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Ghonaim MM, Habeb MM, Mansour MTM, Mohamed HI, Omran AAA. Investigation of genetic diversity using molecular and biochemical markers associated with powdery mildew resistance in different flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) genotypes. BMC Plant Biol 2024; 24:412. [PMID: 38760706 PMCID: PMC11100107 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05113-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Under greenhouse conditions, the resistance of 18 different genotypes of flax to powdery mildew was evaluated. To investigate genetic diversity and identify the molecular and biochemical markers linked to powdery mildew resistance in the tested genotypes, two molecular marker systems-start codon targeted (SCoT) and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR)-as well as a biochemical marker (protein profiles, antioxidant enzyme activity, and secondary metabolites) were used. Based on the results, the genotypes were classified into four categories: highly susceptible, susceptible, moderately susceptible, and moderately resistant. The genotypes differed significantly in powdery mildew severity: Polk had a severity of 92.03% and Leona had a severity of 18.10%. Compared to the other genotypes, the moderately resistant genotypes had higher levels of flavonoids, antioxidant enzymes, phenolics, and straw yield; nevertheless, their hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde levels were lower. Protein profiles revealed 93.75% polymorphism, although the ISSR marker displayed more polymorphism (78.4%) than the SCoT marker (59.7%). Specific molecular and biochemical markers associated with powdery mildew resistance were identified. The 18 genotypes of flax were divided into two major clusters by the dendrogram based on the combined data of molecular markers. The first main cluster included Leona (genotype number 7), considered moderate resistance to powdery mildew and a separate phenetic line. The second main cluster included the other 17 genotypes, which are grouped together in a sub-cluster. This means that, besides SCoT, ISSR markers can be a useful supplementary technique for molecular flax characterization and for identifying genetic associations between flax genotypes under powdery mildew infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa M Ghonaim
- Cell Study Research Department, Agriculture Research Center, Field Crops Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Marian M Habeb
- Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud T M Mansour
- Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Heba I Mohamed
- Department of Biological and Geological Sciences, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed A A Omran
- Department of Biological and Geological Sciences, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Zhang C, Cai B, Sun Y, Kang J, Pei F, Ge J. Microbial communities that drive the degradation of flax pectin and hemicellulose during dew retting with Bacillus licheniformis HDYM-04 and Bacillus subtilis ZC-01 addition. Bioresour Technol 2023; 371:128516. [PMID: 36563865 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the combined addition of Bacillus licheniformis HDYM-04 and Bacillus subtilis ZC-01 to flax degradation increased the degradation rates of pectin (74.7 %) and pectinic acid (59.3 %) and increased the maximum activities of pectinase (610.66 ± 7.03 U/mL) and mannanase (656.97 ± 13.16 U/mL). 16S rRNA sequencing showed that the added bacterial agent (Bacillus) was the dominant bacterium, and its addition increased the relative abundance (RA) of Firmicutes and decreased the RA of Bacteroidetes. The core bacterial community linked to degradation (Firmicutes) was determined by RDA. Network analysis showed that the number of bacteria related to pectin and hemicellulose degradation increased with the addition of the bacteria combination. SEM analysis showed that Bacillus was positively correlated with the degradation of pectic substances. These results provide new ideas for improving the utilization of agricultural waste resources and promoting sustainable development in modern agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education & Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Engineering and Biological Fermentation Engineering for Cold Region & Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province & School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Baiyan Cai
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education & Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, College of Heilongjiang Province & School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Yangcun Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education & Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Engineering and Biological Fermentation Engineering for Cold Region & Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province & School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Jie Kang
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education & Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Engineering and Biological Fermentation Engineering for Cold Region & Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province & School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Fangyi Pei
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education & Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Engineering and Biological Fermentation Engineering for Cold Region & Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province & School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Jingping Ge
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education & Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Engineering and Biological Fermentation Engineering for Cold Region & Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province & School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China.
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Kanapin A, Bankin M, Rozhmina T, Samsonova A, Samsonova M. Genomic Regions Associated with Fusarium Wilt Resistance in Flax. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12383. [PMID: 34830265 PMCID: PMC8623186 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern flax cultivars are susceptible to many diseases; arguably, the most economically damaging of these is the Fusarium wilt fungal disease. Over the past decades international flax breeding initiatives resulted in the development of resistant cultivars. However, much remains to be learned about the mechanisms of resistance to Fusarium infection in flax. As a first step to uncover the genetic factors associated with resistance to Fusarium wilt disease, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using 297 accessions from the collection of the Federal Research Centre of the Bast Fiber Crops, Torzhok, Russia. These genotypes were infected with a highly pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lini MI39 strain; the wilt symptoms were documented in the course of three successive years. Six different single-locus models implemented in GAPIT3 R package were applied to a selected subset of 72,526 SNPs. A total of 15 QTNs (Quantitative Trait Nucleotides) were detected during at least two years of observation, while eight QTNs were found during all three years of the experiment. Of these, ten QTNs occupied a region of 640 Kb at the start of chromosome 1, while the remaining QTNs mapped to chromosomes 8, 11 and 13. All stable QTNs demonstrate a statistically significant allelic effect across 3 years of the experiment. Importantly, several QTNs spanned regions that harbored genes involved in the pathogen recognition and plant immunity response, including the KIP1-like protein (Lus10025717) and NBS-LRR protein (Lus10025852). Our results provide novel insights into the genetic architecture of flax resistance to Fusarium wilt and pinpoint potential candidate genes for further in-depth studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kanapin
- Centre for Computational Biology, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Mikhail Bankin
- Mathematical Biology & Bioinformatics Laboratory, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Tatyana Rozhmina
- Laboratory of Breeding Technologies, Federal Research Center for Bast Fiber Crops, 172002 Torzhok, Russia;
| | - Anastasia Samsonova
- Centre for Computational Biology, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Maria Samsonova
- Mathematical Biology & Bioinformatics Laboratory, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia;
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Gamage NW, Bamforth J, Ashfaq T, Bernard K, Gräfenhan T, Walkowiak S. Profiling of Bacillus cereus on Canadian grain. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259209. [PMID: 34735500 PMCID: PMC8568128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms that cause foodborne illnesses challenge the food industry; however, environmental studies of these microorganisms on raw grain, prior to food processing, are uncommon. Bacillus cereus sensu lato is a diverse group of bacteria that is common in our everyday environment and occupy a wide array of niches. While some of these bacteria are beneficial to agriculture due to their entomopathogenic properties, others can cause foodborne illness; therefore, characterization of these bacteria is important from both agricultural and food safety standpoints. We performed a survey of wheat and flax grain samples in 2018 (n = 508) and 2017 (n = 636) and discovered that B. cereus was present in the majority of grain samples, as 56.3% and 85.2%, in two years respectively. Whole genome sequencing and comparative genomics of 109 presumptive B. cereus isolates indicates that most of the isolates were closely related and formed two genetically distinct groups. Comparisons to the available genomes of reference strains suggested that the members of these two groups are not closely related to strains previously reported to cause foodborne illness. From the same data set, another, genetically more diverse group of B. cereus was inferred, which had varying levels of similarity to previously reported strains that caused disease. Genomic analysis and PCR amplification of genes linked to toxin production indicated that most of the isolates carry the genes nheA and hbID, while other toxin genes and gene clusters, such as ces, were infrequent. This report of B. cereus on grain from Canada is the first of its kind and demonstrates the value of surveillance of bacteria naturally associated with raw agricultural commodities such as cereal grain and oilseeds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janice Bamforth
- Canadian Grain Commission, Government of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Tehreem Ashfaq
- Canadian Grain Commission, Government of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Kathryn Bernard
- Public Health Agency of Canada, National Microbiology Laboratory, Government of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Tom Gräfenhan
- Canadian Grain Commission, Government of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
- Public Health Agency of Canada, National Microbiology Laboratory, Government of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
- * E-mail: (TG); (SW)
| | - Sean Walkowiak
- Canadian Grain Commission, Government of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
- * E-mail: (TG); (SW)
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Samsonova A, Kanapin A, Bankin M, Logachev A, Gretsova M, Rozhmina T, Samsonova M. A Genomic Blueprint of Flax Fungal Parasite Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052665. [PMID: 33800857 PMCID: PMC7961770 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium wilt of flax is an aggressive disease caused by the soil-borne fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini. It is a challenging pathogen presenting a constant threat to flax production industry worldwide. Previously, we reported chromosome-level assemblies of 5 highly pathogenic F. oxysporum f. sp. lini strains. We sought to characterize the genomic architecture of the fungus and outline evolutionary mechanisms shaping the pathogen genome. Here, we reveal the complex multi-compartmentalized genome organization and uncover its diverse evolutionary dynamics, which boosts genetic diversity and facilitates host adaptation. In addition, our results suggest that host of functions implicated in the life cycle of mobile genetic elements are main contributors to dissimilarity between proteomes of different Fusaria. Finally, our experiments demonstrate that mobile genetics elements are expressed in planta upon infection, alluding to their role in pathogenicity. On the whole, these results pave the way for further in-depth studies of evolutionary forces shaping the host–pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Samsonova
- Mathematical Biology & Bioinformatics Laboratory, Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.S.); (A.K.); (M.B.); (A.L.)
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Alexander Kanapin
- Mathematical Biology & Bioinformatics Laboratory, Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.S.); (A.K.); (M.B.); (A.L.)
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Michael Bankin
- Mathematical Biology & Bioinformatics Laboratory, Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.S.); (A.K.); (M.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Anton Logachev
- Mathematical Biology & Bioinformatics Laboratory, Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.S.); (A.K.); (M.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Maria Gretsova
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Tatyana Rozhmina
- Laboratory of Breeding Technologies, Federal Research Center for Bast Fiber Crops, 172002 Torzhok, Russia;
| | - Maria Samsonova
- Mathematical Biology & Bioinformatics Laboratory, Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.S.); (A.K.); (M.B.); (A.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-812-290-9645
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Planchon A, Durambur G, Besnier JB, Plasson C, Gügi B, Bernard S, Mérieau A, Trouvé JP, Dubois C, Laval K, Driouich A, Mollet JC, Gattin R. Effect of a Bacillus subtilis strain on flax protection against Fusarium oxysporum and its impact on the root and stem cell walls. Plant Cell Environ 2021; 44:304-322. [PMID: 32890441 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In Normandy, flax is a plant of important economic interest because of its fibres. Fusarium oxysporum, a telluric fungus, is responsible for the major losses in crop yield and fibre quality. Several methods are currently used to limit the use of phytochemicals on crops. One of them is the use of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) occurring naturally in the rhizosphere. PGPR are known to act as local antagonists to soil-borne pathogens and to enhance plant resistance by eliciting the induced systemic resistance (ISR). In this study, we first investigated the cell wall modifications occurring in roots and stems after inoculation with the fungus in two flax varieties. First, we showed that both varieties displayed different cell wall organization and that rapid modifications occurred in roots and stems after inoculation. Then, we demonstrated the efficiency of a Bacillus subtilis strain to limit Fusarium wilt on both varieties with a better efficiency for one of them. Finally, thermo-gravimetry was used to highlight that B. subtilis induced modifications of the stem properties, supporting a reinforcement of the cell walls. Our findings suggest that the efficiency and the mode of action of the PGPR B. subtilis is likely to be flax variety dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Planchon
- Institut Polytechnique UniLaSalle, Univ. Artois, EA7519 - unité Transformations & Agro-ressources, SFR NORVEGE, Mont Saint Aignan, France
- Normandie Univ, UniRouen, GlycoMEV, SFR NORVEGE, I2C Carnot, Rouen, France
| | - Gaëlle Durambur
- Normandie Univ, UniRouen, GlycoMEV, SFR NORVEGE, I2C Carnot, Rouen, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Besnier
- Institut Polytechnique UniLaSalle, Univ. Artois, EA7519 - unité Transformations & Agro-ressources, SFR NORVEGE, Mont Saint Aignan, France
| | - Carole Plasson
- Normandie Univ, UniRouen, GlycoMEV, SFR NORVEGE, I2C Carnot, Rouen, France
| | - Bruno Gügi
- Normandie Univ, UniRouen, GlycoMEV, SFR NORVEGE, I2C Carnot, Rouen, France
| | - Sophie Bernard
- Normandie Univ, UniRouen, GlycoMEV, SFR NORVEGE, I2C Carnot, Rouen, France
- Normandie Univ, UniRouen, PRIMACEN (Plateforme de Recherche en IMAgerie CEllulaire de Normandie) IRIB, Rouen, France
| | | | | | - Caroline Dubois
- Institut Polytechnique UniLaSalle, unité AGHYLE - UP 2018.C101, SFR NORVEGE, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Karine Laval
- Institut Polytechnique UniLaSalle, unité AGHYLE - UP 2018.C101, SFR NORVEGE, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Azeddine Driouich
- Normandie Univ, UniRouen, GlycoMEV, SFR NORVEGE, I2C Carnot, Rouen, France
| | - Jean-Claude Mollet
- Normandie Univ, UniRouen, GlycoMEV, SFR NORVEGE, I2C Carnot, Rouen, France
| | - Richard Gattin
- Institut Polytechnique UniLaSalle, Univ. Artois, EA7519 - unité Transformations & Agro-ressources, SFR NORVEGE, Mont Saint Aignan, France
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Jaber R, Planchon A, Mathieu-Rivet E, Kiefer-Meyer MC, Zahid A, Plasson C, Pamlard O, Beaupierre S, Trouvé JP, Guillou C, Driouich A, Follet-Gueye ML, Mollet JC. Identification of two compounds able to improve flax resistance towards Fusarium oxysporum infection. Plant Sci 2020; 301:110690. [PMID: 33218648 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants are surrounded by a diverse range of microorganisms that causes serious crop losses and requires the use of pesticides. Flax is a major crop in Normandy used for its fibres and is regularly challenged by the pathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) f. sp. lini. To protect themselves, plants use "innate immunity" as a first line of defense level against pathogens. Activation of plant defense with elicitors could be an alternative for crop plant protection. A previous work was conducted by screening a chemical library and led to the identification of compounds able to activate defense responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. Four compounds were tested for their abilities to improve resistance of two flax varieties against Fo. Two of them, one natural (holaphyllamine or HPA) and one synthetic (M4), neither affected flax nor Fo growth. HPA and M4 induced oxidative burst and callose deposition. Furthermore, HPA and M4 caused changes in the expression patterns of defense-related genes coding a glucanase and a chitinase-like. Finally, plants pre-treated with HPA or M4 exhibited a significant decrease in the disease symptoms. Together, these findings demonstrate that HPA and M4 are able to activate defense responses in flax and improve its resistance against Fo infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rim Jaber
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Glyco-MEV, EA4358, SFR NORVEGE FED 4277, I2C Carnot, IRIB, 76000, Rouen, France.
| | - Aline Planchon
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Glyco-MEV, EA4358, SFR NORVEGE FED 4277, I2C Carnot, IRIB, 76000, Rouen, France.
| | - Elodie Mathieu-Rivet
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Glyco-MEV, EA4358, SFR NORVEGE FED 4277, I2C Carnot, IRIB, 76000, Rouen, France.
| | | | - Abderrakib Zahid
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Glyco-MEV, EA4358, SFR NORVEGE FED 4277, I2C Carnot, IRIB, 76000, Rouen, France.
| | - Carole Plasson
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Glyco-MEV, EA4358, SFR NORVEGE FED 4277, I2C Carnot, IRIB, 76000, Rouen, France.
| | - Olivier Pamlard
- Unité de catalyse et chimie du solide, UMR CNRS 8181, Université de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France.
| | - Sandra Beaupierre
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR CNRS 2301, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | | | - Catherine Guillou
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR CNRS 2301, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Azeddine Driouich
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Glyco-MEV, EA4358, SFR NORVEGE FED 4277, I2C Carnot, IRIB, 76000, Rouen, France.
| | - Marie-Laure Follet-Gueye
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Glyco-MEV, EA4358, SFR NORVEGE FED 4277, I2C Carnot, IRIB, 76000, Rouen, France; Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, PRIMACEN, IRIB, 76000, Rouen, France.
| | - Jean-Claude Mollet
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Glyco-MEV, EA4358, SFR NORVEGE FED 4277, I2C Carnot, IRIB, 76000, Rouen, France.
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Kanapin A, Samsonova A, Rozhmina T, Bankin M, Logachev A, Samsonova M. The Genome Sequence of Five Highly Pathogenic Isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2020; 33:1112-1115. [PMID: 32568599 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-20-0130-sc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium wilt is the most destructive fungal disease in flax, limiting flax cultivation in all the main flax and linseed growing countries. The causative agent is seedborne and soilborne fungus F. oxysporum f. sp. lini. Here, we report, for the first time, genome assemblies of five highly pathogenic isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini, namely monoisolate 39 and strains F329, F324, F282, F287. In addition, syntenic analysis provided a powerful approach to distinguish between core and lineage-specific parts of the genome. These results lay a solid foundation for comparative genomics studies of plant fungal pathogens, evolution of pathogenicity, and virulence factors underlying the dynamics of host-pathogen interactions, thus eventually offering solutions to Fusarium disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kanapin
- Institute for Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, 195251 Russian Federation
- Centre for Genome Bioinformatics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034 Russian Federation
| | - Anastasia Samsonova
- Institute for Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, 195251 Russian Federation
- Centre for Genome Bioinformatics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034 Russian Federation
| | - Tatyana Rozhmina
- Federal Research Center for Bast Fiber Crops, Torzhok 172002, Russia
| | - Michael Bankin
- Institute for Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, 195251 Russian Federation
| | - Anton Logachev
- Centre for Genome Bioinformatics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034 Russian Federation
| | - Maria Samsonova
- Institute for Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, 195251 Russian Federation
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Susi H, Burdon JJ, Thrall PH, Nemri A, Barrett LG. Genetic analysis reveals long-standing population differentiation and high diversity in the rust pathogen Melampsora lini. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008731. [PMID: 32810177 PMCID: PMC7454959 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A priority for research on infectious disease is to understand how epidemiological and evolutionary processes interact to influence pathogen population dynamics and disease outcomes. However, little is understood about how population adaptation changes across time, how sexual vs. asexual reproduction contribute to the spread of pathogens in wild populations and how diversity measured with neutral and selectively important markers correlates across years. Here, we report results from a long-term study of epidemiological and genetic dynamics within several natural populations of the Linum marginale-Melampsora lini plant-pathogen interaction. Using pathogen isolates collected from three populations of wild flax (L. marginale) spanning 16 annual epidemics, we probe links between pathogen population dynamics, phenotypic variation for infectivity and genomic polymorphism. Pathogen genotyping was performed using 1567 genome-wide SNP loci and sequence data from two infectivity loci (AvrP123, AvrP4). Pathogen isolates were phenotyped for infectivity using a differential set. Patterns of epidemic development were assessed by conducting surveys of infection prevalence in one population (Kiandra) annually. Bayesian clustering analyses revealed host population and ecotype as key predictors of pathogen genetic structure. Despite strong fluctuations in pathogen population size and severe annual bottlenecks, analysis of molecular variance revealed that pathogen population differentiation was relatively stable over time. Annually, varying levels of clonal spread (0–44.8%) contributed to epidemics. However, within populations, temporal genetic composition was dynamic with rapid turnover of pathogen genotypes, despite the dominance of only four infectivity phenotypes across the entire study period. Furthermore, in the presence of strong fluctuations in population size and migration, spatial selection may maintain pathogen populations that, despite being phenotypically stable, are genetically highly dynamic. Melampsora lini is a rust fungus that infects native flax, Linum marginale in south-eastern Australia where its epidemiology and evolution have been intensively studied since 1987. Over that time, substantial diversity in the pathotypic structure of M. lini has been demonstrated but an understanding of how genetic diversity in pathogen populations is maintained through space and time is lacking. Here we integrated phenotypic, genotypic and epidemiological datasets spanning 16 annual epidemics across three host populations to examine long-term pathogen genetic dynamics. The results show that host ecotype is the dominant selective force in the face of strong bottlenecks and annual patterns of genetic turnover. Results from previous studies indicate that in this geographic region, M. lini lacks the capacity to reproduce sexually–we thus expected to find limited genetic diversity and evidence for strong clonality influencing genetic dynamics within growing seasons. However, the breadth of genomic coverage provided by the SNP markers revealed high levels of genotypic variation within M. lini populations. This discovery contrasts with observed phenotypic dynamics as the epidemics of this pathogen were largely dominated by four pathotypes across the study period. Based on a detailed assessment and comparison of pathotypic and genotypic patterns, our study increases the understanding of how genetic diversity is generated and maintained through space and time within wild pathogen populations. The implications for the management of resistance to pathogens in agricultural or conservation contexts are significant: the appearance of clonality may be hiding high levels of pathogen diversity and recombination. Understanding how this diversity is generated could provide new and unique ways to mitigate or suppress the emergence of infectious strains, allowing to efficiently combat harmful diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Susi
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Canberra, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Boba A, Kostyn K, Kozak B, Wojtasik W, Preisner M, Prescha A, Gola EM, Lysh D, Dudek B, Szopa J, Kulma A. Fusarium oxysporum infection activates the plastidial branch of the terpenoid biosynthesis pathway in flax, leading to increased ABA synthesis. Planta 2020; 251:50. [PMID: 31950395 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03339-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Upregulation of the terpenoid pathway and increased ABA content in flax upon Fusarium infection leads to activation of the early plant's response (PR genes, cell wall remodeling, and redox status). Plants have developed a number of defense strategies against the adverse effects of fungi such as Fusarium oxysporum. One such defense is the production of antioxidant secondary metabolites, which fall into two main groups: the phenylpropanoids and the terpenoids. While functions and biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids have been extensively studied, very little is known about the genes controlling the terpenoid synthesis pathway in flax. They can serve as antioxidants, but are also substrates for a plethora of different compounds, including those of regulatory functions, like ABA. ABA's function during pathogen attack remains obscure and often depends on the specific plant-pathogen interactions. In our study we showed that in flax the non-mevalonate pathway is strongly activated in the early hours of pathogen infection and that there is a redirection of metabolites towards ABA synthesis. The elevated synthesis of ABA correlates with flax resistance to F. oxysporum, thus we suggest ABA to be a positive regulator of the plant's early response to the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Boba
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Kamil Kostyn
- Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Seed Production, Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Plant Sciences, Plac Grunwaldzki 24A, 53-363, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Bartosz Kozak
- Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Seed Production, Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Plant Sciences, Plac Grunwaldzki 24A, 53-363, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Wioleta Wojtasik
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marta Preisner
- Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Seed Production, Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Plant Sciences, Plac Grunwaldzki 24A, 53-363, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Prescha
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Borowska 211, 50-556, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Edyta M Gola
- Deptartment of Plant Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wrocław, Kanonia 6/8, 50-328, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Dzmitry Lysh
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Barbara Dudek
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jan Szopa
- Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Seed Production, Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Plant Sciences, Plac Grunwaldzki 24A, 53-363, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Kulma
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wrocław, Poland.
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11
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Wu W, Nemri A, Blackman LM, Catanzariti AM, Sperschneider J, Lawrence GJ, Dodds PN, Jones DA, Hardham AR. Flax rust infection transcriptomics reveals a transcriptional profile that may be indicative for rust Avr genes. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226106. [PMID: 31830116 PMCID: PMC6907798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Secreted effectors of fungal pathogens are essential elements for disease development. However, lack of sequence conservation among identified effectors has long been a problem for predicting effector complements in fungi. Here we have explored the expression characteristics of avirulence (Avr) genes and candidate effectors of the flax rust fungus, Melampsora lini. We performed transcriptome sequencing and real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) on RNA extracted from ungerminated spores, germinated spores, isolated haustoria and flax seedlings inoculated with M. lini isolate CH5 during plant infection. Genes encoding two categories of M. lini proteins, namely Avr proteins and plant cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs), were investigated in detail. Analysis of the expression profiles of 623 genes encoding predicted secreted proteins in the M. lini transcriptome shows that the six known Avr genes (i.e. AvrM (avrM), AvrM14, AvrL2, AvrL567, AvrP123 (AvrP) and AvrP4) fall within a group of 64 similarly expressed genes that are induced in planta and show a peak of expression early in infection with a subsequent decline towards sporulation. Other genes within this group include two paralogues of AvrL2, an AvrL567 virulence allele, and a number of genes encoding putative effector proteins. By contrast, M. lini genes encoding CWDEs fall into different expression clusters with their distribution often unrelated to their catalytic activity or substrate targets. These results suggest that synthesis of M. lini Avr proteins may be regulated in a coordinated fashion and that the expression profiling-based analysis has significant predictive power for the identification of candidate Avr genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Wu
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Leila M. Blackman
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Ann-Maree Catanzariti
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Jana Sperschneider
- Biological Data Science Institute, the Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | | | | | - David A. Jones
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Adrienne R. Hardham
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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12
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Fang S, Zhou Q, Hu Y, Liu F, Mei J, Xie J. Antimicrobial Carvacrol Incorporated in Flaxseed Gum-Sodium Alginate Active Films to Improve the Quality Attributes of Chinese Sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus) during Cold Storage. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24183292. [PMID: 31509981 PMCID: PMC6766946 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this research was to explore the antimicrobial activity and mechanism of carvacrol against Vibrio Parahemolyticus, Shewanella putrefaciens, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas fluorescens and evaluate the effect of the addition of carvacrol/β-cyclodextrin emulsions to flaxseed gum (FSG)-sodium alginate (SA) edible films on the preservation of Chinese sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus) fillets during refrigerated storage. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of carvacrol against V. parahemolyticus, S. putrefaciens, S. aureus and P. fluorescens were 0.5, 0.5, 0.125, and 0.5 mg/mL, respectively. Alkaline phosphatase activity assay, nucleotide and protein leakage, and scanning electron microscope demonstrated that carvacrol damaged the external structure of the tested bacterial cells causing leakage of cytoplasmic components. At the same time, when FSG-SA films containing carvacrol used as coating agents for Chinese sea bass fillets cold storage, FSG-SA films containing 1.0 or 2.0 mg/mL carvacrol could significantly reduce TVB-N content, K-value, the degree of microbial deterioration and maintain quality of sea bass fillets according to organoleptic evaluation results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyuan Fang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Qianqian Zhou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Yan Hu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Feng Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Jun Mei
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Science and Engineering Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China.
- Shanghai Professional Technology Service Platform on Cold Chain Equipment Performance and Energy Saving Evaluation, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Jing Xie
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Science and Engineering Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China.
- Shanghai Professional Technology Service Platform on Cold Chain Equipment Performance and Energy Saving Evaluation, Shanghai 201306, China.
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13
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Markulin L, Corbin C, Renouard S, Drouet S, Durpoix C, Mathieu C, Lopez T, Auguin D, Hano C, Lainé É. Characterization of LuWRKY36, a flax transcription factor promoting secoisolariciresinol biosynthesis in response to Fusarium oxysporum elicitors in Linum usitatissimum L. hairy roots. Planta 2019; 250:347-366. [PMID: 31037486 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03172-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The involvement of a WRKY transcription factor in the regulation of lignan biosynthesis in flax using a hairy root system is described. Secoisolariciresinol is the main flax lignan synthesized by action of LuPLR1 (pinoresinol-lariciresinol reductase 1). LuPLR1 gene promoter deletion experiments have revealed a promoter region containing W boxes potentially responsible for the response to Fusarium oxysporum. W boxes are bound by WRKY transcription factors that play a role in the response to stress. A candidate WRKY transcription factor, LuWRKY36, was isolated from both abscisic acid and Fusarium elicitor-treated flax cell cDNA libraries. This transcription factors contains two WRKY DNA-binding domains and is a homolog of AtWRKY33. Different approaches confirmed LuWRKY36 binding to a W box located in the LuPLR1 promoter occurring through a unique direct interaction mediated by its N-terminal WRKY domain. Our results propose that the positive regulator action of LuWRKY36 on the LuPLR1 gene regulation and lignan biosynthesis in response to biotic stress is positively mediated by abscisic acid and inhibited by ethylene. Additionally, we demonstrate a differential Fusarium elicitor response in susceptible and resistant flax cultivars, seen as a faster and stronger LuPLR1 gene expression response accompanied with higher secoisolariciresinol accumulation in HR of the resistant cultivar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucija Markulin
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, EA 1207, INRA USC 1328, Université d'Orléans, Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 Rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000, Chartres, France
| | - Cyrielle Corbin
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, EA 1207, INRA USC 1328, Université d'Orléans, Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 Rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000, Chartres, France
| | - Sullivan Renouard
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, EA 1207, INRA USC 1328, Université d'Orléans, Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 Rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000, Chartres, France
| | - Samantha Drouet
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, EA 1207, INRA USC 1328, Université d'Orléans, Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 Rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000, Chartres, France
| | - Charlène Durpoix
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, EA 1207, INRA USC 1328, Université d'Orléans, Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 Rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000, Chartres, France
| | - Charlotte Mathieu
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, EA 1207, INRA USC 1328, Université d'Orléans, Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 Rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000, Chartres, France
| | - Tatiana Lopez
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, EA 1207, INRA USC 1328, Université d'Orléans, Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 Rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000, Chartres, France
| | - Daniel Auguin
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, EA 1207, INRA USC 1328, Université d'Orléans, Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 Rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000, Chartres, France
| | - Christophe Hano
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, EA 1207, INRA USC 1328, Université d'Orléans, Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 Rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000, Chartres, France
| | - Éric Lainé
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, EA 1207, INRA USC 1328, Université d'Orléans, Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 Rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000, Chartres, France.
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14
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Wan L, Koeck M, Williams SJ, Ashton AR, Lawrence GJ, Sakakibara H, Kojima M, Böttcher C, Ericsson DJ, Hardham AR, Jones DA, Ellis JG, Kobe B, Dodds PN. Structural and functional insights into the modulation of the activity of a flax cytokinin oxidase by flax rust effector AvrL567-A. Mol Plant Pathol 2019; 20:211-222. [PMID: 30242946 PMCID: PMC6637871 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
During infection, plant pathogens secrete effector proteins to facilitate colonization. In comparison with our knowledge of bacterial effectors, the current understanding of how fungal effectors function is limited. In this study, we show that the effector AvrL567-A from the flax rust fungus Melampsora lini interacts with a flax cytosolic cytokinin oxidase, LuCKX1.1, using both yeast two-hybrid and in planta bimolecular fluorescence assays. Purified LuCKX1.1 protein shows catalytic activity against both N6-(Δ2-isopentenyl)-adenine (2iP) and trans-zeatin (tZ) substrates. Incubation of LuCKX1.1 with AvrL567-A results in increased catalytic activity against both substrates. The crystal structure of LuCKX1.1 and docking studies with AvrL567-A indicate that the AvrL567 binding site involves a flexible surface-exposed region that surrounds the cytokinin substrate access site, which may explain its effect in modulating LuCKX1.1 activity. Expression of AvrL567-A in transgenic flax plants gave rise to an epinastic leaf phenotype consistent with hormonal effects, although no difference in overall cytokinin levels was observed. We propose that, during infection, plant pathogens may differentially modify the levels of extracellular and intracellular cytokinins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and Institute for Molecular BioscienceUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQLD4072Australia
- Department of BiologyUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth Carolina27599‐3280USA
| | - Markus Koeck
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture and FoodCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Simon J. Williams
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and Institute for Molecular BioscienceUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQLD4072Australia
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of BiologyAustralian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Anthony R. Ashton
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture and FoodCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Gregory J. Lawrence
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture and FoodCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Hitoshi Sakakibara
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource ScienceYokohamaKanagawa230‐0045Japan
| | - Mikiko Kojima
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource ScienceYokohamaKanagawa230‐0045Japan
| | - Christine Böttcher
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture and FoodAdelaideSA5064Australia
| | - Daniel J. Ericsson
- Australian SynchrotronMacromolecular CrystallographyClaytonVictoria3168Australia
| | - Adrienne R. Hardham
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of BiologyAustralian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - David A. Jones
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of BiologyAustralian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Jeffrey G. Ellis
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture and FoodCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and Institute for Molecular BioscienceUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQLD4072Australia
| | - Peter N. Dodds
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture and FoodCanberraACT2601Australia
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15
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He L, Xiao J, Rashid KY, Jia G, Li P, Yao Z, Wang X, Cloutier S, You FM. Evaluation of Genomic Prediction for Pasmo Resistance in Flax. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E359. [PMID: 30654497 PMCID: PMC6359301 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pasmo (Septoria linicola) is a fungal disease causing major losses in seed yield and quality and stem fibre quality in flax. Pasmo resistance (PR) is quantitative and has low heritability. To improve PR breeding efficiency, the accuracy of genomic prediction (GP) was evaluated using a diverse worldwide core collection of 370 accessions. Four marker sets, including three defined by 500, 134 and 67 previously identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) and one of 52,347 PR-correlated genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms, were used to build ridge regression best linear unbiased prediction (RR-BLUP) models using pasmo severity (PS) data collected from field experiments performed during five consecutive years. With five-fold random cross-validation, GP accuracy as high as 0.92 was obtained from the models using the 500 QTL when the average PS was used as the training dataset. GP accuracy increased with training population size, reaching values >0.9 with training population size greater than 185. Linear regression of the observed PS with the number of positive-effect QTL in accessions provided an alternative GP approach with an accuracy of 0.86. The results demonstrate the GP models based on marker information from all identified QTL and the 5-year PS average is highly effective for PR prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang He
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada.
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University/JiangSu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Jin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University/JiangSu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Khalid Y Rashid
- Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5, Canada.
| | - Gaofeng Jia
- Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada.
| | - Pingchuan Li
- Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5, Canada.
| | - Zhen Yao
- Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5, Canada.
| | - Xiue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University/JiangSu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Sylvie Cloutier
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada.
| | - Frank M You
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada.
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University/JiangSu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing 210095, China.
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16
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Tashackori H, Sharifi M, Ahmadian Chashmi N, Fuss E, Behmanesh M, Safaie N. RNAi-mediated silencing of pinoresinol lariciresinol reductase in Linum album hairy roots alters the phenolic accumulation in response to fungal elicitor. J Plant Physiol 2019; 232:115-126. [PMID: 30537598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Lignans are diphenolic compounds produced in plants via coupling of two coniferyl alcohol molecules with the aid of a dirigent protein to form pinoresinol (PINO). The latter is reduced via lariciresinol (LARI) to secoisolariciresinol by the bifunctional pinoresinol-lariciresinol reductase (PLR). In this study, we clarified the consequences of altered lignan biosynthesis on amino acids, phenolics compounds and lignin in the hairy roots of Linum album with an ihpRNAi construct to silence PLR gene expression. Down-regulation of PLR-La1 resulted in up to an 8.3 and 3.3-time increased PINO and LARI content respectively, and reduced levels of podophyllotoxin (PTOX) and 6-methoxy podophyllotoxin (6-MPTOX). By Suppression of PLR expression, the metabolites belonging to shikimate and phenylpropanoid pathways are conducted to phenolic compounds and lignin accumulations. Although PINO and LARI were induced in response to fungal elicitor, the accumulation of PTOX and 6-MPTOX did not occur in PLR down-regulated roots. Our result also demonstrated variation in amino acids, phenolic compounds and lignin levels in presence of the fungal elicitation in PLR down regulated-roots. This data assert the accumulation of aryltetralin lignans in interactions with plant pathogens by PLR activity and the importance this enzyme for defense against pathogens in L. album.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannaneh Tashackori
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-154, Iran
| | - Mohsen Sharifi
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-154, Iran.
| | | | - Elisabeth Fuss
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tubingen, Germany
| | - Mehrdad Behmanesh
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naser Safaie
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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17
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Blum A, Bressan M, Zahid A, Trinsoutrot-Gattin I, Driouich A, Laval K. Verticillium Wilt on Fiber Flax: Symptoms and Pathogen Development In Planta. Plant Dis 2018; 102:2421-2429. [PMID: 30281419 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-18-0139-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fiber flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), an important crop in Normandy (France), is increasingly affected by Verticillium wilt caused by the soilborne fungus Verticillium dahliae. This disease leads to nonnegligible yield losses and depreciated fibers that are consequently difficult to upgrade. Verticillium wilt is a major threat to a broad range of agriculture. In this study, susceptible fiber flax cultivar Adélie was infected by VdLu01 (isolated from fiber flax, this study) or green fluorescent protein-tagged VdLs17 (transformed and provided by the department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis). Between 3 and 4 weeks postinoculation, wilting symptoms on leaves were first observed, with acropetal growth during the following weeks. Pathogen development was tracked by confocal laser-scanning microscopy during the asymptomatic and symptomatic stages. First, conidia germination led to the development of hyphae on root epidermis; more particularly, on the zone of cell differentiation and around emerging lateral roots, while the zone of cell division and the root tip were free of the pathogen. At 3 days postinoculation, the zone of cell differentiation and lateral roots were embedded into a fungal mass. Swelling structures such as appressoria were observed at 1 week postinoculation. At 2 weeks postinoculation and onward, the pathogen had colonized xylem vessels in roots, followed by the stem and, finally, leaves during the symptomatic stage. Additionally, observations of infected plants after retting in the field revealed microsclerotia embedded inside the bast fiber bundle, thus potentially contributing to weakening of fiber. All of these results provide a global account of V. dahliae development when infecting fiber flax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Blum
- UniLaSalle-Campus Rouen, Unité Aghyle, CS 40118, LaSalle Beauvais-Esitpa, 76134 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France; and Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire végétale EA 4358, SFR Végétal-Agronomie, Université de Rouen 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | | | - Abderrakib Zahid
- Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire végétale EA 4358, SFR Végétal-Agronomie, Université de Rouen; and Département de Production, Protection et Biotechnologie végétale (Unité de Génétique, Biotechnologies et Amélioration des Plantes) Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II B.P. 6202 Rabat-Instituts, Madinat Al Irfan C.P. 10101, Morocco
| | | | - Azeddine Driouich
- Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire végétale EA 4358, SFR Végétal-Agronomie, Université de Rouen
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18
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Tashackori H, Sharifi M, Chashmi NA, Behmanesh M, Safaie N. Piriformospora indica cell wall modulates gene expression and metabolite profile in Linum album hairy roots. Planta 2018; 248:1289-1306. [PMID: 30109409 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2973-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Elicitation of Linum album hairy roots by Piriformospora indica cell wall induced the target genes and specific metabolites in phenylpropanoid pathway and shifted the amino acid metabolism toward the phenolic compound production. Plants have evolved complex mechanisms to defend themselves against various biotic stresses. One of these responses is the production of metabolites that act as defense compounds. Manipulation of plant cell cultures by biotic elicitors is a useful strategy for improving the production of valuable secondary metabolites. This study focused on hairy root culture of Linum album, an important source for lignans. The effects of cell wall elicitor extracted from Piriformospora indica on phenylpropanoid derivatives were evaluated to identify metabolic traits related to biotic stress tolerance. Significant increases in lignin, lignans; lariciresinol, podophyllotoxin, and 6-methoxy podophyllotoxin; phenolic acids: cinnamic acid, ferulic acid, and salicylic acid; flavonoids: myricetin, kaempferol, and diosmin were observed in response to the fungal elicitor. In addition, the gene expression levels of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, cinnamoyl-CoA reductase, and pinoresinol-lariciresinol reductase significantly increased after elicitation. The composition of free amino acids was altered under the elicitation. Phenylalanine and tyrosine, as precursors of phenylpropanoid metabolites, were increased, but alanine, serine, and glutamic acid significantly decreased in response to the fungal elicitor, suggesting that the amino acid pathway may be shifted toward biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids and precursors of the phenylpropanoid pathway. These results provided evidence that up-regulation of genes involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway in response to the fungal elicitor resulted in enhanced metabolic responses associated with the protection in L. album. This approach can also be applied to improve lignan production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannaneh Tashackori
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, 14115-154, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Sharifi
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, 14115-154, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Mehrdad Behmanesh
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naser Safaie
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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19
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Zhang X, Farah N, Rolston L, Ericsson DJ, Catanzariti A, Bernoux M, Ve T, Bendak K, Chen C, Mackay JP, Lawrence GJ, Hardham A, Ellis JG, Williams SJ, Dodds PN, Jones DA, Kobe B. Crystal structure of the Melampsora lini effector AvrP reveals insights into a possible nuclear function and recognition by the flax disease resistance protein P. Mol Plant Pathol 2018; 19:1196-1209. [PMID: 28817232 PMCID: PMC6638141 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The effector protein AvrP is secreted by the flax rust fungal pathogen (Melampsora lini) and recognized specifically by the flax (Linum usitatissimum) P disease resistance protein, leading to effector-triggered immunity. To investigate the biological function of this effector and the mechanisms of specific recognition by the P resistance protein, we determined the crystal structure of AvrP. The structure reveals an elongated zinc-finger-like structure with a novel interleaved zinc-binding topology. The residues responsible for zinc binding are conserved in AvrP effector variants and mutations of these motifs result in a loss of P-mediated recognition. The first zinc-coordinating region of the structure displays a positively charged surface and shows some limited similarities to nucleic acid-binding and chromatin-associated proteins. We show that the majority of the AvrP protein accumulates in the plant nucleus when transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana cells, suggesting a nuclear pathogenic function. Polymorphic residues in AvrP and its allelic variants map to the protein surface and could be associated with differences in recognition specificity. Several point mutations of residues on the non-conserved surface patch result in a loss of recognition by P, suggesting that these residues are required for recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesAustralian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueensland 4072Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture and FoodCanberraAustralian Capital Territory 2601Australia
| | - Nadya Farah
- Division of Plant SciencesResearch School of Biology, Australian National University, ActonAustralian Capital Territory 2601Australia
| | - Laura Rolston
- Division of Plant SciencesResearch School of Biology, Australian National University, ActonAustralian Capital Territory 2601Australia
| | - Daniel J. Ericsson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesAustralian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueensland 4072Australia
- Australian Synchrotron, Macromolecular crystallographyClaytonVictoria 3168Australia
| | - Ann‐Maree Catanzariti
- Division of Plant SciencesResearch School of Biology, Australian National University, ActonAustralian Capital Territory 2601Australia
| | - Maud Bernoux
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture and FoodCanberraAustralian Capital Territory 2601Australia
| | - Thomas Ve
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesAustralian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueensland 4072Australia
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith UniversitySouthportQueensland 4222Australia
| | - Katerina Bendak
- School of Molecular BioscienceUniversity of SydneySydneyNew South Wales 2006Australia
| | - Chunhong Chen
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture and FoodCanberraAustralian Capital Territory 2601Australia
| | - Joel P. Mackay
- School of Molecular BioscienceUniversity of SydneySydneyNew South Wales 2006Australia
| | - Gregory J. Lawrence
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture and FoodCanberraAustralian Capital Territory 2601Australia
| | - Adrienne Hardham
- Division of Plant SciencesResearch School of Biology, Australian National University, ActonAustralian Capital Territory 2601Australia
| | - Jeffrey G. Ellis
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture and FoodCanberraAustralian Capital Territory 2601Australia
| | - Simon J. Williams
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesAustralian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueensland 4072Australia
- Division of Plant SciencesResearch School of Biology, Australian National University, ActonAustralian Capital Territory 2601Australia
| | - Peter N. Dodds
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture and FoodCanberraAustralian Capital Territory 2601Australia
| | - David A. Jones
- Division of Plant SciencesResearch School of Biology, Australian National University, ActonAustralian Capital Territory 2601Australia
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesAustralian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueensland 4072Australia
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20
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Dimitrijević S, Pavlović M, Maksimović S, Ristić M, Filipović V, Antonović D, Dimitrijević-Branković S. Plant growth-promoting bacteria elevate the nutritional and functional properties of black cumin and flaxseed fixed oil. J Sci Food Agric 2018; 98:1584-1590. [PMID: 28833158 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to study the influence of plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) belonging to Streptomyces sp., Paenibacillus sp., and Hymenobacter sp. on fixed oil content of flaxseed and black cumin, 2-year field experiments were conducted. PGPB was applied during seedtime of plants. The extraction of oil from seeds was performed using supercritical CO2 . RESULTS The addition of PGPB significantly increases the content of C18:1 (from 16.06 ± 0.03% to 16.97 ± 0.03%) and C18:3 (from 42.97 ± 0.2% to 45.42 ± 0.5%) in flaxseed oil and C18:2 (from 52.68 ± 0.50% to 57.11 ± 0.40%) and C20:2 (from 4.34 ± 0.02% to 4.54 ± 0.03%) in black cumin seed oil. The contents of total polyphenols, flavonoids, and carotenoids, as well as antioxidant activity measured by ferric-reducing ability of plasma assay, were found to be greater in the oil from the seeds of plants treated with the PGPB, compared with the respective non-treated samples. CONCLUSION The use of PGPB enhances plant nutritive properties; these represent a great source for obtaining valuable functional food ingredients. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snežana Dimitrijević
- Institute of Medicinal Plants Research 'Dr Josif Pančić', Tadeuša Košćuška 1, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Pavlović
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Karnegijeva 4, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Svetolik Maksimović
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Karnegijeva 4, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mihajlo Ristić
- Institute of Medicinal Plants Research 'Dr Josif Pančić', Tadeuša Košćuška 1, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Filipović
- Institute of Medicinal Plants Research 'Dr Josif Pančić', Tadeuša Košćuška 1, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dušan Antonović
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Karnegijeva 4, Belgrade, Serbia
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21
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Dmitriev AA, Krasnov GS, Rozhmina TA, Novakovskiy RO, Snezhkina AV, Fedorova MS, Yurkevich OY, Muravenko OV, Bolsheva NL, Kudryavtseva AV, Melnikova NV. Differential gene expression in response to Fusarium oxysporum infection in resistant and susceptible genotypes of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.). BMC Plant Biol 2017; 17:253. [PMID: 29297347 PMCID: PMC5751779 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1192-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is a crop plant used for fiber and oil production. Although potentially high-yielding flax varieties have been developed, environmental stresses markedly decrease flax production. Among biotic stresses, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini is recognized as one of the most devastating flax pathogens. It causes wilt disease that is one of the major limiting factors for flax production worldwide. Breeding and cultivation of flax varieties resistant to F. oxysporum is the most effective method for controlling wilt disease. Although the mechanisms of flax response to Fusarium have been actively studied, data on the plant response to infection and resistance gene candidates are currently very limited. RESULTS The transcriptomes of two resistant and two susceptible flax cultivars with respect to Fusarium wilt, as well as two resistant BC2F5 populations, which were grown under control conditions or inoculated with F. oxysporum, were sequenced using the Illumina platform. Genes showing changes in expression under F. oxysporum infection were identified in both resistant and susceptible flax genotypes. We observed the predominant overexpression of numerous genes that are involved in defense response. This was more pronounced in resistant cultivars. In susceptible cultivars, significant downregulation of genes involved in cell wall organization or biogenesis was observed in response to F. oxysporum. In the resistant genotypes, upregulation of genes related to NAD(P)H oxidase activity was detected. Upregulation of a number of genes, including that encoding beta-1,3-glucanase, was significantly greater in the cultivars and BC2F5 populations resistant to Fusarium wilt than in susceptible cultivars in response to F. oxysporum infection. CONCLUSIONS Using high-throughput sequencing, we identified genes involved in the early defense response of L. usitatissimum against the fungus F. oxysporum. In response to F. oxysporum infection, we detected changes in the expression of pathogenesis-related protein-encoding genes and genes involved in ROS production or related to cell wall biogenesis. Furthermore, we identified genes that were upregulated specifically in flax genotypes resistant to Fusarium wilt. We suggest that the identified genes in resistant cultivars and BC2F5 populations showing induced expression in response to F. oxysporum infection are the most promising resistance gene candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A. Dmitriev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - George S. Krasnov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana A. Rozhmina
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- All-Russian Research Institute for Flax, Torzhok, Russia
| | - Roman O. Novakovskiy
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Maria S. Fedorova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Yu. Yurkevich
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga V. Muravenko
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda L. Bolsheva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna V. Kudryavtseva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nataliya V. Melnikova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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22
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Rahimzadeh S, Pirzad A. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Pseudomonas in reduce drought stress damage in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.): a field study. Mycorrhiza 2017; 27:537-552. [PMID: 28488060 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-017-0775-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress, which is one of the most serious world environmental threats to crop production, might be compensated by some free living and symbiotic soil microorganisms. The physiological response of flax plants to inoculation with two species of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (Funneliformis mosseae or Rhizophagus intraradices) and a phosphate solubilizing bacterium (Pseudomonas putida P13; PSB) was evaluated under different irrigation regimes (irrigation after 60, 120, and 180 mm of evaporation from Class A pan as well-watered, mild, and severe stress, respectively). A factorial (three factors) experiment was conducted for 2 years (2014-2015) based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at Urmia University, Urmia, located at North-West of Iran (37° 39' 24.82″ N44° 58' 12.42″ E). Water deficit decreased biomass, showing that flax was sensitive to drought, and AM root colonization improved the performance of the plant within irrigation levels. In all inoculated and non-inoculated control plants, leaf chlorophyll decreased with increasing irrigation intervals. Water deficit-induced oxidative damage (hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, and electrolyte leakage) were significantly reduced in dual colonized plants. All enzymatic (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, and ascorbate peroxidase) and non-enzymatic (glutathione, ascorbic acid, total carotenoids) antioxidants were reduced by water-limiting irrigation. Dual inoculated plants with AM plus Pseudomonas accumulated more enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants than plants with bacterial or fungal inoculation singly. Dual colonized plants significantly decreased the water deficit-induced glycine betaine and proline in flax leaves. These bacterial-fungal interactions in enzymatic and non-enzymatic defense of flax plants demonstrated equal synergism with both AM fungi species. In conclusion, increased activity of enzymatic antioxidants and higher production of non-enzymatic antioxidant compounds in symbiotic association with bacteria and mycorrhiza can alleviate reactive oxygen species damage resulting in improve water stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeedeh Rahimzadeh
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Alireza Pirzad
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
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23
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Zhang X, Bernoux M, Bentham AR, Newman TE, Ve T, Casey LW, Raaymakers TM, Hu J, Croll TI, Schreiber KJ, Staskawicz BJ, Anderson PA, Sohn KH, Williams SJ, Dodds PN, Kobe B. Multiple functional self-association interfaces in plant TIR domains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E2046-E2052. [PMID: 28159890 PMCID: PMC5347627 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1621248114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The self-association of Toll/interleukin-1 receptor/resistance protein (TIR) domains has been implicated in signaling in plant and animal immunity receptors. Structure-based studies identified different TIR-domain dimerization interfaces required for signaling of the plant nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs) L6 from flax and disease resistance protein RPS4 from Arabidopsis Here we show that the crystal structure of the TIR domain from the Arabidopsis NLR suppressor of npr1-1, constitutive 1 (SNC1) contains both an L6-like interface involving helices αD and αE (DE interface) and an RPS4-like interface involving helices αA and αE (AE interface). Mutations in either the AE- or DE-interface region disrupt cell-death signaling activity of SNC1, L6, and RPS4 TIR domains and full-length L6 and RPS4. Self-association of L6 and RPS4 TIR domains is affected by mutations in either region, whereas only AE-interface mutations affect SNC1 TIR-domain self-association. We further show two similar interfaces in the crystal structure of the TIR domain from the Arabidopsis NLR recognition of Peronospora parasitica 1 (RPP1). These data demonstrate that both the AE and DE self-association interfaces are simultaneously required for self-association and cell-death signaling in diverse plant NLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Maud Bernoux
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia;
| | - Adam R Bentham
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Toby E Newman
- Department of Life Sciences, and School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Republic of Korea
- Bioprotection Research Centre, Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Thomas Ve
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Lachlan W Casey
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Tom M Raaymakers
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Department of Biology, Plant-Microbe Interactions, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jian Hu
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, People's Republic of China
| | - Tristan I Croll
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Karl J Schreiber
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Brian J Staskawicz
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720;
| | - Peter A Anderson
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Kee Hoon Sohn
- Department of Life Sciences, and School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Republic of Korea
- Bioprotection Research Centre, Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Simon J Williams
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Peter N Dodds
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia;
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
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Wojtasik W, Kulma A, Dymińska L, Hanuza J, Czemplik M, Szopa J. Evaluation of the significance of cell wall polymers in flax infected with a pathogenic strain of Fusarium oxysporum. BMC Plant Biol 2016; 16:75. [PMID: 27005923 PMCID: PMC4804541 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0762-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusarium oxysporum infection leads to Fusarium-derived wilt, which is responsible for the greatest losses in flax (Linum usitatissimum) crop yield. Plants infected by Fusarium oxysporum show severe symptoms of dehydration due to the growth of the fungus in vascular tissues. As the disease develops, vascular browning and leaf yellowing can be observed. In the case of more virulent strains, plants die. The pathogen's attack starts with secretion of enzymes degrading the host cell wall. The main aim of the study was to evaluate the role of the cell wall polymers in the flax plant response to the infection in order to better understand the process of resistance and develop new ways to protect plants against infection. For this purpose, the expression of genes involved in cell wall polymer metabolism and corresponding polymer levels were investigated in flax seedlings after incubation with Fusarium oxysporum. RESULTS This analysis was facilitated by selecting two groups of genes responding differently to the infection. The first group comprised genes strongly affected by the infection and activated later (phenylalanine ammonia lyase and glucosyltransferase). The second group comprised genes which are slightly affected (up to five times) and their expression vary as the infection progresses. Fusarium oxysporum infection did not affect the contents of cell wall polymers, but changed their structure. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the role of the cell wall polymers in the plant response to Fusarium oxysporum infection is manifested through changes in expression of their genes and rearrangement of the cell wall polymers. Our studies provided new information about the role of cellulose and hemicelluloses in the infection process, the change of their structure and the expression of genes participating in their metabolism during the pathogen infection. We also confirmed the role of pectin and lignin in this process, indicating the major changes at the mRNA level of lignin metabolism genes and the loosening of the pectin structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioleta Wojtasik
- />Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland
- />Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Seed Production, Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Plant Sciences, Plac Grunwaldzki 24A, 53-363 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Kulma
- />Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Lucyna Dymińska
- />Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Food Technology, Faculty of Economics and Engineering, University of Economics, Komandorska 118/120, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Hanuza
- />Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Food Technology, Faculty of Economics and Engineering, University of Economics, Komandorska 118/120, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland
- />Institute of Low Temperatures and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Okolna 2, 50-422 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Czemplik
- />Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jan Szopa
- />Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland
- />Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Seed Production, Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Plant Sciences, Plac Grunwaldzki 24A, 53-363 Wroclaw, Poland
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25
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Walder F, Boller T, Wiemken A, Courty PE. Regulation of plants' phosphate uptake in common mycorrhizal networks: Role of intraradical fungal phosphate transporters. Plant Signal Behav 2016; 11:e1131372. [PMID: 26751110 PMCID: PMC4883902 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2015.1131372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We have recently identified two genes coding for inorganic phosphate transporters (Pht) in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and flax (Linum usitatissimum) that were induced in roots colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Mycorrhizal acquisition of inorganic phosphorus (Pi) was strongly affected by the combination of plant and AM fungal species, but the expression level of these genes coding for AM-inducible Pi transporters did not explain differences in plant phosphorus acquisition where flax and sorghum are sharing a common mycorrhizal network. In the present study, we investigated the possible role of fungal Pi transporters in the regulation of mycorrhizal Pi acquisition by measuring their expression in roots of flax and sorghum. One Pi transporter of Rhizophagus irregularis (RiPT5) showed a positive correlation with mycorrhizal Pi acquisition of sorghum. This indicates that a possible involvement in the regulation of mycorrhizal Pi acquisition. In general, expression of AMF Pi transporters was more related to mycorrhizal Pi acquisition of sorghum than of flax, indicating plant species-specific differences in the regulation of mycorrhizal Pi acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Walder
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Plant–Soil-Interactions, Institute of Sustainability Science Agroscope, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Boller
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andres Wiemken
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Courty
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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26
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Tack AJM, Laine AL, Burdon JJ, Bissett A, Thrall PH. Below-ground abiotic and biotic heterogeneity shapes above-ground infection outcomes and spatial divergence in a host-parasite interaction. New Phytol 2015; 207:1159-1169. [PMID: 25872137 PMCID: PMC4523403 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the impact of below-ground and above-ground environmental heterogeneity on the ecology and evolution of a natural plant-pathogen interaction. We combined field measurements and a reciprocal inoculation experiment to investigate the potential for natural variation in abiotic and biotic factors to mediate infection outcomes in the association between the fungal pathogen Melampsora lini and its wild flax host, Linum marginale, where pathogen strains and plant lines originated from two ecologically distinct habitat types that occur in close proximity ('bog' and 'hill'). The two habitat types differed strikingly in soil moisture and soil microbiota. Infection outcomes for different host-pathogen combinations were strongly affected by the habitat of origin of the plant lines and pathogen strains, the soil environment and their interactions. Our results suggested that tradeoffs play a key role in explaining the evolutionary divergence in interaction traits among the two habitat types. Overall, we demonstrate that soil heterogeneity, by mediating infection outcomes and evolutionary divergence, can contribute to the maintenance of variation in resistance and pathogenicity within a natural host-pathogen metapopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayco J. M. Tack
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Metapopulation Research Group, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna-Liisa Laine
- Metapopulation Research Group, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jeremy J. Burdon
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601, Australia
| | - Andrew Bissett
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601, Australia
| | - Peter H. Thrall
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601, Australia
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Walder F, Brulé D, Koegel S, Wiemken A, Boller T, Courty PE. Plant phosphorus acquisition in a common mycorrhizal network: regulation of phosphate transporter genes of the Pht1 family in sorghum and flax. New Phytol 2015; 205:1632-1645. [PMID: 25615409 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In a preceding microcosm study, we found huge differences in phosphorus (P) acquisition in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and flax (Linum usitatissimum) sharing a common mycorrhizal network (CMN). Is the transcriptional regulation of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM)-induced inorganic orthophosphate (Pi) transporters responsible for these differences? We characterized and analyzed the expression of Pi transporters of the Pht1 family in both plant species, and identified two new AM-inducible Pi transporters in flax. Mycorrhizal Pi acquisition was strongly affected by the combination of plant and AM fungal species. A corresponding change in the expression of two AM-inducible Pht1 transporters was noticed in both plants (SbPT9, SbPT10, LuPT5 and LuPT8), but the effect was very weak. Overall, the expression level of these genes did not explain why flax took up more Pi from the CMN than did sorghum. The post-transcriptional regulation of the transporters and their biochemical properties may be more important for their function than the fine-tuning of their gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Walder
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 1, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
- Plant-Soil-Interactions, Agroscope Institute of Sustainability Science, Reckenholzstrasse 191, CH-8046, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Daphnée Brulé
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 1, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sally Koegel
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 1, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andres Wiemken
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 1, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Boller
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 1, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Courty
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 1, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
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Masood S, Syed JH, Munis MFH, Chaudhary HJ. Phyto-Extraction of Nickel by Linum usitatissimum in Association with Glomus intraradices. Int J Phytoremediation 2015; 17:981-7. [PMID: 25763643 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2014.989311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants show enhanced phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soils particularly in response to fungal inoculation. Present study was conducted to find out the influence of Nickel (Ni) toxicity on plant biomass, growth, chlorophyll content, proline production and metal accumulation by L. usitatissimum (flax) in the presence of Glomus intraradices. Flax seedlings of both inoculated with G. intraradices and non-inoculated were exposed to different concentrations i.e., 250, 350 and 500 ppm of Ni at different time intervals. Analysis of physiological parameters revealed that Ni depressed the growth and photosynthetic activity of plants. However, the inoculation of plants with arbuscular mycorrhizae (G. intraradices) partially helped in the alleviation of Ni toxicity as indicated by improved plant growth under Ni stress. Ni uptake of non- mycorrhizal flax plants was increased by 98% as compared to control conditions whereas inoculated plants showed 19% more uptake when compared with the non-inoculated plants. Mycorrhizal plants exhibited increasing capacity to remediate contaminated soils along with improved growth. Thus, AM assisted phytoremediation helps in the accumulation of Ni in plants to reclaim Ni toxic soils. Based on our findings, it can be concluded that the role of flax plants and mycorrhizal fungi is extremely important in phytoremediation.
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Abstract
Field experiments were conducted during 2010-11 and 2011-12 to assess the yield losses due to Alternaria blight disease caused by Alternaria lini and A. linicola in recently released cultivars and their management with the integration of Trichoderma viride, fungicides and plant extract. Disease severity on leaves varied from 41.07% (Parvati) to 65.01% (Chambal) while bud damage per cent ranged between 23.56% (Shekhar) to 46.12% (T-397), respectively in different cultivars. Maximum yield loss of 58.44% was recorded in cultivar Neelum followed by Parvati (55.56%), Meera (55.56%) and Chambal (51.72%), respectively while minimum loss was recorded in Kiran (19.99%) and Jeevan (22.22%). Minimum mean disease severity (19.47%) with maximum disease control (69.74%) was recorded with the treatment: seed treatment (ST) with vitavax power (2 g kg(-1) seed) + 2 foliar sprays (FS) of Saaf (a mixture of carbendazim+mancozeb) 0.2% followed by ST with Trichoderma viride (4g kg(-1) seed) + 2 FS of Saaf (0.2%). Minimum bud damage (13.75%) with maximum control (60.94%) was recorded with treatment of ST with vitavax power+2 FS of propiconazole (0.2%). Maximum mean seed yield (1440 kg ha(-1)) with maximum net return (Rs. 15352/ha) and benefit cost ratio (1:11.04) was obtained with treatment ST with vitavax power + 2 FS of Neem leaf extract followed by treatment ST with vitavax power+2 FS of Saaf (1378 kg ha(-1)).
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Plancot B, Santaella C, Jaber R, Kiefer-Meyer MC, Follet-Gueye ML, Leprince J, Gattin I, Souc C, Driouich A, Vicré-Gibouin M. Deciphering the responses of root border-like cells of Arabidopsis and flax to pathogen-derived elicitors. Plant Physiol 2013; 163:1584-97. [PMID: 24130195 PMCID: PMC3850203 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.222356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens including fungi and bacteria cause many of the most serious crop diseases. The plant innate immune response is triggered upon recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) such as flagellin22 and peptidoglycan. To date, very little is known of MAMP-mediated responses in roots. Root border cells are cells that originate from root caps and are released individually into the rhizosphere. Root tips of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and flax (Linum usitatissimum) release cells known as "border-like cells." Whereas root border cells of pea (Pisum sativum) are clearly involved in defense against fungal pathogens, the function of border-like cells remains to be established. In this study, we have investigated the responses of root border-like cells of Arabidopsis and flax to flagellin22 and peptidoglycan. We found that both MAMPs triggered a rapid oxidative burst in root border-like cells of both species. The production of reactive oxygen species was accompanied by modifications in the cell wall distribution of extensin epitopes. Extensins are hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins that can be cross linked by hydrogen peroxide to enhance the mechanical strength of the cell wall. In addition, both MAMPs also caused deposition of callose, a well-known marker of MAMP-elicited defense. Furthermore, flagellin22 induced the overexpression of genes involved in the plant immune response in root border-like cells of Arabidopsis. Our findings demonstrate that root border-like cells of flax and Arabidopsis are able to perceive an elicitation and activate defense responses. We also show that cell wall extensin is involved in the innate immunity response of root border-like cells.
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Chechetkin IR, Blufard AS, Khairutdinov BI, Mukhitova FK, Gorina SS, Yarin AY, Antsygina LL, Grechkin AN. Isolation and structure elucidation of linolipins C and D, complex oxylipins from flax leaves. Phytochemistry 2013; 96:110-6. [PMID: 24042063 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Two complex oxylipins (linolipins C and D) were isolated from the leaves of flax plants inoculated with phytopathogenic bacteria Pectobacterium atrosepticum. Their structures were elucidated based on UV, MS and NMR spectroscopic data. Both oxylipins were identified as digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) molecular species. Linolipin C contains one residue of divinyl ether (ω5Z)-etherolenic acid and one α-linolenate residue at sn-1 and sn-2 positions, respectively. Linolipin D possesses two (ω5Z)-etherolenic acid residues at both sn-1 and sn-2 positions. The rapid formation (2-30min) of linolipins C and D alongside with linolipins A and B occurred in the flax leaves upon their damage by freezing-thawing.
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Key Words
- (13S)-HPOT
- (13S)-hydroperoxy-MGDG
- (9Z,11E,13S,15Z)-13-hydroperoxy-9,11,15-octadecatrienoic acid
- 1,2-Di-O-[(9Z,11E,13S,15Z)-13-hydroperoxy-9,11,15-octadecatrienoyl]-3-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-sn-glycerol
- DES
- Divinyl ether synthase
- ESI MS
- Etherolenic acid
- Flax
- Galactolipid
- LOX
- Linaceae
- Linum usitatissimum
- Oxylipin
- Pectobacterium atrosepticum
- SBOCFWSPOCJDHY-NXTVNIMXSA-N
- SSSOQCOUWWCQSF-MNNDCQRZSA-N
- divinyl ether synthase
- electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
- lipoxygenase
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan R Chechetkin
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 30, 420111 Kazan, Russia.
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Ve T, Williams SJ, Catanzariti AM, Rafiqi M, Rahman M, Ellis JG, Hardham AR, Jones DA, Anderson PA, Dodds PN, Kobe B. Structures of the flax-rust effector AvrM reveal insights into the molecular basis of plant-cell entry and effector-triggered immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:17594-9. [PMID: 24101475 PMCID: PMC3808616 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1307614110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal and oomycete pathogens cause some of the most devastating diseases in crop plants, and facilitate infection by delivering a large number of effector molecules into the plant cell. AvrM is a secreted effector protein from flax rust (Melampsora lini) that can internalize into plant cells in the absence of the pathogen, binds to phosphoinositides (PIPs), and is recognized directly by the resistance protein M in flax (Linum usitatissimum), resulting in effector-triggered immunity. We determined the crystal structures of two naturally occurring variants of AvrM, AvrM-A and avrM, and both reveal an L-shaped fold consisting of a tandem duplicated four-helix motif, which displays similarity to the WY domain core in oomycete effectors. In the crystals, both AvrM variants form a dimer with an unusual nonglobular shape. Our functional analysis of AvrM reveals that a hydrophobic surface patch conserved between both variants is required for internalization into plant cells, whereas the C-terminal coiled-coil domain mediates interaction with M. AvrM binding to PIPs is dependent on positive surface charges, and mutations that abrogate PIP binding have no significant effect on internalization, suggesting that AvrM binding to PIPs is not essential for transport of AvrM across the plant membrane. The structure of AvrM and the identification of functionally important surface regions advance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying how effectors enter plant cells and how they are detected by the plant immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ve
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Simon J. Williams
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ann-Maree Catanzariti
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Maryam Rafiqi
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
- Institute of Phytopathology and Applied Zoology, Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use, and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Motiur Rahman
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; and
| | - Jeffrey G. Ellis
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Plant Industry, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Adrienne R. Hardham
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - David A. Jones
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Peter A. Anderson
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; and
| | - Peter N. Dodds
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Plant Industry, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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Michielse CB, Reijnen L, Olivain C, Alabouvette C, Rep M. Degradation of aromatic compounds through the β-ketoadipate pathway is required for pathogenicity of the tomato wilt pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Mol Plant Pathol 2012; 13:1089-100. [PMID: 22827542 PMCID: PMC6638894 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2012.00818.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Plant roots react to pathogen attack by the activation of general and systemic resistance, including the lignification of cell walls and increased release of phenolic compounds in root exudate. Some fungi have the capacity to degrade lignin using ligninolytic extracellular peroxidases and laccases. Aromatic lignin breakdown products are further catabolized via the β-ketoadipate pathway. In this study, we investigated the role of 3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate lactonizing enzyme (CMLE), an enzyme of the β-ketoadipate pathway, in the pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici towards its host, tomato. As expected, the cmle deletion mutant cannot catabolize phenolic compounds known to be degraded via the β-ketoadipate pathway. In addition, the mutant is impaired in root invasion and is nonpathogenic, even though it shows normal superficial root colonization. We hypothesize that the β-ketoadipate pathway in plant-pathogenic, soil-borne fungi is necessary to degrade phenolic compounds in root exudate and/or inside roots in order to establish disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline B Michielse
- Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Wróbel-Kwiatkowska M, Turnau K, Góralska K, Anielska T, Szopa J. Effects of genetic modifications to flax (Linum usitatissimum) on arbuscular mycorrhiza and plant performance. Mycorrhiza 2012; 22:493-9. [PMID: 22218809 PMCID: PMC3474904 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-011-0427-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Although arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are known for their positive effect on flax growth, the impact of genetic manipulation in this crop on arbuscular mycorrhiza and plant performance was assessed for the first time. Five types of transgenic flax that were generated to improve fiber quality and resistance to pathogens, through increased levels of either phenylpropanoids (W92.40), glycosyltransferase (GT4, GT5), or PR2 beta-1,3-glucanase (B14) or produce polyhydroxybutyrate (M50), were used. Introduced genetic modifications did not change the degree of mycorrhizal colonization as compared to parent cultivars Linola and Nike. Arbuscules were well developed in each tested transgenic type (except M50). In two lines (W92.40 and B14), a higher abundance of arbuscules was observed when compared to control, untransformed flax plants. However, in some cases (W92.40, GT4, GT5, and B14 Md), the mycorrhizal dependency for biomass production of transgenic plants was slightly lower when compared to the original cultivars. No significant influence of mycorrhiza on the photosynthetic activity of transformed lines was found, but in most cases P concentration in mycorrhizal plants remained higher than in nonmycorrhizal ones. The transformed flax lines meet the demands for better quality of fiber and higher resistance to pathogens, without significantly influencing the interaction with AMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Wróbel-Kwiatkowska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Botany, Medical University of Wrocław, Al. J. Kochanowskiego 10, 51-601 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Turnau
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Góralska
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Teresa Anielska
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Jan Szopa
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland
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Hancock LMS, Ernst CL, Charneskie R, Ruane LG. Effects of cadmium and mycorrhizal fungi on growth, fitness, and cadmium accumulation in flax (Linum usitatissimum; Linaceae). Am J Bot 2012; 99:1445-1452. [PMID: 22912369 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1100497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Agricultural soils have become contaminated with a variety of heavy metals, including cadmium. The degree to which soil contaminants affect plants may depend on symbiotic relationships between plant roots and soil microorganisms. We examined (1) whether mycorrhizal fungi counteract the potentially negative effects of cadmium on the growth and fitness of flax (Linum usitatissimum) and (2) whether mycorrhizal fungi affect the accumulation of cadmium within plant parts. METHODS Two flax cultivars (Linott and Omega) were grown in three soil cadmium environments (0, 5, and 15 ppm). Within each cadmium environment, plants were grown in either the presence or absence of mycorrhizal fungi. Upon senescence, we measured growth and fitness and quantified the concentration of cadmium within plants. KEY RESULTS Soil cadmium significantly decreased plant fitness, but did not affect plant growth. Mycorrhizal fungi, which were able to colonize roots of plants growing in all cadmium levels, significantly increased plant growth and fitness. Although mycorrhizal fungi counteracted the negative effects of cadmium on fruit and seed production, they also enhanced the concentration of cadmium within roots, fruits, and seeds. CONCLUSIONS The degree to which soil cadmium affects plant fitness and the accumulation of cadmium within plants depended on the ability of plants to form symbiotic relationships with mycorrhizal fungi. The use of mycorrhizal fungi in contaminated agricultural soils may offset the negative effects of metals on the quantity of seeds produced, but exacerbate the accumulation of these metals in our food supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M S Hancock
- Department of Organismal and Environmental Biology, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, Virginia 23606, USA
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Nemri A, Barrett LG, Laine AL, Burdon JJ, Thrall PH. Population processes at multiple spatial scales maintain diversity and adaptation in the Linum marginale--Melampsora lini association. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41366. [PMID: 22859978 PMCID: PMC3409196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-pathogen coevolution is a major driver of species diversity, with an essential role in the generation and maintenance of genetic variation in host resistance and pathogen infectivity. Little is known about how resistance and infectivity are structured across multiple geographic scales and what eco-evolutionary processes drive these patterns. Across southern Australia, the wild flax Linum marginale is frequently attacked by its rust fungus Melampsora lini. Here, we compare the genetic and phenotypic structure of resistance and infectivity among population pairs from two regions where environmental differences associate with specific life histories and mating systems. We find that both host and pathogen populations are genetically distinct between these regions. The region with outcrossing hosts and pathogens that go through asexual cycles followed by sexual reproduction showed greater diversity of resistance and infectivity phenotypes, higher levels of resistance and less clumped within-population spatial distribution of resistance. However, in the region where asexual pathogens infect selfing hosts, pathogens were more infective and better adapted to sympatric hosts. Our findings largely agree with expectations based on the distinctly different host mating systems in the two regions, with a likely advantage for hosts undergoing recombination. For the pathogen in this system, sexual reproduction may primarily be a survival mechanism in the region where it is observed. While it appears to potentially have adverse effects on local adaptation in the short term, it may be necessary for longer-term coevolution with outcrossing hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnane Nemri
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Luke G. Barrett
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Anna-Liisa Laine
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Metapopulation Research Group, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jeremy J. Burdon
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Peter H. Thrall
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Kostyn K, Czemplik M, Kulma A, Bortniczuk M, Skała J, Szopa J. Genes of phenylpropanoid pathway are activated in early response to Fusarium attack in flax plants. Plant Sci 2012; 190:103-15. [PMID: 22608524 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium is the most common flax pathogen causing serious plant diseases and in most cases leading to plant death. To protect itself, the plant activates a number of genes and metabolic pathways, both to counteract the effects of the pathogen, and to eliminate the threat. The identification of the plant genes which respond to infection is the approach, that has been used in this study. Forty-seven flax genes have been identified by means of cDNA subtraction method as those, which respond to pathogen infection. Subtracted genes were classified into several classes and the prevalence of the genes involved in the broad spectrum of antioxidants biosynthesis has been noticed. By means of semi-quantitative RT-PCR and metabolite profiling, the involvement of subtracted genes controlling phenylpropanoid pathway in flax upon infection was positively verified. We identified the key genes of the synthesis of these compounds. At the same time we determined the level of the metabolites produced in the phenylpropanoid pathway (flavonoids, phenolic acids) in early response to Fusarium attack by means of GC-MS technique. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report to describe genes and metabolites of early flax response to pathogens studied in a comprehensive way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Kostyn
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland.
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Cuevas ZO, Sangronis E. [Characterization of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) grown in Venezuela]. Arch Latinoam Nutr 2012; 62:192-200. [PMID: 23610908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the consumption of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) has been promoted as a functional food for its health benefits, mainly attributable to its content of omega-3 fatty acids, lignans and dietary fiber. This study evaluated the microbiological quality, chemical composition and antioxidant properties of flaxseed grown in Venezuela and compared them to the values of a Canadian variety widely sold in the country. Total coliforms, molds and yeasts, S. aureus and sporulated of the genera Bacillus (aerobic) and Clostridium (anaerobic), moisture, fat, protein, total dietary fiber, soluble and insoluble, mucilage, minerals, fatty acid profile, equivalent HCN content, aw, color, polyphenols and antioxidant properties, like antiradical efficiency (AE), concentration of antioxidant needed to decrease the initial concentration by 50 %EC50) and the time required to reach the EC50 (TEC50) were evaluated. Significant differences in seed composition were determined, where its high content of fat, protein, alfa-linolenic acid and dietary fiber stand out. Differences were observed in the mucilage content, but not in soluble, insoluble and total fiber content. Equivalent HCN concentration in both seeds is in the order of 40 mg/100 g, which poses no health risks, considering their consumption patterns. Venezuelan flaxseed contains higher content of polyphenols than the Canadian does, but the antioxidant capacity of the latter is higher; both have an EA rated as average and a slow reaction time (TEC50 > 30 min).
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Walder F, Niemann H, Natarajan M, Lehmann MF, Boller T, Wiemken A. Mycorrhizal networks: common goods of plants shared under unequal terms of trade. Plant Physiol 2012; 159:789-97. [PMID: 22517410 PMCID: PMC3375941 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.195727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants commonly live in a symbiotic association with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). They invest photosynthetic products to feed their fungal partners, which, in return, provide mineral nutrients foraged in the soil by their intricate hyphal networks. Intriguingly, AMF can link neighboring plants, forming common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs). What are the terms of trade in such CMNs between plants and their shared fungal partners? To address this question, we set up microcosms containing a pair of test plants, interlinked by a CMN of Glomus intraradices or Glomus mosseae. The plants were flax (Linum usitatissimum; a C(3) plant) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor; a C(4) plant), which display distinctly different (13)C/(12)C isotope compositions. This allowed us to differentially assess the carbon investment of the two plants into the CMN through stable isotope tracing. In parallel, we determined the plants' "return of investment" (i.e. the acquisition of nutrients via CMN) using (15)N and (33)P as tracers. Depending on the AMF species, we found a strong asymmetry in the terms of trade: flax invested little carbon but gained up to 94% of the nitrogen and phosphorus provided by the CMN, which highly facilitated growth, whereas the neighboring sorghum invested massive amounts of carbon with little return but was barely affected in growth. Overall biomass production in the mixed culture surpassed the mean of the two monocultures. Thus, CMNs may contribute to interplant facilitation and the productivity boosts often found with intercropping compared with conventional monocropping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Walder
- Botanical Institute (F.W., M.N., T.B., A.W.) and Institute for Environmental Geoscience (H.N., M.F.L.), University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Helge Niemann
- Botanical Institute (F.W., M.N., T.B., A.W.) and Institute for Environmental Geoscience (H.N., M.F.L.), University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mathimaran Natarajan
- Botanical Institute (F.W., M.N., T.B., A.W.) and Institute for Environmental Geoscience (H.N., M.F.L.), University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Moritz F. Lehmann
- Botanical Institute (F.W., M.N., T.B., A.W.) and Institute for Environmental Geoscience (H.N., M.F.L.), University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Boller
- Botanical Institute (F.W., M.N., T.B., A.W.) and Institute for Environmental Geoscience (H.N., M.F.L.), University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andres Wiemken
- Botanical Institute (F.W., M.N., T.B., A.W.) and Institute for Environmental Geoscience (H.N., M.F.L.), University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Thrall PH, Laine AL, Ravensdale M, Nemri A, Dodds PN, Barrett LG, Burdon JJ. Rapid genetic change underpins antagonistic coevolution in a natural host-pathogen metapopulation. Ecol Lett 2012; 15:425-35. [PMID: 22372578 PMCID: PMC3319837 DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01749.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Antagonistic coevolution is a critical force driving the evolution of diversity, yet the selective processes underpinning reciprocal adaptive changes in nature are not well understood. Local adaptation studies demonstrate partner impacts on fitness and adaptive change, but do not directly expose genetic processes predicted by theory. Specifically, we have little knowledge of the relative importance of fluctuating selection vs. arms-race dynamics in maintaining polymorphism in natural systems where metapopulation processes predominate. We conducted cross-year epidemiological, infection and genetic studies of multiple wild host and pathogen populations in the Linum-Melampsora association. We observed asynchronous phenotypic fluctuations in resistance and infectivity among demes. Importantly, changes in allelic frequencies at pathogen infectivity loci, and in host recognition of these genetic variants, correlated with disease prevalence during natural epidemics. These data strongly support reciprocal coevolution maintaining balanced resistance and infectivity polymorphisms, and highlight the importance of characterising spatial and temporal dynamics in antagonistic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H. Thrall
- CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Anna-Liisa Laine
- CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
- Metapopulation Research Group, Department of Biosciences, PO Box 65, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael Ravensdale
- CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Adnane Nemri
- CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Peter N. Dodds
- CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Luke G. Barrett
- CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Jeremy J. Burdon
- CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
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Esmaeilzadeh Bahabadi S, Sharifi M, Behmanesh M, Safaie N, Murata J, Araki R, Yamagaki T, Satake H. Time-course changes in fungal elicitor-induced lignan synthesis and expression of the relevant genes in cell cultures of Linum album. J Plant Physiol 2012; 169:487-491. [PMID: 22218086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Linum album has been shown to accumulate anti-tumor podophyllotoxin (PTOX) and its related lignans. In the present study, we examined the effects of five fungal extracts on the production of lignans in L. album cell cultures. Fusarium graminearum extract induced the highest increase of PTOX [140μgg(-1) dry weight (DW) of the L. album cell culture] which is seven-fold greater than the untreated control, while Rhizopus stolonifer extract enhanced the accumulation of lariciresinol, instead of PTOX, up to 365μgg(-1) DW, which was 8.8-fold greater than the control. Quantitative PCR analyses showed that expression of the enzyme genes responsible for the PTOX biosynthesis cascade, such as pinoresinol-lariciresinol reductase (PLR), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR) and cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) genes, were also up-regulated in a fungal extract-selective fashion. These results provide evidence that the fungal extracts used in this study differentially increase the production of PTOX or larisiresinol via the up-regulation of the genes in lignan biosynthesis in L. album cell cultures, and suggest that such selective actions of fungal elicitors on the lignan synthesis will lead to more efficient metabolic engineering-based production of PTOX and other beneficial lignans using L. album cell cultures.
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Wojtasik W, Kulma A, Kostyn K, Szopa J. The changes in pectin metabolism in flax infected with Fusarium. Plant Physiol Biochem 2011; 49:862-872. [PMID: 21435891 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 02/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium oxysporum are the most common fungal pathogens of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), thus leading to the greatest losses in crop yield. A subtractive cDNA library was constructed from flax seedlings exposed for two days to F. oxysporum. This revealed a set of genes that are potentially involved in the flax defense responses. Two of those genes directly participate in cell wall sugar polymer metabolism: UDP-D-glucuronate 4-epimerase (GAE; EC 5.1.3.6) and formate dehydrogenase (FDH; EC 1.2.1.2). GAE delivers the main substrate for pectin biosynthesis, and decreases were detected in its mRNA level after Fusarium infection. FDH participates in the metabolism of formic acid, and the expression level of its gene increased after Fusarium infection. However, metabolite profiling analysis disclosed that the pectin content in the infected plants remained unchanged, but that there were reductions in both the levels of the soluble sugars that serve as pectin precursors, and in the level of formic acid. Since formic acid is the product of pectin demethylesterification, the level of mRNAs coding for pectin methylesterase (EC 3.1.1.11) in the infected flax was measured, revealing a decrease in its expression upon plant infection. Transgenic flax plants overexpressing fungal polygalacturonase (EC 3.2.1.15) and rhamnogalacturonase (EC 3.2.1.-) showed a decrease in the pectin content and an elevated level of formic acid, but the level of expression of the FDH gene remained unchanged. It is suspected that the expression of the formate dehydrogenase gene is directly controlled by the pathogen in the early stage of infection, and additionally by pectin degradation in the later stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioleta Wojtasik
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland
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Ravensdale M, Nemri A, Thrall PH, Ellis JG, Dodds PN. Co-evolutionary interactions between host resistance and pathogen effector genes in flax rust disease. Mol Plant Pathol 2011; 12:93-102. [PMID: 21118351 PMCID: PMC2999005 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00657.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant-pathogen co-evolutionary selection processes are continuous, complex and occur across many spatial and temporal scales. Comprehensive studies of the flax-flax rust pathosystem have led to the postulation of the gene-for-gene model, a genetic paradigm describing recognition events between host disease resistance proteins and pathogen effector proteins. The identification of directly interacting fungal effector proteins and plant disease resistance proteins in this pathosystem has facilitated the study of both the physical nature of these interactions and the evolutionary forces that have resulted in a molecular arms race between these organisms. The flax-flax rust pathosystem has also been detailed on the scale of interacting populations, and the integration of molecular- and population-scale datasets represents a unique opportunity to further our understanding of many poorly understood facets of host-pathogen dynamics. In this article, we discuss recent developments and insights in the flax-flax rust pathosystem and their implications for both long-term co-evolutionary dynamics in natural settings, as well as short-term co-evolutionary dynamics in agro-ecosystems.
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Gan PHP, Rafiqi M, Ellis JG, Jones DA, Hardham AR, Dodds PN. Lipid binding activities of flax rust AvrM and AvrL567 effectors. Plant Signal Behav 2010; 5:1272-5. [PMID: 20855950 PMCID: PMC3115366 DOI: 10.4161/psb.5.10.13013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Effectors are pathogen-encoded proteins that are thought to facilitate infection by manipulation of host cells. Evidence showing that the effectors of some eukaryotic plant pathogens are able to interact directly with cytoplasmic host proteins indicates that translocation of these proteins into host cells is an important part of infection. Recently, we showed that the flax rust effectors AvrM and AvrL567 are able to internalize into plant cells in the absence of the pathogen. Further, N-terminal sequences that were sufficient for uptake were identified for both these proteins. In light of the possibility that the internalization of fungal and oomycete effectors may require binding to specific phospholipids, the lipid binding activities of AvrM and AvrL567 mutants with different abilities to enter cells were tested. While AvrL567 was not found to bind to phospholipids, AvrM bound strongly to phosphatidyl inositol, phosphatidyl inositol monophosphates and phosphatidyl serine. However, a fragment of AvrM sufficient to direct uptake of a fusion protein into plant cells did not bind to these phospholipids. Thus, our results do not support the role of specific binding of AvrM and AvrL567 to phospholipids for uptake into the plant cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela H P Gan
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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Rafiqi M, Gan PH, Ravensdale M, Lawrence GJ, Ellis JG, Jones DA, Hardham AR, Dodds PN. Internalization of flax rust avirulence proteins into flax and tobacco cells can occur in the absence of the pathogen. Plant Cell 2010; 22:2017-32. [PMID: 20525849 PMCID: PMC2910983 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.109.072983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Revised: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Translocation of pathogen effector proteins into the host cell cytoplasm is a key determinant for the pathogenicity of many bacterial and oomycete plant pathogens. A number of secreted fungal avirulence (Avr) proteins are also inferred to be delivered into host cells, based on their intracellular recognition by host resistance proteins, including those of flax rust (Melampsora lini). Here, we show by immunolocalization that the flax rust AvrM protein is secreted from haustoria during infection and accumulates in the haustorial wall. Five days after inoculation, the AvrM protein was also detected within the cytoplasm of a proportion of plant cells containing haustoria, confirming its delivery into host cells during infection. Transient expression of secreted AvrL567 and AvrM proteins fused to cerulean fluorescent protein in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and flax cells resulted in intracellular accumulation of the fusion proteins. The rust Avr protein signal peptides were functional in plants and efficiently directed fused cerulean into the secretory pathway. Thus, these secreted effectors are internalized into the plant cell cytosol in the absence of the pathogen, suggesting that they do not require a pathogen-encoded transport mechanism. Uptake of these proteins is dependent on signals in their N-terminal regions, but the primary sequence features of these uptake regions are not conserved between different rust effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Rafiqi
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - Pamela H.P. Gan
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - Michael Ravensdale
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Gregory J. Lawrence
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Jeffrey G. Ellis
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - David A. Jones
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - Adrienne R. Hardham
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - Peter N. Dodds
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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Gao X, Akhter F, Tenuta M, Flaten DN, Gawalko EJ, Grant CA. Mycorrhizal colonization and grain Cd concentration of field-grown durum wheat in response to tillage, preceding crop and phosphorus fertilization. J Sci Food Agric 2010; 90:750-8. [PMID: 20355108 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.3878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A 3-year field trial was conducted to investigate the effect of agricultural management practices including tillage, preceding crop and phosphate fertilization on root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and grain cadmium (Cd) concentration of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.). The relationship between grain Cd and soil and plant variables was explored to determine the primary factors affecting grain Cd concentration. RESULTS Mycorrhizal colonization of the roots was reduced by conventional tillage or when the preceding crop was canola (Brassica napus L.), compared to minimum tillage or when the preceding crop was flax (Linum usitatissimum L.). In contrast, grain Cd was not consistently affected by any treatment. Grain Cd was generally below the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) of 100 microg Cd kg(-1) proposed by WHO. Grain Cd varied substantially from year to year, and could be predicted with 70% of variance accounted for by using the model: grain Cd concentration = - 321.9 + 44.5x ln(grain yield) + 0.26x soil DTPA-Cd + 182.5x soil electrical conductivity (EC)- 0.98x grain Zn concentration. CONCLUSIONS These common agricultural management practices had no effect on grain Cd concentration in durum wheat though they impacted mycorrhizal colonization of roots. Grain yield and to a lesser extent soil conditions of EC and DTPA-Cd and grain Zn influenced grain Cd, whereas mycorrhizal colonization levels did not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Gao
- Department of Soil Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
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Catanzariti AM, Dodds PN, Ve T, Kobe B, Ellis JG, Staskawicz BJ. The AvrM effector from flax rust has a structured C-terminal domain and interacts directly with the M resistance protein. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2010; 23:49-57. [PMID: 19958138 PMCID: PMC3142614 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-23-1-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In plant immunity, recognition of pathogen effectors by plant resistance proteins leads to the activation of plant defenses and a localized cell death response. The AvrM effector from flax rust is a small secreted protein that is recognized by the M resistance protein in flax. Here, we investigate the mechanism of M-AvrM recognition and show that these two proteins directly interact in a yeast two-hybrid assay, and that this interaction correlates with the recognition specificity observed for each of the different AvrM variants. We further characterize this interaction by demonstrating that the C-terminal domain of AvrM is required for M-dependent cell death, and show that this domain also interacts with the M protein in yeast. We investigate the role of C-terminal differences among the different AvrM proteins for their involvement in this interaction and establish that M recognition is hindered by an additional 34 amino acids present at the C terminus of several AvrM variants. Structural characterization of recombinant AvrM-A protein revealed a globular C-terminal domain that dimerizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Maree Catanzariti
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, 111 Koshland Hall, University of California, Berkley 94720-3102, USA
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Abstract
Rust fungi cause devastating diseases on many important food crops, with a damaging stem rust epidemic currently affecting wheat production in Africa and the Middle East. These parasitic fungi propagate exclusively on plants, precluding the use of many biotechnological tools available for other culturable fungi. In particular the lack of a stable transformation system has been an impediment to the genetic manipulation required for molecular analysis of rust pathogenicity. We have developed an Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation procedure for the model flax rust fungus Melampsora lini, which infects flax (Linum usitatissimum). Selection of transgenic rust lines is based on silencing of AvrL567, which encodes a rust effector protein that is recognised by the flax L6 immune receptor. The non-transgenic rust line is unable to infect flax plants expressing L6, while silenced transgenic lines are virulent on these plants, providing an effective selection system. This directly confirms that the cloned AvrL567 gene is responsible for flax rust virulence phenotypes, and demonstrates the utility of this system to probe rust gene function.
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Lorenc-Kukuła K, Zuk M, Kulma A, Czemplik M, Kostyn K, Skala J, Starzycki M, Szopa J. Engineering Flax with the GT Family 1 Solanum sogarandinum Glycosyltransferase SsGT1 Confers Increased Resistance to Fusarium Infection. J Agric Food Chem 2009; 57:6698-705. [PMID: 19722575 DOI: 10.1021/jf900833k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to engineer a flax with increased resistance to pathogens. The approach was based on the recent analysis of the Solanum sogarandinum -derived glycosyltransferase (UGT) protein, designated SsGT1 (previously called 5UGT). On the basis of enzyme studies, the recombinant SsGT1 is a 7-O-glycosyltransferase, the natural substrates of which include both anthocyanidins and flavonols such as kaempferol and quercetin. Because flavonoids act as antioxidants and glycosylation increases the stability of flavonoids, it has been suggested that the accumulation of a higher quantity of flavonoid glycosides in transgenic plants might improve their resistance to pathogen infection. Flax overproducing SsGT1 showed higher resistance to Fusarium infection than wild-type plants, and this was correlated with a significant increase in the flavonoid glycoside content in the transgenic plants. Overproduction of glycosyltransferase in transgenic flax also resulted in proanthocyanin, lignan, phenolic acid, and unsaturated fatty acid accumulation in the seeds. The last is meaningful from a biotechnological point of view and might suggest the involvement of polyphenol glycosides in the protection of unsaturated fatty acids against oxidation and thus improve oil storage. It is thus suggested that introduction of SsGT1 is sufficient for engineering altered pathogen resistance in flax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Lorenc-Kukuła
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Wroclaw University, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland
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Abstract
Many pathogens undergo both sexual and asexual reproduction to varying degrees, yet the ecological, genetic and evolutionary consequences of different reproductive strategies remain poorly understood. Here we investigate the population genetic structure of wild populations of the plant pathogen Melampsora lini on its host Linum marginale, using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers, two genes underlying pathogen virulence, and phenotypic variation in virulence. In Australia, M. lini occurs as two genetically and geographically divergent lineages (AA and AB), one of which is completely asexual (AB), and the other able to reproduce both clonally and sexually (AA). To quantify the genetic and evolutionary consequences of these different life histories, we sampled five populations in each of two biogeographical regions. Analysis of AFLP data obtained for 275 isolates revealed largely disjunct geographical distributions for the two different lineages, low genetic diversity within lineages, and strong genetic structure among populations within each region. We also detected significant divergence among populations for both Avr genes and virulence phenotypes, although generally these values were lower than those obtained with AFLP markers. Furthermore, isolates belonging to lineage AA collectively harboured significantly higher genotypic and phenotypic diversity than lineage AB isolates. Together these results illustrate the important roles of reproductive modes and geographical structure in the generation and maintenance of virulence diversity in populations of M. lini.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke G Barrett
- CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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