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Kerr CM, Parthasarathy S, Schwarting N, O'Connor JJ, Pfannenstiel JJ, Giri E, More S, Orozco RC, Fehr AR. PARP12 is required to repress the replication of a Mac1 mutant coronavirus in a cell- and tissue-specific manner. J Virol 2023; 97:e0088523. [PMID: 37695054 PMCID: PMC10537751 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00885-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
ADP-ribosyltransferases (ARTs) mediate the transfer of ADP-ribose from NAD+ to protein or nucleic acid substrates. This modification can be removed by several different types of proteins, including macrodomains. Several ARTs, also known as PARPs, are stimulated by interferon indicating ADP-ribosylation is an important aspect of the innate immune response. All coronaviruses (CoVs) encode for a highly conserved macrodomain (Mac1) that is critical for CoVs to replicate and cause disease, indicating that ADP-ribosylation can effectively control coronavirus infection. Our siRNA screen indicated that PARP12 might inhibit the replication of a murine hepatitis virus (MHV) Mac1 mutant virus in bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). To conclusively demonstrate that PARP12 is a key mediator of the antiviral response to CoVs both in cell culture and in vivo, we produced PARP12-/-mice and tested the ability of MHV A59 (hepatotropic/neurotropic) and JHM (neurotropic) Mac1 mutant viruses to replicate and cause disease in these mice. Notably, in the absence of PARP12, Mac1 mutant replication was increased in BMDMs and mice. In addition, liver pathology was also increased in A59-infected mice. However, the PARP12 knockout did not restore Mac1 mutant virus replication to WT virus levels in all cell or tissue types and did not significantly increase the lethality of Mac1 mutant viruses. These results demonstrate that while PARP12 inhibits MHV Mac1 mutant virus infection, additional PARPs or innate immune factors must contribute to the extreme attenuation of this virus in mice. IMPORTANCE Over the last decade, the importance of ADP-ribosyltransferases (ARTs), also known as PARPs, in the antiviral response has gained increased significance as several were shown to either restrict virus replication or impact innate immune responses. However, there are few studies showing ART-mediated inhibition of virus replication or pathogenesis in animal models. We found that the CoV macrodomain (Mac1) was required to prevent ART-mediated inhibition of virus replication in cell culture. Using knockout mice, we found that PARP12, an interferon-stimulated ART, was required to repress the replication of a Mac1 mutant CoV both in cell culture and in mice, demonstrating that PARP12 represses coronavirus replication. However, the deletion of PARP12 did not fully rescue Mac1 mutant virus replication or pathogenesis, indicating that multiple PARPs function to counter coronavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M. Kerr
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | | | - Nancy Schwarting
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Joseph J. O'Connor
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | | | - Emily Giri
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Sunil More
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Robin C. Orozco
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Anthony R. Fehr
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
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2
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Zhao Z, Lu K, Mao B, Liu S, Trilling M, Huang A, Lu M, Lin Y. The interplay between emerging human coronavirus infections and autophagy. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:196-205. [PMID: 33399028 PMCID: PMC7872537 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1872353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Following outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2002 and 2012, respectively, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the third highly pathogenic emerging human coronavirus (hCoV). SARS-CoV-2 is currently causing the global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. CoV infections in target cells may stimulate the formation of numerous double-membrane autophagosomes and induce autophagy. Several studies provided evidence that hCoV infections are closely related to various cellular aspects associated with autophagy. Autophagy may even promote hCoV infection and replication. However, so far it is unclear how hCoV infections induce autophagy and whether the autophagic machinery is necessary for viral propagation. Here, we summarize the most recent advances concerning the mutual interplay between the autophagic machinery and the three emerging hCoVs, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 and the model system mouse hepatitis virus. We also discuss the applicability of approved and well-tolerated drugs targeting autophagy as a potential treatment against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases (Chinese Ministry of Education), Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kefeng Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Binli Mao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases (Chinese Ministry of Education), Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mirko Trilling
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ailong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases (Chinese Ministry of Education), Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Yong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases (Chinese Ministry of Education), Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
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3
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Andrade ACDSP, Campolina-Silva GH, Queiroz-Junior CM, de Oliveira LC, Lacerda LDSB, Pimenta JC, de Souza FRO, de Meira Chaves I, Passos IB, Teixeira DC, Bittencourt-Silva PG, Valadão PAC, Rossi-Oliveira L, Antunes MM, Figueiredo AFA, Wnuk NT, Temerozo JR, Ferreira AC, Cramer A, Oliveira CA, Durães-Carvalho R, Weis Arns C, Guimarães PPG, Costa GMJ, de Menezes GB, Guatimosim C, da Silva GSF, Souza TML, Barrioni BR, Pereira MDM, de Sousa LP, Teixeira MM, Costa VV. A Biosafety Level 2 Mouse Model for Studying Betacoronavirus-Induced Acute Lung Damage and Systemic Manifestations. J Virol 2021; 95:e0127621. [PMID: 34495692 PMCID: PMC8549505 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01276-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of life-threatening zoonotic diseases caused by betacoronaviruses, including the ongoing coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic, has highlighted the need for developing preclinical models mirroring respiratory and systemic pathophysiological manifestations seen in infected humans. Here, we showed that C57BL/6J wild-type mice intranasally inoculated with the murine betacoronavirus murine hepatitis coronavirus 3 (MHV-3) develop a robust inflammatory response leading to acute lung injuries, including alveolar edema, hemorrhage, and fibrin thrombi. Although such histopathological changes seemed to resolve as the infection advanced, they efficiently impaired respiratory function, as the infected mice displayed restricted lung distention and increased respiratory frequency and ventilation. Following respiratory manifestation, the MHV-3 infection became systemic, and a high virus burden could be detected in multiple organs along with morphological changes. The systemic manifestation of MHV-3 infection was also marked by a sharp drop in the number of circulating platelets and lymphocytes, besides the augmented concentration of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-12, gamma interferon (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), thereby mirroring some clinical features observed in moderate and severe cases of COVID-19. Importantly, both respiratory and systemic changes triggered by MHV-3 infection were greatly prevented by blocking TNF signaling, either via genetic or pharmacologic approaches. In line with this, TNF blockage also diminished the infection-mediated release of proinflammatory cytokines and virus replication of human epithelial lung cells infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Collectively, results show that MHV-3 respiratory infection leads to a large range of clinical manifestations in mice and may constitute an attractive, lower-cost, biosafety level 2 (BSL2) in vivo platform for evaluating the respiratory and multiorgan involvement of betacoronavirus infections. IMPORTANCE Mouse models have long been used as valuable in vivo platforms to investigate the pathogenesis of viral infections and effective countermeasures. The natural resistance of mice to the novel betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, has launched a race toward the characterization of SARS-CoV-2 infection in other animals (e.g., hamsters, cats, ferrets, bats, and monkeys), as well as adaptation of the mouse model, by modifying either the host or the virus. In the present study, we utilized a natural pathogen of mice, MHV, as a prototype to model betacoronavirus-induced acute lung injure and multiorgan involvement under biosafety level 2 conditions. We showed that C57BL/6J mice intranasally inoculated with MHV-3 develops severe disease, which includes acute lung damage and respiratory distress that precede systemic inflammation and death. Accordingly, the proposed animal model may provide a useful tool for studies regarding betacoronavirus respiratory infection and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriel Henrique Campolina-Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Celso Martins Queiroz-Junior
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Camilo de Oliveira
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Jordane C Pimenta
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Ian de Meira Chaves
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ingredy Beatriz Passos
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Danielle Cunha Teixeira
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Paloma Graziele Bittencourt-Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Leonardo Rossi-Oliveira
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Maisa Mota Antunes
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - André Felipe Almeida Figueiredo
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Natália Teixeira Wnuk
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Jairo R. Temerozo
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- National Institute for Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - André Costa Ferreira
- National Institute for Science and Technology on Innovation on Diseases of Neglected Populations (INCT/IDNP), Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Pré-clínicas, Universidade Iguaçu (UNIG), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Allysson Cramer
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Cleida Aparecida Oliveira
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Clarice Weis Arns
- Laboratory of Virology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro Pires Goulart Guimarães
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Mattos Jardim Costa
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Batista de Menezes
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Cristina Guatimosim
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Glauber Santos Ferreira da Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Thiago Moreno L. Souza
- National Institute for Science and Technology on Innovation on Diseases of Neglected Populations (INCT/IDNP), Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Breno Rocha Barrioni
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials, Federal University of Minas Gerais, School of Engineering, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marivalda de Magalhães Pereira
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials, Federal University of Minas Gerais, School of Engineering, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lirlândia Pires de Sousa
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Vivian Vasconcelos Costa
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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4
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Karnik M, Beeraka NM, Uthaiah CA, Nataraj SM, Bettadapura ADS, Aliev G, Madhunapantula SV. A Review on SARS-CoV-2-Induced Neuroinflammation, Neurodevelopmental Complications, and Recent Updates on the Vaccine Development. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:4535-4563. [PMID: 34089508 PMCID: PMC8179092 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02399-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a devastating viral infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The incidence and mortality of COVID-19 patients have been increasing at an alarming rate. The mortality is much higher in older individuals, especially the ones suffering from respiratory distress, cardiac abnormalities, renal diseases, diabetes, and hypertension. Existing evidence demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 makes its entry into human cells through angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) followed by the uptake of virions through cathepsin L or transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2). SARS-CoV-2-mediated abnormalities in particular cardiovascular and neurological ones and the damaged coagulation systems require extensive research to develop better therapeutic modalities. As SARS-CoV-2 uses its S-protein to enter into the host cells of several organs, the S-protein of the virus is considered as the ideal target to develop a potential vaccine. In this review, we have attempted to highlight the landmark discoveries that lead to the development of various vaccines that are currently under different stages of clinical progression. Besides, a brief account of various drug candidates that are being tested to mitigate the burden of COVID-19 was also covered. Further, in a dedicated section, the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on neuronal inflammation and neuronal disorders was discussed. In summary, it is expected that the content covered in this article help to understand the pathophysiology of COVID-19 and the impact on neuronal complications induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection while providing an update on the vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medha Karnik
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Narasimha M Beeraka
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), St. Trubetskaya, 8, bld. 2, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Chinnappa A Uthaiah
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Suma M Nataraj
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Anjali Devi S Bettadapura
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Gjumrakch Aliev
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), St. Trubetskaya, 8, bld. 2, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, 142432, Russia
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupy Street, Moscow, 117418, Russia
- GALLY International Research Institute, 7733 Louis Pasteur Drive, San Antonio, TX, #330, USA
| | - SubbaRao V Madhunapantula
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India.
- Special Interest Group in Cancer Biology and Cancer Stem Cells (SIG-CBCSC), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India.
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5
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Ryu S, Shchukina I, Youm YH, Qing H, Hilliard B, Dlugos T, Zhang X, Yasumoto Y, Booth CJ, Fernández-Hernando C, Suárez Y, Khanna K, Horvath TL, Dietrich MO, Artyomov M, Wang A, Dixit VD. Ketogenic diet restrains aging-induced exacerbation of coronavirus infection in mice. eLife 2021; 10:e66522. [PMID: 34151773 PMCID: PMC8245129 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing age is the strongest predictor of risk of COVID-19 severity and mortality. Immunometabolic switch from glycolysis to ketolysis protects against inflammatory damage and influenza infection in adults. To investigate how age compromises defense against coronavirus infection, and whether a pro-longevity ketogenic diet (KD) impacts immune surveillance, we developed an aging model of natural murine beta coronavirus (mCoV) infection with mouse hepatitis virus strain-A59 (MHV-A59). When inoculated intranasally, mCoV is pneumotropic and recapitulates several clinical hallmarks of COVID-19 infection. Aged mCoV-A59-infected mice have increased mortality and higher systemic inflammation in the heart, adipose tissue, and hypothalamus, including neutrophilia and loss of γδ T cells in lungs. Activation of ketogenesis in aged mice expands tissue protective γδ T cells, deactivates the NLRP3 inflammasome, and decreases pathogenic monocytes in lungs of infected aged mice. These data establish harnessing of the ketogenic immunometabolic checkpoint as a potential treatment against coronavirus infection in the aged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungjin Ryu
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
| | - Irina Shchukina
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Yun-Hee Youm
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
| | - Hua Qing
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
| | - Brandon Hilliard
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
| | - Tamara Dlugos
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
| | - Xinbo Zhang
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
| | - Yuki Yasumoto
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
| | - Carmen J Booth
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
| | - Carlos Fernández-Hernando
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
| | - Yajaira Suárez
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
| | - Kamal Khanna
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Langone HealthNew YorkUnited States
| | - Tamas L Horvath
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
- Yale Center for Research on AgingNew HavenUnited States
| | - Marcelo O Dietrich
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
| | - Maxim Artyomov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Andrew Wang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
| | - Vishwa Deep Dixit
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
- Yale Center for Research on AgingNew HavenUnited States
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6
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Prados A, Onder L, Cheng HW, Mörbe U, Lütge M, Gil-Cruz C, Perez-Shibayama C, Koliaraki V, Ludewig B, Kollias G. Fibroblastic reticular cell lineage convergence in Peyer's patches governs intestinal immunity. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:510-519. [PMID: 33707780 PMCID: PMC7610542 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-00894-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) determine the organization of lymphoid organs and control immune cell interactions. While the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying FRC differentiation in lymph nodes and the splenic white pulp have been elaborated to some extent, in Peyer's patches (PPs) they remain elusive. Using a combination of single-cell transcriptomics and cell fate mapping in advanced mouse models, we found that PP formation in the mouse embryo is initiated by an expansion of perivascular FRC precursors, followed by FRC differentiation from subepithelial progenitors. Single-cell transcriptomics and cell fate mapping confirmed the convergence of perivascular and subepithelial FRC lineages. Furthermore, lineage-specific loss- and gain-of-function approaches revealed that the two FRC lineages synergistically direct PP organization, maintain intestinal microbiome homeostasis and control anticoronavirus immune responses in the gut. Collectively, this study reveals a distinct mosaic patterning program that generates key stromal cell infrastructures for the control of intestinal immunity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Communication
- Cell Lineage
- Cells, Cultured
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/metabolism
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Fibroblasts/immunology
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Immunity, Mucosal
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- Intestinal Mucosa/microbiology
- Intestinal Mucosa/virology
- Intestine, Small/immunology
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Intestine, Small/microbiology
- Intestine, Small/virology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Murine hepatitis virus/immunology
- Murine hepatitis virus/pathogenicity
- Peyer's Patches/immunology
- Peyer's Patches/metabolism
- Peyer's Patches/microbiology
- Peyer's Patches/virology
- Phenotype
- Single-Cell Analysis
- Transcriptome
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Prados
- Institute for Bioinnovation, BSRC "Alexander Fleming", Vari, Greece
| | - Lucas Onder
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Hung-Wei Cheng
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Urs Mörbe
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Mechthild Lütge
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Gil-Cruz
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland.
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - George Kollias
- Institute for Bioinnovation, BSRC "Alexander Fleming", Vari, Greece.
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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7
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Arévalo AP, Pagotto R, Pórfido JL, Daghero H, Segovia M, Yamasaki K, Varela B, Hill M, Verdes JM, Duhalde Vega M, Bollati-Fogolín M, Crispo M. Ivermectin reduces in vivo coronavirus infection in a mouse experimental model. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7132. [PMID: 33785846 PMCID: PMC8010049 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86679-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to test the effectiveness of ivermectin for the treatment of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), a type 2 family RNA coronavirus similar to SARS-CoV-2. Female BALB/cJ mice were infected with 6,000 PFU of MHV-A59 (group infected, n = 20) or infected and then immediately treated with a single dose of 500 µg/kg ivermectin (group infected + IVM, n = 20) or were not infected and treated with PBS (control group, n = 16). Five days after infection/treatment, the mice were euthanized and the tissues were sampled to assess their general health status and infection levels. Overall, the results demonstrated that viral infection induced typical MHV-caused disease, with the livers showing severe hepatocellular necrosis surrounded by a severe lymphoplasmacytic inflammatory infiltration associated with a high hepatic viral load (52,158 AU), while mice treated with ivermectin showed a better health status with a lower viral load (23,192 AU; p < 0.05), with only a few having histopathological liver damage (p < 0.05). No significant differences were found between the group infected + IVM and control group mice (P = NS). Furthermore, serum transaminase levels (aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase) were significantly lower in the treated mice than in the infected animals. In conclusion, ivermectin diminished the MHV viral load and disease in the mice, being a useful model for further understanding this therapy against coronavirus diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Arévalo
- Transgenic and Experimental Animal Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - R Pagotto
- Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - J L Pórfido
- Transgenic and Experimental Animal Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Worm Biology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo/Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - H Daghero
- Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - M Segovia
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Inflammation, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Immunobiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - K Yamasaki
- Pathobiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary, Pathology Unit, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - B Varela
- Pathobiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary, Pathology Unit, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - M Hill
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Inflammation, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Immunobiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - J M Verdes
- Pathobiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary, Pathology Unit, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - M Duhalde Vega
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Inflammation, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Chemical Physics (UBA-CONICET), School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Bollati-Fogolín
- Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - M Crispo
- Transgenic and Experimental Animal Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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8
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Chakravarty D, Das Sarma J. Murine-β-coronavirus-induced neuropathogenesis sheds light on CNS pathobiology of SARS-CoV2. J Neurovirol 2021; 27:197-216. [PMID: 33547593 PMCID: PMC7864135 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-021-00945-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has caused widespread infection and significant mortality across the globe. Combined virology perspective of SARS-CoV-2 with a deep-rooted understanding of pathophysiological and immunological processes underlying the clinical manifestations of COVID-19 is of prime importance. The characteristic symptom of COVID-19 is respiratory distress with diffused alveolar damage, but emerging evidence suggests COVID-19 might also have neurologic consequences. Dysregulated homeostasis in the lungs has proven to be fatal, but one cannot ignore that the inability to breathe might be due to defects in the respiratory control center of the brainstem. While the mechanism of pulmonary distress has been documented in the literature, awareness of neurological features and their pathophysiology is still in the nascent state. This review makes references to the neuro-immune axis and neuro-invasive potential of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV2, as well as the prototypic H-CoV strains in human brains. Simultaneously, considerable discussion on relevant experimental evidence of mild to severe neurological manifestations of fellow neurotropic murine-β-CoVs (m-CoVs) in the mouse model will help understand the underpinning mechanisms of Neuro-COVID. In this review, we have highlighted the neuroimmunopathological processes in murine CoVs. While MHV infection in mice and SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans share numerous parallels, there are critical differences in viral recognition and viral entry. These similarities are highlighted in this review, while differences have also been emphasized. Though CoV-2 Spike does not favorably interact with murine ACE2 receptor, modification of murine SARS-CoV2 binding domain or development of transgenic ACE-2 knock-in mice might help in mediating consequential infection and understanding human CoV2 pathogenesis in murine models. While a global animal model that can replicate all aspects of the human disease remains elusive, prior insights and further experiments with fellow m-β-CoV-induced cause-effect experimental models and current human COVID-19 patients data may help to mitigate the SARS-CoV-2-induced multifactorial multi-organ failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debanjana Chakravarty
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Haringhata, 741246, Mohanpur, India
| | - Jayasri Das Sarma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Haringhata, 741246, Mohanpur, India.
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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9
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Das Sarma J, Burrows A, Rayman P, Hwang MH, Kundu S, Sharma N, Bergmann C, Sen GC. Ifit2 deficiency restricts microglial activation and leukocyte migration following murine coronavirus (m-CoV) CNS infection. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009034. [PMID: 33253295 PMCID: PMC7738193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The interferon-induced tetratricopeptide repeat protein (Ifit2) protects mice from lethal neurotropic viruses. Neurotropic coronavirus MHV-RSA59 infection of Ifit2-/- mice caused pronounced morbidity and mortality accompanied by rampant virus replication and spread throughout the brain. In spite of the higher virus load, induction of many cytokines and chemokines in the brains of infected Ifit2-/- mice were similar to that in wild-type mice. In contrast, infected Ifit2-/- mice revealed significantly impaired microglial activation as well as reduced recruitment of NK1.1 T cells and CD4 T cells to the brain, possibly contributing to the lack of viral clearance. These two deficiencies were associated with a lower level of microglial expression of CX3CR1, the receptor of the CX3CL1 (Fractalkine) chemokine, which plays a critical role in both microglial activation and leukocyte recruitment. The above results uncovered a new potential role of an interferon-induced protein in immune protection. Interferons (IFNs) are known to protect from virus dissemination and pathogenesis. Several IFN stimulated genes (ISG) regulate neuropathogenesis but the mechanisms underlying the antiviral effects are not clearly understood. IFN induced tetratricopeptide repeats (Ifit) are a class of ISGs. Among the Ifits, Ifit2 is known to play a beneficial role in restricting neurotropic viral replication. To provide better cellular insights into the protective mechanisms of Ifit2 functions, using a neurotropic coronavirus infection in Ifit2 depleted mice we report that in the absence of Ifit2, viral replication is dramatically increased and mice develop severe clinical signs and symptoms of neurological deficit. Despite the enormous viral load, Ifit2 deficient mice are impaired in microglial activation and recruitment of peripheral leukocytes into the CNS. This impaired leuocyte infiltration in Ifit2 deficient mice was also associated with reduced expression of a novel chemokine receptor CX3CR1,which is important for viral induced microglial activation and maintaining tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayasri Das Sarma
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Amy Burrows
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Patricia Rayman
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mi-Hyun Hwang
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Soumya Kundu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Nikhil Sharma
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Cornelia Bergmann
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ganes C. Sen
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Ohio, United States of America
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10
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Körner RW, Majjouti M, Alcazar MAA, Mahabir E. Of Mice and Men: The Coronavirus MHV and Mouse Models as a Translational Approach to Understand SARS-CoV-2. Viruses 2020; 12:E880. [PMID: 32806708 PMCID: PMC7471983 DOI: 10.3390/v12080880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The fatal acute respiratory coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Since COVID-19 was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020, infection and mortality rates have been rising steadily worldwide. The lack of a vaccine, as well as preventive and therapeutic strategies, emphasize the need to develop new strategies to mitigate SARS-CoV-2 transmission and pathogenesis. Since mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), and SARS-CoV-2 share a common genus, lessons learnt from MHV and SARS-CoV could offer mechanistic insights into SARS-CoV-2. This review provides a comprehensive review of MHV in mice and SARS-CoV-2 in humans, thereby highlighting further translational avenues in the development of innovative strategies in controlling the detrimental course of SARS-CoV-2. Specifically, we have focused on various aspects, including host species, organotropism, transmission, clinical disease, pathogenesis, control and therapy, MHV as a model for SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 as well as mouse models for infection with SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. While MHV in mice and SARS-CoV-2 in humans share various similarities, there are also differences that need to be addressed when studying murine models. Translational approaches, such as humanized mouse models are pivotal in studying the clinical course and pathology observed in COVID-19 patients. Lessons from prior murine studies on coronavirus, coupled with novel murine models could offer new promising avenues for treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W. Körner
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Mohamed Majjouti
- Comparative Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Miguel A. Alejandre Alcazar
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Translational Experimental Pediatrics—Experimental Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany;
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Institute for Lung Health, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Esther Mahabir
- Comparative Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany;
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11
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Plaisted WC, Zavala A, Hingco E, Tran H, Coleman R, Lane TE, Loring JF, Walsh CM. Remyelination Is Correlated with Regulatory T Cell Induction Following Human Embryoid Body-Derived Neural Precursor Cell Transplantation in a Viral Model of Multiple Sclerosis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157620. [PMID: 27310015 PMCID: PMC4911106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We have recently described sustained clinical recovery associated with dampened neuroinflammation and remyelination following transplantation of neural precursor cells (NPCs) derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) in a viral model of the human demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis. The hNPCs used in that study were derived by a novel direct differentiation method (direct differentiation, DD-NPCs) that resulted in a unique gene expression pattern when compared to hNPCs derived by conventional methods. Since the therapeutic potential of human NPCs may differ greatly depending on the method of derivation and culture, we wanted to determine whether NPCs differentiated using conventional methods would be similarly effective in improving clinical outcome under neuroinflammatory demyelinating conditions. For the current study, we utilized hNPCs differentiated from a human induced pluripotent cell line via an embryoid body intermediate stage (EB-NPCs). Intraspinal transplantation of EB-NPCs into mice infected with the neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus (JHMV) resulted in decreased accumulation of CD4+ T cells in the central nervous system that was concomitant with reduced demyelination at the site of injection. Dampened neuroinflammation and remyelination was correlated with a transient increase in CD4+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) concentrated within the peripheral lymphatics. However, compared to our earlier study, pathological improvements were modest and did not result in significant clinical recovery. We conclude that the genetic signature of NPCs is critical to their effectiveness in this model of viral-induced neurologic disease. These comparisons will be useful for understanding what factors are critical for the sustained clinical improvement.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- CD4 Antigens/genetics
- CD4 Antigens/immunology
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy/methods
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/pathology
- Coronavirus Infections/therapy
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Embryoid Bodies/cytology
- Embryoid Bodies/immunology
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/immunology
- Gene Expression
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/immunology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/pathology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/therapy
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/virology
- Human Embryonic Stem Cells/cytology
- Human Embryonic Stem Cells/immunology
- Humans
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/pathology
- Multiple Sclerosis/therapy
- Murine hepatitis virus/growth & development
- Murine hepatitis virus/pathogenicity
- Myelin Sheath/immunology
- Neural Stem Cells/cytology
- Neural Stem Cells/immunology
- Neural Stem Cells/transplantation
- Organ Specificity
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren C. Plaisted
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Center, Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Angel Zavala
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Center, Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Edna Hingco
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Center, Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Ha Tran
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ronald Coleman
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas E. Lane
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CMW); (JFL); (TEL)
| | - Jeanne F. Loring
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CMW); (JFL); (TEL)
| | - Craig M. Walsh
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Center, Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CMW); (JFL); (TEL)
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12
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Libbey JE, Lane TE, Fujinami RS. Axonal pathology and demyelination in viral models of multiple sclerosis. Discov Med 2014; 18:79-89. [PMID: 25091490 PMCID: PMC4371782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Monozygotic twin studies suggest that while there is a genetic contribution, genetics alone cannot be the sole determining factor in the development of MS. As the rates of MS are increasing, particularly among women, environmental factors such as viral infections are coming to the foreground as potential agents in triggering disease in genetically susceptible individuals. This review highlights pathological aspects related to two pre-clinical viral models for MS; data are consistent between these two models as experimental infection of susceptible mice can induce axonal degeneration associated with demyelination. These data are consistent with observations in MS that axonal damage or Wallerian degeneration is occurring within the CNS contributing to the disability and disease severity. Such early damage, where axonal damage is primary to secondary demyelination, could set the stage for more extensive immune mediated demyelination arising later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Libbey
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600A EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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13
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Lei L, Ying S, Baojun L, Yi Y, Xiang H, Wenli S, Zounan S, Deyin G, Qingyu Z, Jingmei L, Guohui C. Attenuation of mouse hepatitis virus by deletion of the LLRKxGxKG region of Nsp1. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61166. [PMID: 23593419 PMCID: PMC3620170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are a family of large positive-sense RNA viruses that are responsible for a wide range of important veterinary and human diseases. Nsp1 has been shown to have an important role in the pathogenetic mechanisms of coronaviruses in vivo. To assess the function of a relatively conserved domain (LLRKxGxKG) of MHV nsp1, a mutant virus, MHV-nsp1-27D, with a 27 nts (LLRKxGxKG) deletion in nsp1, was constructed using a reverse genetic system with a vaccinia virus vector. The mutant virus had similar growth kinetics to MHV-A59 wild-type virus in 17CI-1 cells, but was highly attenuated in vivo. Moreover, the mutant virus completely protected C57BL/6 mice from a lethal MHV-A59 challenge. To further analyze the mechanism of the attenuation of the mutant virus, changes in reporter gene expression were measured in nsp1- or nsp1-27D-expressing cells; the results showed that nsp1 inhibited reporter gene expression controlled by different promoters, but that this inhibition was reduced for nsp1-27D. The research in vivo and in vitro suggests that the LLRKxGxKG region of nsp1 may play an important role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Academy of Millitary Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sun Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and The Modern Virology Research Centre, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Luo Baojun
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Academy of Millitary Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yi
- Institute of Disease Prevention and Control, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - He Xiang
- Institute of Disease Prevention and Control, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Su Wenli
- Institute of Disease Prevention and Control, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sun Zounan
- Institute of Disease Prevention and Control, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guo Deyin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and The Modern Virology Research Centre, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhu Qingyu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Academy of Millitary Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liu Jingmei
- Institute of Disease Prevention and Control, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (LJ); (CG)
| | - Chang Guohui
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Academy of Millitary Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Disease Prevention and Control, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (LJ); (CG)
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14
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Lu Y, Wang X, Yan W, Wang H, Wang M, Wu D, Zhu L, Luo X, Ning Q. Liver TCRγδ(+) CD3(+) CD4(-) CD8(-) T cells contribute to murine hepatitis virus strain 3-induced hepatic injury through a TNF-α-dependent pathway. Mol Immunol 2012; 52:229-36. [PMID: 22750070 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of each subset of immune cells contributing to the pathogenesis of viral hepatitis remain incompletely understood. In this study, we examined the role of liver CD4(-) CD8(-) (double negative, DN) T cells during murine hepatitis virus strain 3 (MHV-3)-induced hepatitis in C3H/HeJ mice. We demonstrate that predominant population of DN T cells in the liver of healthy or MHV-3-infected mice express TCRγδ(+). The proportion of TCRγδ(+) DN T cells in liver CD3(+) T cells was markedly increased after MHV-3 infection. Adoptive transfer of TCRγδ(+) DN T cells led to dramatically decreased survival in MHV-3-infected mice, accompanied by deteriorated histopathology and elevated ALT and AST levels. It was found that these cells were hyperactivated after MHV-3 infection with a production of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-17A. Highly activated liver TCRγδ(+) DN T cells were cytotoxic to MHV-3-infected hepatocytes in vitro and this effect did not require cell-cell contact. Moreover, the cytotoxic effect of liver TCRγδ(+) DN T cells against hepatocytes involves TNF-α pathway, but not IL-17A or IFN-γ. These results indicate that liver TCRγδ(+) DN T cells play a critical role in the liver injury in MHV-3-induced hepatitis, via a TNF-α dependent pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- CD4 Antigens/immunology
- CD8 Antigens/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/immunology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/pathology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/virology
- Hepatocytes/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-17/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Murine hepatitis virus/immunology
- Murine hepatitis virus/pathogenicity
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulei Lu
- Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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15
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Chen Y, Wu S, Guo G, Fei L, Guo S, Yang C, Fu X, Wu Y. Programmed death (PD)-1-deficient mice are extremely sensitive to murine hepatitis virus strain-3 (MHV-3) infection. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1001347. [PMID: 21750671 PMCID: PMC3131267 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibitory receptor programmed death-1 (PD-1) has the capacity to maintain peripheral tolerance and limit immunopathological damage; however, its precise role in fulminant viral hepatitis (FH) has yet to be described. Here, we investigated the functional mechanisms of PD-1 as related to FH pathogenesis induced by the murine hepatitis virus strain-3 (MHV-3). High levels of PD-1-positive CD4+, CD8+ T cells, NK cells and macrophages were observed in liver, spleen, lymph node and thymus tissues following MHV-3 infection. PD-1-deficient mice exhibited significantly higher expression of the effector molecule which initiates fibrinogen deposition, fibrinogen-like protein 2 (FGL2), than did their wild-type (WT) littermates. As a result, more severe tissue damage was produced and mortality rates were higher. Fluorescence double-staining revealed that FGL2 and PD-1 were not co-expressed on the same cells, while quantitative RT-PCR demonstrated that higher levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α mRNA transcription occurred in PD-1-deficient mice in response to MHV-3 infection. Conversely, in vivo blockade of IFN-γ and TNF-α led to efficient inhibition of FGL2 expression, greatly attenuated the development of tissue lesions, and ultimately reduced mortality. Thus, the up-regulation of FGL2 in PD-1-deficient mice was determined to be mediated by IFN-γ and TNF-α. Taken together, our results suggest that PD-1 signaling plays an essential role in decreasing the immunopathological damage induced by MHV-3 and that manipulation of this signal might be a useful strategy for FH immunotherapy. The principal characteristic of fulminant viral hepatitis (FH) induced by the murine hepatitis virus strain-3 (MHV-3) is severe hepatocellular necrosis, which is mediated by the fibrinogen-like protein 2 (FGL2), a molecule that has the capacity to promote fibrinogen deposition and activate the coagulation cascades. Here, we report that MHV-3 infection of program death-1 (PD-1)-deficient mice results in tissue damage throughout multiple organs, including the liver, spleen, thymus and lymph nodes. The liver damage, in particular, occurred earlier and was more severe in PD-1-deficient mice than in their wild type (WT) littermates. Further investigation determined that MHV-3 infection was associated with high levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α in the damaged organs of PD-1-deficient mice. Conversely, intraperitoneal injection of a combination of anti-IFN-γ and anti-TNF-α blocking mAbs led to inhibition of FGL2 expression, greatly attenuated tissue lesions and reduced mortality. Our results demonstrate that PD-1 signaling controls immunopathological damage following MHV-3 infection, indicating that manipulation of the PD-1 signal might represent a useful strategy for FH immunotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Blocking/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Fibrinogen/metabolism
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/immunology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/metabolism
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/mortality
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/pathology
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Liver/virology
- Lymphoid Tissue/metabolism
- Lymphoid Tissue/pathology
- Lymphoid Tissue/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Murine hepatitis virus/pathogenicity
- Murine hepatitis virus/physiology
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/physiology
- Signal Transduction
- Survival Rate
- Tissue Array Analysis
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongwen Chen
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (YC); (YW)
| | - Shengxi Wu
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Guoning Guo
- Department of Emergency, SouthWest Hospital, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Lei Fei
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Guo
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Chengying Yang
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolan Fu
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Yuzhang Wu
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (YC); (YW)
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16
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Nomura R, Kashiwazaki H, Kakizaki M, Matsuyama S, Taguchi F, Watanabe R. Receptor-independent infection by mutant viruses newly isolated from the neuropathogenic mouse hepatitis virus srr7 detected through a combination of spinoculation and ultraviolet radiation. Jpn J Infect Dis 2011; 64:499-505. [PMID: 22116329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) has a high mutation rate, leading to various neuropathologies after infection. The srr7 mutant was isolated from the MHV strain cl-2, which induces characteristic spongiform degeneration in the brain. To investigate outcomes of srr7 infection, we re-cloned srr7(H2) from the viral stock srr7(Mix). During this re-cloning, we obtained the mutant viruses, Mu-1, Mu-2, and Br-1 which was isolated from the mice brain infected with srr7(Mix). We examined mutant viruses for infectivity independent of the major MHV receptor (MHVR), because these mutants exhibited high virulence similar to cl-2, which is MHVR-independent. To confirm MHVR-independence in vitro, we used a combination of spinoculation and ultraviolet radiation to detect distinct plaque formation (SpinoPlaque(UV+)) afrer infection of BHK cells, which do not express MHVR. Using this technique, we found that the unique neuropathologies caused by infection with the mutant viruses result from infecting neurons, which do not express MHVR. Infection with the mutant viruses was 100% correlated with SpinoPlaque(UV+) formation. This is in contrast to infection with srr7, which does not from SpinoPlaque(UV+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Nomura
- Department of Bioinformatics, Soka University, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Abstract
Coronaviruses infect many species of animals including humans, causing acute and chronic diseases. This review focuses primarily on the pathogenesis of murine coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and severe acute respiratory coronavirus (SARS-CoV). MHV is a collection of strains, which provide models systems for the study of viral tropism and pathogenesis in several organs systems, including the central nervous system, the liver, and the lung, and has been cited as providing one of the few animal models for the study of chronic demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. SARS-CoV emerged in the human population in China in 2002, causing a worldwide epidemic with severe morbidity and high mortality rates, particularly in older individuals. We review the pathogenesis of both viruses and the several reverse genetics systems that made much of these studies possible. We also review the functions of coronavirus proteins, structural, enzymatic, and accessory, with an emphasis on roles in pathogenesis. Structural proteins in addition to their roles in virion structure and morphogenesis also contribute significantly to viral spread in vivo and in antagonizing host cell responses. Nonstructural proteins include the small accessory proteins that are not at all conserved between MHV and SARS-CoV and the 16 conserved proteins encoded in the replicase locus, many of which have enzymatic activities in RNA metabolism or protein processing in addition to functions in antagonizing host response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan R Weiss
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
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18
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Kashiwazaki H, Taguchi F, Ikehara Y, Watanabe R. Characterization of splenic cells during the early phase of infection with neuropathogenic mouse hepatitis virus. Jpn J Infect Dis 2011; 64:256-259. [PMID: 21617315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The highly neuropathogenic cl-2 and less virulent srr7 viruses isolated from the neurotropic JHM strain of the mouse hepatitis virus exhibit super acute spread of virus (SAS), a term applied when rapid viral spread from an organ or part of the initially infected site to another non-adjacent organ or part is detected within 12 h after infection. Herein, we used a cytospin procedure to confirm SAS in splenic cells derived from mice whose brains were infected with these viruses. The cytospin procedure enabled effective preservation of the cells on glass slides. With this method, we could characterize extremely low populations of infected cells in the spleen (less than 0.1%) at 12 h post-inoculation with srr7. We observed that all kinds of splenic cells examined were infected, including B220(+)Ly-6C(+) plasmacytoid dendritic cells. The population of viral antigen-positive splenic cells was only slightly higher in cl-2 infection than in srr7 infection, but the cells showing viral production were present in numbers significantly higher in cl-2 infection compared with srr7 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Kashiwazaki
- Department of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Engineering, Soka University, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan
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19
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Leibowitz JL, Srinivasa R, Williamson ST, Chua MM, Liu M, Wu S, Kang H, Ma XZ, Zhang J, Shalev I, Smith R, Phillips MJ, Levy GA, Weiss SR. Genetic determinants of mouse hepatitis virus strain 1 pneumovirulence. J Virol 2010; 84:9278-91. [PMID: 20631137 PMCID: PMC2937641 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00330-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/26/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We report here investigation into the genetic basis of mouse hepatitis virus strain 1 (MHV-1) pneumovirulence. Sequencing of the 3' one-third of the MHV-1 genome demonstrated that the genetic organization of MHV-1 was similar to that of other strains of MHV. The hemagglutinin esterase (HE) protein was truncated, and reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) studies confirmed previous work that suggested that the MHV-1 HE is a pseudogene. Targeted recombination was used to select chimeric viruses containing either the MHV-1 S gene or genes encoding all of the MHV-1 structural proteins, on an MHV-A59 background. Challenge studies in mice demonstrated that expression of the MHV-1 S gene within the MHV-A59 background (rA59/S(MHV-1)) increased the pneumovirulence of MHV-A59, and mice infected with this recombinant virus developed pulmonary lesions that were similar to those observed with MHV-1, although rA59/S(MHV-1) was significantly less virulent. Chimeras containing all of the MHV-1 structural genes on an MHV-A59 background were able to reproduce the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-like pathology observed with MHV-1 and reproducibly increased pneumovirulence relative to rA59/S(MHV-1), but were still much less virulent than MHV-1. These data suggest that important determinants of pneumopathogenicity are contained within the 3' one-third of the MHV-1 genome, but additional important virulence factors must be encoded in the genome upstream of the S gene. The severity of the pulmonary lesions observed correlates better with elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines than with viral replication in the lungs, suggesting that pulmonary disease has an important immunological component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian L Leibowitz
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Pathogenesis Texas A&M University System-HSC, College of Medicine, 407 Reynolds Medical Building, 1114 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-1114, USA.
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20
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Hirai A, Ohtsuka N, Ikeda T, Taniguchi R, Blau D, Nakagaki K, Miura HS, Ami Y, Yamada YK, Itohara S, Holmes KV, Taguchi F. Role of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) receptor murine CEACAM1 in the resistance of mice to MHV infection: studies of mice with chimeric mCEACAM1a and mCEACAM1b. J Virol 2010; 84:6654-66. [PMID: 20410265 PMCID: PMC2903249 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02680-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Although most inbred mouse strains are highly susceptible to mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) infection, the inbred SJL line of mice is highly resistant to its infection. The principal receptor for MHV is murine CEACAM1 (mCEACAM1). Susceptible strains of mice are homozygous for the 1a allele of mCeacam1, while SJL mice are homozygous for the 1b allele. mCEACAM1a (1a) has a 10- to 100-fold-higher receptor activity than does mCEACAM1b (1b). To explore the hypothesis that MHV susceptibility is due to the different MHV receptor activities of 1a and 1b, we established a chimeric C57BL/6 mouse (cB61ba) in which a part of the N-terminal immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain of the mCeacam1a (1a) gene, which is responsible for MHV receptor function, is replaced by the corresponding region of mCeacam1b (1b). We compared the MHV susceptibility of these chimeric mice to that of SJL and B6 mice. B6 mice that are homozygous for 1a are highly susceptible to MHV-A59 infection, with a 50% lethal dose (LD(50)) of 10(2.5) PFU, while chimeric cB61ba mice and SJL mice homozygous for 1ba and 1b, respectively, survived following inoculation with 10(5) PFU. Unexpectedly, cB61ba mice were more resistant to MHV-A59 infection than SJL mice as measured by virus replication in target organs, including liver and brain. No infectious virus or viral RNA was detected in the organs of cB61ba mice, while viral RNA and infectious virus were detected in target organs of SJL mice. Furthermore, SJL mice produced antiviral antibodies after MHV-A59 inoculation with 10(5) PFU, but cB61ba mice did not. Thus, cB61ba mice are apparently completely resistant to MHV-A59 infection, while SJL mice permit low levels of MHV-A59 virus replication during self-limited, asymptomatic infection. When expressed on cultured BHK cells, the mCEACAM1b and mCEACAM1ba proteins had similar levels of MHV-A59 receptor activity. These results strongly support the hypothesis that although alleles of mCEACAM1 are the principal determinants of mouse susceptibility to MHV-A59, other as-yet-unidentified murine genes may also play a role in susceptibility to MHV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Hirai
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Murayama Branch, Gakuen, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Hirose, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan, Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, Department of Virology and Viral Infections, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Kyounan, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Ohtsuka
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Murayama Branch, Gakuen, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Hirose, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan, Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, Department of Virology and Viral Infections, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Kyounan, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Toshio Ikeda
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Murayama Branch, Gakuen, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Hirose, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan, Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, Department of Virology and Viral Infections, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Kyounan, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Rie Taniguchi
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Murayama Branch, Gakuen, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Hirose, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan, Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, Department of Virology and Viral Infections, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Kyounan, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Dianna Blau
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Murayama Branch, Gakuen, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Hirose, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan, Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, Department of Virology and Viral Infections, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Kyounan, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Keiko Nakagaki
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Murayama Branch, Gakuen, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Hirose, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan, Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, Department of Virology and Viral Infections, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Kyounan, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Hideka S. Miura
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Murayama Branch, Gakuen, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Hirose, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan, Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, Department of Virology and Viral Infections, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Kyounan, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ami
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Murayama Branch, Gakuen, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Hirose, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan, Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, Department of Virology and Viral Infections, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Kyounan, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Yasuko K. Yamada
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Murayama Branch, Gakuen, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Hirose, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan, Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, Department of Virology and Viral Infections, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Kyounan, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Shigeyoshi Itohara
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Murayama Branch, Gakuen, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Hirose, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan, Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, Department of Virology and Viral Infections, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Kyounan, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Kathryn V. Holmes
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Murayama Branch, Gakuen, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Hirose, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan, Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, Department of Virology and Viral Infections, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Kyounan, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Taguchi
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Murayama Branch, Gakuen, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Hirose, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan, Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, Department of Virology and Viral Infections, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Kyounan, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
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21
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Abstract
In order to develop a dose-response model for SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV), the pooled data sets for infection of transgenic mice susceptible to SARS-CoV and infection of mice with murine hepatitis virus strain 1, which may be a clinically relevant model of SARS, were fit to beta-Poisson and exponential models with the maximum likelihood method. The exponential model (k= 4.1 x l0(2)) could describe the dose-response relationship of the pooled data sets. The beta-Poisson model did not provide a statistically significant improvement in fit. With the exponential model, the infectivity of SARS-CoV was calculated and compared with those of other coronaviruses. The does of SARS-CoV corresponding to 10% and 50% responses (illness) were estimated at 43 and 280 PFU, respectively. Its estimated infectivity was comparable to that of HCoV-229E, known as an agent of human common cold, and also similar to those of some animal coronaviruses belonging to the same genetic group. Moreover, the exponential model was applied to the analysis of the epidemiological data of SARS outbreak that occurred at an apartment complex in Hong Kong in 2003. The estimated dose of SARS-CoV for apartment residents during the outbreak, which was back-calculated from the reported number of cases, ranged from 16 to 160 PFU/person, depending on the floor. The exponential model developed here is the sole dose-response model for SARS-CoV at the present and would enable us to understand the possibility for reemergence of SARS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Watanabe
- Environmental Science Center, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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22
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Trandem K, Anghelina D, Zhao J, Perlman S. Regulatory T cells inhibit T cell proliferation and decrease demyelination in mice chronically infected with a coronavirus. J Immunol 2010; 184:4391-400. [PMID: 20208000 PMCID: PMC2851486 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Mice infected with the neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus (JHMV) develop acute and chronic demyelinating diseases with histopathological similarities to multiple sclerosis. The process of demyelination is largely immune-mediated, as immunodeficient mice (RAG1(-/-) mice) do not develop demyelination upon infection; however, demyelination develops if these mice are reconstituted with either JHMV-immune CD4 or CD8 T cells. Because myelin destruction is a consequence of the inflammatory response associated with virus clearance, we reasoned that decreasing the amount of inflammation would diminish clinical disease and demyelination. Given that regulatory T cells (Tregs) have potent anti-inflammatory effects, we adoptively transferred Tregs into infected C57BL/6 and RAG1(-/-) mice. In both instances, transfer of Tregs decreased weight loss, clinical scores, and demyelination. Transferred Tregs were not detected in the CNS of infected RAG1(-/-) mice, but rather appeared to mediate their effects in the draining cervical lymph nodes. We show that Tregs dampen the inflammatory response mediated by transferred JHMV-immune splenocytes in infected RAG1(-/-) mice by decreasing T cell proliferation, dendritic cell activation, and proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine production, without inducing apoptosis. By extension, decreasing inflammation, whether by Treg transfer or by otherwise enhancing the anti-inflammatory milieu, could contribute to improved clinical outcomes in patients with virus-induced demyelination.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Cell Proliferation
- Chronic Disease
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/physiopathology
- Coronavirus Infections/therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/physiopathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- HeLa Cells
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance
- Inflammation Mediators/antagonists & inhibitors
- Inflammation Mediators/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Murine hepatitis virus/immunology
- Murine hepatitis virus/pathogenicity
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/transplantation
- Viral Load/immunology
- Virulence/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Trandem
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | | | - Jingxian Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Institute for Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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23
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Tsuhako MH, Augusto O, Linares E, Chadi G, Giorgio S, Pereira CA. Tempol ameliorates murine viral encephalomyelitis by preserving the blood-brain barrier, reducing viral load, and lessening inflammation. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 48:704-12. [PMID: 20035861 PMCID: PMC7126783 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Revised: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive inflammatory and/or demyelinating disease of the human central nervous system (CNS). Most of the knowledge about the pathogenesis of MS has been derived from murine models, such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and viral encephalomyelitis. Here, we infected female C57BL/6 mice with a neurotropic strain of the mouse hepatitis virus (MHV-59A) to evaluate whether treatment with the multifunctional antioxidant tempol (4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy) affects the ensuing encephalomyelitis. In untreated animals, neurological symptoms developed quickly: 90% of infected mice died 10 days after virus inoculation and the few survivors presented neurological deficits. Treatment with tempol (24 mg/kg, ip, two doses on the first day and daily doses for 7 days plus 2 mM tempol in the drinking water ad libitum) profoundly altered the disease outcome: neurological symptoms were attenuated, mouse survival increased up to 70%, and half of the survivors behaved as normal mice. Not surprisingly, tempol substantially preserved the integrity of the CNS, including the blood-brain barrier. Furthermore, treatment with tempol decreased CNS viral titers, macrophage and T lymphocyte infiltration, and levels of markers of inflammation, such as expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, transcription of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma, and protein nitration. The results indicate that tempol ameliorates murine viral encephalomyelitis by altering the redox status of the infectious environment that contributes to an attenuated CNS inflammatory response. Overall, our study supports the development of therapeutic strategies based on nitroxides to manage neuroinflammatory diseases, including MS.
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Key Words
- bbb, blood–brain barrier
- cns, central nervous system
- eae, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
- ifn-γ, interferon-γ
- mhv, mouse hepatitis virus
- ms, multiple sclerosis
- inos, inducible nitric oxide synthase
- tempol, 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6,-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy
- tnf-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- multiple sclerosis
- encephalomyelitis
- mouse hepatitis virus
- tempol
- antioxidant
- anti-inflammatory
- inflammation
- redox status
- nitric oxide-derived oxidants
- free radicals
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Heloisa Tsuhako
- Laboratório de Imunologia Viral, Instituto Butantan, 05503-900 São Paulo, Brazil
- Corresponding authors. M.H. Tsuhako is to be contacted at fax: +55 11 37261505. O. Augusto, fax: +55 11 30912186.
| | - Ohara Augusto
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo, 05513-970 São Paulo, Brazil
- Corresponding authors. M.H. Tsuhako is to be contacted at fax: +55 11 37261505. O. Augusto, fax: +55 11 30912186.
| | - Edlaine Linares
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo, 05513-970 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gerson Chadi
- Neuroregeneration Center, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo, 05513-970 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Selma Giorgio
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Carlos A. Pereira
- Laboratório de Imunologia Viral, Instituto Butantan, 05503-900 São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
Gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) plays a major role in the protection against lethal infection with mouse hepatitis virus A59. IFN-gamma production reaches a maximum level 2 days after viral inoculation, especially in liver immune cells. Among these cells, natural killer cells are the major producers of this cytokine. Transfer experiments indicated that the protective role of IFN-gamma is mediated through a direct effect on cells targeted by the virus rather than through indirect activation of T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëtan Thirion
- Unit of Experimental Medicine, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Jean-Paul Coutelier
- Unit of Experimental Medicine, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
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25
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Baig E, Fish EN. Distinct signature type I interferon responses are determined by the infecting virus and the target cell. Antivir Ther 2008; 13:409-422. [PMID: 18572754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type I interferons (IFN) include multiple IFN-alpha subtypes which exhibit considerable amino acid identity and activate the same cell-surface receptor. The promoter regions of the IFN-alpha genes, however, have different transcription factor binding sites, implying differential transcriptional activation. Evolutionary conservation of multiple subtypes may have resulted from external pressures associated with the crucial nature of an IFN response, namely that different viruses that are tropic for different target tissues determine the nature and extent of an IFN response, specifically the IFN-alpha subtype profile. METHODS Studies were undertaken to examine inducible IFN gene expression profiles in response to infection with single-stranded RNA viruses: Sendai virus (SeV), murine hepatitis virus (MHV-1) and coxsackie virus B3 (CVB3). RESULTS In vitro, distinct signature profiles of SeV and MHV-1-inducible gene expression for IFN-alpha2, IFN-alpha4 and IFN-alpha5 subtypes in L2 and L929 mouse fibroblast cells, in relation to the extent and kinetics of their induction, were identified. In vivo, whereas A/J mice are highly permissive for both MHV-1 and CVB3 infections and mount a poor IFN response, C57B1/6 mice are relatively resistant to both virus infections and mount a vigorous IFN response. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the infecting virus and the target cell type dictate the extent and signature of inducible type I IFN gene expression. The extent of IFN response to viral infection influences the subsequent biological outcome: a robust IFN response prescribes a level of resistance, whereas a poor IFN response contributes towards a permissive phenotype for infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehtesham Baig
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network & Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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26
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Kang H, Bhardwaj K, Li Y, Palaninathan S, Sacchettini J, Guarino L, Leibowitz JL, Kao CC. Biochemical and genetic analyses of murine hepatitis virus Nsp15 endoribonuclease. J Virol 2007; 81:13587-97. [PMID: 17898055 PMCID: PMC2168834 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00547-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this project was to better define the relationship between the endoribonuclease activity of murine hepatitis virus (MHV) Nsp15 (mNsp15) and its role in virus infection. Molecular modeling demonstrated that the catalytic residues of mNsp15 are superimposable with its severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus ortholog. Alanine substitutions at three key residues in the mNsp15 catalytic pocket (H262, H277, and G275) and a double-mutant version (H262P and H277A) generated proteins with greatly reduced but detectable endoribonuclease activities. Furthermore, these mutant proteins demonstrated lower cleavage specificities for uridylate than wild-type (WT) mNsp15. These mutations were successfully incorporated into viruses named vH262A, vH277A, vG275A, and vH262P+H277A. All four mutant viruses formed plaques with diameters similar to that of MHV-A59 1000 (WT virus) on several different cell lines. Interestingly, viruses with a mutation at a noncatalytic residue, D324A, could not be recovered despite repeated attempts, and expression of mNsp15 containing the D324A mutation in Escherichia coli resulted in an insoluble protein. Plaques derived from vH262A produced approximately 6- to 13-fold fewer PFU than those from WT virus. Cells infected with mNsp15 mutant viruses accumulated lesser amounts of plus- and minus-sense subgenomic RNAs and spike protein than WT virus. The expression of mNsp15 in trans by transient transfection partially restored RNA synthesis by vH262A. These results demonstrate that mNsp15 is required for optimal infection by MHV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyojeung Kang
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Pathogenesis, Texas A&M University System--HSC, TX 77843-2128, USA
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27
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Züst R, Cervantes-Barragán L, Kuri T, Blakqori G, Weber F, Ludewig B, Thiel V. Coronavirus non-structural protein 1 is a major pathogenicity factor: implications for the rational design of coronavirus vaccines. PLoS Pathog 2007; 3:e109. [PMID: 17696607 PMCID: PMC1941747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Attenuated viral vaccines can be generated by targeting essential pathogenicity factors. We report here the rational design of an attenuated recombinant coronavirus vaccine based on a deletion in the coding sequence of the non-structural protein 1 (nsp1). In cell culture, nsp1 of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), like its SARS-coronavirus homolog, strongly reduced cellular gene expression. The effect of nsp1 on MHV replication in vitro and in vivo was analyzed using a recombinant MHV encoding a deletion in the nsp1-coding sequence. The recombinant MHV nsp1 mutant grew normally in tissue culture, but was severely attenuated in vivo. Replication and spread of the nsp1 mutant virus was restored almost to wild-type levels in type I interferon (IFN) receptor-deficient mice, indicating that nsp1 interferes efficiently with the type I IFN system. Importantly, replication of nsp1 mutant virus in professional antigen-presenting cells such as conventional dendritic cells and macrophages, and induction of type I IFN in plasmacytoid dendritic cells, was not impaired. Furthermore, even low doses of nsp1 mutant MHV elicited potent cytotoxic T cell responses and protected mice against homologous and heterologous virus challenge. Taken together, the presented attenuation strategy provides a paradigm for the development of highly efficient coronavirus vaccines. Prevention of viral diseases by vaccination aims for controlled induction of protective immune responses against viral pathogens. Live viral vaccines consist of attenuated, replication-competent viruses that are believed to be superior in the induction of broad immune responses, including cell-mediated immunity. The recent proceedings in the area of virus reverse genetics allows for the rational design of recombinant vaccines by targeting, i.e., inactivating, viral pathogenicity factors. For coronaviruses, a major pathogenicity factor has now been identified. The effect of coronavirus non-structural protein 1 on pathogenicity has been analyzed in a murine model of coronavirus infection. By deleting a part of this protein, a recombinant virus has been generated that is greatly attenuated in vivo, while retaining immunogenicity. In particular, the mutant virus retained the ability to replicate in professional antigen-presenting cells and fulfilled an important requirement of a promising vaccine candidate: the induction of a protective long-lasting, antigen-specific cellular immune response. This study has implications for the rational design of live attenuated coronavirus vaccines aimed at preventing coronavirus-induced diseases of veterinary and medical importance, including the potentially lethal severe acute respiratory syndrome.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA, Viral
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Design
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Silencing
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/immunology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/prevention & control
- Humans
- Interferon Type I/deficiency
- Interferon Type I/genetics
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Liver/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Murine hepatitis virus/immunology
- Murine hepatitis virus/pathogenicity
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/genetics
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/immunology
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/metabolism
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Virulence Factors/immunology
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Züst
- Research Department, Kantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Luisa Cervantes-Barragán
- Research Department, Kantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México City, México
| | - Thomas Kuri
- Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gjon Blakqori
- Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Friedemann Weber
- Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Research Department, Kantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Volker Thiel
- Research Department, Kantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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28
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Walsh KB, Edwards RA, Romero KM, Kotlajich MV, Stohlman SA, Lane TE. Expression of CXC chemokine ligand 10 from the mouse hepatitis virus genome results in protection from viral-induced neurological and liver disease. J Immunol 2007; 179:1155-65. [PMID: 17617609 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.2.1155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Using the recombinant murine coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) expressing the T cell-chemoattractant CXCL10 (MHV-CXCL10), we demonstrate a potent antiviral role for CXCL10 in host defense. Instillation of MHV-CXCL10 into the CNS of CXCL10-deficient (CXCL10(-/-)) mice resulted in viral infection and replication in both brain and liver. Expression of virally encoded CXCL10 within the brain protected mice from death and correlated with increased infiltration of T lymphocytes, enhanced IFN-gamma secretion, and accelerated viral clearance when compared with mice infected with an isogenic control virus, MHV. Similarly, viral clearance from the livers of MHV-CXCL10-infected mice was accelerated in comparison to MHV-infected mice, yet was independent of enhanced infiltration of T lymphocytes and NK cells. Moreover, CXCL10(-/-) mice infected with MHV-CXCL10 were protected from severe hepatitis as evidenced by reduced pathology and serum alanine aminotransferase levels compared with MHV-infected mice. CXCL10-mediated protection within the liver was not dependent on CXC-chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) signaling as anti-CXCR2 treatment of MHV-CXCL10-infected mice did not modulate viral clearance or liver pathology. In contrast, treatment of MHV-CXCL10-infected CXCL10(-/-) mice with anti-CXCL10 Ab resulted in increased clinical disease correlating with enhanced viral recovery from the brain and liver as well as increased serum alanine aminotransferase levels. These studies highlight that CXCL10 expression promotes protection from coronavirus-induced neurological and liver disease.
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MESH Headings
- Alanine Transaminase/blood
- Animals
- Brain/pathology
- Brain/virology
- Central Nervous System Diseases/immunology
- Central Nervous System Diseases/prevention & control
- Central Nervous System Diseases/virology
- Chemokine CXCL10
- Chemokines, CXC/genetics
- Chemokines, CXC/immunology
- Chemokines, CXC/metabolism
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/immunology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/prevention & control
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/virology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Liver/pathology
- Liver/virology
- Mice
- Murine hepatitis virus/genetics
- Murine hepatitis virus/pathogenicity
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- Spinal Cord/virology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B Walsh
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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29
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Versteeg GA, van de Nes PS, Bredenbeek PJ, Spaan WJM. The coronavirus spike protein induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and upregulation of intracellular chemokine mRNA concentrations. J Virol 2007; 81:10981-90. [PMID: 17670839 PMCID: PMC2045536 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01033-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine hepatitis virus (MHV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (CoV) are two of the best-studied representatives of the family Coronaviridae. During CoV infection, numerous cytokines and chemokines are induced in vitro and in vivo. Human interleukin 8 and its mouse functional counterpart, CXCL2, are early-expressed chemokines. Here we show that SARS-CoV and MHV induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and Cxcl2 mRNA transcription during infection in vitro. Expression of the viral spike protein significantly induced ER stress and Cxcl2 mRNA upregulation, while expression of the other structural genes did not. Additional experiments with UV-inactivated virus, cell-cell fusion-blocking antibodies, and an MHV mutant with a defect in spike protein maturation demonstrated that spike-host interactions in the ER are responsible for the induction of ER stress and subsequent Cxcl2 mRNA transcription. Despite significant increases in levels of Cxcl2 mRNA and functional nucleus-to-cytoplasm RNA transport, no CXCL2 protein was released into the medium from MHV-infected cells. Yet Sendai virus-infected cells showed substantial Cxcl2 mRNA induction and a simultaneous increase in levels of secreted CXCL2 protein. Our results demonstrate that expression of CoV spike proteins induces ER stress, which could subsequently trigger innate immune responses. However, at that point in infection, translation of host mRNA is already severely reduced in infected cells, preventing the synthesis of CXCL2 and ER stress proteins despite their increased mRNA concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijs A Versteeg
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, LUMC E4-P, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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30
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Taguchi F. [Cell entry mechanism of coronaviruses: implication in their pathogenesis]. Uirusu 2007; 56:165-71. [PMID: 17446665 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.56.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses infect many species of animals, including humans. Among them, murine coronavirus, mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) has been well studied as a model of human diseases, such as hepatitis and demyelinating disease. An agent causing severe acute respiratory disease (SARS), SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV), is a newcomer in this genus, however, it is now one of the most studied coronaviruses due to its medical impact. The receptors of those two viruses have been identified and their cell entry mechanism has been actively investigated. Recently, SARS-CoV cell entry mechanism is shown to be different from that of other enveloped viruses, including MHV. In this review, cell entry mechanism of those two viruses is described, stressing on the difference and similarity found between those two viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiro Taguchi
- Division of Viral Respiratory Diseases and SARS, National Institute of Infectious Diseasses.
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31
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White TC, Yi Z, Hogue BG. Identification of mouse hepatitis coronavirus A59 nucleocapsid protein phosphorylation sites. Virus Res 2007; 126:139-48. [PMID: 17367888 PMCID: PMC2001268 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2006] [Revised: 02/04/2007] [Accepted: 02/08/2007] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus nucleocapsid (N) is a multifunctional phosphoprotein that encapsidates the genomic RNA into a helical nucleocapsid within the mature virion. The protein also plays roles in viral RNA transcription and/or replication and possibly viral mRNA translation. Phosphorylation is one of the most common post-translation modifications that plays important regulatory roles in modulating protein functions. It has been speculated for sometime that phosphorylation could play an important role in regulation of coronavirus N protein functions. As a first step toward positioning to address this we have identified the amino acids that are phosphorylated on the mouse hepatitis coronavirus (MHV) A59 N protein. High performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) was used to identify phosphorylated sites on the N protein from both infected cells and purified extracellular virions. A total of six phosphorylated sites (S162, S170, T177, S389, S424 and T428) were identified on the protein from infected cells. The same six sites were also phosphorylated on the extracellular mature virion N protein. This is the first identification of phosphorylated sites for a group II coronavirus N protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiana C White
- The Biodesign Institute, Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5401, USA
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32
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Abstract
A previous study demonstrated that infection of rat oligodendrocytes by mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) resulted in apoptosis, which is caspase dependent (Y. Liu, Y. Cai, and X. Zhang, J. Virol. 77:11952-11963, 2003). Here we determined the involvement of the mitochondrial pathway in MHV-induced oligodendrocyte apoptosis. We found that caspase-9 activity was 12-fold higher in virus-infected cells than in mock-infected cells at 24 h postinfection (p.i.). Pretreatment of cells with a caspase-9 inhibitor completely blocked caspase-9 activation and partially inhibited the apoptosis mediated by MHV infection. Analyses of cytochrome c release further revealed an activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Stable overexpression of the two antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL significantly, though only partially, blocked apoptosis, suggesting that activation of the mitochondrial pathway is partially responsible for the apoptosis. To identify upstream signals, we determined caspase-8 activity, cleavage of Bid, and expression of Bax and Bad by Western blotting. We found a drastic increase in caspase-8 activity and cleavage of Bid at 24 h p.i. in virus-infected cells, suggesting that Bid may serve as a messenger to relay the signals from caspase-8 to mitochondria. However, treatment with a caspase-8 inhibitor only slightly blocked cytochrome c release from the mitochondria. Furthermore, we found that Bax but not Bad was significantly increased at 12 h p.i. in cells infected with both live and UV-inactivated viruses and that Bax activation was partially blocked by treatment with the caspase-8 inhibitor. These results thus establish the involvement of the mitochondrial pathway in MHV-induced oligodendrocyte apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Slot 511, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199, USA
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Perlman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, 52242 Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Kathryn V. Holmes
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center at Fitzsimons, 80045-8333 Aurora, CO USA
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Perlman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, 52242 Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Kathryn V. Holmes
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center at Fitzsimons, 80045-8333 Aurora, CO USA
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Perlman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, 52242 Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Kathryn V. Holmes
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center at Fitzsimons, 80045-8333 Aurora, CO USA
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Perlman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, 52242 Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Kathryn V. Holmes
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center at Fitzsimons, 80045-8333 Aurora, CO USA
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Perlman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, 52242 Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Kathryn V. Holmes
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center at Fitzsimons, 80045-8333 Aurora, CO USA
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38
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De Albuquerque N, Baig E, Ma X, Zhang J, He W, Rowe A, Habal M, Liu M, Shalev I, Downey GP, Gorczynski R, Butany J, Leibowitz J, Weiss SR, McGilvray ID, Phillips MJ, Fish EN, Levy GA. Murine hepatitis virus strain 1 produces a clinically relevant model of severe acute respiratory syndrome in A/J mice. J Virol 2006; 80:10382-94. [PMID: 17041219 PMCID: PMC1641767 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00747-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a life-threatening infectious disease which has been difficult to study and treat because of the lack of a readily available animal model. Intranasal infection of A/J mice with the coronavirus murine hepatitis virus strain 1 (MHV-1) produced pulmonary pathological features of SARS. All MHV-1-infected A/J mice developed progressive interstitial pneumonitis, including dense macrophage infiltrates, giant cells, and hyaline membranes, resulting in death of all animals. In contrast, other mouse strains developed only mild transitory disease. Infected A/J mice had significantly higher cytokine levels, particularly macrophage chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1/CCL-2), gamma interferon, and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Furthermore, FGL2/fibroleukin mRNA transcripts and protein and fibrin deposits were markedly increased in the lungs of infected A/J mice. These animals developed a less robust type I interferon response to MHV-1 infection than resistant C57BL/6J mice, and treatment with recombinant beta interferon improved survival. This study describes a potentially useful small animal model of human SARS, defines its pathogenesis, and suggests treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine De Albuquerque
- Toronto General Hospital, 585 University Ave., NCSB-11-1236, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2N2, Canada
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39
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Goebel SJ, Miller TB, Bennett CJ, Bernard KA, Masters PS. A hypervariable region within the 3' cis-acting element of the murine coronavirus genome is nonessential for RNA synthesis but affects pathogenesis. J Virol 2006; 81:1274-87. [PMID: 17093194 PMCID: PMC1797510 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00803-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The 3' cis-acting element for mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) RNA synthesis resides entirely within the 301-nucleotide 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) of the viral genome and consists of three regions. Encompassing the upstream end of the 3' UTR are a bulged stem-loop and an overlapping RNA pseudoknot, both of which are essential to MHV and common to all group 2 coronaviruses. At the downstream end of the genome is the minimal signal for initiation of negative-strand RNA synthesis. Between these two ends is a hypervariable region (HVR) that is only poorly conserved between MHV and other group 2 coronaviruses. Paradoxically, buried within the HVR is an octanucleotide motif (oct), 5'-GGAAGAGC-3', which is almost universally conserved in coronaviruses and is therefore assumed to have a critical biological function. We conducted an extensive mutational analysis of the HVR. Surprisingly, this region tolerated numerous deletions, rearrangements, and point mutations. Most striking, a mutant deleted of the entire HVR was only minimally impaired in tissue culture relative to the wild type. By contrast, the HVR deletion mutant was highly attenuated in mice, causing no signs of clinical disease and minimal weight loss compared to wild-type virus. Correspondingly, replication of the HVR deletion mutant in the brains of mice was greatly reduced compared to that of the wild type. Our results show that neither the HVR nor oct is essential for the basic mechanism of MHV RNA synthesis in tissue culture. However, the HVR appears to play a significant role in viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Goebel
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12201, USA
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40
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Navas-Martin S, Brom M, Chua MM, Watson R, Qiu Z, Weiss SR. Replicase genes of murine coronavirus strains A59 and JHM are interchangeable: differences in pathogenesis map to the 3' one-third of the genome. J Virol 2006; 81:1022-6. [PMID: 17079303 PMCID: PMC1797483 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01944-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The important roles of the spike protein and other structural proteins in murine coronavirus (MHV) pathogenesis have been demonstrated; however, the role of the replicase gene remains unexplored. We assessed the influence of the replicase genes of the highly neurovirulent MHV-JHM strain and the hepatotropic and mildly neurovirulent A59 strain in acute infection of the mouse. Analysis of chimeric A59/JHM recombinant viruses indicates that the replicase genes are interchangeable and that it is the 3' end of the genome, encoding the structural proteins, rather than the replicase gene, that determines the pathogenic properties of these chimeras.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Navas-Martin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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41
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Zhou H, Perlman S. Mouse hepatitis virus does not induce Beta interferon synthesis and does not inhibit its induction by double-stranded RNA. J Virol 2006; 81:568-74. [PMID: 17079305 PMCID: PMC1797428 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01512-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) does not induce interferon (IFN) production in fibroblasts or bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. In this report, we show that the essential IFN-beta transcription factors NF-kappaB and IFN regulatory factor 3 are not activated for nuclear translocation and gene induction during infection. However, MHV was unable to inhibit the activation of these factors and subsequent IFN-beta production induced by poly(I:C). Further, MHV infection did not inhibit IFN-beta production mediated by known host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) (RIG-I, Mda-5, and TLR3). These results are consistent with the notion that double-stranded RNA, produced during MHV infection, is not accessible to cellular PRRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Bowen Science Building 3-730, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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42
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Abstract
We previously demonstrated that infection of cultured cells with murine coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) resulted in activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (Raf/MEK/ERK) signal transduction pathway (Y. Cai et al., Virology 355:152-163, 2006). Here we show that inhibition of the Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway by the MEK inhibitor UO126 significantly impaired MHV progeny production (a reduction of 95 to 99% in virus titer), which correlated with the phosphorylation status of ERK1/2. Moreover, knockdown of MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 by small interfering RNAs suppressed MHV replication. The inhibitory effect of UO126 on MHV production appeared to be a general phenomenon since the effect was consistently observed in all six different MHV strains and in three different cell types tested; it was likely exerted at the postentry steps of the virus life cycle because the virus titers were similarly inhibited from infected cells treated at 1 h prior to, during, or after infection. Furthermore, the treatment did not affect the virus entry, as revealed by the virus internalization assay. Metabolic labeling and reporter gene assays demonstrated that translation of cellular and viral mRNAs appeared unaffected by UO126 treatment. However, synthesis of viral genomic and subgenomic RNAs was severely suppressed by UO126 treatment, as demonstrated by a reduced incorporation of [3H]uridine and a decrease in chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) activity in a defective-interfering RNA-CAT reporter assay. These findings indicate that the Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway is involved in MHV RNA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyun Cai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham Street, Slot 511, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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43
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Perlman S, Holmes KV. NKG2D signaling and host defense after mouse hepatitis virus infection of the central nervous system. Adv Exp Med Biol 2006; 581:369-72. [PMID: 17037561 PMCID: PMC7123950 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-33012-9_65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Perlman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, 52242 Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Kathryn V. Holmes
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center at Fitzsimons, 80045-8333 Aurora, CO USA
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Perlman S, Holmes KV. Receptor-independent spread of a neurotropic murine coronavirus MHV-JHMV in mixed neural culture. Adv Exp Med Biol 2006; 581:327-30. [PMID: 17037554 PMCID: PMC7123934 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-33012-9_58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Perlman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, 52242 Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Kathryn V. Holmes
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center at Fitzsimons, 80045-8333 Aurora, CO USA
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45
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Abstract
Various strains of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) exhibit different pathogenic phenotypes. Infection with the A59 strain of MHV induces both encephalitis and hepatitis, while the highly neurovirulent JHM strain induces a fatal encephalitis with little, if any, hepatitis. The pathogenic phenotype for each strain is determined by the genetic composition of the viral genome, as well as the host immune response. Using isogenic recombinant viruses with A59 background genes differing only in the spike gene, we have previously shown that high neurovirulence is associated with the JHM spike protein, the protein responsible for attachment to the host cell receptor (J. J. Phillips, M. M. Chua, G. F. Rall, and S. R. Weiss, Virology 301:109-120, 2002). Using another set of isogenic recombinant viruses with JHM background genes expressing either the JHM or A59 spike, we have further investigated the roles of viral genes in pathogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that the high neurovirulence of JHM is associated with accelerated spread through the brain and a heightened innate immune response that is characterized by high numbers of infiltrating neutrophils and macrophages, suggesting an immunopathogenic component to neurovirulence. While expression of the JHM spike is sufficient to confer a neurovirulent phenotype, as well as increased macrophage infiltration, background genes contribute to virulence as well, at least in part, by dictating the extent of the T-cell immune response.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Brain/immunology
- Brain/virology
- Coronavirus Infections/genetics
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/pathology
- Encephalitis, Viral/genetics
- Encephalitis, Viral/immunology
- Encephalitis, Viral/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral/immunology
- Genes, Viral/genetics
- Genes, Viral/immunology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/genetics
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/immunology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/pathology
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Immunity, Innate/immunology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/virology
- Male
- Mice
- Murine hepatitis virus/genetics
- Murine hepatitis virus/immunology
- Murine hepatitis virus/pathogenicity
- Neutrophil Infiltration/genetics
- Neutrophil Infiltration/immunology
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Neutrophils/virology
- Receptors, Virus/genetics
- Receptors, Virus/immunology
- Recombination, Genetic/genetics
- Recombination, Genetic/immunology
- Species Specificity
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn T Iacono
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, 36th Street and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, 19104-6076, USA
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46
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Qiu Z, Hingley ST, Simmons G, Yu C, Das Sarma J, Bates P, Weiss SR. Endosomal proteolysis by cathepsins is necessary for murine coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus type 2 spike-mediated entry. J Virol 2006; 80:5768-76. [PMID: 16731916 PMCID: PMC1472567 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00442-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Most strains of murine coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) express a cleavable spike glycoprotein that mediates viral entry and pH-independent cell-cell fusion. The MHV type 2 (MHV-2) strain of murine coronavirus differs from other strains in that it expresses an uncleaved spike and cannot induce cell-cell fusion at neutral pH values. We show here that while infection of the prototype MHV-A59 strain is not sensitive to pretreatment with lysosomotropic agents, MHV-2 replication is significantly inhibited by these agents. By use of an A59/MHV-2 chimeric virus, the susceptibility to lysosomotropic agents is mapped to the MHV-2 spike, suggesting a requirement of acidification of endosomes for MHV-2 spike-mediated entry. However, acidification is likely not a direct trigger for MHV-2 spike-mediated membrane fusion, as low-pH treatment is unable to overcome ammonium chloride inhibition, and it also cannot induce cell-cell fusion between MHV-2-infected cells. In contrast, trypsin treatment can both overcome ammonium chloride inhibition and promote cell-cell fusion. Inhibitors of the endosomal cysteine proteases cathepsin B and cathepsin L greatly reduce MHV-2 spike-mediated entry, while they have little effect on A59 entry, suggesting that there is a proteolytic step in MHV-2 entry. Finally, a recombinant virus expressing a cleaved MHV-2 spike has the ability to induce cell-cell fusion at neutral pH values and does not require low pH and endosomal cathepsins during infection. These studies demonstrate that endosomal proteolysis by cathepsins is necessary for MHV-2 spike-mediated entry; this is similar to the entry pathway recently described for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and indicates that coronaviruses may use multiple pathways for entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaozhu Qiu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6076, USA
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47
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Versteeg GA, Slobodskaya O, Spaan WJM. Transcriptional profiling of acute cytopathic murine hepatitis virus infection in fibroblast-like cells. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:1961-1975. [PMID: 16760398 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81756-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the orchestrated genome-wide cellular responses is critical for comprehending the early events of coronavirus infection. Microarray analysis was applied to assess changes in cellular expression profiles during different stages of two independent, highly controlled murine hepatitis virus (MHV) infections in vitro. Fibroblast-like L cells were infected at high multiplicity in order to study the direct effects of a synchronized lytic coronavirus infection. Total RNA was harvested from MHV- or mock-infected L cells at 3, 5 and 6 h post-infection and hybridized to Affymetrix microarrays representing approximately 12,500 murine genes and expressed sequences. The expression data were compared to their respective mock-infected controls. Quantitative RT-PCR of selected transcripts was used to validate the differential expression of transcripts and inter-experiment reproducibility of microarray analysis. It was concluded that MHV-A59 infection in fibroblast-like cells triggers very few transcriptional cellular responses in the first 3 h of infection. Later, after having established a productive infection, a chemokine response is induced together with other cellular changes associated with RNA and protein metabolism, cell cycle and apoptosis. Interferon responses are not triggered during infection, although the L cells can be readily stimulated to produce interferon by dsRNA, a known potent inducer of interferon. Possibly, the interferon response is actively counteracted by a virus-encoded antagonist as has been described previously for other RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijs A Versteeg
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, E4P, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Olga Slobodskaya
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, E4P, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Willy J M Spaan
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, E4P, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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48
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Abstract
A highly neurovirulent murine coronavirus JHMV (wild-type [wt] JHMV) is known to spread from cells infected via the murine coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus receptor (MHVR) to cells without MHVR (MHVR-independent infection), whereas a mutant virus isolated from wt JHMV, srr7, spread only in an MHVR-dependent fashion. These observations were obtained by the overlay of JHMV-infected cells onto receptor-negative cells that are otherwise resistant to wt JHMV infection. MHVR-independent infection is hypothetically thought to be attributed to a naturally occurring fusion activation of the wt JHMV S protein, which did not occur in the case of srr7. Attachment of S protein on cells without MHVR during the S-protein activation process seems to be a key condition. Thus, in the present study, we tried to see whether wt JHMV virions that are attached on MHVR-negative cells are able to infect those cells. In order to make virions attach to the cell surface without MHVR, we have used spinoculation, namely, the centrifugation of cells together with inoculated virus at 3,000 rpm for 2 h. This procedure forces viruses to attach to the cell surface, as revealed by quantitative estimation of attached virions by real-time PCR and also facilitated wt JHMV infection to MHVR-negative cells, but failed to do so for srr7. Virions of both wt and srr7 attached on MHVR-negative cells by spinoculation were facilitated for infection in the presence of a soluble form of MHVR that induces conformational changes of both wt and srr7. It was further revealed that wt JHMV S1, but not srr7, was released from the cell surface when S protein was expressed on cells. These observations support the hypothesis that attachment of the virion to MHVR-negative cells is a critical step and that a unique feature of wt JHMV S1 to be released from S2 in a naturally occurring event is involved in an MHVR-independent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Watanabe
- Division of Respiratory Viral Diseases and SARS, Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
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49
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Kazi L, Lissenberg A, Watson R, de Groot RJ, Weiss SR. Expression of hemagglutinin esterase protein from recombinant mouse hepatitis virus enhances neurovirulence. J Virol 2006; 79:15064-73. [PMID: 16306577 PMCID: PMC1316009 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.24.15064-15073.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine hepatitis virus (MHV) infection provides a model system for the study of hepatitis, acute encephalitis, and chronic demyelinating disease. The spike glycoprotein, S, which mediates receptor binding and membrane fusion, plays a critical role in MHV pathogenesis. However, viral proteins other than S also contribute to pathogenicity. The JHM strain of MHV is highly neurovirulent and expresses a second spike glycoprotein, the hemagglutinin esterase (HE), which is not produced by MHV-A59, a hepatotropic but only mildly neurovirulent strain. To investigate a possible role for HE in MHV-induced neurovirulence, isogenic recombinant MHV-A59 viruses were generated that produced either (i) the wild-type protein, (ii) an enzymatically inactive HE protein, or (iii) no HE at all (A. Lissenberg, M. M. Vrolijk, A. L. W. van Vliet, M. A. Langereis, J. D. F. de Groot-Mijnes, P. J. M. Rottier, and R. J. de Groot, J. Virol. 79:15054-15063, 2005 [accompanying paper]). A second, mirror set of recombinant viruses was constructed in which, in addition, the MHV-A59 S gene had been replaced with that from MHV-JHM. The expression of HE in combination with A59 S did not affect the tropism, pathogenicity, or spread of the virus in vivo. However, in combination with JHM S, the expression of HE, regardless of whether it retained esterase activity or not, resulted in increased viral spread within the central nervous system and in increased neurovirulence. Our findings suggest that the properties of S receptor utilization and/or fusogenicity mainly determine organ and host cell tropism but that HE enhances the efficiency of infection and promotes viral dissemination, at least in some tissues, presumably by serving as a second receptor-binding protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubna Kazi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 36th Street and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6076, USA
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50
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Zuo J, Stohlman SA, Hoskin JB, Hinton DR, Atkinson R, Bergmann CC. Mouse hepatitis virus pathogenesis in the central nervous system is independent of IL-15 and natural killer cells. Virology 2006; 350:206-15. [PMID: 16510164 PMCID: PMC7111870 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2005] [Revised: 01/05/2006] [Accepted: 01/20/2006] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Infection by the neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus (JHMV) results in an acute encephalomyelitis associated with demyelination. T cells are critical in controlling viral replication, but also contribute to central nervous system (CNS) pathogenesis. To reveal a role for innate effectors in anti-viral immunity and neurological disease, JHMV pathogenesis was studied in mice deficient in interleukin-15 (IL-15−/−) and natural killer (NK) cells. Clinical disease, CNS inflammation and demyelination in infected IL-15−/− mice were similar to wild-type mice. Despite the absence of NK cells and suboptimal CD8+ T cell responses, IL-15−/− mice controlled JHMV replication as efficiently as wild-type mice. Similar kinetics of class I and class II upregulation on microglia further suggested no role of NK cells in regulating major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule expression on resident CNS cells. IL-15 and NK cells thus appear dispensable for anti-viral immunity and CNS pathogenesis during acute JHMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zuo
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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