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Maneein S, Sangsanont J, Limpiyakorn T, Sirikanchana K, Rattanakul S. The coagulation process for enveloped and non-enveloped virus removal in turbid water: Removal efficiencies, mechanisms and its application to SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2. Sci Total Environ 2024; 931:172945. [PMID: 38703849 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
The coagulation process has a high potential as a treatment method that can handle pathogenic viruses including emerging enveloped viruses in drinking water treatment process which can lower infection risk through drinking water consumption. In this study, a surrogate enveloped virus, bacteriophage Փ6, and surrogate non-enveloped viruses, including bacteriophage MS-2, T4, ՓX174, were used to evaluate removal efficiencies and mechanisms by the conventional coagulation process with alum, poly‑aluminum chloride, and ferric chloride at pH 5, 7, and 9 in turbid water. Also, treatability of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a recent virus of global concern by coagulation was evaluated as SARS-CoV-2 can presence in drinking water sources. It was observed that an increase in the coagulant dose enhanced the removal efficiency of turbidity and viruses, and the condition that provided the highest removal efficiency of enveloped and non-enveloped viruses was 50 mg/L of coagulants at pH 5. In addition, the coagulation process was more effective for enveloped virus removal than for the non-enveloped viruses, and it demonstrated reduction of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2 over 0.83-log with alum. According to culture- and molecular-based assays (qPCR and CDDP-qPCR), the virus removal mechanisms were floc adsorption and coagulant inactivation. Through inactivation with coagulants, coagulants caused capsid destruction, followed by genome damage in non-enveloped viruses; however, damage to a lipid envelope is suggested to contribute to a great extend for enveloped virus inactivation. We demonstrated that conventional coagulation is a promising method for controlling emerging and re-emerging viruses in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriwara Maneein
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Jatuwat Sangsanont
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Water Science and Technology for Sustainable Environmental Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Tawan Limpiyakorn
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Kwanrawee Sirikanchana
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, MHESI, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Surapong Rattanakul
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand.
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2
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Hogard S, Pearce R, Yetka K, Gonzalez R, Bott C. Virus inactivation in low ozone exposure water reuse applications. Water Res 2024; 256:121536. [PMID: 38631238 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
In drinking water applications, an ozone exposure (Ct) based framework has been historically used to validate ozone disinfection. However, significant viral inactivation can be achieved with little to no measurable ozone exposure. Additionally, ozone exposure depends on multiple water quality variables as well as the calculation/ozone measurement method used. In this study, we evaluated alternative ozone monitoring frameworks as well as the impact of water quality variables on ozone decay kinetics and virus/coliform inactivation. Here we show that both change in UV254 absorbance and applied O3:TOC were well correlated with viral inactivation and these frameworks were resilient to changes in water quality. Both increasing temperature (12-30 ⁰C) and pH (5.5-8.4) was shown to significantly increase the ozone decay rate and decreased the resulting ozone exposure by as much as ∼90% in the case of pH. However, due to the increased reaction rate of ozone with viruses at elevated temperature and pH, there was only a minor impact (∼20% in the case of pH) in overall disinfection performance for a given O3:TOC. These frameworks were also considered for variable source water with TOC (5-11 mg/L) and TSS (1.2-5.8 mg/L). Change in UV254 absorbance or applied ozone dose (mg/L) were the strongest indicators of disinfection performance for source waters of variable TOC, however site-specific testing may be needed to apply this framework. Challenge testing with influent nitrite indicated that ozone disinfection performance is significantly impacted (>50% reduction in inactivation) in the presence of nitrite thus enforcing the importance of accounting for this value in the applied ozone dose. Multi-point ozone dissolution was investigated as an alternative ozone application method that may present a benefit with respect to overall disinfection performance especially if nitrite was present. Developing and validating these alternative monitoring frameworks and ozone application methods is imperative in water reuse applications where unnecessary elevated ozone exposure may lead to harmful byproduct formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Hogard
- Trussell Technologies, 4350 Executive Dr, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - Robert Pearce
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; Hampton Roads Sanitation District, PO Box 5911, Virginia Beach, VA 23471-0911, USA
| | - Kathleen Yetka
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Raul Gonzalez
- H2O Molecular, 5752 Oberlin Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Charles Bott
- Hampton Roads Sanitation District, PO Box 5911, Virginia Beach, VA 23471-0911, USA
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3
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Takuissu GR, Kenmoe S, Ebogo-Belobo JT, Kengne-Ndé C, Mbaga DS, Bowo-Ngandji A, Ondigui Ndzie JL, Kenfack-Momo R, Tchatchouang S, Kenfack-Zanguim J, Lontuo Fogang R, Zeuko'o Menkem E, Kame-Ngasse GI, Magoudjou-Pekam JN, Suffredini E, Veneri C, Mancini P, Bonanno Ferraro G, Iaconelli M, Verani M, Federigi I, Carducci A, La Rosa G. Exploring adenovirus in water environments: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Environ Health Res 2024; 34:2504-2516. [PMID: 37678554 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2023.2255559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Adenoviruses (AdVs) have a significant impact in both medical and environmental contexts. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of AdV in different water types, such as untreated and treated wastewater, surface water, groundwater, drinking water, and other water matrices. A total of 239 articles were included in this meta-analysis. Adenoviruses were detected in various waters worldwide. The overall prevalence in water was found to be 59.2%, with the highest prevalence in untreated wastewater (83.1%) and treated wastewater (75.3%), followed by "other water matrices" (53.4%), surface water (49.5%) drinking water (22.7%), and groundwater (18.5%). Most of the studies did not assess the viability of the viruses, leading to weak links between water contamination and risk. Both human and animal AdV were found in water environments. The findings suggest that water, including drinking water, could be a significant route of AdV transmission in both developed and developing economies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Takuissu
- Centre for Food, Food Security and Nutrition Research, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - S Kenmoe
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - J T Ebogo-Belobo
- Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - C Kengne-Ndé
- Epidemiological Surveillance, Evaluation and Research Unit, National AIDS Control Committee, Douala, Cameroon
| | - D S Mbaga
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - A Bowo-Ngandji
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - J L Ondigui Ndzie
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - R Kenfack-Momo
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - S Tchatchouang
- Scientific Direction, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - J Kenfack-Zanguim
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - R Lontuo Fogang
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - E Zeuko'o Menkem
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - G I Kame-Ngasse
- Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - E Suffredini
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary public health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - C Veneri
- National Center for Water Safety (CeNSia), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - P Mancini
- National Center for Water Safety (CeNSia), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - G Bonanno Ferraro
- National Center for Water Safety (CeNSia), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - M Iaconelli
- National Center for Water Safety (CeNSia), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - M Verani
- Hygiene and Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - I Federigi
- Hygiene and Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - A Carducci
- Hygiene and Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - G La Rosa
- National Center for Water Safety (CeNSia), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Patriquin G, Davidson RJ, Hatchette TF, Head BM, Mejia E, Becker MG, Meyers A, Sandstrom P, Hatchette J, Block A, Smith N, Ross J, LeBlanc JJ. Generation of False-Positive SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Results with Testing Conditions outside Manufacturer Recommendations: A Scientific Approach to Pandemic Misinformation. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0068321. [PMID: 34668722 PMCID: PMC8528119 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00683-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-based rapid diagnostics tests (Ag-RDTs) are useful tools for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) detection. However, misleading demonstrations of the Abbott Panbio coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Ag-RDT on social media claimed that SARS-CoV-2 antigen could be detected in municipal water and food products. To offer a scientific rebuttal to pandemic misinformation and disinformation, this study explored the impact of using the Panbio SARS-CoV-2 assay with conditions falling outside manufacturer recommendations. Using Panbio, various water and food products, laboratory buffers, and SARS-CoV-2-negative clinical specimens were tested with and without manufacturer buffer. Additional experiments were conducted to assess the role of each Panbio buffer component (tricine, NaCl, pH, and Tween 20) as well as the impact of temperature (4°C, 20°C, and 45°C) and humidity (90%) on assay performance. Direct sample testing (without the kit buffer) resulted in false-positive signals resembling those obtained with SARS-CoV-2 positive controls tested under proper conditions. The likely explanation of these artifacts is nonspecific interactions between the SARS-CoV-2-specific conjugated and capture antibodies, as proteinase K treatment abrogated this phenomenon, and thermal shift assays showed pH-induced conformational changes under conditions promoting artifact formation. Omitting, altering, and reverse engineering the kit buffer all supported the importance of maintaining buffering capacity, ionic strength, and pH for accurate kit function. Interestingly, the Panbio assay could tolerate some extremes of temperature and humidity outside manufacturer claims. Our data support strict adherence to manufacturer instructions to avoid false-positive SARS-CoV-2 Ag-RDT reactions, otherwise resulting in anxiety, overuse of public health resources, and dissemination of misinformation. IMPORTANCE With the Panbio severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antigen test being deployed in over 120 countries worldwide, understanding conditions required for its ideal performance is critical. Recently on social media, this kit was shown to generate false positives when manufacturer recommendations were not followed. While erroneous results from improper use of a test may not be surprising to some health care professionals, understanding why false positives occur can help reduce the propagation of misinformation and provide a scientific rebuttal for these aberrant findings. This study demonstrated that the kit buffer's pH, ionic strength, and buffering capacity were critical components to ensure proper kit function and avoid generation of false-positive results. Typically, false positives arise from cross-reacting or interfering substances; however, this study demonstrated a mechanism where false positives were generated under conditions favoring nonspecific interactions between the two antibodies designed for SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection. Following the manufacturer instructions is critical for accurate test results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Patriquin
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health (NSH), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ross J. Davidson
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health (NSH), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Todd F. Hatchette
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health (NSH), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Breanne M. Head
- National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Edgard Mejia
- National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Michael G. Becker
- National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Adrienne Meyers
- National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Paul Sandstrom
- National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Ava Block
- Praxes Medical Group, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Nicole Smith
- Praxes Medical Group, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - John Ross
- Praxes Medical Group, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jason J. LeBlanc
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health (NSH), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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5
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Carol M, Guadalupe-Fernández V, Rius C, Soldevila N, Razquin E, Guix S, Dominguez A. A Waterborne Gastroenteritis Outbreak Caused by a GII Norovirus in a Holiday Camp in Catalonia (Spain), 2017. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091792. [PMID: 34578373 PMCID: PMC8473012 DOI: 10.3390/v13091792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
On 2 February 2017, Epidemiological Surveillance Services were notified of an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) among schoolchildren who had taken part of a school trip from 30 January to 3 February 2017 at a holiday camp in Catalonia. A retrospective cohort study was performed to identify the causative agent, estimate the magnitude of the outbreak and identify its source, as well as to determine the route of transmission. Data collected by standardised questionnaires identified 41 episodes of AGE among 174 individuals who attended the camp. Cases had mainly symptoms of abdominal pain (73.8%), nausea (64.3%), vomiting (54.8%), diarrhoea (45.2%) and headache (42.9%). Consumption of water was associated with gastroenteritis (crude RR: 1.72, 95%CI: 1.01–2.92; adjusted RR: 1.88, 95%CI 1.03–3.56). NoV GII was detected in faeces (5 out of 13) and water samples. Additionally, faecal indicator bacteria and protozoa were detected in water samples. The outbreak showed a high attack rate and was caused by a natural water fountain not properly treated and not monitored for safety quality. There could have been a discharge of wastewater at a point close to the fountain; however, the source of contamination of the water could not be identified. Health education may be useful to eliminate risks associated with the consumption of untreated water from natural fountains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mònica Carol
- Sub-Directorate General of Surveillance and Response to Public Health Emergencies, Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Generalitat of Catalonia, 08005 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Víctor Guadalupe-Fernández
- Sub-Directorate General of Surveillance and Response to Public Health Emergencies, Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Generalitat of Catalonia, 08005 Barcelona, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | - Cristina Rius
- Epidemiological Service of Public Health Agency of Barcelona (ASPB), 08023 Barcelona, Spain;
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Soldevila
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Medicine Department, University of Barcelona (UB), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (N.S.); (A.D.)
| | - Efrén Razquin
- Laboratory of Barcelona Public Health Agency (ASPB), 08001 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Susana Guix
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Section of Microbiology, Virology and Biotechnology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA), School of Biology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Angela Dominguez
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Medicine Department, University of Barcelona (UB), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (N.S.); (A.D.)
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Martínez AP, Pereson MJ, Pérez PS, Baeck MI, Mandó P, López Saubidet I, Di Lello FA. Prevalence of hepatitis E virus in children from Northeast of Argentina. J Med Virol 2021; 93:4015-4017. [PMID: 32639583 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in a young population from the Northeast region of Argentina. Four hundred and twelve patients under 18 years old, from rural areas of Chaco Province, were tested for anti-HEV immunoglobulin G (IgG) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Anti-HEV IgG antibodies were detected in 7 out of 412 patients, accounting for an overall 1.7% prevalence. HEV infection in developing countries is associated to lack of clean drinking water. Consequently, the seroprevalence observed in children in rural areas of Chaco, Argentina, where the access to tap water is less than 15%, was unexpectedly low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo P Martínez
- Virology Section, Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas Norberto Quirno "CEMIC", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Matías J Pereson
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriología y Virología Molecular (IBaViM), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula S Pérez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida (INBIRS)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Inés Baeck
- Internal Medicine Staff, Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas Norberto Quirno "CEMIC", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo Mandó
- Internal Medicine Staff, Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas Norberto Quirno "CEMIC", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ignacio López Saubidet
- Internal Medicine Staff, Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas Norberto Quirno "CEMIC", Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Fundación San Lucas de la Pastoral Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico A Di Lello
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriología y Virología Molecular (IBaViM), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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7
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Bonanno Ferraro G, Suffredini E, Mancini P, Veneri C, Iaconelli M, Bonadonna L, Montagna MT, De Giglio O, La Rosa G. Pepper Mild Mottle Virus as Indicator of Pollution: Assessment of Prevalence and Concentration in Different Water Environments in Italy. Food Environ Virol 2021; 13:117-125. [PMID: 33432501 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-020-09458-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), a plant pathogenic virus belonging to the family Virgoviridae, has been proposed as a potential viral indicator for human faecal pollution in aquatic environments. The present study investigated the occurrence, amount and diversity of PMMoV in water environments in Italy. A total of 254 water samples, collected between 2017 and 2019 from different types of water, were analysed. In detail, 92 raw sewage, 32 treated sewage, 16 river samples, 9 estuarine waters, 20 bathing waters, 67 groundwater samples and 18 drinking waters were tested. PMMoV was detected in 79% and 75% of untreated and treated sewage samples, respectively, 75% of river samples, 67% and 25% of estuarine and bathing waters and 13% of groundwater samples. No positive was detected in drinking water. The geometric mean of viral concentrations (genome copies/L) was ranked as follows: raw sewage (2.2 × 106) > treated sewage (2.9 × 105) > river waters (6.1 × 102) > estuarine waters (4.8 × 102) > bathing waters (8.5 × 101) > groundwater (5.9 × 101). A statistically significant variation of viral loads could be observed between raw and treated sewage and between these and all the other water matrices. PMMoV occurrence and viral loads did not display seasonal variation in raw sewage nor correlation with faecal indicator bacteria in marine waters and groundwater. This study represents the first report on the occurrence and quantification PMMoV in different water environments in Italy. Further studies are required to evaluate the suitability of PMMoV as a viral indicator for human faecal pollution and for viral pathogens in waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bonanno Ferraro
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - E Suffredini
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - P Mancini
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - C Veneri
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - M Iaconelli
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - L Bonadonna
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - M T Montagna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Hygiene, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - O De Giglio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Hygiene, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - G La Rosa
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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8
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Mi X, Albukhari SM, Heldt CL, Heiden PA. Virus and chlorine adsorption onto guanidine modified cellulose nanofibers using covalent and hydrogen bonding. Carbohydr Res 2020; 498:108153. [PMID: 32980718 PMCID: PMC7500341 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2020.108153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Unsafe drinking water leads to millions of human deaths each year, while contaminated wastewater discharges are a significant threat to aquatic life. To relieve the burden of unsafe water, we are in search of an inexpensive material that can adsorb pathogenic viruses from drinking water and adsorb toxic residual chlorine from wastewater. To impart virus and chlorine removal abilities to cellulosic materials, we modified the primary hydroxyl group with a positively charged guanidine group, to yield guanidine modified cellulose derivatives. Microcrystalline cellulose (MC) bearing covalently bonded guanidine hydrochloride (MC-GC) and hydrogen-bonded guanidine hydrochloride (MC-GH) were synthesized, and electrospun into nanofibers after blending with the non-ionogenic polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), to produce large pore sized, high surface area membranes. The MC-GC/PVA and MC-GH/PVA nanofibers were stabilized against water dissolution by crosslinking with glutaraldehyde vapor. The water-stable MC-GC/PVA mats were able to remove more than 4 logs of non-enveloped porcine parvovirus (PPV) and enveloped Sindbis virus and reached 58% of chlorine removal. The MC-GC/PVA nanofibers demonstrated better performance for pathogen removal and dechlorination than MC-GH/PVA nanofibers. This first study of MC-GC/PVA electrospun mats for virus removal shows they are highly effective and merit additional research for virus removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Mi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
| | - Soha M Albukhari
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA; Department of Chemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Caryn L Heldt
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA.
| | - Patricia A Heiden
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA.
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9
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Lee YJ, Kim JH, Choi BS, Choi JH, Jeong YI. Characterization of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Stability in Multiple Water Matrices. J Korean Med Sci 2020:35.e330. [PMID: 32924345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of the global pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) necessitates a thorough study of the stability and transmissibility in the environment. We characterized the stability of SARS-CoV-2 in three water matrices: fresh, tap, and seawater. The minimum infective dose of SARS-CoV-2 in Vero cells was confirmed to be 10³ PFU/mL. The stability of SARS-CoV-2 varied according to the water matrix: infective SARS-CoV-2 was undetectable after treatment with fresh water and seawater, but remained detectable for 2 days in tap water, when starting with an initial concentration of 10⁴ PFU/mL. When the starting concentration was increased to 10⁵ PFU/mL, a similar trend was observed. In addition, viral RNA persisted longer than infectious virus in all water matrices. This study was conducted in stagnant water containing a significantly high titer of virus, thus, human-to-human transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through the actual aquatic environment is expected to be rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jae Lee
- Division of Viral Disease Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Je Hyoung Kim
- Division of Viral Disease Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Byeong Sun Choi
- Division of Viral Disease Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Jang Hoon Choi
- Division of Viral Disease Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Young Il Jeong
- Division of Viral Disease Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea.
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10
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Siddiqui R, Khamis M, Ibrahim T, Khan NA. SARS-CoV-2: The Increasing Importance of Water Filtration against Highly Pathogenic Microbes. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:2482-2484. [PMID: 32790273 PMCID: PMC7433340 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of SARS-CoV-2 in human wastewater together with poor quality of public drinking water supplies in developing countries is of concern. Additionally, the frequent use of contaminated water for bathing, nasal irrigation, swimming, and ablution can be a risk factor in contracting infectious agents such as the brain-eating amoebae and possibly SARS-CoV-2. The use of appropriate tap water filters should be encouraged to remove pathogenic microbes, together with restrained nasal irrigation (not forcing water inside nostrils vigorously) during ritual ablution or bathing to avoid dangerous consequences for populations residing in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and
Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, and
Department of Chemical Engineering, College
of Engineering, American University of
Sharjah, University City, Sharjah 26666,
United Arab Emirates
| | - Mustafa Khamis
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and
Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, and
Department of Chemical Engineering, College
of Engineering, American University of
Sharjah, University City, Sharjah 26666,
United Arab Emirates
| | - Taleb Ibrahim
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and
Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, and
Department of Chemical Engineering, College
of Engineering, American University of
Sharjah, University City, Sharjah 26666,
United Arab Emirates
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and
Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, and
Department of Chemical Engineering, College
of Engineering, American University of
Sharjah, University City, Sharjah 26666,
United Arab Emirates
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11
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Tandukar S, Sherchan SP, Haramoto E. Reduction of Pathogenic and Indicator Viruses at a Drinking Water Treatment Plant in Southern Louisiana, USA. Food Environ Virol 2020; 12:269-273. [PMID: 32666473 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-020-09436-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Monthly sampling was conducted at a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) in Southern Louisiana, USA from March 2017 to February 2018 to determine the prevalence and reduction efficiency of pathogenic and indicator viruses. Water samples were collected from the DWTP at three different treatment stages (raw, secondary-treated, and chlorinated drinking water) and subjected to quantification of seven pathogenic viruses and three indicator viruses [pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), and crAssphage] based on quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Among the seven pathogenic viruses tested, only Aichi virus 1 (AiV-1) (7/12, 58%) and noroviruses of genogroup II (NoVs-GII) (2/12, 17%) were detected in the raw water samples. CrAssphage had the highest positive ratio at 78% (28/36), and its concentrations were significantly higher than those of the other indicator viruses for all three water types (P < 0.05). The reduction ratios of AiV-1 (0.7 ± 0.5 log10; n = 7) during the whole treatment process were the lowest among the tested viruses, followed by crAssphage (1.1 ± 1.9 log10; n = 9), TMV (1.3 ± 0.9 log10; n = 8), PMMoV (1.7 ± 0.8 log10; n = 12), and NoVs-GII (3.1 ± 0.1 log10; n = 2). Considering the high abundance and relatively low reduction, crAssphage was judged to be an appropriate process indicator during drinking water treatment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to assess the reduction of crAssphage and TMV during drinking water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmila Tandukar
- Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi, 400-8511, Japan
| | - Samendra P Sherchan
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Tulane University, 1440 Canal Street, Suite 2100, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Eiji Haramoto
- Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi, 400-8511, Japan.
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12
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Miagostovich MP, Rocha MS, Dos Reis FB, Sampaio MS, de Saldanha da Gama Gracie Carrijo R, Malta FC, Rodrigues J, Genuino A, Ribeiro da Silva Assis M, Fumian TM, Barrocas PRG. Gastroenteric Viruses Detection in a Drinking Water Distribution-to-Consumption System in a Low-Income Community in Rio de Janeiro. Food Environ Virol 2020; 12:130-136. [PMID: 32152895 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-020-09423-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The availability of drinking water is one of the main determinants of quality of life, disease prevention and the promotion of health. Viruses are important agents of waterborne diseases and have been described as important markers of human faecal contamination. This study aimed to investigate viruses' presence as an indicator of drinking water quality in low-income communities in the Manguinhos area, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Three hundred and four drinking water samples (2L/each) were collected along the drinking water distribution-to-consumption pathway in households, as well as healthcare and school units. Water samples were collected both directly from the water supply prior to distribution and after storage in tanks and filtration units. Using qPCR, viruses were detected 50 times in 45 water samples (15%), 19 of these being human adenovirus, 17 rotavirus A and 14 norovirus GII. Viral loads recovered ranged from 5E+10 to 8.7E+106 genome copies/Liter. Co-detection was observed in five household water samples and there was no difference regarding virus detection across sampling sites. Precarious and inadequate environmental conditions characterized by the lack of local infrastructure regarding basic sanitation and waste collection in the territory, as well as negligent hygiene habits, could explain viral detection in drinking water in regions with a water supply system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil.
| | - Mônica Simões Rocha
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil.
| | - Fabiane Bertoni Dos Reis
- Departamento de Saneamento e Saúde Ambiental, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sérgio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Santos Sampaio
- Departamento de Saneamento e Saúde Ambiental, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sérgio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil
| | | | - Fabio Correia Malta
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Janaína Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Amanda Genuino
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Matheus Ribeiro da Silva Assis
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Tulio Machado Fumian
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Paulo Rubens Guimarães Barrocas
- Departamento de Saneamento e Saúde Ambiental, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sérgio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil
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13
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Bortagaray V, Girardi V, Pou S, Lizasoain A, Tort LFL, Spilki FR, Colina R, Victoria M. Detection, Quantification, and Microbial Risk Assessment of Group A Rotavirus in Rivers from Uruguay. Food Environ Virol 2020; 12:89-98. [PMID: 31792742 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-019-09416-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to detect, quantify, and assess the risk of infection and illness for Group A Rotavirus (RVA) in the watersheds of the Santa Lucia and Uruguay rivers in Uruguay. Monthly sampling was carried out for one year in six sites in the watershed of the Santa Lucía River and four in the Uruguay River. All the collection sites are used for recreational activities. Viral concentration was performed with the adsorption-elution method, and detection and quantification of RVA was carried out by TaqMan quantitative PCR (qPCR). Quantitative microbial risk assessment was applied to estimate the daily and annual risk of RVA infection, as well as the daily risk of illness considering direct exposure through recreational activity. RVA was detected in 42% (20/48) of the analyzed samples in the Uruguay River and 40% (29/72) in the Santa Lucía River. The virus was present in all the analyzed points in both watersheds. A pattern of seasonality, characterized by a higher detection frequency of the virus during coldest month of the year, was observed in both basins. The mean concentration for RVA was 1.3 × 105 genomic copies/L. The microbiological risk assessment shows that Santa Lucía watershed presented the highest daily risk of infection (6.41E-01) and illness (3.20E-01) estimated for the point downstream of Florida City; meanwhile for Uruguay River, the highest probabilities of infection (6.82E-01) and illness (3.41E-01) were estimated for the collection site for drinking water intake in Salto city. These results suggest that RVA contamination of these important rivers negatively impact on their microbiological quality since they are used for recreation and drinking water intake, demonstrating that the disposal of waste from cities located in their riverside confers a constant threat of infection for the general population, especially for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Bortagaray
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Viviane Girardi
- Laboratório de Saúde Única, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil
| | - Sonia Pou
- Institute of Research in Health Sciences (INICSA), Faculty of Medical Sciences, CONICET and Biostatistics Unit, School of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical SciencesNational University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Andrés Lizasoain
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Luis Fernando López Tort
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Fernando R Spilki
- Laboratório de Saúde Única, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil
| | - Rodney Colina
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Matias Victoria
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay.
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jae Lee
- Division of Viral Disease Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Je Hyoung Kim
- Division of Viral Disease Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Byeong Sun Choi
- Division of Viral Disease Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Jang Hoon Choi
- Division of Viral Disease Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Young Il Jeong
- Division of Viral Disease Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea.
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15
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Torii S, Hashimoto T, Do AT, Furumai H, Katayama H. Repeated pressurization as a potential cause of deterioration in virus removal by aged reverse osmosis membrane used in households. Sci Total Environ 2019; 695:133814. [PMID: 31421339 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Reverse osmosis (RO) membrane is widely used for household water treatment in areas with limited access to safe drinking water; however, some studies documented deterioration in the quality of RO permeate. Repeated pressurization from intermittent operation in households is suspected to have an adverse effect on RO. This study aimed to evaluate virus removal by RO used in actual households as well as the water quality of permeate, and to elucidate the main cause of RO deterioration. We conducted a survey in households in Hanoi, Vietnam, to collect 27 membranes along with their usage history, where virus removal was investigated in laboratory. Of the used RO membranes, 22% did not show the protective level, >3 log10 (99.9%) virus removal, recommended by World Health Organization. The differences in virus removal among Aichi virus, MS2 and φX-174 were <0.5 log10. All membranes with estimated pressurization times of <4000 showed >3 log10 virus removal, while 17% of membranes used for <3years, the manufacturers' warranty period, did not achieve the criterion. Therefore, virus removal performance may not be assured even if the users replace the membrane following the warranty period. Furthermore, more pressurized membranes exhibited significantly lower virus removal than less pressurized ones, suggesting a major role of repeated pressurization in the deterioration of RO. Coliforms were detected from 44% of the permeate of the point-of-use devices applying RO (RO-POU), raising concerns on the extrinsic contamination and regrowth of bacteria. Consequently, RO in households may deteriorate more rapidly than the manufactures' expectation due to repeated pressurization. RO in households should be replaced based on not only membrane age but also total pressurized times (i.e., 4000 times) to keep the protective level of virus removal. The deteriorated bacterial quality in RO permeate suggested the need for installing post-treatment, such as UV irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Torii
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takashi Hashimoto
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - An Thuan Do
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environment, Thuy Loi University, 175 Tay Son, Dong Da, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Hiroaki Furumai
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Katayama
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Atabakhsh P, Kargar M, Doosti A. Molecular surveillance of human rotaviruses in drinking water and investigation of the efficiency of their removal in Isfahan water treatment plant. Environ Monit Assess 2019; 191:759. [PMID: 31741059 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7834-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Enteric viruses, especially human rotaviruses present in aquatic environments, are microbial criteria in quality assessment of water resources. The present research aimed to investigate molecular monitoring of human rotavirus and efficacy evaluation of Isfahan water treatment plant (WTP) in the elimination of viruses. In total, 60 water samples were collected from different units of WTP. Zeta plus electropositive Virosorb cartridge filter and elution buffer was used for concentrating water samples. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for detecting rotavirus antigen. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) with SYBR Green I fluorescent dye was performed for molecular detection of rotavirus. Multiplex nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used for rotavirus G genotyping. Total coliform count varies from 102-103 CFU/mL in the raw water resources. Rotavirus antigen was detected in 17 samples (28.33%) by ELISA, and 13 samples (21.67%) were found positive by RT-PCR. These included 41.18% (7 cases) of raw water influent, 29.41% (5 cases) after sedimentation, 23.52% (4 cases) after ozonation, and 5.88% (1 case) after filtration in ELISA method. The highest number of rotaviruses was detected by qRT-PCR in autumn (46.15% (6 cases)). The commonest circulating G type in the sampling points was the mixed types, which was identified in 6 samples (46.15%), followed by non-typeable (23.07%), G3 (15.38%), G1 (7.69%), and G8 (7.69%), respectively. Despite the presence of rotavirus in raw water, after clarification and ozonation, filtration and treated water did not show the presence of rotavirus. The results of this study showed that multi-stage treatment has a positive effect on virus removal in WTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paymaneh Atabakhsh
- Department of Microbiology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kargar
- Department of Microbiology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran.
| | - Abbas Doosti
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
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17
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Joshi MS, Lole KS, Barve US, Salve DS, Ganorkar NN, Chavan NA, Shinde MS, Gopalkrishna V. Investigation of a large waterborne acute gastroenteritis outbreak caused by group B rotavirus in Maharashtra state, India. J Med Virol 2019; 91:1877-1881. [PMID: 31276221 PMCID: PMC7167004 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
An acute gastroenteritis outbreak at Devli Karad village, Maharashtra, India with an attack rate of 22.6% affected mainly adolescent and adult population. The viral investigations conducted on fecal specimens of patients hospitalized indicated the presence of rotavirus B (RVB) using RNA polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The samples collected from the source of drinking water also showed the presence of the only RVB. Absence of other viral agents and identification of RVB of genotype G2 as the etiological agent of the acute gastroenteritis outbreak highlights, the necessity of monitoring RVB, the viral agent known for its large outbreak potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuri S. Joshi
- Enteric Viruses GroupICMR‐National Institute of VirologyPuneIndia
| | - Kavita S. Lole
- Hepatitis GroupICMR‐National Institute of VirologyPuneIndia
| | - Uday S. Barve
- District Surveillance Unit, Department of HealthIntegrated Disease Surveillance ProgramNashikMaharashtraIndia
| | - Dawal S. Salve
- District Surveillance Unit, Department of HealthIntegrated Disease Surveillance ProgramNashikMaharashtraIndia
| | | | - Nutan A. Chavan
- Enteric Viruses GroupICMR‐National Institute of VirologyPuneIndia
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18
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Abstract
In developing countries, the waterborne transmission of hepatitis E virus (HEV), caused by HEV genotypes 1 (HEV-1) and 2 (HEV-2), leads to the onset of large recurrent outbreaks. HEV infections are of particular concern among pregnant women, due to very high mortality rates (up to 70%). Unfortunately, good understanding of the factors that trigger the occurrence of HEV epidemics is currently lacking; therefore, anticipating the onset of an outbreak is yet not possible. In order to map the geographical regions at higher risk of HEV epidemics and the conditions most favorable for the transmission of the virus, we compiled a dataset of HEV waterborne outbreaks and used it to obtain models of geographical suitability for HEV across the planet. The main three variables that best predict the geographical distribution of HEV outbreaks at global scale are population density, annual potential evapotranspiration and precipitation seasonality. At a regional scale, the temporal occurrence of HEV outbreaks in the Ganges watershed is negatively correlated with the discharge of the river (r = -0.77). Combined, our findings suggest that ultimately, population density and water balance are main parameters influencing the occurrence of HEV-1 and HEV-2 outbreaks. This study expands the current understanding of the combination of factors shaping the biogeography and seasonality of waterborne viral pathogens such as HEV-1 and HEV-2, and contributes to developing novel concepts for the prediction and control of human waterborne viruses in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Carratalà
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory (LCE), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Stéphane Joost
- Laboratory of Geographic Information Systems (LASIG), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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19
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Masciopinto C, De Giglio O, Scrascia M, Fortunato F, La Rosa G, Suffredini E, Pazzani C, Prato R, Montagna MT. Human health risk assessment for the occurrence of enteric viruses in drinking water from wells: Role of flood runoff injections. Sci Total Environ 2019; 666:559-571. [PMID: 30807946 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrated that floods can induce severe microbiological contamination of drinking water from wells and suggest strategies to better address water safety plans for groundwater drinking supplies. Since 2002, the Italian Water Research Institute (IRSA) has detected hepatitis A virus, adenovirus, rotavirus, norovirus, and enterovirus in water samples from wells in the Salento peninsula, southern Italy. Perturbations in the ionic strength in water flow can initiate strong virus detachments from terra rossa sediments in karst fractures. This study therefore explored the potential health impacts of prolonged runoff injections in Salento groundwater caused by severe flooding during October 2018. A mathematical model for virus fate and transport in fractures was applied to determine the impact of floodwater injection on groundwater quality by incorporating mechanisms that affect virus attachment/detachment and survival in flowing water at microscale. This model predicted target concentrations of enteric viruses that can occur unexpectedly in wells at considerable distances (5-8 km) from the runoff injection site (sinkhole). Subsequently, the health impact of viruses in drinking water supplied from contaminated wells was estimated during the summer on the Salento coast. Specific unpublished dose-response model coefficients were proposed to determine the infection probabilities for Echo-11 and Polio 1 enteroviruses through ingestion. The median (50%) risk of infection was estimated at 6.3 · 10-3 with an uncertainty of 23%. The predicted burden of diseases was 4.89 disability adjusted life years per year, i.e., twice the maximum tolerable disease burden. The results highlight the requirement for additional water disinfection treatments in Salento prior to the distribution of drinking water. Moreover, monthly controls of enteric virus occurrence in water from wells should be imposed by a new water framework directive in semiarid regions because of the vulnerability of karst carbonate aquifers to prolonged floodwater injections and enteric virus contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costantino Masciopinto
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Ricerca Sulle Acque (IRSA), Reparto di Chimica e Tecnologia delle Acque, Bari, Italy.
| | - Osvalda De Giglio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Oncologia Umana, Università degli Studi Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Scrascia
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppina La Rosa
- Dipartimento Ambiente e Salute, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Suffredini
- Dipartimento di Sicurezza Alimentare, Nutrizione e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Carlo Pazzani
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Rosa Prato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Università di Foggia, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Montagna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Oncologia Umana, Università degli Studi Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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20
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Mohammed H, Seidu R. Climate-driven QMRA model for selected water supply systems in Norway accounting for raw water sources and treatment processes. Sci Total Environ 2019; 660:306-320. [PMID: 30640099 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Formulating effective management intervention measures for water supply systems requires investigation of potential long-term impacts. This study applies an integrated multiple regression, random forest regression, and quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) modelling approach to assess the effect of climate-driven precipitation on pathogen infection risks in three drinking water treatment plants (WTPs) in Norway. Pathogen removal efficacies of treatment steps were calculated using process models. The results indicate that while the WTPs investigated generally meet the current water safety guidelines, risks of Norovirus and Cryptosporidium infection may be of concern in the future. The pathogen infections attributable to current projections of average precipitation in the study locations may be low. However, the pathogen increases in the drinking water sources due to the occurrence of extreme precipitation events in the catchments could substantially increase the risks of pathogen infections. In addition, without optimal operation of the UV disinfection steps in the WTPs, both the present and potential future infection risks could be high. Therefore, the QMRA models demonstrated the need for improved optimization of key treatment steps in the WTPs, as well as implementation of stringent regulations in protecting raw water sources in the country. The variety of models applied and the pathogen: E. coli used in the study introduce some uncertainties in the results, thus, management decisions that will be based on the results should consider these limitations. Nevertheless, the integration of predictive models with QMRA as applied in this study could be a useful method for climate impact assessment in the water supply industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Mohammed
- Water and Environmental Engineering Group, Department of Civil Engineering, Institute for Marine Operations and Civil Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) in Ålesund, Larsgårdsvegen 2, 6009 Ålesund, Norway.
| | - Razak Seidu
- Water and Environmental Engineering Group, Department of Civil Engineering, Institute for Marine Operations and Civil Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) in Ålesund, Larsgårdsvegen 2, 6009 Ålesund, Norway
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21
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Canh VD, Kasuga I, Furumai H, Katayama H. Viability RT-qPCR Combined with Sodium Deoxycholate Pre-treatment for Selective Quantification of Infectious Viruses in Drinking Water Samples. Food Environ Virol 2019; 11:40-51. [PMID: 30680674 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-019-09368-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The presence of pathogenic viruses in drinking water is a major public health concern. Although viability RT-qPCR methods were developed to quantify infectious viruses, they may not always reflect viral infectivity, therefore leading to false-positive results. In this study, sodium deoxycholate (SD) pre-treatment was used to improve the efficiency of viability RT-qPCR methods with respect to exclusive quantification of infectious viruses. The ability of SD pre-treatment to enhance the penetration of three viability markers, namely, ethidium monoazide (EMA, 100 µM), propidium monoazide (PMA, 100 µM), and cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (CDDP, 1000 µM), into heat-treated (90 °C for 1 min) Aichi virus at various concentrations (0.01-0.5%) was evaluated. The optimal SD concentration was found to be 0.1% for all markers. EMA/PMA/CDDP-RT-qPCR with 0.1% SD pre-treatment was significantly more effective than without SD pre-treatment in determining AiV inactivation after heat (50, 60, 70, 80, or 90 °C for 1 min) or chlorine treatment (1 mgCl2/L for 1, 2, 5, or 10 min). Among the viability RT-qPCR methods tested, CDDP-RT-qPCR with SD pre-treatment (SD-CDDP-RT-qPCR) was the most effective in reflecting viral infectivity. Performance testing of SD-CDDP-RT-qPCR in concentrated drinking water samples did not reveal any significant effects of SD-CDDP treatment. Thus, SD-CDDP-RT-qPCR could be a useful tool for monitoring infectious virus presence in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Duc Canh
- Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Ikuro Kasuga
- Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Furumai
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Katayama
- Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
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22
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Miura T, Gima A, Akiba M. Detection of Norovirus and Rotavirus Present in Suspended and Dissolved Forms in Drinking Water Sources. Food Environ Virol 2019; 11:9-19. [PMID: 30560490 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-018-9361-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the present forms of genogroup II norovirus and group A rotavirus in surface water used for drinking water production. River water samples (N = 15) collected at a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) monthly from June 2017 to August 2018 were fractioned by filtration through 10- and 0.45-μm-pore-size membranes, and viruses present in suspended and dissolved forms were quantitatively detected. Norovirus GII was present in > 10-μm- and 0.45-10-μm-suspended and dissolved forms with detection rates of 33%, 60%, and 87%, respectively. Rotavirus A was detected more frequently than norovirus GII in each form (> 10 μm suspended, 73%; 0.45-10 μm suspended, 93%; dissolved, 100%). We also analyzed surface water samples from 21 DWTPs all over Japan in non-epidemic and epidemic seasons of gastroenteritis. Norovirus GII was detected in 48% and 81% of samples with the concentrations of up to 4.1 and 5.3 log10 copies/L in dissolved form in non-epidemic and epidemic seasons, respectively, and GII.4 Sydney 2012 was predominant genotype followed by GII.2. Rotavirus A was detected in 95% and 86% of samples with the maximum concentrations of 5.5 and 6.3 log10 copies/L in dissolved form in respective seasons. Concentration of norovirus GII was similar in 0.45-10-μm suspended and dissolved forms, while there was a significant difference for rotavirus A (P < 0.01, pared t test), indicating that rotavirus A was less associated with suspended solids in the surface water samples compared to norovirus GII. Our observations provide important implications for understanding of viral behavior in environmental waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Miura
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6 Minami, Wako, Saitama, 351-0197, Japan.
| | - Arisa Gima
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6 Minami, Wako, Saitama, 351-0197, Japan
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23
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Joshi YP, Kim JH, Kim H, Cheong HK. Impact of Drinking Water Quality on the Development of Enteroviral Diseases in Korea. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018; 15:ijerph15112551. [PMID: 30441791 PMCID: PMC6266091 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15112551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus diseases are fecal-orally transmitted, and its transmission may be closely related with the drinking water quality and other environmental factors. This study aimed to assess the association between environmental factors including drinking water quality and the incidence of enteroviral diseases in metropolitan provinces of Korea. Using monthly number of hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD), aseptic meningitis (AM) and acute hemorrhage conjunctivitis (AHC) cases, generalized linear Poisson model was applied to estimate the effects of environmental factors on the monthly cases. An increase of mean temperature was associated with an increase of enteroviral diseases at 0–2 months lag, while an increase of turbidity was associated with increase in HFMD at 1 month lag and a decrease in AHC. An increase of residual chlorine in municipal drinking water was associated with a decrease in HFMD and AHC 2 and 3 months later. An increase of pH was associated with a maximum increase in AM 3 months later. The meta-analysis revealed the effects of the provincial and pooled variation in percent change of risks of environmental factors on HFMD, AM, and AHC cases at specific selected lags. This study suggests that the drinking water quality is one of the major determinants on enteroviral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadav P Joshi
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea.
- Department of Public Health, Manmohan Memorial Institute of Health Sciences, Kathmandu 44613, Nepal.
- Asian College for Advance Studies, Lalitpur 44700, Nepal.
| | - Jong-Hun Kim
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea.
| | - Ho Kim
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, and Institute of Public Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Hae-Kwan Cheong
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea.
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24
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Egorov AI, Griffin SM, Ward HD, Reilly K, Fout GS, Wade TJ. Application of a salivary immunoassay in a prospective community study of waterborne infections. Water Res 2018; 142:289-300. [PMID: 29890477 PMCID: PMC6781621 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying sporadic waterborne infections in community settings can be challenging. Salivary antibody immunoassays are a promising non-invasive tool that can be used in prospective studies of common infections, especially those involving children. This study was conducted in a Massachusetts city, which uses a microbiologically contaminated river as its water source, during summer-early winter periods before and after construction of a new drinking water treatment plant. Monthly saliva samples (7480 samples from 1170 children and 816 adults) were analyzed for immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses to recombinant proteins of Cryptosporidium, one genogroup I (GI) and two GII noroviruses. Immunoconversion was defined as at least four-fold increase in specific antibody responses between two monthly samples with a post-conversion response above a flexible age-dependent cut-off. Episodes of gastroenteritis (diarrhea or vomiting or cramps) were associated with 3.2 (95% confidence limits 1.1; 9.5) adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of immunoconversion to Cryptosporidium; episodes of combined diarrhea and vomiting symptoms were associated with 3.5 (0.8; 15.0) and 4.6 (1.7; 12.6) aORs of an immunoconversion to GI and GII noroviruses, respectively. Swimming in natural water bodies or chlorinated pools was associated with 2.3 (0.4; 15.4) and 4.9 (1.6; 15.5) aORs of immunoconversion to Cryptosporidium, respectively. In a subset of study participants who did not use home water filters, consumption of at least some amount of non-boiled tap water reported in a monthly recall survey was associated with 11.1 (1.2; 100.0) and 0.6 (0.1; 2.5) aORs of immunoconversion to Cryptosporidium before and after the new water treatment plant construction, respectively. Among individuals who used home water filters, associations between non-boiled tap water consumption and Cryptosporidium immunoconversion were not significant before and after new plant construction with aORs of 0.8 (0.2; 3.3) and 0.3 (0.1; 1.6), respectively. The interaction effect of study phase and non-boiled tap water consumption on Cryptosporidium immunoconversions was statistically significant in the entire study population with aOR of 5.4 (1.1; 25.6). This was the first study that has used a salivary antibody immunoassay to demonstrate significant associations between gastrointestinal symptoms and Cryptosporidium and norovirus infections, and between water-related exposures and Cryptosporidium infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey I Egorov
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC, USA.
| | - Shannon M Griffin
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Honorine D Ward
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Dept. of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin Reilly
- EPA Region 1 (New England), United States Environmental Protection Agency, Boston, MA, USA
| | - G Shay Fout
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Timothy J Wade
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC, USA
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25
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King NJ, Hewitt J, Perchec-Merien AM. Hiding in Plain Sight? It's Time to Investigate Other Possible Transmission Routes for Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) in Developed Countries. Food Environ Virol 2018; 10:225-252. [PMID: 29623595 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-018-9342-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Historically in developed countries, reported hepatitis E cases were typically travellers returning from countries where hepatitis E virus (HEV) is endemic, but now there are increasing numbers of non-travel-related ("autochthonous") cases being reported. Data for HEV in New Zealand remain limited and the transmission routes unproven. We critically reviewed the scientific evidence supporting HEV transmission routes in other developed countries to inform how people in New Zealand may be exposed to this virus. A substantial body of indirect evidence shows domesticated pigs are a source of zoonotic human HEV infection, but there is an information bias towards this established reservoir. The increasing range of animals in which HEV has been detected makes it important to consider other possible animal reservoirs of HEV genotypes that can or could infect humans. Foodborne transmission of HEV from swine and deer products has been proven, and a large body of indirect evidence (e.g. food surveys, epidemiological studies and phylogenetic analyses) support pig products as vehicles of HEV infection. Scarce data from other foods suggest we are neglecting other potential sources of foodborne HEV infection. Moreover, other transmission routes are scarcely investigated in developed countries; the role of infected food handlers, person-to-person transmission via the faecal-oral route, and waterborne transmission from recreational contact or drinking untreated or inadequately treated water. People have become symptomatic after receiving transfusions of HEV-contaminated blood, but it is unclear how important this is in the overall hepatitis E disease burden. There is need for broader research efforts to support establishing risk-based controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J King
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, 34 Kenepuru Drive, Kenepuru, Porirua, 5022, New Zealand
| | - Joanne Hewitt
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, 34 Kenepuru Drive, Kenepuru, Porirua, 5022, New Zealand.
| | - Anne-Marie Perchec-Merien
- New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries, Pastoral House, 25 The Terrace, Wellington, New Zealand
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Marjanovic M, Giannakis S, Grandjean D, de Alencastro LF, Pulgarin C. Effect of μM Fe addition, mild heat and solar UV on sulfate radical-mediated inactivation of bacteria, viruses, and micropollutant degradation in water. Water Res 2018; 140:220-231. [PMID: 29715646 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, solar disinfection (SODIS) was enhanced by moderate addition of Fe and sodium peroxydisulfate (PDS), under solar light. A systematic assessment of the activating factors was performed, firstly isolated, then in pairs and concluded in the combined Fe/heat/solar UV-PDS activation process. Solar light was the most effective (single) activator, and its combination with Fe and heat (double activation) yielded high level of synergies (up to S = 2.13). The triple activation was able to reduce the bacterial load up to 6-log in less than 1 h, similarly to the photo-Fenton process done in comparison (SODIS alone: >5 h). Fe-oxides were suitable activators of PDS under the same conditions while the presence of organic matter enhanced bacterial inactivation by the triple activated PDS process. The degradation of a (selected) mixture of micropollutants (i.e. drugs, pesticides) was also achieved in similar order of magnitude, and faster than the photo-Fenton process. Finally, the removal of a viral pathogen indicator (MS2 bacteriophage) was attained at minute-range residence times. The aforementioned facts indicate the suitability of the mild, combined process, as a potential SODIS enhancement, producing safe drinking water for sunny and especially for developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miloch Marjanovic
- School of Basic Sciences (SB), Institute of Chemical Science and Engineering (ISIC), Group of Advanced Oxidation Processes (GPAO), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stefanos Giannakis
- School of Basic Sciences (SB), Institute of Chemical Science and Engineering (ISIC), Group of Advanced Oxidation Processes (GPAO), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Dominique Grandjean
- ENAC, IIE, Central Environmental Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luiz Felippe de Alencastro
- ENAC, IIE, Central Environmental Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cesar Pulgarin
- School of Basic Sciences (SB), Institute of Chemical Science and Engineering (ISIC), Group of Advanced Oxidation Processes (GPAO), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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27
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Gamazo P, Victoria M, Schijven JF, Alvareda E, Tort LFL, Ramos J, Burutaran L, Olivera M, Lizasoain A, Sapriza G, Castells M, Colina R. Evaluation of Bacterial Contamination as an Indicator of Viral Contamination in a Sedimentary Aquifer in Uruguay. Food Environ Virol 2018; 10:305-315. [PMID: 29564721 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-018-9341-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In Uruguay, groundwater is frequently used for agricultural activities, as well as for human consumption in urban and rural areas. As in many countries worldwide, drinking water microbiological quality is evaluated only according to bacteriological standards and virological analyses are not mentioned in the legislation. In this work, the incidence of human viral (Rotavirus A, Norovirus GII, and human Adenovirus) and bacterial (total and thermotolerant coliform and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) contamination in groundwater in the Salto district, Uruguay, as well as the possible correlation between these groups of microorganisms, was studied. From a total of 134 groundwater samples, 42 (32.1%) were positive for Rotavirus, only 1 (0.7%) for both Rotavirus and Adenovirus, and 96 (72.6%) samples were positive for bacterial indicators. Results also show that Rotavirus presence was not associated with changes in chemical composition of the aquifer water. Bacteriological indicators were not adequate to predict the presence of viruses in individual groundwater samples (well scale), but a deeper spatial-temporal analysis showed that they are promising candidates to assess the viral contamination degree at aquifer scale, since from the number of wells with bacterial contamination the number of wells with viral contamination could be estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gamazo
- Departamento del Agua (Water Department), CENUR LN (North Littoral Regional University Center), Universidad de la República, Gral. Rivera 1350, Salto, CP: 50.000, Uruguay
| | - M Victoria
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, (Molecular Virology Laboratory), CENUR LN (North Littoral Regional University Center), Universidad de la República, Gral. Rivera 1350, Salto, CP: 50.000, Uruguay
| | - J F Schijven
- Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Budapestlaan 4, P.O. Box 80021, 3508 TA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Statistics, Informatics and Modelling, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - E Alvareda
- Departamento del Agua (Water Department), CENUR LN (North Littoral Regional University Center), Universidad de la República, Gral. Rivera 1350, Salto, CP: 50.000, Uruguay
| | - L F L Tort
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, (Molecular Virology Laboratory), CENUR LN (North Littoral Regional University Center), Universidad de la República, Gral. Rivera 1350, Salto, CP: 50.000, Uruguay
| | - J Ramos
- Departamento del Agua (Water Department), CENUR LN (North Littoral Regional University Center), Universidad de la República, Gral. Rivera 1350, Salto, CP: 50.000, Uruguay
| | - L Burutaran
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, (Molecular Virology Laboratory), CENUR LN (North Littoral Regional University Center), Universidad de la República, Gral. Rivera 1350, Salto, CP: 50.000, Uruguay
| | - M Olivera
- Departamento del Agua (Water Department), CENUR LN (North Littoral Regional University Center), Universidad de la República, Gral. Rivera 1350, Salto, CP: 50.000, Uruguay
| | - A Lizasoain
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, (Molecular Virology Laboratory), CENUR LN (North Littoral Regional University Center), Universidad de la República, Gral. Rivera 1350, Salto, CP: 50.000, Uruguay
| | - G Sapriza
- Departamento del Agua (Water Department), CENUR LN (North Littoral Regional University Center), Universidad de la República, Gral. Rivera 1350, Salto, CP: 50.000, Uruguay
| | - M Castells
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, (Molecular Virology Laboratory), CENUR LN (North Littoral Regional University Center), Universidad de la República, Gral. Rivera 1350, Salto, CP: 50.000, Uruguay
| | - R Colina
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, (Molecular Virology Laboratory), CENUR LN (North Littoral Regional University Center), Universidad de la República, Gral. Rivera 1350, Salto, CP: 50.000, Uruguay.
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Zhang L, Li X, Wu R, Chen H, Liu J, Wang Z, Xing Y, Ishaq HM, Wang J, Yu P, Xu J, Ma C. A gastroenteritis outbreak associated with drinking water in a college in northwest China. J Water Health 2018; 16:508-515. [PMID: 30067234 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2018.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An acute gastroenteritis outbreak occurred at a private college in June 2014 in northwest China. This outbreak involved two teachers and 629 students (range: 17-27 years, average 21.3 years). The main symptoms included non-bloody watery diarrhea, stomach ache, nausea, and vomiting, and the duration of illness ranged from 1 to 7 days. Eight of 18 water samples were disqualified. Thirty-four norovirus (NoV) RNA-positive samples were identified from 48 stool-related samples (genotyping results: 13 GII, 13 GI and 8 GI + GII mixture). Fourteen NoV samples were successfully characterized for genotype, including two GII.6, five GI.6, four GI.3, and three GI.1. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and enteroadherent Escherichia coli (EAEC) DNA was detected from patient stool specimens and water samples from well one; two EAEC strains and one EPEC strain were isolated from patient stool specimens. The risk ratios (RRs) associated with wells one and two were 1.66 and 1.49, respectively, and the RR associated with living in north dormitory building one was 2.59. The patients' epidemiological characteristics, symptoms, and duration of illness indicated that NoV-contaminated water might be the origin of this outbreak, and RR analysis suggested that the two wells were linked to the outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Zhang
- Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710043, China; Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, No. 256, Youyi West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, China
| | - Xiu'E Li
- Xi'an No. 1 Hospital, No. 30, Fenxiang, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710002, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Xi'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 599, Xiying Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China E-mail:
| | - Hailong Chen
- Xi'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 599, Xiying Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China E-mail:
| | - Jifeng Liu
- Xi'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 599, Xiying Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China E-mail:
| | - Zengguo Wang
- Xi'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 599, Xiying Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China E-mail:
| | - Yuan Xing
- Xi'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 599, Xiying Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China E-mail:
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq
- Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710043, China
| | - Jingjun Wang
- Shaanxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 3, Jiandong Street, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
| | - Pengbo Yu
- Shaanxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 3, Jiandong Street, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
| | - Jiru Xu
- Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710043, China
| | - Chaofeng Ma
- Xi'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 599, Xiying Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China E-mail:
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29
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Christensen E, Myrmel M. Coagulant residues' influence on virus enumeration as shown in a study on virus removal using aluminium, zirconium and chitosan. J Water Health 2018; 16:600-613. [PMID: 30067241 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2018.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Research on microorganism reduction by physicochemical water treatment is often carried out under the assumption that the microbiological enumeration techniques are not affected by the presence of coagulants. Data presented here indicate that bacteriophage enumeration by plaque assay and RT-qPCR (reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction) can be affected by these water treatment chemicals. Treatment of water samples with an alkaline protein-rich solution prior to plaque assay and optimization of RNA extraction for RT-qPCR were implemented to minimize the interference. The improved procedures were used in order to investigate reduction of three viral pathogens and the MS2 model virus in the presence of three coagulants. A conventional aluminium coagulant was compared to alternative agents (zirconium and chitosan) in a coagulation-filtration system. The highest virus reduction, i.e., 99.9-99.99%, was provided by chitosan, while aluminium and zirconium reduced virus by 99.9% in colour-rich water and by 90% in water with less colour, implying an effect of coagulant type and raw water quality on virus reduction. Although charge characteristics of viruses were associated with virus reduction, the results reveal that the MS2 phage is a suitable model for aggregation and retention of the selected pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Christensen
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology - Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 8146, Dep. 0033 Oslo, Norway E-mail: ; Norconsult AS, P.O. Box 626, 1303 Sandvika, Norway
| | - Mette Myrmel
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology - Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 8146, Dep. 0033 Oslo, Norway E-mail:
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Blanco A, Guix S, Fuster N, Fuentes C, Bartolomé R, Cornejo T, Pintó RM, Bosch A. Norovirus in Bottled Water Associated with Gastroenteritis Outbreak, Spain, 2016. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:1531-1534. [PMID: 28820131 PMCID: PMC5572880 DOI: 10.3201/eid2309.161489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In April 2016, an outbreak of gastrointestinal illness (4,136 cases) occurred in Catalonia, Spain. We detected high levels of norovirus genotypes I and II in office water coolers associated with the outbreak. Infectious viral titer estimates were 33–49 genome copies/L for genotype I and 327–660 genome copies/L for genotype II.
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Kato R, Asami T, Utagawa E, Furumai H, Katayama H. Pepper mild mottle virus as a process indicator at drinking water treatment plants employing coagulation-sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, ozonation, and biological activated carbon treatments in Japan. Water Res 2018; 132:61-70. [PMID: 29306700 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
To assess the potential of pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) as a viral process indicator, its reduction through coagulation-sedimentation (CS) and rapid sand filtration (RSF) were compared with those of Escherichia coli, previously used viral indicators, and norovirus genotype II (NoV GII; enteric virus reference pathogen) in a bench-scale experiment. PMMoV log10 reductions in CS (1.96 ± 0.30) and RSF (0.26 ± 0.38) were similar to those of NoV GII (1.86 ± 0.61 and 0.28 ± 0.46). PMMoV, the most abundant viruses in the raw water, was also determined during CS, RSF, and advanced treatment processes at two full-scale drinking water treatment plants under strict turbidity management over a 13-month period. PMMoV was concentrated from large-volume water samples (10-614 L) and quantified by Taqman-based quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The PMMoV log10 reduction in CS (2.38 ± 0.74, n = 13 and 2.63 ± 0.76, n = 10 each for Plant A and B) and in ozonation (1.91 ± 1.18, n = 5, Plant A) greatly contributed to the overall log10 reduction. Our results suggest that PMMoV can act as a useful treatment process indicator of enteric viruses and can be used to monitor the log10 reduction of individual treatment processes at drinking water treatment plants due to its high and consistent copy numbers in source water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Kato
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Asami
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Etsuko Utagawa
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Furumai
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Katayama
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; Vietnam - Japan University, Luu Huu Phuoc Str., My Dinh I Ward, Nam Tu Liem Dist., Hanoi, Viet Nam.
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Varughese EA, Brinkman NE, Anneken EM, Cashdollar JL, Fout GS, Furlong ET, Kolpin DW, Glassmeyer ST, Keely SP. Estimating virus occurrence using Bayesian modeling in multiple drinking water systems of the United States. Sci Total Environ 2018; 619-620:1330-1339. [PMID: 29734610 PMCID: PMC6075686 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Drinking water treatment plants rely on purification of contaminated source waters to provide communities with potable water. One group of possible contaminants are enteric viruses. Measurement of viral quantities in environmental water systems are often performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or quantitative PCR (qPCR). However, true values may be underestimated due to challenges involved in a multi-step viral concentration process and due to PCR inhibition. In this study, water samples were concentrated from 25 drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) across the US to study the occurrence of enteric viruses in source water and removal after treatment. The five different types of viruses studied were adenovirus, norovirus GI, norovirus GII, enterovirus, and polyomavirus. Quantitative PCR was performed on all samples to determine presence or absence of these viruses in each sample. Ten DWTPs showed presence of one or more viruses in source water, with four DWTPs having treated drinking water testing positive. Furthermore, PCR inhibition was assessed for each sample using an exogenous amplification control, which indicated that all of the DWTP samples, including source and treated water samples, had some level of inhibition, confirming that inhibition plays an important role in PCR-based assessments of environmental samples. PCR inhibition measurements, viral recovery, and other assessments were incorporated into a Bayesian model to more accurately determine viral load in both source and treated water. Results of the Bayesian model indicated that viruses are present in source water and treated water. By using a Bayesian framework that incorporates inhibition, as well as many other parameters that affect viral detection, this study offers an approach for more accurately estimating the occurrence of viral pathogens in environmental waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice A Varughese
- USEPA, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States.
| | - Nichole E Brinkman
- USEPA, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States.
| | - Emily M Anneken
- USEPA, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States.
| | - Jennifer L Cashdollar
- USEPA, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States.
| | - G Shay Fout
- USEPA, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States.
| | - Edward T Furlong
- USGS, National Water Quality Laboratory, Denver Federal Center, Bldg 95, Denver, CO 80225, United States.
| | - Dana W Kolpin
- USGS, 400 S. Clinton St, Rm 269, Federal Building, Iowa City, IA 52240, United States.
| | - Susan T Glassmeyer
- USEPA, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States.
| | - Scott P Keely
- USEPA, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States.
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El-Senousy WM, Abdel-Moneim A, Abdel-Latif M, El-Hefnawy MH, Khalil RG. Coxsackievirus B4 as a Causative Agent of Diabetes Mellitus Type 1: Is There a Role of Inefficiently Treated Drinking Water and Sewage in Virus Spreading? Food Environ Virol 2018; 10:89-98. [PMID: 29022248 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-017-9322-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This study proposed to detect the enterovirus (EV) infection in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) and to assess the role of insufficiently treated water and sewage as sources of viral spreading. Three hundred and eighty-two serum specimens of children with T1D, one hundred serum specimens of children who did not suffer from T1D as control, and forty-eight water and sewage samples were screened for EV RNA using nested RT-PCR. The number of genome copies and infectious units of EVs in raw and treated sewage and water samples were investigated using real-time (RT)-PCR and plaque assay, respectively. T1D markers [Fasting blood glucose (FBG), HbA1c, and C-peptide], in addition to anti-Coxsackie A & B viruses (CVs A & B) IgG, were measured in control, T1D-negative EV (T1D-EV-), and T1D-positive EV (T1D-EV+) children specimens. The prevalence of EV genome was significantly higher in diabetic children (26.2%, 100 out of 382) than the control children (0%, 0 out of 100). FBG and HbA1c in T1D-EV- and T1D-EV+ children specimens were significantly higher than those in the control group, while c-peptide in T1D-EV- and T1D-EV+ children specimens was significantly lower than that in the control (n = 100; p < 0.001). Positivity of anti-CVs A & B IgG was 70.7, 6.7, and 22.9% in T1D-EV+, T1D-EV-, and control children specimens, respectively. The prevalence of EV genome in drinking water and treated sewage samples was 25 and 33.3%, respectively. The prevalence of EV infectious units in drinking water and treated sewage samples was 8.5 and 25%, respectively. Quantification assays were performed to assess the capabilities of both wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and water treatment plants (WTPs) to remove EV. The reduction of EV genome in Zenin WWTP ranged from 2 to 4 log10, while the reduction of EV infectious units ranged from 1 to 4 log10. The reduction of EV genome in El-Giza WTP ranged from 1 to 3 log10, while the reduction of EV infectious units ranged from 1 to 2 log10. This capability of reduction did not prevent the appearance of infectious EV in treated sewage and drinking water. Plaque purification was performed for isolation of separate EV isolates from treated and untreated water and sewage samples. Characterization of the EV amplicons by RT-PCR followed by sequencing of these isolates revealed high homology (97%) with human coxsackievirus B4 (CV B4) in 60% of the isolates, while the rest of the isolates belonged to poliovirus type 1 and type 2 vaccine strains. On the other hand, characterization of the EV amplicons by RT-PCR followed by sequencing for T1D-EV+ children specimens indicated that all samples contained CV B4 with the same sequence characterized in the environmental samples. CV B4-contaminated drinking water or treated sewage may play a role as a causative agent of T1D in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waled M El-Senousy
- Environmental Virology Lab, Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre (NRC), El Bohouth st., Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt.
| | - Adel Abdel-Moneim
- Molecular Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Abdel-Latif
- Immunology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Mohamed H El-Hefnawy
- Department of Pediatric, National Institute of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rehab G Khalil
- Immunology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
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Kauppinen A, Pitkänen T, Miettinen IT. Persistent Norovirus Contamination of Groundwater Supplies in Two Waterborne Outbreaks. Food Environ Virol 2018; 10:39-50. [PMID: 29022247 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-017-9320-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Microbiological contamination of groundwater supplies causes waterborne outbreaks worldwide. In this study, two waterborne outbreaks related to microbiological contamination of groundwater supplies are described. Analyses of pathogenic human enteric viruses (noroviruses and adenoviruses), fecal bacteria (Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp.), and indicator microbes (E. coli, coliform bacteria, intestinal enterococci, Clostridium perfringens, heterotrophic plate count, somatic and F-specific coliphages) were conducted in order to reveal the cause of the outbreaks and to examine the effectiveness of the implemented management measures. Moreover, the long-term persistence of noro- and adenovirus genomes was investigated. Noroviruses were detected in water samples from both outbreaks after the intrusion of wastewater into the drinking water sources. In the outbreak I, the removal efficiency of norovirus genome (3.0 log10 removal) in the sand filter of onsite wastewater treatment system (OWTS) and during the transport through the soil into the groundwater well was lower than the removal efficiencies of E. coli, coliform bacteria, intestinal enterococci, and spores of C. perfringens (6.2, 6.0, > 5.9, and > 4.8 log10 removals, respectively). In the outbreak II, cleaning of massively contaminated groundwater well and drinking water distribution network proved challenging, and noro- and adenovirus genomes were detected up to 3 months (108 days). The long-term persistence study showed that noro- and adenovirus genomes can remain detectable in the contaminated water samples up to 1277 and 1343 days, respectively. This study highlights the transport and survival properties of enteric viruses in the environment explaining their potency to cause waterborne outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Kauppinen
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Tarja Pitkänen
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ilkka T Miettinen
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
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Shirasaki N, Matsushita T, Matsui Y, Yamashita R. Evaluation of the suitability of a plant virus, pepper mild mottle virus, as a surrogate of human enteric viruses for assessment of the efficacy of coagulation-rapid sand filtration to remove those viruses. Water Res 2018; 129:460-469. [PMID: 29182907 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Here, we evaluated the removal of three representative human enteric viruses - adenovirus (AdV) type 40, coxsackievirus (CV) B5, and hepatitis A virus (HAV) IB - and one surrogate of human caliciviruses - murine norovirus (MNV) type 1 - by coagulation-rapid sand filtration, using water samples from eight water sources for drinking water treatment plants in Japan. The removal ratios of a plant virus (pepper mild mottle virus; PMMoV) and two bacteriophages (MS2 and φX174) were compared with the removal ratios of human enteric viruses to assess the suitability of PMMoV, MS2, and φX174 as surrogates for human enteric viruses. The removal ratios of AdV, CV, HAV, and MNV, evaluated via the real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, were 0.8-2.5-log10 when commercially available polyaluminum chloride (PACl, basicity 1.5) and virgin silica sand were used as the coagulant and filter medium, respectively. The type of coagulant affected the virus removal efficiency, but the age of silica sand used in the rapid sand filtration did not. Coagulation-rapid sand filtration with non-sulfated, high-basicity PACls (basicity 2.1 or 2.5) removed viruses more efficiently than the other aluminum-based coagulants. The removal ratios of MS2 were sometimes higher than those of the three human enteric viruses and MNV, whereas the removal ratios of φX174 tended to be smaller than those of the three human enteric viruses and MNV. In contrast, the removal ratios of PMMoV were similar to and strongly correlated with those of the three human enteric viruses and MNV. Thus, PMMoV appears to be a suitable surrogate for human enteric viruses for the assessment of the efficacy of coagulation-rapid sand filtration to remove viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Shirasaki
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo 060-8628 Japan.
| | - T Matsushita
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo 060-8628 Japan
| | - Y Matsui
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo 060-8628 Japan
| | - R Yamashita
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo 060-8628 Japan
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36
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Van Abel N, Mans J, Taylor MB. Quantitative microbial risk assessment to estimate the health risk from exposure to noroviruses in polluted surface water in South Africa. J Water Health 2017; 15:908-922. [PMID: 29215355 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2017.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the risks posed by noroviruses (NoVs) in surface water used for drinking, domestic, and recreational purposes in South Africa (SA), using a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) methodology that took a probabilistic approach coupling an exposure assessment with four dose-response models to account for uncertainty. Water samples from three rivers were found to be contaminated with NoV GI (80-1,900 gc/L) and GII (420-9,760 gc/L) leading to risk estimates that were lower for GI than GII. The volume of water consumed and the probabilities of infection were lower for domestic (2.91 × 10-8 to 5.19 × 10-1) than drinking water exposures (1.04 × 10-5 to 7.24 × 10-1). The annual probabilities of illness varied depending on the type of recreational water exposure with boating (3.91 × 10-6 to 5.43 × 10-1) and swimming (6.20 × 10-6 to 6.42 × 10-1) being slightly greater than playing next to/in the river (5.30 × 10-7 to 5.48 × 10-1). The QMRA was sensitive to the choice of dose-response model. The risk of NoV infection or illness from contaminated surface water is extremely high in SA, especially for lower socioeconomic individuals, but is similar to reported risks from limited international studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Van Abel
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, 0007 Arcadia, Pretoria, South Africa E-mail:
| | - Janet Mans
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, 0007 Arcadia, Pretoria, South Africa E-mail:
| | - Maureen B Taylor
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, 0007 Arcadia, Pretoria, South Africa E-mail:
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Christensen E, Nilsen V, Håkonsen T, Heistad A, Gantzer C, Robertson LJ, Myrmel M. Removal of model viruses, E. coli and Cryptosporidium oocysts from surface water by zirconium and chitosan coagulants. J Water Health 2017; 15:695-705. [PMID: 29040073 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2017.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present work evaluates the effect of contact filtration, preceded by coagulation with zirconium (Zr) and chitosan coagulants, on model microorganisms and waterborne pathogens. River water intended for potable water production was spiked with MS2 and Salmonella Typhimurium 28B bacteriophages, Escherichia coli, and Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts prior to coagulation. The hygienic performance demonstrated by Zr comprised 3.0-4.0 log10 removal of viruses and 5.0-6.0 log10 removal of E. coli and C. parvum oocysts. Treatment with chitosan resulted in a removal of 2.5-3.0 log10 of viruses and parasites, and 4.5-5.0 log10 of bacteria. A reference coagulant, polyaluminium chloride (PACl), gave a 2.5-3.0 log10 removal of viruses and 4.5 log10 of E. coli. These results indicate that both Zr and chitosan enable adequate removal of microorganisms from surface water. The present study also attempts to assess removal rates of the selected microorganisms with regard to their size and surface properties. The isoelectric point of the Salmonella Typhimurium 28B bacteriophage is reported for the first time. The retention of the selected microorganisms in the filter bed appeared to have some correlation with their size, but the effect of the charge remained unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Christensen
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology - Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 8146, Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway E-mail: ; Norconsult AS, PO Box 626, 1303 Sandvika, Norway
| | - Vegard Nilsen
- Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Aas, Norway
| | - Tor Håkonsen
- Norconsult AS, PO Box 626, 1303 Sandvika, Norway
| | - Arve Heistad
- Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Aas, Norway
| | - Christophe Gantzer
- Laboratoire de Chimie, Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), Université de Lorraine, UMR 7564, Faculté de Pharmacie, Nancy F-54000, France and CNRS, LCPME, UMR 7564, Nancy F-54000, France
| | - Lucy J Robertson
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology - Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 8146, Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway E-mail:
| | - Mette Myrmel
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology - Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 8146, Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway E-mail:
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Villamizar-Gallardo RA, Osma JF, Ortíz OO. New technique for direct fluoroimmunomagnetic detection of rotavirus in water samples. J Water Health 2017; 15:932-941. [PMID: 29215357 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2017.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A new rapid, sensitive and selective method for rotavirus detection in water samples is described in this paper. Amino pink magnetic microparticles were functionalized with monoclonal antibodies and used to capture, concentrate, separate and detect infectious rotavirus particles in distilled and drinking water samples. The fluorescence of the microparticles was used to determine the presumptive presence of rotaviruses by using confocal microscopy. Atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were used to confirm the presence of the anti-rotavirus antibodies attached to the surface of the magnetic microparticles as well as that of viruses attached through the antibody. In addition, RNA extraction, quantification and amplification were carried out to validate the microscopic observations. The selectivity of the microparticles was tested in a sample containing a mix of enteric viruses. It was concluded that functionalizing fluoromagnetic microparticles with anti-rotavirus monoclonal antibodies constituted a fast, simple and reliable technique for detecting as low as 10 Rotavirus particles in 1 L of artificial or real water in just 2 hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel A Villamizar-Gallardo
- Department of Microbiology, Universidad de Pamplona, Km 1 via Bucaramanga Edificio Simón Bolívar 2do. Piso, Pamplona, Norte de Santander 0975, Colombia E-mail:
| | - Johann F Osma
- CMUA, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota,Colombia
| | - Oscar Orlando Ortíz
- Departmento of Industrial Engineering, Universidad de Pamplona, Pamplona, Colombia
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van Exel E, Koopman JJE, van Bodegom D, Meij JJ, de Knijff P, Ziem JB, Finch CE, Westendorp RGJ. Effect of APOE ε4 allele on survival and fertility in an adverse environment. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179497. [PMID: 28683096 PMCID: PMC5500260 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The apolipoprotein-ε4 allele (APOE-ε4) is strongly associated with detrimental outcomes in affluent populations including atherosclerotic disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and reduced lifespan. Despite these detrimental outcomes, population frequencies of APOE-ε4 are high. We hypothesize that the high frequency of APOE-ε4 was maintained because of beneficial effects during evolution when infectious pathogens were more prevalent and a major cause of mortality. We examined a rural Ghanaian population with a high pathogen exposure for selective advantages of APOE-ε4, to survival and or fertility. Methods and findings This rural Ghanaian population (n = 4311) has high levels of mortality from widespread infectious diseases which are the main cause of death. We examined whether APOE-ε4 was associated with survival (total follow-up time was 30,262 years) and fertility after stratifying by exposure to high or low pathogen levels. Households drawing water from open wells and rivers were classified as exposed to high pathogen levels while low pathogen exposure was classified as those drawing water from borehole wells. We found a non-significant, but positive survival benefit, i.e. the hazard ratio per APOE-ε4 allele was 0.80 (95% confidence interval: 0.69 to 1.05), adjusted for sex, tribe, and socioeconomic status. Among women aged 40 years and older (n = 842), APOE-ε4 was not associated with the lifetime number of children. However, APOE-ε4 was associated with higher fertility in women exposed to high pathogen levels. Compared with women not carrying an APOE-ε4 allele, those carrying one APOE-ε4 allele had on average one more child and those carrying two APOE-ε4 alleles had 3.5 more children (p = 0.018). Conclusions Contrary to affluent modern-day populations, APOE-ε4 did not carry a survival disadvantage in this rural Ghanaian population. Moreover, APOE-ε4 promotes fertility in highly infectious environments. Our findings suggest that APOE-ε4 may be considered as evolutionarily adaptive. Its adverse associations in affluent modern populations with later onset diseases of aging further characterize APOE-ε4 as an example of antagonistic pleiotropy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric van Exel
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center/GGZinGeest, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Jacob J. E. Koopman
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - David van Bodegom
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Leyden Academy on Vitality and Ageing, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes J. Meij
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne Academic Center of Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter de Knijff
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Juventus B. Ziem
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Caleb E. Finch
- Davis School of Gerontology and Dornsife College, Dept Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Rudi G. J. Westendorp
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Leyden Academy on Vitality and Ageing, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Public Health, and Center for Healthy Ageing, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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40
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Chaudhry RM, Hamilton KA, Haas CN, Nelson KL. Drivers of Microbial Risk for Direct Potable Reuse and de Facto Reuse Treatment Schemes: The Impacts of Source Water Quality and Blending. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2017; 14:E635. [PMID: 28608808 PMCID: PMC5486321 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14060635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although reclaimed water for potable applications has many potential benefits, it poses concerns for chemical and microbial risks to consumers. We present a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) Monte Carlo framework to compare a de facto water reuse scenario (treated wastewater-impacted surface water) with four hypothetical Direct Potable Reuse (DPR) scenarios for Norovirus, Cryptosporidium, and Salmonella. Consumer microbial risks of surface source water quality (impacted by 0-100% treated wastewater effluent) were assessed. Additionally, we assessed risks for different blending ratios (0-100% surface water blended into advanced-treated DPR water) when source surface water consisted of 50% wastewater effluent. De facto reuse risks exceeded the yearly 10-4 infections risk benchmark while all modeled DPR risks were significantly lower. Contamination with 1% or more wastewater effluent in the source water, and blending 1% or more wastewater-impacted surface water into the advanced-treated DPR water drove the risk closer to the 10-4 benchmark. We demonstrate that de facto reuse by itself, or as an input into DPR, drives microbial risks more so than the advanced-treated DPR water. When applied using location-specific inputs, this framework can contribute to project design and public awareness campaigns to build legitimacy for DPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia M Chaudhry
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
- Engineering Research Center for Re-Inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), Berkeley, CA 94720-1710, USA.
| | - Kerry A Hamilton
- Drexel University Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Charles N Haas
- Drexel University Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Kara L Nelson
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
- Engineering Research Center for Re-Inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), Berkeley, CA 94720-1710, USA.
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Bylund J, Toljander J, Lysén M, Rasti N, Engqvist J, Simonsson M. Measuring sporadic gastrointestinal illness associated with drinking water - an overview of methodologies. J Water Health 2017; 15:321-340. [PMID: 28598337 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2017.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing awareness that drinking water contributes to sporadic gastrointestinal illness (GI) in high income countries of the northern hemisphere. A literature search was conducted in order to review: (1) methods used for investigating the effects of public drinking water on GI; (2) evidence of possible dose-response relationship between sporadic GI and drinking water consumption; and (3) association between sporadic GI and factors affecting drinking water quality. Seventy-four articles were selected, key findings and information gaps were identified. In-home intervention studies have only been conducted in areas using surface water sources and intervention studies in communities supplied by ground water are therefore needed. Community-wide intervention studies may constitute a cost-effective alternative to in-home intervention studies. Proxy data that correlate with GI in the community can be used for detecting changes in the incidence of GI. Proxy data can, however, not be used for measuring the prevalence of illness. Local conditions affecting water safety may vary greatly, making direct comparisons between studies difficult unless sufficient knowledge about these conditions is acquired. Drinking water in high-income countries contributes to endemic levels of GI and there are public health benefits for further improvements of drinking water safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Bylund
- National Food Agency, Box 622, Uppsala SE-751 26, Sweden E-mail:
| | - Jonas Toljander
- National Food Agency, Box 622, Uppsala SE-751 26, Sweden E-mail:
| | - Maria Lysén
- National Food Agency, Box 622, Uppsala SE-751 26, Sweden E-mail:
| | - Niloofar Rasti
- National Food Agency, Box 622, Uppsala SE-751 26, Sweden E-mail:
| | - Jannes Engqvist
- National Food Agency, Box 622, Uppsala SE-751 26, Sweden E-mail:
| | - Magnus Simonsson
- National Food Agency, Box 622, Uppsala SE-751 26, Sweden E-mail:
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Iaconelli M, Muscillo M, Della Libera S, Fratini M, Meucci L, De Ceglia M, Giacosa D, La Rosa G. One-year Surveillance of Human Enteric Viruses in Raw and Treated Wastewaters, Downstream River Waters, and Drinking Waters. Food Environ Virol 2017; 9:79-88. [PMID: 27682315 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-016-9263-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Human enteric viruses are a major cause of waterborne diseases, and can be transmitted by contaminated water of all kinds, including drinking and recreational water. The objectives of the present study were to assess the occurrence of enteric viruses (enterovirus, norovirus, adenovirus, hepatitis A and E virus) in raw and treated wastewaters, in rivers receiving wastewater discharges, and in drinking waters. Wastewater treatment plants' (WWTP) pathogen removal efficiencies by adenovirus quantitative real-time PCR and the presence of infectious enterovirus, by cell culture assays, in treated wastewaters and in surface waters were also evaluated. A total of 90 water samples were collected: raw and treated wastewaters (treated effluents and ultrafiltered water reused for industrial purposes), water from two rivers receiving treated discharges, and drinking water. Nested PCR assays were used for the identification of viral DNA/RNA, followed by direct amplicon sequencing. All raw sewage samples (21/21), 61.9 % of treated wastewater samples (13/21), and 25 % of ultrafiltered water samples (3/12) were contaminated with at least one viral family. Multiple virus families and genera were frequently detected. Mean positive PCRs per sample decreased significantly from raw to treated sewage and to ultrafiltered waters. Moreover, quantitative adenovirus data showed a reduction in excess of 99 % in viral genome copies following wastewater treatment. In surface waters, 78.6 % (22/28) of samples tested positive for one or more viruses by molecular methods, but enterovirus-specific infectivity assays did not reveal infectious particles in these samples. All drinking water samples tested negative for all viruses, demonstrating the effectiveness of treatment in removing viral pathogens from drinking water. Integrated strategies to manage water from all sources are crucial to ensure water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Iaconelli
- Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - M Muscillo
- Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - S Della Libera
- Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - M Fratini
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - L Meucci
- Centro Ricerche SMAT, Società Metropolitana Acque Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - M De Ceglia
- Centro Ricerche SMAT, Società Metropolitana Acque Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - D Giacosa
- Centro Ricerche SMAT, Società Metropolitana Acque Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - G La Rosa
- Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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Van Abel N, Schoen ME, Kissel JC, Meschke JS. Comparison of Risk Predicted by Multiple Norovirus Dose-Response Models and Implications for Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment. Risk Anal 2017; 37:245-264. [PMID: 27285380 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The application of quantitative microbial risk assessments (QMRAs) to understand and mitigate risks associated with norovirus is increasingly common as there is a high frequency of outbreaks worldwide. A key component of QMRA is the dose-response analysis, which is the mathematical characterization of the association between dose and outcome. For Norovirus, multiple dose-response models are available that assume either a disaggregated or an aggregated intake dose. This work reviewed the dose-response models currently used in QMRA, and compared predicted risks from waterborne exposures (recreational and drinking) using all available dose-response models. The results found that the majority of published QMRAs of norovirus use the 1 F1 hypergeometric dose-response model with α = 0.04, β = 0.055. This dose-response model predicted relatively high risk estimates compared to other dose-response models for doses in the range of 1-1,000 genomic equivalent copies. The difference in predicted risk among dose-response models was largest for small doses, which has implications for drinking water QMRAs where the concentration of norovirus is low. Based on the review, a set of best practices was proposed to encourage the careful consideration and reporting of important assumptions in the selection and use of dose-response models in QMRA of norovirus. Finally, in the absence of one best norovirus dose-response model, multiple models should be used to provide a range of predicted outcomes for probability of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Van Abel
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mary E Schoen
- Soller Environmental, Berkeley, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - John C Kissel
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - J Scott Meschke
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Ahmad T, Arshad N, Adnan F, Sadaf Zaidi NUS, Shahid MT, Zahoor U, Afzal MS, Anjum S. Prevalence of rotavirus, adenovirus, hepatitis A virus and enterovirus in water samples collected from different region of Peshawar, Pakistan. Ann Agric Environ Med 2016; 23:576-580. [PMID: 28030926 DOI: 10.5604/12321966.1226849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Viral gastroenteritis and other water-borne diseases are the most neglected areas of research in Pakistan. To determine the quality of water, 4 enteric viruses were studied from different localities of Peshawar, Pakistan. The study validates the viral detection method for Rotavirus (RV), Human adenovirus (HAdV), Enterovirus (EV) and Hepatitis A virus (HAV), directly from water sources of rural areas of Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan. Overall, 95 five water samples were tested; among them, 9.47% were positive for RV, 38.94% for HAdV, 48.42% for EV and 12.63% for HAV. The presence of these viruses in water was directly correlated with meteorological data. High prevalence of EV and HAdV was detected frequently in the wet season from May - September, which can be the potential cause of spreading of gastroenteritis in the population. Environmental surveillance is an additional tool to evaluate the epidemiology of enteric viruses circulating in a given community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Ahmad
- Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan; National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Najma Arshad
- Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fazal Adnan
- National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Usman Zahoor
- Comsat Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad S Afzal
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, Pakistan
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Blaschke AP, Derx J, Zessner M, Kirnbauer R, Kavka G, Strelec H, Farnleitner AH, Pang L. Setback distances between small biological wastewater treatment systems and drinking water wells against virus contamination in alluvial aquifers. Sci Total Environ 2016; 573:278-289. [PMID: 27570196 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of groundwater by pathogenic viruses from small biological wastewater treatment system discharges in remote areas is a major concern. To protect drinking water wells against virus contamination, safe setback distances are required between wastewater disposal fields and water supply wells. In this study, setback distances are calculated for alluvial sand and gravel aquifers for different vadose zone and aquifer thicknesses and horizontal groundwater gradients. This study applies to individual households and small settlements (1-20 persons) in decentralized locations without access to receiving surface waters but with the legal obligation of biological wastewater treatment. The calculations are based on Monte Carlo simulations using an analytical model that couples vertical unsaturated and horizontal saturated flow with virus transport. Hydraulic conductivities and water retention curves were selected from reported distribution functions depending on the type of subsurface media. The enteric virus concentration in effluent discharge was calculated based on reported ranges of enteric virus concentration in faeces, virus infectivity, suspension factor, and virus reduction by mechanical-biological wastewater treatment. To meet the risk target of <10-4infections/person/year, a 12 log10 reduction was required, using a linear dose-response relationship for the total amount of enteric viruses, at very low exposure concentrations. The results of this study suggest that the horizontal setback distances vary widely ranging 39 to 144m in sand aquifers, 66-289m in gravel aquifers and 1-2.5km in coarse gravel aquifers. It also varies for the same aquifers, depending on the thickness of the vadose zones and the groundwater gradient. For vulnerable fast-flow alluvial aquifers like coarse gravels, the calculated setback distances were too large to achieve practically. Therefore, for this category of aquifer, a high level of treatment is recommended before the effluent is discharged to the ground surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Blaschke
- TU Wien, Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, E222/2, Karlsplatz 13, A-1040 Vienna, Austria; Interuniversity Cooperation Centre for Water and Health (ICC Water & Health), www.waterandhealth.at; Centre for Water Resource Systems, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria.
| | - J Derx
- TU Wien, Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, E222/2, Karlsplatz 13, A-1040 Vienna, Austria; Interuniversity Cooperation Centre for Water and Health (ICC Water & Health), www.waterandhealth.at; Centre for Water Resource Systems, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria.
| | - M Zessner
- Centre for Water Resource Systems, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Water Quality, Resources and Waste Management, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - G Kavka
- Austrian Federal Agency for Water Management, Petzenkirchen, Austria
| | - H Strelec
- TU Wien, Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, E222/2, Karlsplatz 13, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - A H Farnleitner
- Interuniversity Cooperation Centre for Water and Health (ICC Water & Health), www.waterandhealth.at; Centre for Water Resource Systems, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria; TU Wien, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Technology, Research Group Environmental Microbiology and Microbial Diagnostics, Gumpendorferstraße 1a, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - L Pang
- Institute of Environmental Science & Research Ltd., P.O. Box 29181, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Sangsanont J, The Dan D, Thi Viet Nga T, Katayama H, Furumai H. Detection of pepper mild mottle virus as an indicator for drinking water quality in Hanoi, Vietnam, in large volume of water after household treatment. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 2016; 51:1100-1106. [PMID: 27419274 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2016.1199650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to examine the removal of bacteria and viruses by household point-of-use (POU) treatments and to apply a previously developed large-volume virus concentration method (∼20 L). First, the removal of microbes by household POU treatment was investigated in the laboratory. Second, the prevalence of viruses in drinking water sources for households and the removal efficiency of microbes by POU treatments in two suburban communities in Hanoi, Vietnam, were investigated. Indigenous pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) was used as the main target together with adenovirus, Aichi virus, enterovirus, F-specific bacteriophage genogroup 1, and Escherichia coli to investigate the removal efficiency of household treatments. The results from laboratory and field survey were compared. From the laboratory study, ceramic membranes were not effective for removing viruses and bacteria from water; pathogen reduction was less than 1.5 log10. By contrast, reverse osmosis (RO) devices reduced microbes by 3 to > 5 log10. In a field study, PMMoV was found to be the most prevalent waterborne virus. Household sand filtration was ineffective for removing E. coli, total coliforms and PMMoV; the reduction was less than 1 order of magnitude. Boiling the water and then filtering it with a ceramic membrane reduced E. coli by 3 orders of magnitude, but this was not effective for removing PMMoV. RO filtration was one of the promising methods for removing E. coli, total coliforms and PMMoV to below their detection limits in most of the samples studied. The removal of E. coli, total coliforms and PMMoV was >2.3, >4 and >3 log10, respectively. The laboratory results of virus removal efficiency by POU devices agreed with the field study. Due to the prevalence and characteristics of PMMoV, it is a strong candidate for an indigenous indicator to investigate the viral removal efficiency of household POU treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatuwat Sangsanont
- a Graduate Program in Sustainability Science-Global Leadership Initiative , Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Chiba , Japan
| | - Dang The Dan
- b Department of Urban Engineering , The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Tran Thi Viet Nga
- c Department of Environmental Engineering , National University of Civil Engineering (NUCE) , Hanoi , Vietnam
| | - Hiroyuki Katayama
- b Department of Urban Engineering , The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Hiroaki Furumai
- d Research Center for Water Environment Technology , The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
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Hasan G, Assiri A, Marzuuk N, Daef E, Abdelwahab S, Ahmed A, Mohamad I, Al-Eyadhy A, Alhaboob A, Temsah MH. Incidence and characteristics of hepatitis E virus infection in children in Assiut, Upper Egypt. J Int Med Res 2016; 44:1115-1122. [PMID: 27688687 PMCID: PMC5536550 DOI: 10.1177/0300060516659575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To describe the characteristics of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in a cohort of children from Upper Egypt using data from a large multicentre prospective study of acute viral hepatitis (AVH). Methods Data from subjects aged 2-18 years with AVH or close contacts of those with AVH found to have asymptomatic AVH were included in the analysis. Information concerning medical history, clinical examination, liver function tests and screening for hepatotropic viruses was recorded and analysed. Results A total of 123 patients (73 boys, 50 girls) were included in the analysis. Of these, 33 (26.8%) had HEV infection, 17 (13.8%) had hepatitis A virus infection, 10 (8.1%) had hepatitis B virus infection, 14 (11.4%) had cytomegalovirus hepatitis, five (4.1%) had autoimmune hepatitis, 11 (8.9%) had hepatitis due to mixed viral infections and 33 (26.8%) had non A-E hepatitis. Overall, 38 (30.9%) had infection with HEV. HEV infection was significantly higher among those using underground wells as a water source compared with tap water. Liver enzymes were significantly raised in patients with non-HEV infection compared with those with HEV infection. Conclusions HEV is a significant cause of AVH among children in Upper Egypt. Contamination of drinking water appears to be a major source of infection. Screening for HEV should be considered in all Egyptian children with AVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal Hasan
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
- Department of Paediatrics, King Khaled University Hospital and College of Medicine, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
- Gamal Hasan, Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Paediatrics, King Khaled University Hospital and College of Medicine, King Saud University, PO Box 7805 (37), Riyadh 11472, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Asaad Assiri
- Prince Abdullah Bin Khaled Coeliac Disease Research Chair, Department of Paediatrics, King Khaled University Hospital and College of Medicine, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naglaa Marzuuk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Assiut Police Hospital, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Enas Daef
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Sayed Abdelwahab
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ahmed
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Ismail Mohamad
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ayman Al-Eyadhy
- Department of Paediatrics, King Khaled University Hospital and College of Medicine, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Alhaboob
- Department of Paediatrics, King Khaled University Hospital and College of Medicine, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamad-Hani Temsah
- Department of Paediatrics, King Khaled University Hospital and College of Medicine, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
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Asami T, Katayama H, Torrey JR, Visvanathan C, Furumai H. Evaluation of virus removal efficiency of coagulation-sedimentation and rapid sand filtration processes in a drinking water treatment plant in Bangkok, Thailand. Water Res 2016; 101:84-94. [PMID: 27258619 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In order to properly assess and manage the risk of infection by enteric viruses in tap water, virus removal efficiency should be evaluated quantitatively for individual processes in actual drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs); however, there have been only a few studies due to technical difficulties in quantifying low virus concentration in water samples. In this study, the removal efficiency of indigenous viruses was evaluated for coagulation-sedimentation (CS) and rapid sand filtration (RSF) processes in a DWTP in Bangkok, Thailand by measuring the concentration of viruses before and after treatment processes using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Water samples were collected and concentrated from raw source water, after CS, and after RSF, and inhibitory substances in water samples were reduced by use of a hydrophobic resin (DAX-8). Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) and JC polyomavirus (JC PyV) were found to be highly prevalent in raw waters, with concentrations of 10(2.88 ± 0.35) and 10(3.06 ± 0.42) copies/L (geometric mean ± S.D.), respectively. Step-wise removal efficiencies were calculated for individual processes, with some variation observed between wet and dry seasons. During the wet season, PMMoV was removed less by CS and more by RSF on average (0.40 log10 vs 1.26 log10, respectively), while the reverse was true for JC PyV (1.91 log10 vs 0.49 log10, respectively). Both viruses were removed similarly during the dry season, with CS removing the most virus (PMMoV, 1.61 log10 and 0.78 log10; JC PyV, 1.70 log10, and 0.59 log10; CS and RSF, respectively). These differences between seasons were potentially due to variations in raw water quality and the characteristics of the viruses themselves. These results suggest that PMMoV and JC PyV, which are more prevalent in environmental waters than the other enteric viruses evaluated in this study, could be useful in determining viral fate for the risk management of viruses in water treatment processes in actual full-scale DWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Asami
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Katayama
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Jason Robert Torrey
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Chettiyappan Visvanathan
- Environmental Engineering and Management Program, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 4, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Hiroaki Furumai
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
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Qin M, Dong XG, Jing YY, Wei XX, Wang ZE, Feng HR, Yu H, Li JS, Li J. A Waterborne Gastroenteritis Outbreak Caused by Norovirus GII.17 in a Hotel, Hebei, China, December 2014. Food Environ Virol 2016; 8:180-6. [PMID: 27084118 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-016-9237-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is responsible for an estimated 90 % of all epidemic nonbacterial outbreaks of gastroenteritis worldwide. Waterborne outbreaks of NoV are commonly reported. A novel GII.17 NoV strain emerged as a major cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks in China during the winter of 2014/2015. During this time, an outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred at a hotel in a ski park in Hebei Province, China. Epidemiological investigations indicated that one water well, which had only recently been in use, was the probable source. GII.17 NoV was detected by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction from samples taken from cases, from concentrated water samples from water well, and from the nearby sewage settling tank. Nucleotide sequences of NoV extracted from clinical and water specimens were genetically identical and had 99 % homology with Beijing/CHN/2015. All epidemiological data indicated that GII.17 NoV was responsible for this outbreak. This is the first reported laboratory-confirmed waterborne outbreak caused by GII.17 NoV genotype in China. Strengthening management of well drinking water and systematica monitoring of NoV is essential for preventing future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Qin
- Fengtai District Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Beijing, 3 Xi An St., Feng-Tai District, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Xiao-Gen Dong
- Fengtai District Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Beijing, 3 Xi An St., Feng-Tai District, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Yan-Yan Jing
- Fengtai District Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Beijing, 3 Xi An St., Feng-Tai District, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Xiu-Xia Wei
- Fengtai District Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Beijing, 3 Xi An St., Feng-Tai District, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Zhao-E Wang
- Fengtai District Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Beijing, 3 Xi An St., Feng-Tai District, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Hui-Ru Feng
- Fengtai District Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Beijing, 3 Xi An St., Feng-Tai District, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Hong Yu
- Fengtai District Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Beijing, 3 Xi An St., Feng-Tai District, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Jin-Song Li
- China CDC, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, 100 Ying-Xin St., Xuan-Wu District, Beijing, 100052, China.
| | - Jie Li
- Fengtai District Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Beijing, 3 Xi An St., Feng-Tai District, Beijing, 100071, China.
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Shirasaki N, Matsushita T, Matsui Y, Marubayashi T, Murai K. Investigation of enteric adenovirus and poliovirus removal by coagulation processes and suitability of bacteriophages MS2 and φX174 as surrogates for those viruses. Sci Total Environ 2016; 563-564:29-39. [PMID: 27135564 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the removal of enteric adenovirus (AdV) type 40 and poliovirus (PV) type 1 by coagulation, using water samples from 13 water sources for drinking water treatment plants in Japan. The behaviors of two widely accepted enteric virus surrogates, bacteriophages MS2 and φX174, were compared with the behaviors of AdV and PV. Coagulation with polyaluminum chloride (PACl, basicity 1.5) removed AdV and PV from virus-spiked source waters: the infectious AdV and PV removal ratios evaluated by means of a plaque-forming-unit method were 0.1-1.4-log10 and 0.5-2.4-log10, respectively. A nonsulfated high-basicity PACl (basicity 2.1) removed infectious AdV and PV more efficiently than did other commercially available PACls (basicity 1.5-2.1), alum, and ferric chloride. The MS2 removal ratios tended to be larger than those of AdV and PV, partly because of differences in the hydrophobicities of the virus particles and the sensitivity of the virus to the virucidal activity of PACl; the differences in removal ratios were not due to differences in the surface charges of the virus particles. MS2, which was more hydrophobic than the other viruses, was inactivated during coagulation with PACl. Therefore, MS2 does not appear to be an appropriate surrogate for AdV and PV during coagulation. In contrast, because φX174, like AdV and PV, was not inactivated during coagulation, and because the hydrophobicity of φX174 was similar to or somewhat lower than the hydrophobicities of AdV and PV, the φX174 removal ratios tended to be similar to or somewhat smaller than those of the enteric viruses. Therefore, φX174 is a potential conservative surrogate for AdV and PV during coagulation. In summary, the surface hydrophobicity of virus particles and the sensitivity of the virus to the virucidal activity of the coagulant are probably important determinants of the efficiency of virus removal during coagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Shirasaki
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan.
| | - T Matsushita
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Y Matsui
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - T Marubayashi
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - K Murai
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
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