, Institute of Physiology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Translational Gastrointestinal Oncology Group, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Andrea Ablasser
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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17
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Khafif M, Balagué C, Huard-Chauveau C, Roby D. An essential role for the VASt domain of the Arabidopsis VAD1 protein in the regulation of defense and cell death in response to pathogens. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179782. [PMID: 28683084 PMCID: PMC5500287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Several regulators of programmed cell death (PCD) have been identified in plants which encode proteins with putative lipid-binding domains. Among them, VAD1 (Vascular Associated Death) contains a novel protein domain called VASt (VAD1 analog StAR-related lipid transfer) still uncharacterized. The Arabidopsis mutant vad1-1 has been shown to exhibit a lesion mimic phenotype with light-conditional appearance of propagative hypersensitive response-like lesions along the vascular system, associated with defense gene expression and increased resistance to Pseudomonas strains. To test the potential of ectopic expression of VAD1 to influence HR cell death and to elucidate the role of the VASt domain in this function, we performed a structure-function analysis of VAD1 by transient over-expression in Nicotiana benthamiana and by complementation of the mutant vad1-1. We found that (i) overexpression of VAD1 controls negatively the HR cell death and defense expression either transiently in Nicotiana benthamania or in Arabidopsis plants in response to avirulent strains of Pseudomonas syringae, (ii) VAD1 is expressed in multiple subcellular compartments, including the nucleus, and (iii) while the GRAM domain does not modify neither the subcellular localization of VAD1 nor its immunorepressor activity, the domain VASt plays an essential role in both processes. In conclusion, VAD1 acts as a negative regulator of cell death associated with the plant immune response and the VASt domain of this unknown protein plays an essential role in this function, opening the way for the functional analysis of VASt-containing proteins and the characterization of novel mechanisms regulating PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Khafif
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Claudine Balagué
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | - Dominique Roby
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Abe T, Lee A, Sitharam R, Kesner J, Rabadan R, Shapira SD. Germ-Cell-Specific Inflammasome Component NLRP14 Negatively Regulates Cytosolic Nucleic Acid Sensing to Promote Fertilization. Immunity 2017; 46:621-634. [PMID: 28423339 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic sensing of nucleic acids initiates tightly regulated programs to limit infection. Oocyte fertilization represents a scenario wherein inappropriate responses to exogenous yet non-pathogen-derived nucleic acids would have negative consequences. We hypothesized that germ cells express negative regulators of nucleic acid sensing (NAS) in steady state and applied an integrated data-mining and functional genomics approach to identify a rheostat of DNA and RNA sensing-the inflammasome component NLRP14. We demonstrated that NLRP14 interacted physically with the nucleic acid sensing pathway and targeted TBK1 (TANK binding kinase 1) for ubiquitination and degradation. We further mapped domains in NLRP14 and TBK1 that mediated the inhibitory function. Finally, we identified a human nonsense germline variant associated with male sterility that results in loss of NLRP14 function and hyper-responsiveness to nucleic acids. The discovery points to a mechanism of nucleic acid sensing regulation that may be of particular importance in fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Abe
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Albert Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ramaswami Sitharam
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jordan Kesner
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Raul Rabadan
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sagi D Shapira
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Hwang JH, Kim KJ, Lee BY. Crude Ecklonia cava Flake Extracts Attenuate Inflammation through the Regulation of TLR4 Signaling Pathway in LPS-Induced RAW264.7 Cells. Molecules 2017; 22:E777. [PMID: 28489052 PMCID: PMC6154687 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22050777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the beneficial effects of the crude Ecklonia cava flake (CEF), which is a residual product after polyphenol extraction from Ecklonia cava, on inflammation in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. A group of five different CEF extracts was obtained by a preparation process using water, hydrochloric acid or temperature. We observed that large-size (>19 kDa) CEF extract, which was extracted with water at 95 °C (CEF-W, 95 °C), suppressed the production of inflammatory cytokines by inhibiting its mRNA expression in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. TLR4 signaling involvements were negatively regulated by CEF-W, 95 °C. CEF-W, 95 °C repressed the translocation of NF-κB from cytoplasm into nucleus in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. CEF-W, 95 °C attenuated the phosphorylation of TBK1 and IRF3 by inhibiting the phosphorylation of ERK. Taken together, we demonstrated that large-size CEF-W, 95 °C may act as a negative regulator of inflammation through the suppression of TLR4 signaling constituents in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyun Hwang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, CHA University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 463-400, Korea.
| | - Kui-Jin Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, CHA University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 463-400, Korea.
| | - Boo-Yong Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, CHA University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 463-400, Korea.
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20
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Cesari S, Moore J, Chen C, Webb D, Periyannan S, Mago R, Bernoux M, Lagudah ES, Dodds PN. Cytosolic activation of cell death and stem rust resistance by cereal MLA-family CC-NLR proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:10204-9. [PMID: 27555587 PMCID: PMC5018743 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1605483113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants possess intracellular immune receptors designated "nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat" (NLR) proteins that translate pathogen-specific recognition into disease-resistance signaling. The wheat immune receptors Sr33 and Sr50 belong to the class of coiled-coil (CC) NLRs. They confer resistance against a broad spectrum of field isolates of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, including the Ug99 lineage, and are homologs of the barley powdery mildew-resistance protein MLA10. Here, we show that, similarly to MLA10, the Sr33 and Sr50 CC domains are sufficient to induce cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana Autoactive CC domains and full-length Sr33 and Sr50 proteins self-associate in planta In contrast, truncated CC domains equivalent in size to an MLA10 fragment for which a crystal structure was previously determined fail to induce cell death and do not self-associate. Mutations in the truncated region also abolish self-association and cell-death signaling. Analysis of Sr33 and Sr50 CC domains fused to YFP and either nuclear localization or nuclear export signals in N benthamiana showed that cell-death induction occurs in the cytosol. In stable transgenic wheat plants, full-length Sr33 proteins targeted to the cytosol provided rust resistance, whereas nuclear-targeted Sr33 was not functional. These data are consistent with CC-mediated induction of both cell-death signaling and stem rust resistance in the cytosolic compartment, whereas previous research had suggested that MLA10-mediated cell-death and disease resistance signaling occur independently, in the cytosol and nucleus, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Cesari
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Agriculture, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - John Moore
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Agriculture, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Chunhong Chen
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Agriculture, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Daryl Webb
- Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Sambasivam Periyannan
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Agriculture, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Rohit Mago
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Agriculture, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Maud Bernoux
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Agriculture, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Evans S Lagudah
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Agriculture, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Peter N Dodds
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Agriculture, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia;
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21
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Wang F, Alain T, Szretter KJ, Stephenson K, Pol JG, Atherton MJ, Hoang HD, Fonseca BD, Zakaria C, Chen L, Rangwala Z, Hesch A, Chan ESY, Tuinman C, Suthar MS, Jiang Z, Ashkar AA, Thomas G, Kozma SC, Gale M, Fitzgerald KA, Diamond MS, Mossman K, Sonenberg N, Wan Y, Lichty BD. S6K-STING interaction regulates cytosolic DNA-mediated activation of the transcription factor IRF3. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:514-522. [PMID: 27043414 PMCID: PMC4917298 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic DNA-mediated activation of the transcription factor IRF3 is a key event in host antiviral responses. Here we found that infection with DNA viruses induced interaction of the metabolic checkpoint kinase mTOR downstream effector and kinase S6K1 and the signaling adaptor STING in a manner dependent on the DNA sensor cGAS. We further demonstrated that the kinase domain, but not the kinase function, of S6K1 was required for the S6K1-STING interaction and that the TBK1 critically promoted this process. The formation of a tripartite S6K1-STING-TBK1 complex was necessary for the activation of IRF3, and disruption of this signaling axis impaired the early-phase expression of IRF3 target genes and the induction of T cell responses and mucosal antiviral immunity. Thus, our results have uncovered a fundamental regulatory mechanism for the activation of IRF3 in the cytosolic DNA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuan Wang
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- MG DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tommy Alain
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Kristy J. Szretter
- Department of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology & Immunology, Washington, University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, United States of America
| | - Kyle Stephenson
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- MG DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan G. Pol
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- MG DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew J. Atherton
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- MG DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Huy-Dung Hoang
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Bruno D. Fonseca
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Chadi Zakaria
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lan Chen
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- MG DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zainab Rangwala
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- MG DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adam Hesch
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- MG DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eva Sin Yan Chan
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- MG DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carly Tuinman
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- MG DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mehul S. Suthar
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States of America
| | - Zhaozhao Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, United States of America
| | - Ali A. Ashkar
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- MG DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - George Thomas
- Department of of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Cincinnati Medical School, Cincinnati, 45267-0508 OH, United States of America
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Cancer, Catalan Institute of Oncology, ICO, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament Ciències Fisiològiques II, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08908, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara C. Kozma
- Department of of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Cincinnati Medical School, Cincinnati, 45267-0508 OH, United States of America
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Cancer, Catalan Institute of Oncology, ICO, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, WA98195, United States of America
| | - Katherine A. Fitzgerald
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology & Immunology, Washington, University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, United States of America
| | - Karen Mossman
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- MG DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nahum Sonenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yonghong Wan
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- MG DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian D. Lichty
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- MG DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Kupz A, Zedler U, Stäber M, Perdomo C, Dorhoi A, Brosch R, Kaufmann SHE. ESAT-6-dependent cytosolic pattern recognition drives noncognate tuberculosis control in vivo. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:2109-22. [PMID: 27111234 DOI: 10.1172/jci84978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
IFN-γ is a critical mediator of host defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Antigen-specific CD4+ T cells have long been regarded as the main producer of IFN-γ in tuberculosis (TB), and CD4+ T cell immunity is the main target of current TB vaccine candidates. However, given the recent failures of such a TB vaccine candidate in clinical trials, strategies to harness CD4-independent mechanisms of protection should be included in future vaccine design. Here, we have reported that noncognate IFN-γ production by Mtb antigen-independent memory CD8+ T cells and NK cells is protective during Mtb infection and evaluated the mechanistic regulation of IFN-γ production by these cells in vivo. Transfer of arenavirus- or protein-specific CD8+ T cells or NK cells reduced the mortality and morbidity rates of mice highly susceptible to TB in an IFN-γ-dependent manner. Secretion of IFN-γ by these cell populations required IL-18, sensing of mycobacterial viability, Mtb protein 6-kDa early secretory antigenic target-mediated (ESAT-6-mediated) cytosolic contact, and activation of NLR family pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes in CD11c+ cell subsets. Neutralization of IL-18 abrogated protection in susceptible recipient mice that had received noncognate cells. Moreover, improved Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine-induced protection was lost in the absence of ESAT-6-dependent cytosolic contact. Our findings provide a comprehensive mechanistic framework for antigen-independent IFN-γ secretion in response to Mtb with critical implications for future intervention strategies against TB.
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23
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Mukaihara T, Hatanaka T, Nakano M, Oda K. Ralstonia solanacearum Type III Effector RipAY Is a Glutathione-Degrading Enzyme That Is Activated by Plant Cytosolic Thioredoxins and Suppresses Plant Immunity. mBio 2016; 7:e00359-16. [PMID: 27073091 PMCID: PMC4959522 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00359-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum uses a large repertoire of type III effector proteins to succeed in infection. To clarify the function of effector proteins in host eukaryote cells, we expressed effectors in yeast cells and identified seven effector proteins that interfere with yeast growth. One of the effector proteins, RipAY, was found to share homology with the ChaC family proteins that function as γ-glutamyl cyclotransferases, which degrade glutathione (GSH), a tripeptide that plays important roles in the plant immune system. RipAY significantly inhibited yeast growth and simultaneously induced rapid GSH depletion when expressed in yeast cells. The in vitro GSH degradation activity of RipAY is specifically activated by eukaryotic factors in the yeast and plant extracts. Biochemical purification of the yeast protein identified that RipAY is activated by thioredoxin TRX2. On the other hand, RipAY was not activated by bacterial thioredoxins. Interestingly, RipAY was activated by plant h-type thioredoxins that exist in large amounts in the plant cytosol, but not by chloroplastic m-, f-, x-, y- and z-type thioredoxins, in a thiol-independent manner. The transient expression of RipAY decreased the GSH level in plant cells and affected the flg22-triggered production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and expression of pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) marker genes in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. These results indicate that RipAY is activated by host cytosolic thioredoxins and degrades GSH specifically in plant cells to suppress plant immunity. IMPORTANCE Ralstonia solanacearum is the causal agent of bacterial wilt disease of plants. This pathogen injects virulence effector proteins into host cells to suppress disease resistance responses of plants. In this article, we report a biochemical activity of R. solanacearum effector protein RipAY. RipAY can degrade GSH, a tripeptide that plays important roles in the plant immune system, with its γ-glutamyl cyclotransferase activity. The high GSH degradation activity of RipAY is considered to be a good weapon for this bacterium to suppress plant immunity. However, GSH also plays important roles in bacterial tolerance to various stresses and growth. Interestingly, RipAY has an excellent safety mechanism to prevent unwanted firing of its enzyme activity in bacterial cells because RipAY is specifically activated by host eukaryotic thioredoxins. This study also reveals a novel host plant protein acting as a molecular switch for effector activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Mukaihara
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Okayama (RIBS), Yoshikawa, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tadashi Hatanaka
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Okayama (RIBS), Yoshikawa, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masahito Nakano
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Okayama (RIBS), Yoshikawa, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kenji Oda
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Okayama (RIBS), Yoshikawa, Okayama, Japan
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24
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Moon KY, Lee PH, Kim BG, Park CS, Leikauf GD, Jang AS. Claudin 5 in a murine model of allergic asthma: Its implication and response to steroid treatment. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136:1694-1696.e5. [PMID: 26409663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuk-Young Moon
- Genome Research Center for Allergy and Respiratory Diseases, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Pureun-Haneul Lee
- Genome Research Center for Allergy and Respiratory Diseases, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Byeong-Gon Kim
- Genome Research Center for Allergy and Respiratory Diseases, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Choon-Sik Park
- Genome Research Center for Allergy and Respiratory Diseases, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - George D Leikauf
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - An-Soo Jang
- Genome Research Center for Allergy and Respiratory Diseases, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea.
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Apcher S, Daskalogianni C, Fåhraeus R. Pioneer translation products as an alternative source for MHC-I antigenic peptides. Mol Immunol 2015; 68:68-71. [PMID: 25979818 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The notion that alternative peptide substrates can be processed and presented to the MHC class I pathway has opened for new aspects on how the immune system detects infected or damaged cells. Recent works show that antigenic peptides are derived from intron sequences in pre-mRNAs target for the nonsense-mediated degradation pathway. Introns are spliced out co-transcriptionally suggesting that such pioneer translation products (PTPs) are synthesized on the nascent RNAs in the nuclear compartment to ensure that the first peptides to emerge from an mRNA are destined for the class I pathway. This illustrates an independent translation event during mRNA maturation that give rise to specific peptide products with a specific function in the immune system. The characterization of the translation apparatus responsible for PTP synthesis will pave the way for understanding how PTP production is regulated in different tissues under different conditions and will help designing new vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Apcher
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Sud, Unité 1015 département d'immunologie, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France.
| | - Chrysoula Daskalogianni
- Equipe Labellisée la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Inserm UMR1162, Université Paris 7, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Robin Fåhraeus
- Equipe Labellisée la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Inserm UMR1162, Université Paris 7, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France; RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic.
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26
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Zhu W, Tao L, Quick ML, Joyce JA, Qu JM, Luo ZQ. Sensing cytosolic RpsL by macrophages induces lysosomal cell death and termination of bacterial infection. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004704. [PMID: 25738962 PMCID: PMC4349785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular bacterial pathogen Legionella pneumophila provokes strong host responses and has proven to be a valuable model for the discovery of novel immunosurveillance pathways. Our previous work revealed that an environmental isolate of L. pneumophila induces a noncanonical form of cell death, leading to restriction of bacterial replication in primary mouse macrophages. Here we show that such restriction also occurs in infections with wild type clinical isolates. Importantly, we found that a lysine to arginine mutation at residue 88 (K88R) in the ribosome protein RpsL that not only confers bacterial resistance to streptomycin, but more importantly, severely attenuated the induction of host cell death and enabled L. pneumophila to replicate in primary mouse macrophages. Although conferring similar resistance to streptomycin, a K43N mutation in RpsL does not allow productive intracellular bacterial replication. Further analysis indicated that RpsL is capable of effectively inducing macrophage death via a pathway involved in lysosomal membrane permeabilization; the K88R mutant elicits similar responses but is less potent. Moreover, cathepsin B, a lysosomal protease that causes cell death after being released into the cytosol upon the loss of membrane integrity, is required for efficient RpsL-induced macrophage death. Furthermore, despite the critical role of cathepsin B in delaying RpsL-induced cell death, macrophages lacking cathepsin B do not support productive intracellular replication of L. pneumophila harboring wild type RpsL. This suggests the involvement of other yet unidentified components in the restriction of bacterial replication. Our results identified RpsL as a regulator in the interactions between bacteria such as L. pneumophila and primary mouse macrophages by triggering unique cellular pathways that restrict intracellular bacterial replication. The death of the host cell during infection can be triggered by one or more microbial molecules; this “live or die” selection provides effective means for the dissection of immune recognition mechanisms as well as for the identification of the microbial molecules responsible for such responses. We found that infection of primary mouse macrophages by Legionella pneumophila strains harboring wild type RpsL, the S12 component of the bacterial ribosome, causes macrophage death by a mechanism independent of the three inflammatory caspases, caspase 1, 7 and 11. Importantly, although both confer resistance to streptomycin at indistinguishable effectiveness, the K88R, but not the K43N mutation in RpsL enables L. pneumophila to replicate in macrophages. Purified RpsL and RpsLK43N physically delivered into macrophages cause cell death by inducing damage to lysosomal membranes and the release of cathepsins. We also found that the lysosomal protease cathepsin B is required for efficient RpsL-induced cell death but its absence is not sufficient for macrophages to support intracellular bacterial replication. Thus, RpsL functions as an immune induction molecule to trigger one or more signaling cascades that leads to lysosomal cell death as well as the termination of bacterial replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhan Zhu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Lili Tao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Marsha L. Quick
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Johanna A. Joyce
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jie-Ming Qu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao-Qing Luo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zábrady M, Hrdinová V, Müller B, Conrad U, Hejátko J, Janda L. Targeted in vivo inhibition of specific protein-protein interactions using recombinant antibodies. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109875. [PMID: 25299686 PMCID: PMC4192540 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
With the growing availability of genomic sequence information, there is an increasing need for gene function analysis. Antibody-mediated "silencing" represents an intriguing alternative for the precise inhibition of a particular function of biomolecules. Here, we describe a method for selecting recombinant antibodies with a specific purpose in mind, which is to inhibit intrinsic protein-protein interactions in the cytosol of plant cells. Experimental procedures were designed for conveniently evaluating desired properties of recombinant antibodies in consecutive steps. Our selection method was successfully used to develop a recombinant antibody inhibiting the interaction of ARABIDOPSIS HISTIDINE PHOSPHOTRANSFER PROTEIN 3 with such of its upstream interaction partners as the receiver domain of CYTOKININ INDEPENDENT HISTIDINE KINASE 1. The specific down-regulation of the cytokinin signaling pathway in vivo demonstrates the validity of our approach. This selection method can serve as a prototype for developing unique recombinant antibodies able to interfere with virtually any biomolecule in the living cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matej Zábrady
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Hrdinová
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Bruno Müller
- Institute of Plant Biology & Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Udo Conrad
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Jan Hejátko
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomír Janda
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
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28
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Lemos H, Huang L, McGaha TL, Mellor AL. Cytosolic DNA sensing via the stimulator of interferon genes adaptor: Yin and Yang of immune responses to DNA. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:2847-53. [PMID: 25143264 PMCID: PMC4197080 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
DNA is immunogenic and many cells express cytosolic DNA sensors that activate the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) adaptor to trigger interferon type I (IFN-β) release, a potent immune activator. DNA sensing to induce IFN-β triggers host immunity to pathogens but constitutive DNA sensing can induce sustained IFN-β release that incites autoimmunity. Here, we focus on cytosolic DNA sensing via the STING/IFN-β pathway that regulates immune responses. Recent studies reveal that cytosolic DNA sensing via the STING/IFN-β pathway induces indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO), which catabolizes tryptophan to suppress effector and helper T-cell responses and activate Foxp3-lineage CD4(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells. During homeostasis, and in some inflammatory settings, specialized innate immune cells in the spleen and lymph nodes may ingest and sense cytosolic DNA to reinforce tolerance that prevents autoimmunity. However, malignancies and pathogens may exploit DNA-induced regulatory responses to suppress natural and vaccine-induced immunity to malignant and infected cells. In this review, we discuss the biologic significance of regulatory responses to DNA and novel approaches to exploit DNA-induced immune responses for therapeutic benefit. The ability of DNA to drive tolerogenic or immunogenic responses highlights the need to evaluate immune responses to DNA in physiologic settings relevant to disease progression or therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Lemos
- Cancer immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance Program, Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
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29
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Wan Q, Xu W, Yan JL, Yokota H, Na S. Distinctive subcellular inhibition of cytokine-induced SRC by salubrinal and fluid flow. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105699. [PMID: 25157407 PMCID: PMC4144888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A non-receptor protein kinase Src plays a crucial role in fundamental cell functions such as proliferation, migration, and differentiation. While inhibition of Src is reported to contribute to chondrocyte homeostasis, its regulation at a subcellular level by chemical inhibitors and mechanical stimulation has not been fully understood. In response to inflammatory cytokines and stress to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that increase proteolytic activities in chondrocytes, we addressed two questions: Do cytokines such as interleukin 1 beta (IL1β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) induce location-dependent Src activation? Can cytokine-induced Src activation be suppressed by chemically alleviating ER stress or by applying fluid flow? Using live cell imaging with two Src biosensors (i.e., cytosolic, and plasma membrane-bound biosensors) for a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) technique, we determined cytosolic Src activity as well as membrane-bound Src activity in C28/I2 human chondrocytes. In response to TNFα and IL1β, both cytosolic and plasma membrane-bound Src proteins were activated, but activation in the cytosol occurred earlier than that in the plasma membrane. Treatment with salubrinal or guanabenz, two chemical agents that attenuate ER stress, significantly decreased cytokine-induced Src activities in the cytosol, but not in the plasma membrane. In contrast, fluid flow reduced Src activities in the plasma membrane, but not in the cytosol. Collectively, the results demonstrate that Src activity is differentially regulated by salubrinal/guanabenz and fluid flow in the cytosol and plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoqiao Wan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Wenxiao Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Clinical Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jing-long Yan
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Clinical Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hiroki Yokota
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Sungsoo Na
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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30
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Roth S, Rottach A, Lotz-Havla AS, Laux V, Muschaweckh A, Gersting SW, Muntau AC, Hopfner KP, Jin L, Vanness K, Petrini JHJ, Drexler I, Leonhardt H, Ruland J. Rad50-CARD9 interactions link cytosolic DNA sensing to IL-1β production. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:538-45. [PMID: 24777530 PMCID: PMC4309842 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) in the cytoplasm triggers the production of interleukin 1β (IL-1β) as an antiviral host response, and deregulation of the pathways involved can promote inflammatory disease. Here we report a direct cytosolic interaction between the DNA-damage sensor Rad50 and the innate immune system adaptor CARD9. Transfection of dendritic cells with dsDNA or infection of dendritic cells with a DNA virus induced the formation of dsDNA-Rad50-CARD9 signaling complexes for activation of the transcription factor NF-κB and the generation of pro-IL-1β. Primary cells conditionally deficient in Rad50 or lacking CARD9 consequently exhibited defective DNA-induced production of IL-1β, and Card9(-/-) mice had impaired inflammatory responses after infection with a DNA virus in vivo. Our results define a cytosolic DNA-recognition pathway for inflammation and a physical and functional connection between a conserved DNA-damage sensor and the innate immune response to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Roth
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Rottach
- Department Biology II and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Amelie S Lotz-Havla
- Kinderklinik und Kinderpoliklinik im Dr. von Haunersches Kinderspital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Verena Laux
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Muschaweckh
- Institut für Virologie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, and Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Søren W Gersting
- Kinderklinik und Kinderpoliklinik im Dr. von Haunersches Kinderspital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Ania C Muntau
- Kinderklinik und Kinderpoliklinik im Dr. von Haunersches Kinderspital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Karl-Peter Hopfner
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene Center and Center for integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Lei Jin
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Ingo Drexler
- 1] Institut für Virologie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, and Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany. [2] Institut für Virologie, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Heinrich Leonhardt
- Department Biology II and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jürgen Ruland
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Abstract
Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) is a cytosolic pattern recognition receptor involved in the sensing of RNA viruses and the initiation of antiviral responses. Fusobacterium nucleatum, a Gram-negative anaerobic bacterium associated with periodontal disease, is capable of invading cells. We hypothesized that F. nucleatum's ability to invade cells allows the microorganism to activate the immune response through RIG-I. Bacterial invasion was found to be necessary for F. nucleatum-induced nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation. Following invasion of the human periodontal ligament fibroblast (PDLF), F. nucleatum was located in the cytosol. F. nucleatum infection led to an 80-fold increase in RIG-I expression. Silencing RIG-I in PDLF by siRNA led to a significant decrease of NF-κB activation and expression of proinflammatory genes. Additionally, F. nucleatum was able to secrete nucleic acids, and introduction of F. nucleatum RNA into PDLF led to a RIG-I-dependent activation of NF-κB. Our findings showed RIG-I to be involved in the recognition of F. nucleatum. The function of RIG-I is likely to be broad and not limited to sensing of viruses only. Hence, this receptor may play an important role in detecting invasive forms of oral pathogens and contribute to inflammation in periodontal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lee
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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32
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Moretti J, Blander JM. Insights into phagocytosis-coupled activation of pattern recognition receptors and inflammasomes. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 26:100-10. [PMID: 24556406 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A decade of work shows that the core function of phagocytosis in engulfment and destruction of microorganisms is only a small facet of the full spectrum of roles for phagocytosis in the immune system. The regulation of phagocytosis and its outcomes by inflammatory pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is now followed by new studies strengthening this concept and adding further complexity to the relationship between phagocytosis and innate immune signaling. Phagocytosis forms the platform for activation of distinct members of the Toll-like receptor family, and even dictates their signaling outcomes. In many cases, phagocytosis is a necessary precedent to the activation of cytosolic PRRs and assembly of canonical and non-canonical inflammasomes, leading to strong pro-inflammatory responses and inflammatory cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Moretti
- Immunology Institute, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - J Magarian Blander
- Immunology Institute, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, United States.
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Mitoma H, Hanabuchi S, Kim T, Bao M, Zhang Z, Sugimoto N, Liu YJ. The DHX33 RNA helicase senses cytosolic RNA and activates the NLRP3 inflammasome. Immunity 2013; 39:123-35. [PMID: 23871209 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The NLRP3 inflammasome plays a major role in innate immune responses by activating caspase-1, resulting in secretion of interleukin-18 (IL-18) and IL-1β. Although cytosolic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and bacterial RNA are known to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome, the upstream sensor is unknown. We investigated the potential function of DExD/H-box RNA helicase family members (previously shown to sense cytosolic DNA and RNA to induce type 1 interferon responses) in RNA-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Among the helicase family members tested, we found that targeting of DHX33 expression by short hairpin RNA efficiently blocked the activation of caspase-1 and secretion of IL-18 and IL-1β in human macrophages that were activated by cytosolic poly I:C, reoviral RNA, or bacterial RNA. DHX33 bound dsRNA via the helicase C domain. DHX33 interacted with NLRP3 and formed the inflammasome complex following stimulation with RNA. We therefore identified DHX33 as a cytosolic RNA sensor that activates the NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Mitoma
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor Research Institute, Baylor Health Care System, Dallas, TX 75204, USA
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Glas M, Coch C, Trageser D, Dassler J, Simon M, Koch P, Mertens J, Quandel T, Gorris R, Reinartz R, Wieland A, Von Lehe M, Pusch A, Roy K, Schlee M, Neumann H, Fimmers R, Herrlinger U, Brüstle O, Hartmann G, Besch R, Scheffler B. Targeting the cytosolic innate immune receptors RIG-I and MDA5 effectively counteracts cancer cell heterogeneity in glioblastoma. Stem Cells 2013; 31:1064-74. [PMID: 23390110 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cellular heterogeneity, for example, the intratumoral coexistence of cancer cells with and without stem cell characteristics, represents a potential root of therapeutic resistance and a significant challenge for modern drug development in glioblastoma (GBM). We propose here that activation of the innate immune system by stimulation of innate immune receptors involved in antiviral and antitumor responses can similarly target different malignant populations of glioma cells. We used short-term expanded patient-specific primary human GBM cells to study the stimulation of the cytosolic nucleic acid receptors melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) and retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I). Specifically, we analyzed cells from the tumor core versus "residual GBM cells" derived from the tumor resection margin as well as stem cell-enriched primary cultures versus specimens without stem cell properties. A portfolio of human, nontumor neural cells was used as a control for these studies. The expression of RIG-I and MDA5 could be induced in all of these cells. Receptor stimulation with their respective ligands, p(I:C) and 3pRNA, led to in vitro evidence for an effective activation of the innate immune system. Most intriguingly, all investigated cancer cell populations additionally responded with a pronounced induction of apoptotic signaling cascades revealing a second, direct mechanism of antitumor activity. By contrast, p(I:C) and 3pRNA induced only little toxicity in human nonmalignant neural cells. Granted that the challenge of effective central nervous system (CNS) delivery can be overcome, targeting of RIG-I and MDA5 could thus become a quintessential strategy to encounter heterogeneous cancers in the sophisticated environments of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Glas
- Stem Cell Pathologies, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany. martin.glas@ukb
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35
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Lorente E, Infantes S, Barnea E, Beer I, Barriga A, García-Medel N, Lasala F, Jiménez M, Admon A, López D. Diversity of natural self-derived ligands presented by different HLA class I molecules in transporter antigen processing-deficient cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59118. [PMID: 23555621 PMCID: PMC3608615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) translocates the cytosol-derived proteolytic peptides to the endoplasmic reticulum lumen where they complex with nascent human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules. Non-functional TAP complexes and viral or tumoral blocking of these transporters leads to reduced HLA class I surface expression and a drastic change in the available peptide repertoire. Using mass spectrometry to analyze complex human leukocyte antigen HLA-bound peptide pools isolated from large numbers of TAP-deficient cells, we identified 334 TAP-independent ligands naturally presented by four different HLA-A, -B, and -C class I molecules with very different TAP dependency from the same cell line. The repertoire of TAP-independent peptides examined favored increased peptide lengths and a lack of strict binding motifs for all four HLA class I molecules studied. The TAP-independent peptidome arose from 182 parental proteins, the majority of which yielded one HLA ligand. In contrast, TAP-independent antigen processing of very few cellular proteins generated multiple HLA ligands. Comparison between TAP-independent peptidome and proteome of several subcellular locations suggests that the secretory vesicle-like organelles could be a relevant source of parental proteins for TAP-independent HLA ligands. Finally, a predominant endoproteolytic peptidase specificity for Arg/Lys or Leu/Phe residues in the P(1) position of the scissile bond was found for the TAP-independent ligands. These data draw a new and intricate picture of TAP-independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lorente
- Unidad de Procesamiento Antigénico-Inmunología Viral, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Infantes
- Unidad de Procesamiento Antigénico-Inmunología Viral, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eilon Barnea
- Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ilan Beer
- Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Alejandro Barriga
- Unidad de Procesamiento Antigénico-Inmunología Viral, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noel García-Medel
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fátima Lasala
- Unidad de Proteómica, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Jiménez
- Unidad de Proteómica, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arie Admon
- Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Daniel López
- Unidad de Procesamiento Antigénico-Inmunología Viral, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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36
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Abstract
The presence of DNA in the cytoplasm of mammalian cells is a danger signal that triggers host immune responses such as the production of type I interferons. Cytosolic DNA induces interferons through the production of cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic GMP-AMP, or cGAMP), which binds to and activates the adaptor protein STING. Through biochemical fractionation and quantitative mass spectrometry, we identified a cGAMP synthase (cGAS), which belongs to the nucleotidyltransferase family. Overexpression of cGAS activated the transcription factor IRF3 and induced interferon-β in a STING-dependent manner. Knockdown of cGAS inhibited IRF3 activation and interferon-β induction by DNA transfection or DNA virus infection. cGAS bound to DNA in the cytoplasm and catalyzed cGAMP synthesis. These results indicate that cGAS is a cytosolic DNA sensor that induces interferons by producing the second messenger cGAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Sun
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9148
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9148
| | - Jiaxi Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9148
| | - Fenghe Du
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9148
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9148
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9148
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9148
| | - Zhijian J. Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9148
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9148
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Berthier S, Nguyen MVC, Baillet A, Hograindleur MA, Paclet MH, Polack B, Morel F. Molecular interface of S100A8 with cytochrome b558 and NADPH oxidase activation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40277. [PMID: 22808130 PMCID: PMC3393751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
S100A8 and S100A9 are two calcium binding Myeloid Related Proteins, and important mediators of inflammatory diseases. They were recently introduced as partners for phagocyte NADPH oxidase regulation. However, the precise mechanism of their interaction remains elusive. We had for aim (i) to evaluate the impact of S100 proteins on NADPH oxidase activity; (ii) to characterize molecular interaction of either S100A8, S100A9, or S100A8/S100A9 heterocomplex with cytochrome b558; and (iii) to determine the S100A8 consensus site involved in cytochrome b558/S100 interface. Recombinant full length or S100A9-A8 truncated chimera proteins and ExoS-S100 fusion proteins were expressed in E. coli and in P. aeruginosa respectively. Our results showed that S100A8 is the functional partner for NADPH oxidase activation contrary to S100A9, however, the loading with calcium and a combination with phosphorylated S100A9 are essential in vivo. Endogenous S100A9 and S100A8 colocalize in differentiated and PMA stimulated PLB985 cells, with Nox2/gp91phox and p22phox. Recombinant S100A8, loaded with calcium and fused with the first 129 or 54 N-terminal amino acid residues of the P. aeruginosa ExoS toxin, induced a similar oxidase activation in vitro, to the one observed with S100A8 in the presence of S100A9 in vivo. This suggests that S100A8 is the essential component of the S100A9/S100A8 heterocomplex for oxidase activation. In this context, recombinant full-length rS100A9-A8 and rS100A9-A8 truncated 90 chimera proteins as opposed to rS100A9-A8 truncated 86 and rS100A9-A8 truncated 57 chimeras, activate the NADPH oxidase function of purified cytochrome b558 suggesting that the C-terminal region of S100A8 is directly involved in the molecular interface with the hemoprotein. The data point to four strategic 87HEES90 amino acid residues of the S100A8 C-terminal sequence that are involved directly in the molecular interaction with cytochrome b558 and then in the phagocyte NADPH oxidase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Berthier
- Groupe de Recherche et d’Etude du Processus Inflammatoire (GREPI), Laboratoire “Aging Imaging Modeling” (AGIM), Formation de Recherche en évolution (FRE) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS 3405, Université Joseph Fourier UJF, Grenoble, France
| | - Minh Vu Chuong Nguyen
- Groupe de Recherche et d’Etude du Processus Inflammatoire (GREPI), Laboratoire “Aging Imaging Modeling” (AGIM), Formation de Recherche en évolution (FRE) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS 3405, Université Joseph Fourier UJF, Grenoble, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Athan Baillet
- Groupe de Recherche et d’Etude du Processus Inflammatoire (GREPI), Laboratoire “Aging Imaging Modeling” (AGIM), Formation de Recherche en évolution (FRE) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS 3405, Université Joseph Fourier UJF, Grenoble, France
- Clinic of Rheumatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU), Grenoble, France
| | - Marc-André Hograindleur
- Groupe de Recherche et d’Etude du Processus Inflammatoire (GREPI), Laboratoire “Aging Imaging Modeling” (AGIM), Formation de Recherche en évolution (FRE) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS 3405, Université Joseph Fourier UJF, Grenoble, France
| | - Marie-Hélène Paclet
- Groupe de Recherche et d’Etude du Processus Inflammatoire (GREPI), Laboratoire “Aging Imaging Modeling” (AGIM), Formation de Recherche en évolution (FRE) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS 3405, Université Joseph Fourier UJF, Grenoble, France
- « Laboratoire des Enzymes et des Protéines », Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU), Grenoble, France
- « Institut de Biologie et Pathologie », Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU), Grenoble, France
| | - Benoît Polack
- « Institut de Biologie et Pathologie », Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU), Grenoble, France
- Techniques de l’Ingénierie Médicale et de la Complexité–Informatique, Mathématiques et Applications de Grenoble (TIMC-IMAG) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5525 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Joseph Fourier UJF, Grenoble, France
| | - Françoise Morel
- Groupe de Recherche et d’Etude du Processus Inflammatoire (GREPI), Laboratoire “Aging Imaging Modeling” (AGIM), Formation de Recherche en évolution (FRE) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS 3405, Université Joseph Fourier UJF, Grenoble, France
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil R Unanue
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Maman Y, Nir-Paz R, Louzoun Y. Bacteria modulate the CD8+ T cell epitope repertoire of host cytosol-exposed proteins to manipulate the host immune response. PLoS Comput Biol 2011; 7:e1002220. [PMID: 22022257 PMCID: PMC3192822 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The main adaptive immune response to bacteria is mediated by B cells and CD4+ T-cells. However, some bacterial proteins reach the cytosol of host cells and are exposed to the host CD8+ T-cells response. Both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria can translocate proteins to the cytosol through type III and IV secretion and ESX-1 systems, respectively. The translocated proteins are often essential for the bacterium survival. Once injected, these proteins can be degraded and presented on MHC-I molecules to CD8+ T-cells. The CD8+ T-cells, in turn, can induce cell death and destroy the bacteria's habitat. In viruses, escape mutations arise to avoid this detection. The accumulation of escape mutations in bacteria has never been systematically studied. We show for the first time that such mutations are systematically present in most bacteria tested. We combine multiple bioinformatic algorithms to compute CD8+ T-cell epitope libraries of bacteria with secretion systems that translocate proteins to the host cytosol. In all bacteria tested, proteins not translocated to the cytosol show no escape mutations in their CD8+ T-cell epitopes. However, proteins translocated to the cytosol show clear escape mutations and have low epitope densities for most tested HLA alleles. The low epitope densities suggest that bacteria, like viruses, are evolutionarily selected to ensure their survival in the presence of CD8+ T-cells. In contrast with most other translocated proteins examined, Pseudomonas aeruginosa's ExoU, which ultimately induces host cell death, was found to have high epitope density. This finding suggests a novel mechanism for the manipulation of CD8+ T-cells by pathogens. The ExoU effector may have evolved to maintain high epitope density enabling it to efficiently induce CD8+ T-cell mediated cell death. These results were tested using multiple epitope prediction algorithms, and were found to be consistent for most proteins tested. Bacterial proteins are mainly exposed to B-cells and CD4+ T-cells, while CD8+ T-cells (CTL) typically respond to viruses. The limitation of the CTL response to viruses results from processing pathways of epitopes presented to CTLs. These epitopes usually stem from proteins expressed in the cytosol. Such proteins are eventually degraded and presented on MHC-I molecules to CTLs. However bacterial Type III secretion system (T3SS) effectors also have an access to the host cytosol and may also be exposed to CTL response. Thus, we can assume that this group of proteins undergoes selection against the presentation of CTL epitopes, as seen in viral proteins. Using multiple epitope prediction algorithms, we show that most T3SS effectors, as well as LLO, and ActA in Listeria monocytogenes and ESAT-6 proteins in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, are systematically selected to reduce the number and quality of their epitopes. The exception in this respect is the Pseudomonas aeruginosa effector ExoU that has high density of high quality epitopes. Since ExoU is known to induce rapid cell death in hosts cells, we assume that P.aeruginosa utilize the immune response to induce such death. The E.coli epitope density is highly variable among strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaakov Maman
- Department of Mathematics and Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Ran Nir-Paz
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yoram Louzoun
- Department of Mathematics and Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Yue H, Wei W, Fan B, Yue Z, Wang L, Ma G, Su Z. The orchestration of cellular and humoral responses is facilitated by divergent intracellular antigen trafficking in nanoparticle-based therapeutic vaccine. Pharmacol Res 2011; 65:189-97. [PMID: 21983005 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic vaccination for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B is promising but has so far shown limited clinical efficacy. Herein, we employ polylactide nanoparticles (NPs) as the vaccine adjuvant and systematically explore their effect on activation of specific immunity and the underlying theoretical mechanisms. In vitro studies show that hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) accumulates in antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to a larger content (270%) with the assistant of NP in comparison with the pure-antigen group. Besides the elevated costimulators (CD80/86) and increased major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II molecules, the MHC I molecules are also found upregulated. This result is mostly owing to the divergent antigen trafficking ways of NP-antigen in APCs, especially for the escape of exogenous HBsAg from the lysosomes to the cytosol. Interestingly, the MHC I level is downregulated in alum-antigen group, indicating a possible reason for its inefficiency in priming cellular response. Further in vivo experiments establish that NP-antigen group indeed enhances the CD8(+) CTL cytotoxicity and IFN-γ cytokine secretion. Meanwhile, specific antibody titer is also upregulated, and even surpasses that of the commercialized alum-antigen. All these results strongly support that NP-based antigen promotes an orchestration of cellular and humoral immune response, exhibiting favorable intrinsic properties to be applied in therapeutic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yue
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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41
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Okano S, Yonemitsu Y, Shirabe K, Kakeji Y, Maehara Y, Harada M, Yoshikai Y, Inoue M, Hasegawa M, Sueishi K. Provision of continuous maturation signaling to dendritic cells by RIG-I-stimulating cytosolic RNA synthesis of Sendai virus. J Immunol 2011; 186:1828-39. [PMID: 21187441 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapy has potential for treating infections and malignant tumors, but the functional capacity of DC must be assessed in detail, especially maturation and Ag-specific CTL priming. Recent reports suggest that DC that are provided with continuous maturation signals in vivo after transfer into patients are required to elicit the full DC functions. We demonstrate in this study that the rSendai virus vector (SeV) is a novel and ideal stimulant, providing DC with a continuous maturation signal via viral RNA synthesis in the cytosol, resulting in full maturation of monocyte-derived DC(s). Both RIG-I-dependent cytokine production and CD4 T cell responses to SeV-derived helper Ags are indispensable for overcoming regulatory T cell suppression to prime melanoma Ag recognized by T cell-1-specific CTL in the regulatory T cell abundant setting. DC stimulated via cytokine receptors, or TLRs, do not show these functional features. Therefore, SeV-infected DC have the potential for DC-directed immunotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/physiology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Coculture Techniques
- Cytosol/immunology
- Cytosol/metabolism
- Cytosol/virology
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- DEAD Box Protein 58
- DEAD-box RNA Helicases/genetics
- DEAD-box RNA Helicases/physiology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/pathology
- Dendritic Cells/virology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Genetic Vectors/immunology
- Humans
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Monocytes/virology
- RNA, Viral/biosynthesis
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic
- Sendai virus/genetics
- Sendai virus/immunology
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/virology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/virology
- Virus Replication/genetics
- Virus Replication/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Okano
- Division of Pathophysiological and Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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42
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Wang Z, Zhang S. The role of lysozyme and complement in the antibacterial activity of zebrafish (Danio rerio) egg cytosol. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2010; 29:773-777. [PMID: 20624466 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Most fish embryos develop in an aquatic environment full of potential pathogens. How fish embryos survive pathogenic attacks before the maturation of their own immunocompetence remains poorly understood. Here we demonstrated that bacteriolytic mechanism contributed to the antibacterial activity of zebrafish egg cytosol. In addition, the maternal lysozyme in the egg cytosol plays a key role in the bacteriolytic activity of the zebrafish eggs, which can be significantly stimulated by the cooperation with complement. This is the first report providing the evidence for the functional role of the maternal lysozyme and its cooperation with complement in fish eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Wang
- Department of Environment and Life Science, Weinan Teachers University, Weinan 714000, PR China.
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Abu-Dayyeh I, Ralph B, Grayfer L, Belosevic M, Cousineau B, Olivier M. Identification of key cytosolic kinases containing evolutionarily conserved kinase tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (KTIMs). Dev Comp Immunol 2010; 34:481-484. [PMID: 20043942 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2009.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that SHP-1 regulates IRAK-1 activity by binding to an ITIM-like motif found within its kinase domain, which we named kinase tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (KTIM). Herein, we further investigated the presence, number, location, and evolutionary time of emergence of potential KTIMs in many cytosolic kinases, all known to play important roles in the signalling and function of immune cells. We unveil that several kinases contain potential KTIMs, mostly located within their kinase domain and appearing predominantly at the level of early vertebrates becoming highly conserved thereafter. Regarding the KTIMs that were found conserved in both vertebrates and invertebrates, we provide experimental data suggesting that such motifs may have constituted readily available sites that performed new regulatory functions as soon as their binding partners (e.g. SHP-1) appeared in vertebrates. We thus propose KTIMs as novel regulatory motifs in kinases that function through binding to SH2 domain-containing proteins such as SHP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issa Abu-Dayyeh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Ponpuak M, Davis AS, Roberts EA, Delgado MA, Dinkins C, Zhao Z, Virgin HW, Kyei GB, Johansen T, Vergne I, Deretic V. Delivery of cytosolic components by autophagic adaptor protein p62 endows autophagosomes with unique antimicrobial properties. Immunity 2010; 32:329-41. [PMID: 20206555 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2009] [Revised: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy allows cells to self-digest portions of their own cytoplasm for a multitude of physiological purposes, including innate and adaptive immunity functions. In one of its innate immunity manifestations, autophagy, is known to contribute to the killing of intracellular microbes, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, although the molecular mechanisms have been unclear. Here, we delineated sequential steps of the autophagic pathway necessary to control intracellular M. tuberculosis and found that in addition to autophagy initiation and maturation, an accessory autophagy-targeting molecule p62 (A170 or SQSTM1) was required for mycobactericidal activity. The p62 adaptor protein delivered specific ribosomal and bulk ubiquitinated cytosolic proteins to autolysosomes where they were proteolytically converted into products capable of killing M. tuberculosis. Thus, p62 brings cytosolic proteins to autolysosomes where they are processed from innocuous precursors into neo-antimicrobial peptides, explaining in part the unique bactericidal properties of autophagic organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Ponpuak
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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Konno H, Yamamoto T, Yamazaki K, Gohda J, Akiyama T, Semba K, Goto H, Kato A, Yujiri T, Imai T, Kawaguchi Y, Su B, Takeuchi O, Akira S, Tsunetsugu-Yokota Y, Inoue JI. TRAF6 establishes innate immune responses by activating NF-kappaB and IRF7 upon sensing cytosolic viral RNA and DNA. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5674. [PMID: 19479062 PMCID: PMC2682567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In response to viral infection, the innate immune system recognizes viral nucleic acids and then induces production of proinflammatory cytokines and type I interferons (IFNs). Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) and TLR9 detect viral RNA and DNA, respectively, in endosomal compartments, leading to the activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and IFN regulatory factors (IRFs) in plasmacytoid dendritic cells. During such TLR signaling, TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) is essential for the activation of NF-κB and the production of type I IFN. In contrast, RIG-like helicases (RLHs), cytosolic RNA sensors, are indispensable for antiviral responses in conventional dendritic cells, macrophages, and fibroblasts. However, the contribution of TRAF6 to the detection of cytosolic viral nucleic acids has been controversial, and the involvement of TRAF6 in IRF activation has not been adequately addressed. Principal Findings Here we first show that TRAF6 plays a critical role in RLH signaling. The absence of TRAF6 resulted in enhanced viral replication and a significant reduction in the production of IL-6 and type I IFNs after infection with RNA virus. Activation of NF-κB and IRF7, but not that of IRF3, was significantly impaired during RLH signaling in the absence of TRAF6. TGFβ-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) and MEKK3, whose activation by TRAF6 during TLR signaling is involved in NF-κB activation, were not essential for RLH-mediated NF-κB activation. We also demonstrate that TRAF6-deficiency impaired cytosolic DNA-induced antiviral responses, and this impairment was due to defective activation of NF-κB and IRF7. Conclusions/Significance Thus, TRAF6 mediates antiviral responses triggered by cytosolic viral DNA and RNA in a way that differs from that associated with TLR signaling. Given its essential role in signaling by various receptors involved in the acquired immune system, TRAF6 represents a key molecule in innate and antigen-specific immune responses against viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyasu Konno
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohsuke Yamazaki
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jin Gohda
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taishin Akiyama
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Semba
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bio-Science, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideo Goto
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kato
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Yujiri
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Takahiko Imai
- Division of Viral Infection, Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kawaguchi
- Division of Viral Infection, Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bing Su
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Osamu Takeuchi
- Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shizuo Akira
- Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Jun-ichiro Inoue
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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46
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Abstract
Using pharmacological and biochemical approaches, the role of maize polyamine oxidase (MPAO) in abscisic acid (ABA)-induced antioxidant defense in leaves of maize (Zea mays L.) plants was investigated. Exogenous ABA treatment enhanced the expression of the MPAO gene and the activities of apoplastic MPAO. Pretreatment with two different inhibitors for apoplastic MPAO partly reduced hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation induced by ABA and blocked the ABA-induced expression of the antioxidant genes superoxide dismutase 4 and cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase and the activities of the cytosolic antioxidant enzymes. Treatment with spermidine, the optimum substrate of MPAO, also induced the expression and the activities of the antioxidant enzymes, and the upregulation of the antioxidant enzymes was prevented by two inhibitors of MPAO and two scavengers of H2O2. These results suggest that MPAO contributes to ABA-induced cytosolic antioxidant defense through H2O2, a Spd catabolic product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Xue
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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48
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Abstract
The inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family has been implicated in immune regulation, but the mechanisms by which IAP proteins contribute to immunity are incompletely understood. We show here that X-linked IAP (XIAP) is required for innate immune control of Listeria monocytogenes infection. Mice deficient in XIAP had a higher bacterial burden 48 h after infection than wild-type littermates, and exhibited substantially decreased survival. XIAP enhanced NF-kappaB activation upon L. monocytogenes infection of activated macrophages, and prolonged phosphorylation of Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) specifically in response to cytosolic bacteria. Additionally, XIAP promoted maximal production of pro-inflammatory cytokines upon bacterial infection in vitro or in vivo, or in response to combined treatment with NOD2 and TLR2 ligands. Together, our data suggest that XIAP regulates innate immune responses to L. monocytogenes infection by potentiating synergy between Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and Nod-like receptors (NLRs) through activation of JNK- and NF-kappaB-dependent signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura D. Bauler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Colin S. Duckett
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Mary X. D. O'Riordan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Prens EP, Kant M, van Dijk G, van der Wel LI, Mourits S, van der Fits L. IFN-alpha enhances poly-IC responses in human keratinocytes by inducing expression of cytosolic innate RNA receptors: relevance for psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 128:932-8. [PMID: 17928888 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5701087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Keratinocytes play a key role in innate immune responses of the skin to bacterial and viral pathogens. Viral double-stranded RNA and its synthetic analogue polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid (poly-IC) are recognized via multiple pathways involving the receptors Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), protein kinase R (PKR), and the recently described cytosolic RNA helicases retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5). We show that preincubation of human keratinocytes with IFN-alpha enhances the proinflammatory responses to poly-IC. Kinetic studies suggest that this is mediated via upregulation of the receptors TLR3, PKR, RIG-I, and MDA5. Interestingly, expression of RIG-I, MDA5, and PKR was significantly increased in lesional skin from patients with psoriasis, a chronic inflammatory skin disease that is characterized by high IFN-alpha levels. These results suggest that psoriatic keratinocytes show increased sensitivity to viral RNA intermediates, thereby leading to excessive proinflammatory responses and maintenance of the inflammatory skin phenotype. Here, we provide early evidence that point toward a role for the recently described cytosolic innate RNA receptors in non-viral chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Errol P Prens
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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50
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Abstract
During an innate immune response, macrophages recognize viruses by their pattern recognition receptors. In this study, we have studied the role of membrane-associated TLRs and cytoplasmic retinoic acid inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLR) in regulation of IFN-beta, IL-29, IL-1beta, and IL-18 production and caspases 1 and 3 activation in human macrophages. We provide evidence that TLRs are mainly involved in transcriptional up-regulation of IL-1beta gene expression, whereas cytosolic dsRNA recognition pathway stimulates powerful IFN-beta and IL-29 gene transcription. However, robust IL-1beta secretion occurred only if two TLRs were triggered simultaneously or if a single TLR was activated in conjunction with the RLR pathway. Markedly, TLR activation did not stimulate IL-18 processing or secretion. In contrast, triggering of cytosolic RNA recognition pathway with poly(I:C) transfection or influenza A virus infection resulted in caspase-1- and -3-mediated proteolytic processing of pro-IL-18 and secretion of biologically active IL-18. Furthermore, caspase 3-dependent processing of pro-IL-18 was also observed in human HaCaT keratinocytes, and forced expression of RIG-I and its downstream effector, mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein, activated proteolytic processing of pro-IL-18, caspase-3, and apoptosis in these cells. The present results indicate that in addition to robust IFN-beta, IL-29, IL-1beta, and IL-18 generation, RIG-I/mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein pathway activates caspase-3, suggesting a role for these RIG-I-like receptors beyond the innate cytokine response, hence, in the induction of apoptosis of the virus-infected cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Rintahaka
- Unit of Excellence for Immunotoxicology, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41a, Helsinki, Finland
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