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Siva Venkatesh IP, Majumdar A, Basu A. Prophylactic Administration of Gut Microbiome Metabolites Abrogated Microglial Activation and Subsequent Neuroinflammation in an Experimental Model of Japanese Encephalitis. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:1712-1727. [PMID: 38581382 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are gut microbial metabolic derivatives produced during the fermentation of ingested complex carbohydrates. SCFAs have been widely regarded to have a potent anti-inflammatory and neuro-protective role and have implications in several disease conditions, such as, inflammatory bowel disease, type-2 diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a neurotropic flavivirus, is associated with life threatening neuro-inflammation and neurological sequelae in infected hosts. In this study, we hypothesize that SCFAs have potential in mitigating JEV pathogenesis. Postnatal day 10 BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally injected with either a SCFA mixture (acetate, propionate, and butyrate) or PBS for a period of 7 days, followed by JEV infection. All mice were observed for onset and progression of symptoms. The brain tissue was collected upon reaching terminal illness for further analysis. SCFA-supplemented JEV-infected mice (SCFA + JEV) showed a delayed onset of symptoms, lower hindlimb clasping score, and decreased weight loss and increased survival by 3 days (p < 0.0001) upon infection as opposed to the PBS-treated JEV-infected animals (JEV). Significant downregulation of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-6, and IFN-Υ in the SCFA + JEV group relative to the JEV-infected control group was observed. Inflammatory mediators, phospho-NF-kB (P-NF-kB) and iba1, showed 2.08 ± 0.1 and 3.132 ± 0.43-fold upregulation in JEV versus 1.19 ± 0.11 and 1.31 ± 0.11-fold in the SCFA + JEV group, respectively. Tissue section analysis exhibited reduced glial activation (JEV group─42 ± 2.15 microglia/ROI; SCFA + JEV group─27.07 ± 1.8 microglia/ROI) in animals that received SCFA supplementation prior to infection as seen from the astrocytic and microglial morphometric analysis. Caspase-3 immunoblotting showed 4.08 ± 1.3-fold upregulation in JEV as compared to 1.03 ± 0.14-fold in the SCFA + JEV group and TUNEL assay showed a reduced cellular death post-JEV infection (JEV-6.4 ± 1.5 cells/ROI and SCFA + JEV-3.7 ± 0.73 cells/ROI). Our study critically contributes to the increasing evidence in support of SCFAs as an anti-inflammatory and neuro-protective agent, we further expand its scope as a potential supplementary intervention in JEV-mediated neuroinflammation.
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MESH Headings
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology
- Neuroinflammatory Diseases/drug therapy
- Neuroinflammatory Diseases/immunology
- Neuroinflammatory Diseases/metabolism
- Neuroinflammatory Diseases/microbiology
- Microglia/drug effects
- Microglia/immunology
- Encephalitis, Japanese/drug therapy
- Encephalitis, Japanese/immunology
- Encephalitis, Japanese/microbiology
- Encephalitis, Japanese/prevention & control
- Encephalitis, Japanese/virology
- Fatty Acids, Volatile/pharmacology
- Fatty Acids, Volatile/therapeutic use
- Encephalitis Viruses, Japanese/drug effects
- Encephalitis Viruses, Japanese/immunology
- Encephalitis Viruses, Japanese/pathogenicity
- Survival Analysis
- Chemokines/immunology
- Chemokines/metabolism
- Inflammation Mediators/immunology
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Cytokine Release Syndrome/immunology
- Cytokine Release Syndrome/metabolism
- Cytokine Release Syndrome/prevention & control
- Humans
- Female
- Animals
- Mice
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/virology
- Viral Load/drug effects
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Atreye Majumdar
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana 122052, India
| | - Anirban Basu
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana 122052, India
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Liu M, Zhang Y, Liu J, Xiang C, Lu Q, Lu H, Yang T, Wang X, Zhang Q, Fan C, Feng C, Zou D, Li H, Tang W. Revisiting the Role of Valeric Acid in Manipulating Ulcerative Colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2024; 30:617-628. [PMID: 38206334 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izad187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ulcerative colitis (UC) is characterized by a complicated interaction between mucosal inflammation, epithelial dysfunction, abnormal activation of innate immune responses, and gut microbiota dysbiosis. Though valeric acid (VA), one type of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), has been identified in other inflammatory disorders and cancer development, the pathological role of VA and underlying mechanism of VA in UC remain under further investigation. METHODS Studies of human clinical specimens and experimental colitis models were conducted to confirm the pathological manifestations of the level of SCFAs from human fecal samples and murine colonic homogenates. Valeric acid-intervened murine colitis and a macrophage adoptive transfer were applied to identify the underlying mechanisms. RESULTS In line with gut microbiota dysfunction in UC, alteration of SCFAs from gut microbes were identified in human UC patients and dextran sodium sulfate -induced murine colitis models. Notably, VA was consistently negatively related to the disease severity of UC, the population of monocytes, and the level of interluekin-6. Moreover, VA treatment showed direct suppressive effects on lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-activated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and murine macrophages in the dependent manner of upregulation of GPR41 and GPR43. Therapeutically, replenishment of VA or adoptive transfer with VA-modulated macrophages showed resistance to dextran sodium sulfate-driven murine colitis though modulating the production of inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6. CONCLUSIONS In summary, the research uncovered the pathological role of VA in modulating the activation of macrophages in UC and suggested that VA might be a potential effective agent for UC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moting Liu
- Laboratory of Anti-inflammation and Immunopharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Institutional Technology Service Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Caigui Xiang
- Laboratory of Anti-inflammation and Immunopharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiukai Lu
- Laboratory of Anti-inflammation and Immunopharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huimin Lu
- Laboratory of Anti-inflammation and Immunopharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Laboratory of Anti-inflammation and Immunopharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaohan Wang
- Laboratory of Anti-inflammation and Immunopharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingli Zhang
- Institutional Technology Service Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Chen Fan
- Laboratory of Anti-inflammation and Immunopharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chunlan Feng
- Laboratory of Anti-inflammation and Immunopharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Duowu Zou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Heng Li
- Laboratory of Anti-inflammation and Immunopharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Laboratory of Anti-inflammation and Immunopharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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He M, Wei W, Zhang Y, Xiang Z, Peng D, Kasimumali A, Rong S. Gut microbial metabolites SCFAs and chronic kidney disease. J Transl Med 2024; 22:172. [PMID: 38369469 PMCID: PMC10874542 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-04974-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The global incidence of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is steadily escalating, with discernible linkage to the intricate terrain of intestinal microecology. The intestinal microbiota orchestrates a dynamic equilibrium in the organism, metabolizing dietary-derived compounds, a process which profoundly impacts human health. Among these compounds, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which result from microbial metabolic processes, play a versatile role in influencing host energy homeostasis, immune function, and intermicrobial signaling, etc. SCFAs emerge as pivotal risk factors influencing CKD's development and prognosis. This paper review elucidates the impact of gut microbial metabolites, specifically SCFAs, on CKD, highlighting their role in modulating host inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, cellular autophagy, the immune milieu, and signaling cascades. An in-depth comprehension of the interplay between SCFAs and kidney disease pathogenesis may pave the way for their utilization as biomarkers for CKD progression and prognosis or as novel adjunctive therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng He
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Wenqian Wei
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Yichen Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Zhouxia Xiang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Dan Peng
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Ayijiaken Kasimumali
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Shu Rong
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China.
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4
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Pham NHT, Joglekar MV, Wong WKM, Nassif NT, Simpson AM, Hardikar AA. Short-chain fatty acids and insulin sensitivity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Rev 2024; 82:193-209. [PMID: 37290429 PMCID: PMC10777678 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT There is substantial evidence that reduced short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the gut are associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes, although findings from clinical interventions that can increase SCFAs are inconsistent. OBJECTIVE This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the effect of SCFA interventions on fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). DATA SOURCES Relevant articles published up to July 28, 2022, were extracted from PubMed and Embase using the MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms of the defined keywords [(short-chain fatty acids) AND (obesity OR diabetes OR insulin sensitivity)] and their synonyms. Data analyses were performed independently by two researchers who used the Cochrane meta-analysis checklist and the PRISMA guidelines. DATA EXTRACTION Clinical studies and trials that measured SCFAs and reported glucose homeostasis parameters were included in the analysis. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95%CIs were calculated using a random-effects model in the data extraction tool Review Manager version 5.4 (RevMan 5.4). The risk-of-bias assessment was performed following the Cochrane checklist for randomized and crossover studies. DATA ANALYSIS In total, 6040 nonduplicate studies were identified, 23 of which met the defined criteria, reported fasting insulin, fasting glucose, or HOMA-IR values, and reported change in SCFA concentrations post intervention. Meta-analyses of these studies indicated that fasting insulin concentrations were significantly reduced (overall effect: SMD = -0.15; 95%CI = -0.29 to -0.01, P = 0.04) in treatment groups, relative to placebo groups, at the end of the intervention. Studies with a confirmed increase in SCFAs at the end of intervention also had a significant effect on lowering fasting insulin (P = 0.008). Elevated levels of SCFAs, compared with baseline levels, were associated with beneficial effects on HOMA-IR (P < 0.00001). There was no significant change in fasting glucose concentrations. CONCLUSION Increased postintervention levels of SCFAs are associated with lower fasting insulin concentrations, offering a beneficial effect on insulin sensitivity. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration number CRD42021257248.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhan H T Pham
- are with the Diabetes and Islet Biology Group, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
- are with the School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mugdha V Joglekar
- are with the Diabetes and Islet Biology Group, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wilson K M Wong
- are with the Diabetes and Islet Biology Group, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Najah T Nassif
- are with the School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ann M Simpson
- are with the School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anandwardhan A Hardikar
- are with the Diabetes and Islet Biology Group, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
- is with the Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
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5
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Tang Y, Du J, Wu H, Wang M, Liu S, Tao F. Potential Therapeutic Effects of Short-Chain Fatty Acids on Chronic Pain. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:191-203. [PMID: 36173071 PMCID: PMC10788890 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220927092016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal homeostasis maintained by the gut microbiome and relevant metabolites is essential for health, and its disturbance leads to various intestinal or extraintestinal diseases. Recent studies suggest that gut microbiome-derived metabolites short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are involved in different neurological disorders (such as chronic pain). SCFAs are produced by bacterial fermentation of dietary fibers in the gut and contribute to multiple host processes, including gastrointestinal regulation, cardiovascular modulation, and neuroendocrine-immune homeostasis. Although SCFAs have been implicated in the modulation of chronic pain, the detailed mechanisms that underlie such roles of SCFAs remain to be further investigated. In this review, we summarize currently available research data regarding SCFAs as a potential therapeutic target for chronic pain treatment and discuss several possible mechanisms by which SCFAs modulate chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Tang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Neurology of Xinxiang, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Juan Du
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Hongfeng Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Mengyao Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Sufang Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Feng Tao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University Dallas, Texas, USA
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6
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Zheng J, An Y, Du Y, Song Y, Zhao Q, Lu Y. Effects of short-chain fatty acids on blood glucose and lipid levels in mouse models of diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Pharmacol Res 2024; 199:107041. [PMID: 38128856 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.107041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), the main metabolites of gut microbiota, have been associated with lower blood glucose and lipid levels in diabetic mice. However, a comprehensive summary and comparison of the effects of different SCFA interventions on blood glucose and lipid levels in diabetic mice is currently unavailable. This study aims to compare and rank the effects of different types of SCFAs on blood glucose and lipid levels by collecting relevant animal research. A systematic search through PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science database was conducted to identify relevant studies from inception to March 17, 2023. Both pairwise meta-analysis and Bayesian network meta-analysis were used for statistical analyses. In total, 18 relevant studies involving 5 interventions were included after screening 3793 citations and 53 full-text articles. Notably, butyrate therapy (mean difference [MD] = -4.52, 95% confidence interval [-6.29, -2.75]), acetate therapy (MD = -3.12, 95% confidence interval [-5.79, -0.46]), and propionate therapy (MD = -2.96, 95% confidence interval [-5.66, -0.26]) significantly reduced the fasting blood glucose levels compared to the control group; butyrate therapy was probably the most effective intervention, with a surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) value of 85.5%. Additionally, acetate plus propionate therapy was probably the most effective intervention for reducing total cholesterol (SUCRA = 85.8%) or triglyceride levels (SUCRA = 88.1%). These findings underscore the potential therapeutic implications of SCFAs for addressing metabolic disorders, particularly in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zheng
- School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yu An
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Yage Du
- School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ying Song
- School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Department of Nursing, Shanxi Provincial People's hospital, 29th Shuangta Temple Street, Taiyuan 030012, China
| | - Yanhui Lu
- School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
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7
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Fan H, Xia S, Xiang J, Li Y, Ross MO, Lim SA, Yang F, Tu J, Xie L, Dougherty U, Zhang FQ, Zheng Z, Zhang R, Wu R, Dong L, Su R, Chen X, Althaus T, Riedell PA, Jonker PB, Muir A, Lesinski GB, Rafiq S, Dhodapkar MV, Stock W, Odenike O, Patel AA, Opferman J, Tsuji T, Matsuzaki J, Shah H, Faubert B, Elf SE, Layden B, Bissonnette BM, He YY, Kline J, Mao H, Odunsi K, Gao X, Chi H, He C, Chen J. Trans-vaccenic acid reprograms CD8 + T cells and anti-tumour immunity. Nature 2023; 623:1034-1043. [PMID: 37993715 PMCID: PMC10686835 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06749-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Diet-derived nutrients are inextricably linked to human physiology by providing energy and biosynthetic building blocks and by functioning as regulatory molecules. However, the mechanisms by which circulating nutrients in the human body influence specific physiological processes remain largely unknown. Here we use a blood nutrient compound library-based screening approach to demonstrate that dietary trans-vaccenic acid (TVA) directly promotes effector CD8+ T cell function and anti-tumour immunity in vivo. TVA is the predominant form of trans-fatty acids enriched in human milk, but the human body cannot produce TVA endogenously1. Circulating TVA in humans is mainly from ruminant-derived foods including beef, lamb and dairy products such as milk and butter2,3, but only around 19% or 12% of dietary TVA is converted to rumenic acid by humans or mice, respectively4,5. Mechanistically, TVA inactivates the cell-surface receptor GPR43, an immunomodulatory G protein-coupled receptor activated by its short-chain fatty acid ligands6-8. TVA thus antagonizes the short-chain fatty acid agonists of GPR43, leading to activation of the cAMP-PKA-CREB axis for enhanced CD8+ T cell function. These findings reveal that diet-derived TVA represents a mechanism for host-extrinsic reprogramming of CD8+ T cells as opposed to the intrahost gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids. TVA thus has translational potential for the treatment of tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Fan
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Siyuan Xia
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Human Cell Biology and Genetics, Southern University of Science and Technology School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Junhong Xiang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yuancheng Li
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Matthew O Ross
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Seon Ah Lim
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jiayi Tu
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lishi Xie
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Freya Q Zhang
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zhong Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rukang Zhang
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rong Wu
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lei Dong
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Rui Su
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Xiufen Chen
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Thomas Althaus
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Peter A Riedell
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Patrick B Jonker
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alexander Muir
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gregory B Lesinski
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sarwish Rafiq
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Madhav V Dhodapkar
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Wendy Stock
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Anand A Patel
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joseph Opferman
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Takemasa Tsuji
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Junko Matsuzaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hardik Shah
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brandon Faubert
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shannon E Elf
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brian Layden
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Yu-Ying He
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Justin Kline
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hui Mao
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kunle Odunsi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xue Gao
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hongbo Chi
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - Chuan He
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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8
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Yan D, Ye S, He Y, Wang S, Xiao Y, Xiang X, Deng M, Luo W, Chen X, Wang X. Fatty acids and lipid mediators in inflammatory bowel disease: from mechanism to treatment. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1286667. [PMID: 37868958 PMCID: PMC10585177 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1286667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract. Though the pathogenesis of IBD remains unclear, diet is increasingly recognized as a pivotal factor influencing its onset and progression. Fatty acids, essential components of dietary lipids, play diverse roles in IBD, ranging from anti-inflammatory and immune-regulatory functions to gut-microbiota modulation and barrier maintenance. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), products of indigestible dietary fiber fermentation by gut microbiota, have strong anti-inflammatory properties and are seen as key protective factors against IBD. Among long-chain fatty acids, saturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, and ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids exhibit pro-inflammatory effects, while oleic acid and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids display anti-inflammatory actions. Lipid mediators derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids serve as bioactive molecules, influencing immune cell functions and offering both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory benefits. Recent research has also highlighted the potential of medium- and very long-chain fatty acids in modulating inflammation, mucosal barriers, and gut microbiota in IBD. Given these insights, dietary intervention and supplementation with short-chain fatty acids are emerging as potential therapeutic strategies for IBD. This review elucidates the impact of various fatty acids and lipid mediators on IBD and delves into potential therapeutic avenues stemming from these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuyu Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Non-Resolving Inflammation and Cancer, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yue He
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Sidan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Non-Resolving Inflammation and Cancer, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Non-Resolving Inflammation and Cancer, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Xiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Minzi Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Non-Resolving Inflammation and Cancer, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weiwei Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Non-Resolving Inflammation and Cancer, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuejie Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Non-Resolving Inflammation and Cancer, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Non-Resolving Inflammation and Cancer, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
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9
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Pant K, Venugopal SK, Lorenzo Pisarello MJ, Gradilone SA. The Role of Gut Microbiome-Derived Short-Chain Fatty Acid Butyrate in Hepatobiliary Diseases. Am J Pathol 2023; 193:1455-1467. [PMID: 37422149 PMCID: PMC10548274 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
The short-chain fatty acid butyrate, produced from fermentable carbohydrates by gut microbiota in the colon, has multiple beneficial effects on human health. At the intestinal level, butyrate regulates metabolism, helps in the transepithelial transport of fluids, inhibits inflammation, and induces the epithelial defense barrier. The liver receives a large amount of short-chain fatty acids via the blood flowing from the gut via the portal vein. Butyrate helps prevent nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, inflammation, cancer, and liver injuries. It ameliorates metabolic diseases, including insulin resistance and obesity, and plays a direct role in preventing fatty liver diseases. Butyrate has different mechanisms of action, including strong regulatory effects on the expression of many genes by inhibiting the histone deacetylases and modulating cellular metabolism. The present review highlights the wide range of beneficial therapeutic and unfavorable adverse effects of butyrate, with a high potential for clinically important uses in several liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishor Pant
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota.
| | - Senthil K Venugopal
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Hepatology, Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, India
| | - Maria J Lorenzo Pisarello
- Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA), National Council of Scientific and Technological Research, San Miguel de Tucuman, Argentina; Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Sergio A Gradilone
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
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10
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Xiao C, Fedirko V, Claussen H, Richard Johnston H, Peng G, Paul S, Maner-Smith KM, Higgins KA, Shin DM, Saba NF, Wommack EC, Bruner DW, Miller AH. Circulating short chain fatty acids and fatigue in patients with head and neck cancer: A longitudinal prospective study. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 113:432-443. [PMID: 37543249 PMCID: PMC10528227 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatigue among patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) has been associated with higher inflammation. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) have been shown to have anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory effects. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the association between SCFAs and fatigue among patients with HNC undergoing treatment with radiotherapy with or without concurrent chemotherapy. Plasma SCFAs and the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory-20 were collected prior to and one month after the completion of treatment in 59 HNC patients. The genome-wide gene expression profile was obtained from blood leukocytes prior to treatment. Lower butyrate concentrations were significantly associated with higher fatigue (p = 0.013) independent of time of assessment, controlling for covariates. A similar relationship was observed for iso/valerate (p = 0.025). Comparison of gene expression in individuals with the top and bottom 33% of butyrate or iso/valerate concentrations prior to radiotherapy revealed 1,088 and 881 significantly differentially expressed genes, respectively (raw p < 0.05). The top 10 Gene Ontology terms from the enrichment analyses revealed the involvement of pathways related to cytokines and lipid and fatty acid biosynthesis. These findings suggest that SCFAs may regulate inflammatory and immunometabolic responses and, thereby, reduce inflammatory-related symptoms, such as fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canhua Xiao
- Nell Hodson Woodroof School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Veronika Fedirko
- Department of Epidemiology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Henry Claussen
- Integrated Computational Core, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Gang Peng
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sudeshna Paul
- Nell Hodson Woodroof School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Dong M Shin
- School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nabil F Saba
- School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Evanthia C Wommack
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Deborah W Bruner
- Nell Hodson Woodroof School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andrew H Miller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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11
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Enriquez AB, Ten Caten F, Ghneim K, Sekaly RP, Sharma AA. Regulation of Immune Homeostasis, Inflammation, and HIV Persistence by the Microbiome, Short-Chain Fatty Acids, and Bile Acids. Annu Rev Virol 2023; 10:397-422. [PMID: 37774124 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-040323-082822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite antiretroviral therapy (ART), people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PLWH) continue to experience chronic inflammation and immune dysfunction, which drives the persistence of latent HIV and prevalence of clinical comorbidities. Elucidating the mechanisms that lead to suboptimal immunity is necessary for developing therapeutics that improve the quality of life of PLWH. Although previous studies have found associations between gut dysbiosis and immune dysfunction, the cellular/molecular cascades implicated in the manifestation of aberrant immune responses downstream of microbial perturbations in PLWH are incompletely understood. Recent literature has highlighted that two abundant metabolite families, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and bile acids (BAs), play a crucial role in shaping immunity. These metabolites can be produced and/or modified by bacterial species that make up the gut microbiota and may serve as the causal link between changes to the gut microbiome, chronic inflammation, and immune dysfunction in PLWH. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of the role of the microbiome on HIV acquisition and latent HIV persistence despite ART. Further, we describe cellular/molecular cascades downstream of SCFAs and BAs that drive innate or adaptive immune responses responsible for promoting latent HIV persistence in PLWH. This knowledge can be used to advance HIV cure efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Beatriz Enriquez
- Pathology Advanced Translational Research Unit, Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA;
| | - Felipe Ten Caten
- Pathology Advanced Translational Research Unit, Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA;
| | - Khader Ghneim
- Pathology Advanced Translational Research Unit, Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA;
| | - Rafick-Pierre Sekaly
- Pathology Advanced Translational Research Unit, Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA;
| | - Ashish Arunkumar Sharma
- Pathology Advanced Translational Research Unit, Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA;
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12
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Huang Y, Wang Z, Ye B, Ma JH, Ji S, Sheng W, Ye S, Ou Y, Peng Y, Yang X, Chen J, Tang S. Sodium butyrate ameliorates diabetic retinopathy in mice via the regulation of gut microbiota and related short-chain fatty acids. J Transl Med 2023; 21:451. [PMID: 37420234 PMCID: PMC10329333 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04259-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy (DR) development is associated with disturbances in the gut microbiota and related metabolites. Butyric acid is one of the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which has been found to possess a potential antidiabetic effect. However, whether butyrate has a role in DR remains elusive. This study aimed to investigate the effect and mechanism of sodium butyrate supplementation on DR. METHODS C57BL/6J mice were divided into three groups: Control group, diabetic group, and diabetic with butyrate supplementation group. Type 1 diabetic mouse model was induced by streptozotocin. Sodium butyrate was administered by gavage to the experimental group daily for 12 weeks. Optic coherence tomography, hematoxylin-eosin, and immunostaining of whole-mount retina were used to value the changes in retinal structure. Electroretinography was performed to assess the retinal visual function. The tight junction proteins in intestinal tissue were evaluated using immunohistochemistry. 16S rRNA sequencing and LC-MS/MS were performed to determine the alteration and correlation of the gut microbiota and systemic SCFAs. RESULTS Butyrate decreased blood glucose, food, and water consumption. Meanwhile, it alleviated retinal thinning and activated microglial cells but improved electroretinography visual function. Additionally, butyrate effectively enhanced the expression of ZO-1 and Occludin proteins in the small intestine. Crucially, only butyric acid, 4-methylvaleric acid, and caproic acid were significantly decreased in the plasma of diabetic mice and improved after butyrate supplementation. The deeper correlation analysis revealed nine genera strongly positively or negatively correlated with the above three SCFAs. Of note, all three positively correlated genera, including norank_f_Muribaculaceae, Ileibacterium, and Dubosiella, were significantly decreased in the diabetic mice with or without butyrate treatment. Interestingly, among the six negatively correlated genera, Escherichia-Shigella and Enterococcus were increased, while Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, and unclassified_f_Lachnospiraceae were decreased after butyrate supplementation. CONCLUSION Together, these findings demonstrate the microbiota regulating and diabetic therapeutic effects of butyrate, which can be used as a potential food supplement alternative to DR medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinhua Huang
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Aier Eye Institute, Changsha, China
| | - Zhijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Bo Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanchang Aier Eye Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | | | | | - Wang Sheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Changsha Xiangjiang Aier Eye Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Suna Ye
- Aier Eye Institute, Changsha, China
| | - Yiwen Ou
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Aier Eye Institute, Changsha, China
| | | | - Xu Yang
- Aier Eye Institute, Changsha, China
| | - Jiansu Chen
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, China.
- Aier Eye Institute, Changsha, China.
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Shibo Tang
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, China.
- Aier Eye Institute, Changsha, China.
- Changsha Aier Eye Hospital, Aier Eye Hospital Group, Hunan, China.
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13
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Shashni B, Tajika Y, Ikeda Y, Nishikawa Y, Nagasaki Y. Self-assembling polymer-based short chain fatty acid prodrugs ameliorate non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis. Biomaterials 2023; 295:122047. [PMID: 36840994 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
With the preponderance of a high-calorie diet and sedentary lifestyle, the prevalence of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a state of abnormally elevated lipid accumulation in the liver with chronic inflammation, is increasing at an alarming rate worldwide. Hence, cost-effective therapeutic interventions are required to manage this disease at an early stage. Numerous reports have suggested a link between gut microbial dysbiosis, particularly a decrease in the abundance of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA)-producing microbiota and NASH pathogenesis. Considering these low molecular weight (LMW) SCFAs such as acetic, propionic, and butyric acids have been used to inhibit hepatic steatosis in mouse models. However, the poor pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of SCFAs, caused due to their LMW, renders them therapeutically ineffective. Thus, to improve the PK characteristic-based therapeutic efficacy of LMW SCFAs, we designed SCFA-based prodrugs that possess self-assembling characteristics in aqueous media. The designed SCFA prodrugs consist of enzyme-metabolizable amphiphilic block copolymers, [poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(vinyl ester)s] conjugated to propionic acid (PA) or butyric acid (BA) by an ester linkage, which self-assemble into stable nanosized micelles several tens of nanometers in diameter (NanoPA and NanoBA). Via pharmacological analysis, we confirmed that, after oral administration, LMW BA decreased to a physiological level within 24 h in the liver, whereas BA liberated from NanoBA was observed until 72 h post-administration, implying a sustained release profile. Here, we evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of NanoSCFA in a choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined high-fat diet (CDAHFD)-induced NASH and liver fibrosis mouse model by ad libitum drinking. NanoSCFA, particularly NanoBA, exhibited the remarkable potential to ameliorate the phenotypic features of fatty liver disease by reducing hepatic lipogenesis and fibrosis, with negligible adverse effects. In contrast, conventional LMW SCFAs failed to prevent the pathogenesis of fatty liver disease, which plausibly can be explained by their rapid clearance and discernible adverse effects. Mechanistic studies revealed that NanoBA restored the nuclear expression of PPARα, a transcriptional factor regulating mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation, in the periportal hepatocytes and decreased the CPT1A expression level in the hepatic tissues, reflecting the therapeutic effects of NanoBA. Taken together, we confirmed that our NanoSCFA potentially improved the PK properties of SCFAs, and it consequently alleviated NASH symptoms and fibrotic liver compared to LMW SCFAs. Our study establishes NanoSCFA as a suitable nano-assembled prodrug for NASH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babita Shashni
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan
| | - Yuya Tajika
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan
| | - Yutaka Ikeda
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan
| | - Yuji Nishikawa
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, 1 Chome-1-1, Midorigaoka, Higashi 2 Jo, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Yukio Nagasaki
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan; University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan; Center for Research in Isotopes and Environmental Dynamics, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan.
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14
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Akhtar M, Naqvi SUAS, Liu Q, Pan H, Ma Z, Kong N, Chen Y, Shi D, Kulyar MFEA, Khan JA, Liu H. Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) Are the Potential Immunomodulatory Metabolites in Controlling Staphylococcus aureus-Mediated Mastitis. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14183687. [PMID: 36145063 PMCID: PMC9503071 DOI: 10.3390/nu14183687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is an emerging health concern in animals. An increased incidence of mastitis in dairy cows has been reported in the last few years across the world. It is estimated that up to 20% of cows are suffering from mastitis, causing incompetency in the mucosal immunity and resulting in excessive global economic losses in the dairy industry. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) has been reported as the most common bacterial pathogen of mastitis at clinical and sub-clinical levels. Antibiotics, including penicillin, macrolides, lincomycin, cephalosporins, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, and methicillin, were used to cure S. aureus-induced mastitis. However, S. aureus is resistant to most antibiotics, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) especially has emerged as a critical health concern. MRSA impairs immune homeostasis leaving the host more susceptible to other infections. Thus, exploring an alternative to antibiotics has become an immediate requirement of the current decade. Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are the potent bioactive metabolites produced by host gut microbiota through fermentation and play a crucial role in host/pathogen interaction and could be applied as a potential therapeutic agent against mastitis. The purpose of this review is to summarize the potential mechanism by which SCFAs alleviate mastitis, providing the theoretical reference for the usage of SCFAs in preventing or curing mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Akhtar
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | | | - Qiyao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hong Pan
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ziyu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Na Kong
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Deshi Shi
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Muhammad Fakhar-e-Alam Kulyar
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jawaria Ali Khan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Huazhen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence:
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15
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Zhang Z, Zhang H, Chen T, Shi L, Wang D, Tang D. Regulatory role of short-chain fatty acids in inflammatory bowel disease. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:64. [PMID: 35546404 PMCID: PMC9097439 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00869-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) comprises a group of chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. Accumulating evidence shows that the development of IBD is always accompanied by the dysbiosis of the gut microbiota (GM), causing a decrease in prebiotic levels and an increase in harmful metabolite levels. This leads to persistent immune response and inflammation in the intestine, greatly impairing the physiological function of the gastrointestinal tract. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are produced by probiotic gut bacteria from a fiber-rich diet that cannot be digested directly. SCFAs with significant anti-inflammatory functions regulate immune function and prevent an excessive immune response, thereby delaying the clinical progression of IBD. In this review, we summarize the generation of SCFAs and their potential therapeutic effects on IBD. Furthermore, we suggest that SCFAs may modulate innate immune recognition and cytokine production to intervene in the progression of IBD. Additional randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies should also investigate the clinical impact of SCFA. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilin Zhang
- grid.268415.cClinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Huan Zhang
- grid.268415.cClinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Tian Chen
- grid.268415.cClinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Shi
- grid.268415.cClinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Daorong Wang
- grid.268415.cDepartment of General Surgery, Institute of General Surgery, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Yangzhou, 225001 People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong Tang
- grid.268415.cDepartment of General Surgery, Institute of General Surgery, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Yangzhou, 225001 People’s Republic of China
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16
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Cheng L, Shi L, He C, Wang C, Lv Y, Li H, An Y, Dai H, Duan Y, Zhang H, Huang Y, Fu W, Meng Y, Zhao B. Rutin-activated adipose tissue thermogenesis is correlated with increased intestinal short-chain fatty acid levels. Phytother Res 2022; 36:2495-2510. [PMID: 35445769 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The activation of thermogenic programs in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT) provides a promising approach to increasing energy expenditure during obesity and diabetes treatment. Although evidence has been found that rutin activates BAT against obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), its potential mechanism is not completely understood. In this study, we focused on the potential modulating effect of rutin on short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and the thermogenesis of BAT and WAT, aiming to elucidate the molecular mechanism of rutin in the treatment of obesity and T2DM. The results showed that rutin could significantly reduce the body weight and fasting blood glucose, inhibit fat accumulation, relieve hepatic steatosis and ameliorate the disorder of glycolipid metabolism in db/db mice. Moreover, rutin also increased the expression of uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1) and other thermogenic genes and proteins in BAT and inguinal WAT (IWAT), indicating that rutin activated BAT and induced browning of IWAT. Importantly, rutin markedly enhanced the concentration of SCFAs (acetate, propionate and butyrate) and SCFA-producing enzymes (acetate kinase (ACK), methylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase (MMD) and butyryl-CoA (BUT)) in feces of db/db mice. In addition, rutin significantly increased the mRNA expression of monocarboxylate transporter 1 (Mct1), catabolic enzyme acyl-CoA medium-chain synthetase 3 (Acsm3), carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1α (Cpt-1α) and Cpt-1β genes in BAT and IWAT of db/db mice, which is conducive to inducing adipocyte thermogenesis. In summary, our findings revealed that rutin played a variety of regulatory roles in improving glucose and lipid metabolism disorders, reducing hepatic steatosis, inducing browning of IWAT and activating BAT, which has potential therapeutic significance for the treatment of obesity and T2DM. Mechanistically, rutin activates the thermogenesis of BAT and IWAT, which may be associated with increasing the concentration of SCFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Changhao He
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yinglan Lv
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Huimin Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yongcheng An
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyu Dai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhui Duan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Huilin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wanxin Fu
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyan Meng
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Baosheng Zhao
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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17
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Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are the main metabolites produced by the gut microbiota via the fermentation of complex carbohydrates and fibers. Evidence suggests that SCFAs play a role in the control of infections through direct action both on microorganisms and on host signaling. This review summarizes the main microbicidal effects of SCFAs and discusses studies highlighting the effect of SCFAs in the virulence and viability of microorganisms. We also describe the diverse and complex modes of action of the SCFAs on the immune system in the face of infections with a specific focus on bacterial and viral respiratory infections. A growing body of evidence suggests that SCFAs protect against lung infections. Finally, we present potential strategies that may be leveraged to exploit the biological properties of SCFAs for increasing effectiveness and optimizing patient benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Gomes Machado
- Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 9017, University of Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, ICB, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Valentin Sencio
- Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 9017, University of Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - François Trottein
- Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 9017, University of Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
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Alhabeeb H, AlFaiz A, Kutbi E, AlShahrani D, Alsuhail A, AlRajhi S, Alotaibi N, Alotaibi K, AlAmri S, Alghamdi S, AlJohani N. Gut Hormones in Health and Obesity: The Upcoming Role of Short Chain Fatty Acids. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020481. [PMID: 33572661 PMCID: PMC7911102 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We are currently facing an obesity pandemic, with worldwide obesity rates having tripled since 1975. Obesity is one of the main risk factors for the development of non-communicable diseases, which are now the leading cause of death worldwide. This calls for urgent action towards understanding the underlying mechanisms behind the development of obesity as well as developing more effective treatments and interventions. Appetite is carefully regulated in humans via the interaction between the central nervous system and peripheral hormones. This involves a delicate balance in external stimuli, circulating satiating and appetite stimulating hormones, and correct functioning of neuronal signals. Any changes in this equilibrium can lead to an imbalance in energy intake versus expenditure, which often leads to overeating, and potentially weight gain resulting in overweight or obesity. Several lines of research have shown imbalances in gut hormones are found in those who are overweight or obese, which may be contributing to their condition. Therefore, this review examines the evidence for targeting gut hormones in the treatment of obesity by discussing how their dysregulation influences food intake, the potential possibility of altering the circulating levels of these hormones for treating obesity, as well as the role of short chain fatty acids and protein as novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habeeb Alhabeeb
- Research Center, King Fahad Medical City—KFMC, Riyadh 11525, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (E.K.); (D.A.); (A.A.); (S.A.); (S.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ali AlFaiz
- Research Center, King Fahad Medical City—KFMC, Riyadh 11525, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (E.K.); (D.A.); (A.A.); (S.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Emad Kutbi
- Research Center, King Fahad Medical City—KFMC, Riyadh 11525, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (E.K.); (D.A.); (A.A.); (S.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Dayel AlShahrani
- Research Center, King Fahad Medical City—KFMC, Riyadh 11525, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (E.K.); (D.A.); (A.A.); (S.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Abdullah Alsuhail
- Research Center, King Fahad Medical City—KFMC, Riyadh 11525, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (E.K.); (D.A.); (A.A.); (S.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Saleh AlRajhi
- Family Medicine, King Fahad Medical City—KFMC, Riyadh 11525, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Nemer Alotaibi
- College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra 11961, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.); (K.A.)
| | - Khalid Alotaibi
- College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra 11961, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.); (K.A.)
| | - Saad AlAmri
- Research Center, King Fahad Medical City—KFMC, Riyadh 11525, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (E.K.); (D.A.); (A.A.); (S.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Saleh Alghamdi
- Research Center, King Fahad Medical City—KFMC, Riyadh 11525, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (E.K.); (D.A.); (A.A.); (S.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Naji AlJohani
- Obesity, Endocrine, and Metabolism Center, King Fahad Medical City—KFMC, Riyadh 11525, Saudi Arabia;
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Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affects up to 16% of pregnant women and is associated with significant long-term health detriments for the mother and her offspring. Two central features of GDM are low-grade inflammation and maternal peripheral insulin resistance, therefore therapeutics which target these may be most effective at preventing the development of GDM. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as butyrate and propionate, are metabolites produced from the fermentation of dietary fibre by intestinal microbiota. SCFAs possess anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity and anti-diabetic properties. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of SCFAs on inflammation and insulin signalling defects in an in vitro model of GDM. Human placenta, visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and s.c. adipose tissue (SAT) were stimulated with either the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF or bacterial product lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The SCFAs butyrate and propionate blocked TNF- and LPS-induced mRNA expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in placenta, VAT and SAT. Primary human cells isolated from skeletal muscle were stimulated with TNF to assess the effect of SCFAs on inflammation-induced defects in the insulin signalling pathway. Butyrate and propionate were found to reverse TNF-induced increases in IRS-1 serine phosphorylation and decreases in glucose uptake. Butyrate and propionate exerted these effects by preventing ERK activation. Taken together, these results suggest that the SCFAs may be able to improve insulin sensitivity and prevent inflammation induced by sterile or bacterial inflammation. Future in vivo studies are warranted to investigate the efficacy and safety of SCFAs in preventing insulin resistance and inflammation associated with GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Roy
- Obstetrics, Nutrition and Endocrinology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Caitlyn Nguyen-Ngo
- Obstetrics, Nutrition and Endocrinology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Martha Lappas
- Obstetrics, Nutrition and Endocrinology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Mercy Perinatal Research Centre, Mercy Hospital for Women, Victoria, Australia
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Klement RJ, Pazienza V. Impact of Different Types of Diet on Gut Microbiota Profiles and Cancer Prevention and Treatment. Medicina (Kaunas) 2019; 55:E84. [PMID: 30934960 PMCID: PMC6524347 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55040084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
: Diet is frequently considered as a food regimen focused on weight loss, while it is actually the sum of food consumed by the organism. Western diets, modern lifestyle, sedentary behaviors, smoking habits, and drug consumption have led to a significant reduction of gut microbial diversity, which is linked to many non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The latter kill 40 million people each year, equivalent to more than 70% of all deaths globally. Among NCDs, tumors play a major role, being responsible for 29% of deaths from NCDs. A link between diet, microbiota, and cancer prevention and treatment has recently been unveiled, underlining the importance of a new food culture based on limiting dietary surplus and on preferring healthier foods. Here, we review the effects of some of the most popular "cancer-specific" diets on microbiota composition and their potential impact on cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer J Klement
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Leopoldina Hospital Schweinfurt, Robert-Koch-Straße 10, 97422 Schweinfurt, Germany.
| | - Valerio Pazienza
- Gastroenterology Unit IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", Hospital San Giovanni Rotondo, 71013 Foggia, Italy.
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Needell JC, Ir D, Robertson CE, Kroehl ME, Frank DN, Zipris D. Maternal treatment with short-chain fatty acids modulates the intestinal microbiota and immunity and ameliorates type 1 diabetes in the offspring. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183786. [PMID: 28886045 PMCID: PMC5590848 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently hypothesized that the intestinal microbiota and the innate immune system play key roles in the mechanism of Kilham Rat Virus-induced type 1 diabetes in the LEW1.WR1 rat. We used this animal model to test the hypothesis that maternal therapy with short-chain fatty acids can modulate the intestinal microbiota and reverse virus-induced proinflammatory responses and type 1 diabetes in rat offspring. We observed that administration of short-chain fatty acids to rat breeders via drinking water prior to pregnancy and further treatment of the offspring with short-chain fatty acids after weaning led to disease amelioration. In contrast, rats that were administered short-chain fatty acids beginning at weaning were not protected from type 1 diabetes. Short-chain fatty acid therapy exerted a profound effect on the intestinal microbiome in the offspring reflected by a reduction and an increase in the abundances of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes taxa, respectively, on day 5 post-infection, and reversed virus-induced alterations in certain bacterial taxa. Principal component analysis and permutation multivariate analysis of variance tests further revealed that short-chain fatty acids induce a distinct intestinal microbiota compared with uninfected animals or rats that receive the virus only. Short-chain fatty acids downregulated Kilham Rat Virus-induced proinflammatory responses in the intestine. Finally, short-chain fatty acids altered the B and T cell compartments in Peyer’s patches. These data demonstrate that short-chain fatty acids can reshape the intestinal microbiota and prevent virus-induced islet autoimmunity and may therefore represent a useful therapeutic strategy for disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C. Needell
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Diana Ir
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Charles E. Robertson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- University of Colorado Microbiome Research Consortium (MiRC), Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Miranda E. Kroehl
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health and University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Daniel N. Frank
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- University of Colorado Microbiome Research Consortium (MiRC), Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Danny Zipris
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are a vast family of enzymes involved in chromatin remodeling and have crucial roles in numerous biological processes, largely through their repressive influence on transcription. In addition to modifying histones, HDACs also target many other non-histone protein substrates to regulate gene expression. Recently, HDACs have gained growing attention as HDAC-inhibiting compounds are being developed as promising cancer therapeutics. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) have been shown to induce differentiation, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, autophagy and necrosis in a variety of transformed cell lines. In this review, we mainly discuss how HDACi may elicit a therapeutic response to human cancers through different cell death pathways, in particular, apoptosis and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Center for Autophagy Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Qing Zhong
- Center for Autophagy Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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Subarić D, Ačkar D, Babić J, Miličević B. Starch for health. Med Glas (Zenica) 2012; 9:17-22. [PMID: 22634903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that part of starch is resistant to human amylases and escapes undigested to large bowel. This fraction of starch is resistant starch. Recent studies have shown that resistant starch may be a substrate for bacterial flora of the colon and serves as prebiotic. Short chain fatty acids (SCFA) produced by colonic fermentation of resistant starch may have impact on colonic function and health of humans. This paper summarises current knowledge on properties and health impact of resistant starch.
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Vinolo MAR, Rodrigues HG, Nachbar RT, Curi R. Regulation of inflammation by short chain fatty acids. Nutrients 2011; 3:858-76. [PMID: 22254083 PMCID: PMC3257741 DOI: 10.3390/nu3100858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 968] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) acetate (C(2)), propionate (C(3)) and butyrate (C(4)) are the main metabolic products of anaerobic bacteria fermentation in the intestine. In addition to their important role as fuel for intestinal epithelial cells, SCFAs modulate different processes in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract such as electrolyte and water absorption. These fatty acids have been recognized as potential mediators involved in the effects of gut microbiota on intestinal immune function. SCFAs act on leukocytes and endothelial cells through at least two mechanisms: activation of GPCRs (GPR41 and GPR43) and inhibiton of histone deacetylase (HDAC). SCFAs regulate several leukocyte functions including production of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-2, IL-6 and IL-10), eicosanoids and chemokines (e.g., MCP-1 and CINC-2). The ability of leukocytes to migrate to the foci of inflammation and to destroy microbial pathogens also seems to be affected by the SCFAs. In this review, the latest research that describes how SCFAs regulate the inflammatory process is presented. The effects of these fatty acids on isolated cells (leukocytes, endothelial and intestinal epithelial cells) and, particularly, on the recruitment and activation of leukocytes are discussed. Therapeutic application of these fatty acids for the treatment of inflammatory pathologies is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A R Vinolo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences-ICB-I, Sao Paulo University, Brazil.
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25
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Minushkin ON, Ardatskaia MD. [Contemporary scopes of diagnostics of enterohepatic circulation of bile acids and profilaxys of cholecystolithiasis]. Eksp Klin Gastroenterol 2007:108-115. [PMID: 18389607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The goal of this work was to critically evaluate the published studies on the treatment of ulcerative proctitis (UP) and left-sided ulcerative colitis (L-UC). The results of this review provided the content for the accompanying treatment guidelines, Clinical Guidelines for the Medical Management of Left-sided Ulcerative Colitis and Ulcerative Proctitis: Summary Statement. METHODS All English language articles published between 1995 and September 2005 were identified through a comprehensive literature search using OVID and PubMed. The quality of the data supporting or rejecting the use of specific therapies was categorized by a data quality grading scale. An "A+" grade was assigned to treatment supported by multiple high-quality randomized controlled trials with consistent results, whereas a "D" grade was given to therapy supported only by expert opinion. The therapeutic efficacy of a treatment was defined by its success in treating UP and L-UC compared with placebo. A medication was ranked as "excellent" if it was specifically studied for UP and L-UC and had consistently positive results compared with placebo or another agent. Quality and efficacy scores were agreed on by author consensus. RESULTS For the acute treatment of UP or L-UC, the rectally administered corticosteroids and mesalazine (5-ASA), either alone or in combination with oral 5-ASAs, are the most effective therapy: evidence quality, A+; efficacy, excellent. Only rectally administered 5-ASA received an A+/excellent rating for maintenance of remission. Infliximab received an A+ grade for induction and maintenance of remission but only a "good" rating because the studies were performed in all UC, not specifically UP or L-UC. CONCLUSIONS This critical evaluation of treatment provides a "report card" on medications available for the management of patients with UP and L-UC. The guidelines should provide a useful reference and supplement for physicians treating UC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Regueiro
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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Aguilar-Nascimento JED, Salomão AB, Nochi RJ, Nascimento M, Neves JDS. Intraluminal injection of short chain fatty acids diminishes intestinal mucosa injury in experimental ischemia-reperfusion. Acta Cir Bras 2006; 21:21-5. [PMID: 16491218 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-86502006000100006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE: Investigated the effect of intraluminal short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) on the intestinal mucosa in the presence of ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). METHODS: Six blind sacs of the small bowel (3at the jejunum and 3 at the ileum) were created in ten Wistar rats. The lateral sacs of both bowel regions were subjected to IRI (15/15 minutes) while the medial sacs were let free to receive blood supply. In the lateral sacs, it was injected either a solution containing SCFA (butyrate, propionate and acetate) or pure saline at the bowel lumen. No fluid was injected in the medial sacs. RESULTS: Both at the jejunum and at the ileum the score of the mucosal injury was higher in saline than in control sacs. SCFA treated sacs showed lesser score at the ileum (p=0.03) but were not significantly different at the jejunum (p=0.83) when compared with saline sacs. It was found a significant greater number of neutrophils (p < 0.01) in the sacs treated with saline than in the other two sacs in both regions. CONCLUSION: SCFA protect the distal small bowel mucosa and diminishes infiltration of neutrophils to the gut lamina propria in IRI.
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Keri A Kles
- The Martin Boyer Laboratories, The University of Chicago IBD Research Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Neves JDS, Aguilar-Nascimento JED, Gomes-da-Silva MHG, Cavalcanti RN, Bicudo AS, Nascimento M, Nochi RJ. Glutamine alone or combined with short-chain fatty acids fails to enhance gut adaptation after massive enterectomy in rats . Acta Cir Bras 2006; 21 Suppl 4:2-7. [PMID: 17293957 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-86502006001000002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of oral glutamine alone or combined with short chain fatty acids (SCFA) in the intestinal adaptation of rats submitted to an massive enterectomy. METHODS: After receiving 70% small bowel resection, 30 Wistar rats were randomized to received either standard rat chow (control group, n=10) or the same diet supplemented with 3,05% of glutamine alone (glutamine group, n=10) or combined with a solution containing SCFA (glutamine+SCFA group, n=10). Animals were killed on the 14th postoperative day. Mucosal weight, crypt depth, villus height, wall width, and the mucosal content of DNA, were assessed in basal conditions (resected gut specimen) and compared to the small bowel specimen collected on the postoperative day 14, at both jejunum and ileum sites. RESULTS: All groups presented similar pattern in weight evolution. In all groups, both the morphological findings and the DNA content were significantly higher at the end of the experiment than in basal conditions, at both the jejunum and ileum. Except for the jejunum wall width that was higher in control group (808±95 µ) than in the other two groups (glutamine = 649±88 µ and glutamine+SCFA = 656±92; p<0.01), there was no difference among them in all variables at both intestinal sites after 14 days. CONCLUSION: All groups presented adaptation of the intestinal mucosa in the remnant gut. Glutamine combined or not with short chain fatty acids fails to influence the adaptive response of the small bowel.
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Harsha WTF, Kalandarova E, McNutt P, Irwin R, Noel J. Nutritional supplementation with transforming growth factor-beta, glutamine, and short chain fatty acids minimizes methotrexate-induced injury. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2006; 42:53-8. [PMID: 16385254 DOI: 10.1097/01.mpg.0000189136.06151.7a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gastrointestinal (GI) damage caused by methotrexate (MTX) results in mucosal injury, bacterial invasion, and activation of an immune system that is reduced in function. Diets enriched with glutamine, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta have demonstrated decreased infection, weight loss, and GI damage in Crohn disease. We, therefore, sought to study the cytoprotective effects of a diet enriched in glutamine, TGF-beta, and SFCAs (Modulen) in Fischer 344 rats exposed to MTX. METHODS Rats were divided into five groups: two receiving normal saline and three receiving MTX and fed either normal chow, Modulen supplemented chow starting with the first MTX dose, or Modulen supplemented chow beginning 3 days before MTX injection. Rats were weighed daily. On day 5, albumin and bicarbonate levels were drawn, and rats were killed for examination of their intestinal mucosa by a pathologist unaware of groupings. RESULTS Rats pretreated with Modulen supplemented chow maintained weight (2.6 vs, 12.3 g weight loss), albumin levels (3.13 vs, 2.43 mg/dL), and bicarbonate levels (23.8 vs. 18.1 mg/dL) as compared with rats fed normal chow throughout MTX treatment (P < 0.05). Pretreatment with Modulen also protected against crypt cell loss, villus atrophy, crypt abscesses, crypt/villus ratio, and overall histologic damage (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION When administered before and during MTX treatment, Modulen supplementation provided statistically significant protection against weight loss, hypoalbuminemia, acidosis, and GI damage in a rat model. Future animal research of Modulen's protective effects with other chemotherapeutic agents is needed before human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy T F Harsha
- Department of Pediatrics, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Washington 98431, USA.
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Abstract
Diarrheal diseases remain an important cause of childhood morbidity and death in developing countries, although diarrheal deaths have significantly declined in recent years, mostly due to successes in the implementation of oral rehydration therapy (ORT), which is the principal treatment modality. Diarrhea may occur for varied reasons; however, most episodes of diarrhea in developing countries are infectious in origin. Three clinical forms of diarrhea (acute watery diarrhea, invasive diarrhea, and persistent diarrhea) have been identified to formulate a management plan. Acute diarrhea may be watery (where features of dehydration are prominent) or dysenteric (where stools contain blood and mucus). Rehydration therapy is the key to management of acute watery diarrhea, whereas antimicrobial agents play a vital role in the management of acute invasive diarrhea, particularly shigellosis and amebiasis. In persistent diarrhea, nutritional therapy, including dietary manipulations, is a very important aspect in its management, in addition to rehydration therapy. Rehydration may be carried out either by the oral or intravenous route, depending upon the degree of dehydration. Oral rehydration salts (ORS) solution (World Health Organization formula) is recommended for ORT. Intravenous fluid is recommended for initial management of severe dehydration due to diarrhea, followed by ORT with ORS solution for correction of ongoing fluid losses. Antimicrobial therapy is beneficial for cholera and shigellosis. Antiparasitic agents are indicated only if amebiasis and giardiasis are present. Appropriate feeding during diarrhea is recommended for nutritional recovery and to prevent bodyweight loss. Antidiarrheal agents do not provide additional benefit in the management of infectious diarrhea. Although some probiotics have been shown to be beneficial in the treatment of acute diarrhea due to rotavirus, their use in the treatment of diarrhea is yet to be recommended, even in developed countries. The children of developing countries might benefit from zinc supplementation during the diarrheal illness, but its mode of delivery and cost effectiveness are yet to be decided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nure H Alam
- Clinical Sciences Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Centre for Health and Population Research, GPO Box 128, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh.
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33
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Abstract
Diarrheal diseases remain an important cause of childhood morbidity and death in developing countries, although diarrheal deaths have significantly declined in recent years, mostly due to successes in the implementation of oral rehydration therapy (ORT), which is the principal treatment modality. Diarrhea may occur for varied reasons; however, most episodes of diarrhea in developing countries are infectious in origin. Three clinical forms of diarrhea (acute watery diarrhea, invasive diarrhea, and persistent diarrhea) have been identified to formulate a management plan. Acute diarrhea may be watery (where features of dehydration are prominent) or dysenteric (where stools contain blood and mucus). Rehydration therapy is the key to management of acute watery diarrhea, whereas antimicrobial agents play a vital role in the management of acute invasive diarrhea, particularly shigellosis and amebiasis. In persistent diarrhea, nutritional therapy, including dietary manipulations, is a very important aspect in its management, in addition to rehydration therapy. Rehydration may be carried out either by the oral or intravenous route, depending upon the degree of dehydration. Oral rehydration salts (ORS) solution (World Health Organization formula) is recommended for ORT. Intravenous fluid is recommended for initial management of severe dehydration due to diarrhea, followed by ORT with ORS solution for correction of ongoing fluid losses. Antimicrobial therapy is beneficial for cholera and shigellosis. Antiparasitic agents are indicated only if amebiasis and giardiasis are present. Appropriate feeding during diarrhea is recommended for nutritional recovery and to prevent bodyweight loss. Antidiarrheal agents do not provide additional benefit in the management of infectious diarrhea. Although some probiotics have been shown to be beneficial in the treatment of acute diarrhea due to rotavirus, their use in the treatment of diarrhea is yet to be recommended, even in developed countries. The children of developing countries might benefit from zinc supplementation during the diarrheal illness, but its mode of delivery and cost effectiveness are yet to be decided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nure H Alam
- Clinical Sciences Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Centre for Health and Population Research, GPO Box 128, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh.
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Abstract
Cancer is a disease in which cellular growth regulatory networks are disrupted. Lesions in well-characterized oncogenes and tumor suppressors often contribute to the dysregulation, but recent work has also uncovered the fundamental importance of enzymes that modulate the acetylation status of chromatin to the initiation or progression of cancer. Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) are known to be involved in physiological cellular processes, such as transcription, cell cycle progression, gene silencing, differentiation, DNA replication, and genotoxic responses, but they are also increasingly being implicated in tumorigenesis. Butyrate is a short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) that acts as a HDAC inhibitor and is being clinically evaluated as an anti-neoplastic therapeutic, primarily because of its ability to impose cell cycle arrest, differentiation, and/or apoptosis in many tumor cell types, and its favorable safety profile in humans. Additionally, HDAC inhibitors could be used in combination with certain established antitumor therapeutics, such as those that target transcription, to augment clinical efficacy, and/or reduce toxicity. The molecular pathways of butyrate and related next-generation synthetic SCFAs in mediating these effects have not been fully elucidated, but HDAC inhibition is associated with regulation of critical cell cycle regulators, such as cyclin D, p21(CIP1/WAF1), and p27(KIP1). It is anticipated that a better understanding of this critical intersection between SCFAs, HDACs, and cell cycle control will lead to the design of novel treatment strategies for neoplasias. This review will summarize some of the recent research in these arenas of HDAC-directed cancer therapy and discuss the potential application of these agents in synergy with current chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Chen
- Program in Immunology, Cancer Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Amrolia PJ, Almeida A, Halsey C, Roberts IAG, Davies SC. Therapeutic challenges in childhood sickle cell disease. Part 1: current and future treatment options. Br J Haematol 2003; 120:725-36. [PMID: 12614202 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04143.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Persis J Amrolia
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Sick Children, London, UK.
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36
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Abstract
We examined the effect of short-chain fatty acid-supplemented total parenteral nutrition on proinflammatory cytokine levels in piglets. Piglets (N = 22) received either standard total parenteral nutrition or total parenteral nutrition supplemented with short-chain fatty acids. After seven days of continuous nutrient infusion, proinflammatory cytokine (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6) abundance in plasma, jejunal, and ileal samples and small intestinal myeloperoxidase was determined using western blotting. No differences were seen in TNF-alpha small intestinal abundance. IL-1beta was higher in the small intestine of the short-chain fatty acid group (P < 0.05). IL-6 was higher in intestinal samples of the short-chain fatty acid group (P = 0.05), with the ileum having a greater abundance of IL-6 than the jejunum (P < 0.005). No differences in proinflammatory cytokine abundance in the plasma or tissue myeloperoxidase were seen. These results indicate short-chain fatty acids beneficially increase small intestinal abundance of IL-1beta and IL-6 during total parenteral nutrition administration, while not affecting systemic production of these cytokines or intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Milo
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801, USA
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Denton AS, Andreyev HJN, Forbes A, Maher EJ. Systematic review for non-surgical interventions for the management of late radiation proctitis. Br J Cancer 2002; 87:134-43. [PMID: 12107832 PMCID: PMC2376119 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2001] [Revised: 04/03/2002] [Accepted: 04/12/2002] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic radiation proctitis produces a range of clinical symptoms for which there is currently no recommended standard management. The aim of this review was to identify the various non-surgical treatment options for the management of late chronic radiation proctitis and evaluate the evidence for their efficacy. Synonyms for radiation therapy and for the spectrum of lower gastrointestinal radiation toxicity were combined in an extensive search strategy and applied to a range of databases. The included studies were those that involved interventions for the non-surgical management of late radiation proctitis. Sixty-three studies were identified that met the inclusion criteria, including six randomised controlled trials that described the effects of anti-inflammatory agents in combination, rectal steroids alone, rectal sucralfate, short chain fatty acid enemas and different types of thermal therapy. However, these studies could not be compared. If the management of late radiation proctitis is to become evidence based, then, in view of its episodic and variable nature, placebo controlled studies need to be conducted to clarify which therapeutic options should be recommended. From the current data, although certain interventions look promising and may be effective, one small or modest sized study, even if well-conducted, is insufficient to implement changes in practice. In order to increase recruitment to trials, a national register of cases with established late radiation toxicity would facilitate multi-centre trials with specific entry criteria, formal baseline and therapeutic assessments providing standardised outcome data.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Denton
- Center for Cancer Treatment, Mount Vernon Hospital, Rickmansworth Road, Northwood, Middlesex HA6 2RN, UK
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Abstract
The main substrates fuelling ion absorption in the mucosa of the small intestine and large intestine are respectively glutamine and short-chain fatty acids. Measurements now reported showed that derivation of both glutamine and fibre for short-chain fatty acid production can be achieved from a single foodstuff--macerated groundnuts. Macerated groundnuts may be more suitable as an additive in oral rehydration solutions for promoting ion absorption than other agents that are low either in glutamine or fibre, such as rice water or resistant starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Roediger
- Department of Surgery, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.
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Oviedo J, Farraye FA. Self-care for the inflammatory bowel disease patient: what can the professional recommend? Semin Gastrointest Dis 2001; 12:223-36. [PMID: 11726076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
The management of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) continues to present a challenge for gastroenterologists. IBD constitutes a significant burden for the affected individual because of both intestinal and systemic manifestations. The lack of a specific cause and a definitive cure for this condition, as well as the potential for associated malignancy, leave patients unsettled and fearful of the future. Many patients and their families are significantly impaired by the limitations that IBD places on their lives. These limitations are frequently overlooked, and extend well beyond the boundaries of traditional medical practice. Patients often seek to become active participants in the management of their disease. An approach that includes discussion and education on lifestyle issues affecting IBD patients should be part of our routine practice. This article reviews lifestyle and self-care factors relevant to the IBD patient, and what the gastroenterologist can recommend based on current evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Oviedo
- Section of Gastroenterology, Boston Medical Center, MA 02118, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Diversion procto-colitis (DPC) results from a deficiency of luminal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Endoscopic and histopathologic features of the disorder are almost universally present in defunctioned bowel, but symptomatic DPC is less common. METHODS Five children with symptomatic DPC underwent endoscopy and rectosigmoid biopsies. An endoscopic index (EI) was used to quantify disease severity. An SCFA mixture was administered into the defunctioned bowel. RESULTS A good clinical response and improvement in the endoscopic index occurred in all children. Undiversion or rectal excision was carried out in 4 and was curative in each case. One child is awaiting a redo pull through. CONCLUSIONS DPC should be considered in children with a defunctioned colon presenting with evidence of colitis. Histopathology provides supportive evidence and SCFAs may provide effective relief of symptoms. Stoma reversal or rectal excision is curative.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Kiely
- Department of Surgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, England
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Mortensen FV, Jørgensen B, Christiansen HM, Sloth-Nielsen J, Wolff B, Hessov I. Short-chain fatty acid enemas stimulate plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 after abdominal aortic graft surgery: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. Thromb Res 2000; 98:361-6. [PMID: 10828475 DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(00)00194-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Colonic ischaemia may complicate aortic graft surgery with high mortality from associated colonic necrosis. Loss of the mucosal barrier function due to ischaemia may promote translocation of endotoxins with secondary systemic disseminated coagulation leading to multiple organ failure. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) stimulate the microcirculation in the human rectum. The aim of this study was to investigate whether SCFA enemas influence systemic endotoxinaemia and fibrinolytic activity during and after elective aortic graft surgery for arteriosclerosis. Thirty-two patients were randomized to SCFA or placebo enemas twice daily from the day before surgery to 7 days after. Blood samples for endotoxin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) activity, tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) antigen, and cross-linked fibrin degradation products (XL-FDP) were drawn before, during, and 7 days after surgery. Four patients, two in each treatment group, developed postoperative endotoxinaemia. PAI-1 was significantly higher on days 2 and 4 in SCFA-treated patients, whereas t-PA was comparable Petween the groups. During the postoperative course, a progressive and near-identical XL-FDP increase was found in the two groups. In elective aortic graft surgery for arteriosclerosis, SCFA enemas likely stimulate systemic PAI-1 activity by promoting colonic tissue reperfusion following aortic unclamping. Endotoxinaemia and fibrinolytic shutdown are uncommon findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- F V Mortensen
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology L, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.
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Schauber J, Bark T, Jaramillo E, Katouli M, Sandstedt B, Svenberg T. Local short-chain fatty acids supplementation without beneficial effect on inflammation in excluded rectum. Scand J Gastroenterol 2000; 35:184-9. [PMID: 10720118 DOI: 10.1080/003655200750024371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rectal instillation of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), important nutrients for the colorectal mucosa, has been suggested to be of therapeutic value in distal intestinal inflammation. METHODS In this study nine patients with Hartmann-closed rectum after colectomy for acute colitis were investigated. In a double-blind crossover trial an enema containing SCFA or a placebo solution was administered twice daily for 3 weeks. Before entry into the protocol, after each treatment period, and 6 weeks after the study period the patients' symptoms were evaluated, rectal endoscopy was performed, histologic samples were scored, and microbiologic analyses were carried out. RESULTS No significant differences in symptoms, in mucosal inflammation, in histologic scoring, or in microbiologic studies were found between SCFA and placebo periods. Unexpectedly, all but one patient entirely lacked coliform bacteria in the rectum. CONCLUSIONS In this study SCFA enemas had no beneficial effect on inflammation in excluded rectum in patients earlier submitted to colectomy for colitis. However, a different rectal flora was detected in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Schauber
- Dept. of Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the role of 1-glutamine, short chain fatty acid, prednisolone, and mesalazine (5-aminosalicylic acid) enemas on mucosal damage and inflammation in experimental colitis. METHODS Colitis was induced in rats with trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid in ethanol. Saline (n = 14), prednisolone (n = 13), 5-aminosalicylic acid (n = 14), 1-glutamine (n = 14), and short chain fatty acid (n = 13) enemas were applied twice daily to the rats for seven days after the induction of colitis. The sham group (n = 9) received only saline enemas. Rats were killed at the seventh day and their colonic macroscopic inflammatory scores were determined. Colonic mucosal gamma glutamyl transpeptidase activity and colonic mucosal malondialdehyde levels were measured. The same measurements but no enemas were done in the control group (n = 7). RESULTS There were significant differences in macroscopic inflammatory scores between sham and colitis groups (P < 0.001). The macroscopic inflammatory scores of the colitis group were higher than the short chain fatty acid and glutamine groups (P < 0.05). Whereas the mucosal gamma glutamyl transpeptidase activity was diminished in prednisolone, 5-aminosalicylic acid, and short chain fatty acid groups when compared with the control group; in the colitis, sham, and glutamine groups the activity of this enzyme did not change. The mucosal malondialdehyde levels were significantly lower in the prednisolone and glutamine groups than in the colitis group. CONCLUSION Only one of four agents tested, namely, 1-glutamine enemas, could decrease the severity of colitis both morphologically and biochemically. Moreover, L-glutamine prevented the colitis-induced oxidant injury in the colonic mucosa. On the other hand, prednisolone and short chain fatty acids seemed to improve only the physiologic changes of colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kaya
- Department of Surgery, Uludag University School of Medicine, Bursa, Turkey
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Aguilar-Nascimento JE, França-da-Silva LR, De-Oliveira AF, Gomes-da-Silva MH. Enhanced mucosal re-epithelialization induced by short chain fatty acids in experimental colitis. Braz J Med Biol Res 1999; 32:961-6. [PMID: 10454757 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x1999000800005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The short chain fatty acids (SCFA) are the best nutrients for the colonocytes. Glucose is poorly used as a fuel but may be transformed into SCFA by colonic bacteria. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of SCFA or glucose on experimental colitis. Colitis was induced in 30 Wistar rats by colonic instillation of 4% acetic acid. Five days later they were randomized to receive twice a day colonic lavage containing saline (controls, N = 10), 10% hypertonic glucose (N = 10) or SCFA (N = 10) until day 8 when they were killed. At autopsy, the colon was removed and weighed and the mucosa was evaluated macro- and microscopically and stripped out for DNA assay. Data are reported as mean +/- SD or median [range] as appropriate. All animals lost weight but there was no difference between groups. Colon weight was significantly lower in the SCFA group (3.8 +/- 0.5 g) than in the control (5.3 +/- 2.1 g) and glucose (5.2 +/- 1.3 g) groups (P<0.05). Macroscopically, the severity of inflammation was less in SCFA (grade 2 [1-5]) than in control (grade 9 [4-10]) and glucose-treated (grade 9 [2-10]) animals (P<0.01). Microscopically, ulceration of the mucosa was more severe in the glucose and control groups than in the SCFA group. The DNA content of the mucosa of SCFA-treated animals (8.2 [5.0-20.2] mg/g of tissue) was higher than in glucose-treated (5.1 [4.2-8.5] mg/g of tissue; P<0.01) and control (6.2 [4.5-8.9] mg/g of tissue; P<0.05) animals. We conclude that SCFA may enhance mucosal re-epithelialization in experimental colitis, whereas hypertonic glucose is of no benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Aguilar-Nascimento
- Departamento de Cirurgia, Hospital Universitário Julio Müller, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil.
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Pinto A, Fidalgo P, Cravo M, Midões J, Chaves P, Rosa J, dos Anjos Brito M, Leitão CN. Short chain fatty acids are effective in short-term treatment of chronic radiation proctitis: randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Dis Colon Rectum 1999; 42:788-95; discussion 795-6. [PMID: 10378604 DOI: 10.1007/bf02236937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Short chain fatty acids are the main energy source of colonocytes and their use may be impaired in chronic radiation proctitis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the therapeutic effect of short chain fatty acid enemas in patients with chronic radiation proctitis. METHODS A prospective, randomized, double-blind trial comparing short chain fatty acid enemas with placebo was conducted in 19 patients with chronic radiation proctitis. Short chain fatty acid enemas contained 60 mM sodium acetate, 30 mM sodium propionate, and 40 mM sodium butyrate. The treatment period lasted five weeks and patients were followed up for six months. RESULTS On admission, both groups were similar regarding all parameters evaluated. After five weeks short chain fatty acid-treated patients showed a significant decrease in the number of days with rectal bleeding from the previous week (4.4+/-1.8 to 1.4+/-2.2; P = 0.001) and an improvement of endoscopic score (4.8+/-1.4 to 2.2+/-1.2; P = 0.001). Hemoglobin values were also significantly higher in short chain fatty acid-treated patients (13.1+/-0.9 g/dl vs. 10.7+/-2.1 g/dl; P = 0.02). Mucosal DNA and protein concentrations decreased in both groups but significantly so only in placebo-treated patients (P = 0.05). Changes in histologic parameters were not significant in either group. Although short chain fatty acid-treated patients did not get worse in the next six months, placebo-treated ones gradually improved, and at the end of six months, differences between the two groups were no longer observed. CONCLUSIONS Short chain fatty acid enemas can accelerate the process of healing in chronic radiation proctitis, but treatment has to be continuous if a complete and sustained clinical, endoscopic, and histologic response is to be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pinto
- Serviço de Gastrenterologia, Lisboa, Portugal
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Ramos MG, Bambirra EA, Nicoli JR, Cara DC, Vieira EC, Alvarez-Leite J. Protection by short-chain fatty acids against 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine-induced intestinal lesions in germfree mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43:950-3. [PMID: 10103207 PMCID: PMC89233 DOI: 10.1128/aac.43.4.950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In germfree mice, the administration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) protected the intestinal mucosa from damage produced by 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (Ara-C). Animals receiving SCFA and Ara-C had intestinal morphologies closer to normal than the control animals, which had severe intestinal lesions. We concluded that orally administrated SCFA reduce intestinal lesions, improving the mucosa pattern of the small intestine and colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Ramos
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB-UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Rabbani GH, Albert MJ, Hamidur Rahman AS, Moyenul Isalm M, Nasirul Islam KM, Alam K. Short-chain fatty acids improve clinical, pathologic, and microbiologic features of experimental shigellosis. J Infect Dis 1999; 179:390-7. [PMID: 9878023 DOI: 10.1086/314584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of the metabolic and antibacterial actions of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), their roles in modifying the clinicopathologic features of shigellosis were evaluated in a rabbit model of shigellosis. Acute colitis was induced in adult rabbits by intracolonic administration of Shigella flexneri 2a. After 24 h, rabbits were given 6-h colonic infusions of SCFA (acetate, propionate, n-butyrate; 60:30:40 mM) or SCFA-free solution (control); groups of rabbits were killed in batches of 2 or 3 animals at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h after treatment, for histologic and bacteriologic assessment. SCFA significantly reduced fecal blood and mucus and improved clinical symptoms. Histologically, SCFA significantly (P<.01) reduced mucosal congestion, cellular infiltration, and necrotic changes. SCFA also significantly (P<.05) reduced the number of shigellae in the colon. No such improvements occurred in the control group. SCFA may be useful agents in improving clinicopathologic features of shigellosis and should be clinically evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Rabbani
- Physiology Research Centre, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh. rabbani@icddrb. org
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Solomon LZ, Jennings AM, Sharpe P, Cooper AJ, Malone PS. Effects of short-chain fatty acids on primary urothelial cells in culture: implications for intravesical use in enterocystoplasties. J Lab Clin Med 1998; 132:279-83. [PMID: 9794698 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2143(98)90040-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The presence of inflammatory changes and mucopus production in an enterocystoplasty may be similar to the condition of diversion colitis and starvation diarrhea caused by a lack of luminal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). We postulate a therapeutic role for intravesical SCFA. Because this treatment will also contact the urothelium, we have assessed the effect on cellular proliferation by utilizing primary urothelial cells in culture. Primary urothelial cells were grown from biopsy samples of normal urothelium obtained intraoperatively. A cocktail of SCFA used in the treatment of diversion colitis was incubated with these cells for time intervals ranging from 30 minutes to 72 hours at drug concentrations ranging from 0.04 to 20 mmol/L butyrate equivalent (BE). The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to measure the residual viable biomass to assess growth inhibition. These experiments were repeated on cells grown on matrigel substrate. The human urothelial cancer line RT112 was likewise exposed to SCFAs to assess selectivity between primary and transformed cells. Primary urothelial cells in culture undergo growth inhibition when exposed to SCFAs. The concentration of SCFAs required to reduce the general biomass by 50% or more (IC> or =50) was 20 mmol/L BE when exposure was for 2 hours or less. When drug exposure was prolonged for 72 hours, the IC> or =50 was 2.5 mmol/L BE. Cells grown on matrigel had their growth similarly inhibited. The IC > or = 50 for the RT112 cell line was 2.5 mmol/L BE after 72 hours of drug incubation. Primary urothelial cells in culture undergo a time- and dose-dependent growth inhibition when exposed to SCFAs. This inhibition is particularly apparent at the higher doses similar to those in use in clinical practice. Cells grown on a matrigel substrate suffer growth attenuation similar to that affecting cells grown on polystyrene plates. In vivo assessment in a rodent intravesical model is advisable before considering instillations in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Z Solomon
- Department of Paediatric Urology, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust, England
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Abstract
The use of nutrients for pharmacotherapy is a recent advance in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders or alterations of gut function and structure. Nutrients may have a direct effect on the gut, or may enhance the response to medications. Alternatively, pharmacologic agents may improve the absorption of nutrients. Potentially, pharmacotherapy may be an adjunct to the traditional approach used in the treatment of compromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Rothstein
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, USA
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50
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Montrose MH. Imaging drug therapy and pH in gastrointestinal tissue with confocal and two-photon microscopy. Scanning 1998; 20:148-149. [PMID: 9604373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M H Montrose
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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