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Yu J, Wen Z, Hu W, Chen M, Zhang Y, Liu S, Wang G, Wang Z, Wang D, Zhai SL, Wei WK, Li T, Liao M. Influenza D virus infection in China, 2022-2023. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2343907. [PMID: 38738553 PMCID: PMC11097708 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2343907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Influenza D virus (IDV) plays an important role in the bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex. Its potential for the zoonotic transmission is of particular concern. In China, IDV has previously been identified in agricultural animals by molecular surveys with no live virus isolates reported. In this study, live IDVs were successfully isolated from cattle in China, which prompted us to further investigate the national prevalence, antigenic property, and infection biology of the virus. IDV RNA was detected in 11.1% (51/460) of cattle throughout the country in 2022-2023. Moreover, we conducted the first IDV serosurveillance in China, revealing a high seroprevalence (91.4%, 393/430) of IDV in cattle during the 2022-2023 winter season. Notably, all the 16 provinces from which cattle originated possessed seropositive animals, and 3 of them displayed the 100% IDV-seropositivity rate. In contrast, a very low seroprevalence of IDV was observed in pigs (3%, 3/100) and goats (1%, 1/100) during the same period of investigation. Furthermore, besides D/Yama2019 lineage-like IDVs, we discovered the D/660 lineage-like IDV in Chinese cattle, which has not been detected to date in Asia. Finally, the Chinese IDVs replicated robustly in diverse cell lines but less efficiently in the swine cell line. Considering the nationwide distribution, high seroprevalence, and appreciably genetic diversity, further studies are required to fully evaluate the risk of Chinese IDVs for both animal and human health in China, which can be evidently facilitated by IDV isolates reported in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieshi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenyu Wen
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wanke Hu
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingwang Chen
- Zhongshan Animal Disease Control Center, Zhongshan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanlong Zhang
- Guangdong Animal Disease Control Center, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shasha Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhao Wang
- School of Laboratory Animal & Shandong Laboratory Animal Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Wang
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Shao-lun Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-kang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianyu Li
- Zhongshan Animal Disease Control Center, Zhongshan, People’s Republic of China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Liao
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Kim KH, Bhatnagar N, Subbiah J, Liu R, Pal SS, Raha JR, Grovenstein P, Shin CH, Wang BZ, Kang SM. Cross-protection against influenza viruses by chimeric M2e-H3 stalk protein or multi-subtype neuraminidase plus M2e virus-like particle vaccine in ferrets. Virology 2024; 595:110097. [PMID: 38685171 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Current influenza vaccine is not effective in providing cross-protection against variants. We evaluated the immunogenicity and efficacy of multi-subtype neuraminidase (NA) and M2 ectodomain virus-like particle (m-cNA-M2e VLP) and chimeric M2e-H3 stalk protein vaccines (M2e-H3 stalk) in ferrets. Our results showed that ferrets with recombinant m-cNA-M2e VLP or M2e-H3 stalk vaccination induced multi-vaccine antigen specific IgG antibodies (M2e, H3 stalk, NA), NA inhibition, antibody-secreting cells, and IFN-γ secreting cell responses. Ferrets immunized with either m-cNA-M2e VLP or M2e-H3 stalk vaccine were protected from H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses by lowering viral titers in nasal washes, trachea, and lungs after challenge. Vaccinated ferret antisera conferred broad humoral immunity in naïve mice. Our findings provide evidence that immunity to M2e and HA-stalk or M2e plus multi-subtype NA proteins induces cross-protection in ferrets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Hye Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Noopur Bhatnagar
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jeeva Subbiah
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rong Liu
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Surya Sekhar Pal
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jannatul Ruhan Raha
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Phillip Grovenstein
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Chong Hyun Shin
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Bao-Zhong Wang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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3
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MacLean AJ, Bonifacio JP, Oram SL, Mohsen MO, Bachmann MF, Arnon TI. Regulation of pulmonary plasma cell responses during secondary infection with influenza virus. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20232014. [PMID: 38661717 PMCID: PMC11044945 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20232014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
During secondary infection with influenza virus, plasma cells (PCs) develop within the lung, providing a local source of antibodies. However, the site and mechanisms that regulate this process are poorly defined. Here, we show that while circulating memory B cells entered the lung during rechallenge and were activated within inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissues (iBALTs), resident memory B (BRM) cells responded earlier, and their activation occurred in a different niche: directly near infected alveoli. This process required NK cells but was largely independent of CD4 and CD8 T cells. Innate stimuli induced by virus-like particles containing ssRNA triggered BRM cell differentiation in the absence of cognate antigen, suggesting a low threshold of activation. In contrast, expansion of PCs in iBALTs took longer to develop and was critically dependent on CD4 T cells. Our work demonstrates that spatially distinct mechanisms evolved to support pulmonary secondary PC responses, and it reveals a specialized function for BRM cells as guardians of the alveoli.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sophia L. Oram
- University of Oxford, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford, UK
| | - Mona O. Mohsen
- Department of Bio Medical Research, University of Bern, Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergology, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin F. Bachmann
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Jenner Institute, Oxford, UK
- Department of Bio Medical Research, University of Bern, Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergology, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tal I. Arnon
- University of Oxford, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford, UK
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4
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Deblanc C, Quéguiner S, Gorin S, Richard G, Moro A, Barbier N, Le Diguerher G, Paboeuf F, Hervé S, Simon G. Pathogenicity and escape to pre-existing immunity of a new genotype of swine influenza H1N2 virus that emerged in France in 2020. Vet Res 2024; 55:65. [PMID: 38773540 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01319-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In 2020, a new genotype of swine H1N2 influenza virus (H1avN2-HA 1C.2.4) was identified in France. It rapidly spread within the pig population and supplanted the previously predominant H1avN1-HA 1C.2.1 virus. To characterize this new genotype which is genetically and antigenically distant from the other H1avNx viruses detected in France, an experimental study was conducted to compare the outcomes of H1avN2 and H1avN1 infections in pigs and evaluate the protection conferred by the only inactivated vaccine currently licensed in Europe containing an HA 1C (clade 1C.2.2) antigen. Infection with H1avN2 induced stronger clinical signs and earlier shedding than H1avN1. The neutralizing antibodies produced following H1avN2 infection were unable to neutralize H1avN1, and vice versa, whereas the cellular-mediated immunity cross-reacted. Vaccination slightly altered the impact of H1avN2 infection at the clinical level, but did not prevent shedding of infectious virus particles. It induced a cellular-mediated immune response towards H1avN2, but did not produce neutralizing antibodies against this virus. As in vaccinated animals, animals previously infected by H1avN1 developed a cross-reacting cellular immune response but no neutralizing antibodies against H1avN2. However, H1avN1 pre-infection induced a better protection against the H1avN2 infection than vaccination, probably due to higher levels of non-neutralizing antibodies and a mucosal immunity. Altogether, these results showed that the new H1avN2 genotype induced a severe respiratory infection and that the actual vaccine was less effective against this H1avN2-HA 1C.2.4 than against H1avN1-HA 1C.2.1, which may have contributed to the H1avN2 epizootic and dissemination in pig farms in France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Deblanc
- Swine Virology Immunology Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440, Ploufragan, France.
| | - Stéphane Quéguiner
- Swine Virology Immunology Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440, Ploufragan, France
| | - Stéphane Gorin
- Swine Virology Immunology Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440, Ploufragan, France
| | - Gautier Richard
- Swine Virology Immunology Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440, Ploufragan, France
| | - Angélique Moro
- SPF Pig Production and Experimentation, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440, Ploufragan, France
| | - Nicolas Barbier
- Swine Virology Immunology Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440, Ploufragan, France
| | - Gérald Le Diguerher
- SPF Pig Production and Experimentation, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440, Ploufragan, France
| | - Frédéric Paboeuf
- SPF Pig Production and Experimentation, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440, Ploufragan, France
| | - Séverine Hervé
- Swine Virology Immunology Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440, Ploufragan, France
| | - Gaëlle Simon
- Swine Virology Immunology Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 22440, Ploufragan, France
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5
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Kieran TJ, Sun X, Creager HM, Tumpey TM, Maines TR, Belser JA. An aggregated dataset of serial morbidity and titer measurements from influenza A virus-infected ferrets. Sci Data 2024; 11:510. [PMID: 38760422 PMCID: PMC11101425 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-03256-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Data from influenza A virus (IAV) infected ferrets provides invaluable information towards the study of novel and emerging viruses that pose a threat to human health. This gold standard model can recapitulate many clinical signs of infection present in IAV-infected humans, support virus replication of human, avian, swine, and other zoonotic strains without prior adaptation, and permit evaluation of virus transmissibility by multiple modes. While ferrets have been employed in risk assessment settings for >20 years, results from this work are typically reported in discrete stand-alone publications, making aggregation of raw data from this work over time nearly impossible. Here, we describe a dataset of 728 ferrets inoculated with 126 unique IAV, conducted by a single research group under a uniform experimental protocol. This collection of morbidity, mortality, and viral titer data represents the largest publicly available dataset to date of in vivo-generated IAV infection outcomes on a per-ferret level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy J Kieran
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xiangjie Sun
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hannah M Creager
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
- University of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Terrence M Tumpey
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Taronna R Maines
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Jessica A Belser
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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6
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Restori KH, Septer KM, Field CJ, Patel DR, VanInsberghe D, Raghunathan V, Lowen AC, Sutton TC. Risk assessment of a highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus from mink. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4112. [PMID: 38750016 PMCID: PMC11096306 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48475-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of highly pathogenic H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses in farmed mink and seals combined with isolated human infections suggest these viruses pose a pandemic threat. To assess this threat, using the ferret model, we show an H5N1 isolate derived from mink transmits by direct contact to 75% of exposed ferrets and, in airborne transmission studies, the virus transmits to 37.5% of contacts. Sequence analyses show no mutations were associated with transmission. The H5N1 virus also has a low infectious dose and remains virulent at low doses. This isolate carries the adaptive mutation, PB2 T271A, and reversing this mutation reduces mortality and airborne transmission. This is the first report of a H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b virus exhibiting direct contact and airborne transmissibility in ferrets. These data indicate heightened pandemic potential of the panzootic H5N1 viruses and emphasize the need for continued efforts to control outbreaks and monitor viral evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine H Restori
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Emory Center of Excellence of Influenza Research and Response (CEIRR), University Park, PA, USA
| | - Kayla M Septer
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Cassandra J Field
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Emory Center of Excellence of Influenza Research and Response (CEIRR), University Park, PA, USA
- The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Devanshi R Patel
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - David VanInsberghe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Center of Excellence of Influenza Research and Response (CEIRR), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Vedhika Raghunathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Center of Excellence of Influenza Research and Response (CEIRR), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anice C Lowen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Center of Excellence of Influenza Research and Response (CEIRR), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Troy C Sutton
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
- Emory Center of Excellence of Influenza Research and Response (CEIRR), University Park, PA, USA.
- The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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7
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Bu H, Zhang S, Li P, Liu Z, Liu Y, Li Z, Liu X, Wang Z, Feng L, Chen L, Qu L. Secreted phospholipase PLA2G2E contributes to regulation of T cell immune response against influenza virus infection. J Virol 2024; 98:e0019824. [PMID: 38591879 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00198-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The involvement of secreted phospholipase A2s in respiratory diseases, such as asthma and respiratory viral infections, is well-established. However, the specific role of secreted phospholipase A2 group IIE (PLA2G2E) during influenza virus infection remains unexplored. Here, we investigated the role of PLA2G2E during H1N1 influenza virus infection using a targeted mouse model lacking Pla2g2e gene (Pla2g2e-/-). Our findings demonstrated that Pla2g2e-/- mice had significantly lower survival rates and higher viral loads in lungs compared to wild-type mice following influenza virus infection. While Pla2g2e-/- mice displayed comparable innate and humoral immune responses to influenza virus challenge, the animals showed impaired influenza-specific cellular immunity and reduced T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. This indicates that PLA2G2E is involved in regulating specific T cell responses during influenza virus infection. Furthermore, transgenic mice expressing the human PLA2G2E gene exhibited resistance to influenza virus infection along with enhanced influenza-specific cellular immunity and T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Pla2g2e deficiency resulted in perturbation of lipid mediators in the lung and T cells, potentially contributing to its impact on the anti-influenza immune response. Taken together, these findings suggest that targeting PLA2G2E could hold potential as a therapeutic strategy for managing influenza virus infections.IMPORTANCEThe influenza virus is a highly transmissible respiratory pathogen that continues to pose a significant public health concern. It effectively evades humoral immune protection conferred by vaccines and natural infection due to its continuous viral evolution through the genetic processes of antigenic drift and shift. Recognition of conserved non-mutable viral epitopes by T cells may provide broad immunity against influenza virus. In this study, we have demonstrated that phospholipase A2 group IIE (PLA2G2E) plays a crucial role in protecting against influenza virus infection through the regulation of T cell responses, while not affecting innate and humoral immune responses. Targeting PLA2G2E could therefore represent a potential therapeutic strategy for managing influenza virus infection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Mice
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Lung/virology
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/pathology
- Humans
- Group II Phospholipases A2/genetics
- Group II Phospholipases A2/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Mice, Knockout
- Immunity, Cellular
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Viral Load
- Disease Models, Animal
- Immunity, Humoral
- Immunity, Innate
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Female
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemeng Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pingchao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zijian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yichu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhixia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinglong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liqiang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linbing Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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8
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Meliopoulos V, Honce R, Livingston B, Hargest V, Freiden P, Lazure L, Brigleb PH, Karlsson E, Sheppard H, Allen EK, Boyd D, Thomas PG, Schultz-Cherry S. Diet-induced obesity affects influenza disease severity and transmission dynamics in ferrets. Sci Adv 2024; 10:eadk9137. [PMID: 38728395 PMCID: PMC11086619 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk9137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Obesity, and the associated metabolic syndrome, is a risk factor for increased disease severity with a variety of infectious agents, including influenza virus. Yet, the mechanisms are only partially understood. As the number of people, particularly children, living with obesity continues to rise, it is critical to understand the role of host status on disease pathogenesis. In these studies, we use a diet-induced obese ferret model and tools to demonstrate that, like humans, obesity resulted in notable changes to the lung microenvironment, leading to increased clinical disease and viral spread to the lower respiratory tract. The decreased antiviral responses also resulted in obese animals shedding higher infectious virus for a longer period, making them more likely to transmit to contacts. These data suggest that the obese ferret model may be crucial to understanding obesity's impact on influenza disease severity and community transmission and a key tool for therapeutic and intervention development for this high-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Meliopoulos
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Rebekah Honce
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Brandi Livingston
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Virginia Hargest
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Pamela Freiden
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Lauren Lazure
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Pamela H. Brigleb
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Erik Karlsson
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Heather Sheppard
- Veterinary Pathology Core, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - E. Kaity Allen
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - David Boyd
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Paul G. Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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9
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Cao N, Cai Y, Huang X, Jiang H, Huang Z, Xing L, Lu L, Jiang S, Xu W. Inhibition of influenza A virus and SARS-CoV-2 infection or co-infection by griffithsin and griffithsin-based bivalent entry inhibitor. mBio 2024; 15:e0074124. [PMID: 38587427 PMCID: PMC11077956 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00741-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of acute respiratory viral diseases, such as influenza and COVID-19 caused by influenza A virus (IAV) and SARS-CoV-2, pose a serious threat to global public health, economic security, and social stability. This calls for the development of broad-spectrum antivirals to prevent or treat infection or co-infection of IAV and SARS-CoV-2. Hemagglutinin (HA) on IAV and spike (S) protein on SARS-CoV-2, which contain various types of glycans, play crucial roles in mediating viral entry into host cells. Therefore, they are key targets for the development of carbohydrate-binding protein-based antivirals. This study demonstrated that griffithsin (GRFT) and the GRFT-based bivalent entry inhibitor GL25E (GRFT-L25-EK1) showed broad-spectrum antiviral effects against IAV infection in vitro by binding to HA in a carbohydrate-dependent manner and effectively protected mice from lethal IAV infection. Although both GRFT and GL25E could inhibit infection of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants, GL25E proved to be significantly more effective than GRFT and EK1 alone. Furthermore, GL25E effectively inhibited in vitro co-infection of IAV and SARS-CoV-2 and demonstrated good druggability, including favorable safety and stability profiles. These findings suggest that GL25E is a promising candidate for further development as a broad-spectrum antiviral drug for the prevention and treatment of infection or co-infection from IAV and SARS-CoV-2.IMPORTANCEInfluenza and COVID-19 are highly contagious respiratory illnesses caused by the influenza A virus (IAV) and SARS-CoV-2, respectively. IAV and SARS-CoV-2 co-infection exacerbates damage to lung tissue and leads to more severe clinical symptoms, thus calling for the development of broad-spectrum antivirals for combating IAV and SARS-CoV-2 infection or co-infection. Here we found that griffithsin (GRFT), a carbohydrate-binding protein, and GL25E, a recombinant protein consisting of GRFT, a 25 amino acid linker, and EK1, a broad-spectrum coronavirus inhibitor, could effectively inhibit IAV and SARS-CoV-2 infection and co-infection by targeting glycans on HA of IAV and spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2. GL25E is more effective than GRFT because GL25E can also interact with the HR1 domain in SARS-CoV-2 S protein. Furthermore, GL25E possesses favorable safety and stability profiles, suggesting that it is a promising candidate for development as a drug to prevent and treat IAV and SARS-CoV-2 infection or co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najing Cao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanxing Cai
- Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanxiao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziqi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lixiao Xing
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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10
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Landwehr KR, Granland CM, Martinovich KM, Scott NM, Seppanen EJ, Berry L, Strickland D, Fulurija A, Richmond PC, Kirkham LAS. An infant mouse model of influenza-driven nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae colonization and acute otitis media suitable for preclinical testing of novel therapies. Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0045323. [PMID: 38602405 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00453-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is a major otitis media (OM) pathogen, with colonization a prerequisite for disease development. Most acute OM is in children <5 years old, with recurrent and chronic OM impacting hearing and learning. Therapies to prevent NTHi colonization and/or disease are needed, especially for young children. Respiratory viruses are implicated in driving the development of bacterial OM in children. We have developed an infant mouse model of influenza-driven NTHi OM, as a preclinical tool for the evaluation of safety and efficacy of clinical therapies to prevent NTHi colonization and the development of OM. In this model, 100% of infant BALB/cARC mice were colonized with NTHi, and all developed NTHi OM. Influenza A virus (IAV) facilitated the establishment of dense (1 × 105 CFU/mL) and long-lasting (6 days) NTHi colonization. IAV was essential for the development of NTHi OM, with 100% of mice in the IAV/NTHi group developing NTHi OM compared with 8% of mice in the NTHi only group. Histological analysis and cytokine measurements revealed that the inflammation observed in the middle ear of the infant mice with OM reflected inflammation observed in children with OM. We have developed the first infant mouse model of NTHi colonization and OM. This ascension model uses influenza-driven establishment of OM and reflects the clinical pathology of bacterial OM developing after a respiratory virus infection. This model provides a valuable tool for testing therapies to prevent or treat NTHi colonization and disease in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Landwehr
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - Caitlyn M Granland
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - Kelly M Martinovich
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
- Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Naomi M Scott
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - Elke J Seppanen
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - Luke Berry
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - Deborah Strickland
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
- Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Alma Fulurija
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
- Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Peter C Richmond
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Perth Children's Hospital, Child and Adolescent Health Service, Perth, Australia
| | - Lea-Ann S Kirkham
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
- Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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11
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H5N1 avian influenza in US cattle is 'well entrenched'. Vet Rec 2024; 194:324. [PMID: 38700170 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.4213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
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12
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Cohen J, Enserink M. Bird flu appears entrenched in U.S. dairy herds. Science 2024; 384:493-494. [PMID: 38696559 DOI: 10.1126/science.adq1771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
New measures to control H5N1 in cows are "a drop in the bucket," scientists say.
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13
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Schaunaman N, Cervantes D, Nichols T, Numata M, Ledford JG, Kraft M, Chu HW. Cooperation of immune regulators Tollip and surfactant protein A inhibits influenza A virus infection in mice. Respir Res 2024; 25:193. [PMID: 38702733 PMCID: PMC11068576 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-024-02820-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza A virus (IAV) infection is a significant risk factor for respiratory diseases, but the host defense mechanisms against IAV remain to be defined. Immune regulators such as surfactant protein A (SP-A) and Toll-interacting protein (Tollip) have been shown to be involved in IAV infection, but whether SP-A and Tollip cooperate in more effective host defense against IAV infection has not been investigated. METHODS Wild-type (WT), Tollip knockout (KO), SP-A KO, and Tollip/SP-A double KO (dKO) mice were infected with IAV for four days. Lung macrophages were isolated for bulk RNA sequencing. Precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) from WT and dKO mice were pre-treated with SP-A and then infected with IAV for 48 h. RESULTS Viral load was significantly increased in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of dKO mice compared to all other strains of mice. dKO mice had significantly less recruitment of neutrophils into the lung compared to Tollip KO mice. SP-A treatment of PCLS enhanced expression of TNF and reduced viral load in dKO mouse lung tissue. Pathway analysis of bulk RNA sequencing data suggests that macrophages from IAV-infected dKO mice reduced expression of genes involved in neutrophil recruitment, IL-17 signaling, and Toll-like receptor signaling. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggests that both Tollip and SP-A are essential for the lung to exert more effective innate defense against IAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niccolette Schaunaman
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Room A639, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
| | - Diana Cervantes
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Room A639, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
| | - Taylor Nichols
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Room A639, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
| | - Mari Numata
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Room A639, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
| | | | - Monica Kraft
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hong Wei Chu
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Room A639, Denver, CO, 80206, USA.
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Plaza PI, Gamarra-Toledo V, Rodríguez Euguí J, Rosciano N, Lambertucci SA. Pacific and Atlantic sea lion mortality caused by highly pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) in South America. Travel Med Infect Dis 2024; 59:102712. [PMID: 38461878 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2024.102712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
We describe the evolution of the outbreak of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) in sea lions (Otaria flavescens) of South America. At least 24,000 sea lions died in Peru, Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil between January-October 2023. The most plausible route of infection is cohabiting with or foraging on infected birds. However, we urge a detailed evaluation of the sea lions actual source of infection given that the concomitant massive wild bird mortalities registered in the Pacific Ocean did not occur in the Atlantic Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo I Plaza
- Grupo de Investigaciones en Biología de la Conservación, Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA, Universidad Nacional del Comahue - CONICET, Quintral 1250 (R8400FRF), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina.
| | - Víctor Gamarra-Toledo
- Grupo de Investigaciones en Biología de la Conservación, Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA, Universidad Nacional del Comahue - CONICET, Quintral 1250 (R8400FRF), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina; Museo de Historia Natural (MUSA), Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Av. Alcides Carrión s/n, Arequipa, Peru
| | - Juan Rodríguez Euguí
- Departamento de Enfermedades Zoonóticas y Epidemiología Veterinaria. Ministerio de Salud de Tierra del Fuego-Argentina, Argentina
| | - Natalia Rosciano
- Grupo de Investigaciones en Biología de la Conservación, Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA, Universidad Nacional del Comahue - CONICET, Quintral 1250 (R8400FRF), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Sergio A Lambertucci
- Grupo de Investigaciones en Biología de la Conservación, Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA, Universidad Nacional del Comahue - CONICET, Quintral 1250 (R8400FRF), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
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15
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Leung C, King AN, Barker PRA, Alshallal AD, Lee JY, Su L. Global seroprevalence and prevalence of infection of influenza in dogs (Canis familiaris): A systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Med Virol 2024; 34:e2542. [PMID: 38747622 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Influenza in dogs holds considerable public health significance due to their close companionship with humans, yet several facets of this phenomenon remain largely unexplored. This study undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies to gauge the global seroprevalence of influenza in dogs. We also assessed whether pet dogs exhibited a higher seroprevalence of influenza compared to non-pet dogs, explored seasonal variations in seroprevalence, scrutinised the design and reporting standards of existing studies, and elucidated the geographical distribution of canine influenza virus (cIV). A comprehensive analysis of 97 studies spanning 27 countries revealed that seroprevalence of various influenza strains in dogs consistently registered below 10% and exhibited relative stability over the past decade. Significantly, we noted that seroprevalence of human influenza virus was notably higher in pet dogs compared to their non-pet counterparts, whereas seroprevalence of other influenza strains remained relatively uniform among both categories of dogs. Seasonal variations in seroprevalence of cIV were not observed. In summary, our findings indicated the global circulation of cIV strains H3N2 and H3N8, with other strains primarily confined to China. Given the lack of reported cases of the transmission of cIV from dogs to humans, our findings suggest a higher risk of reverse zoonosis than zoonosis. Finally, we strongly advocate for standardised reporting guidelines to underpin future canine influenza research endeavours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Char Leung
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Amy Nishio King
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | | | | | - Jia Yi Lee
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Li Su
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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16
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Runstadler JA, Puryear WB. The virus is out of the barn: the emergence of HPAI as a pathogen of avian and mammalian wildlife around the globe. Am J Vet Res 2024; 85:ajvr.24.01.0018. [PMID: 38593825 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.24.01.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) has persisted as a One Health threat whose current circulation and impact are addressed in the companion Currents in One Health by Puryear and Runstadler, JAVMA, May 2024. Highly pathogenic avian influenza emerged as a by-product of agricultural practices and adapted to endemic circulation in wild bird species. Over more than 20 years, continued evolution in a complex ecology involving multiple hosts has produced a lineage that expanded globally over the last 2 years. Understanding the continued evolution and movement of HPAI relies on understanding how the virus is infecting different hosts in different contexts. This includes understanding the environmental factors and the natural ecology of viral transmission that impact host exposure and ultimately evolutionary trajectories. Particularly with the rapid host expansion, increased spillover to mammalian hosts, and novel clinical phenotypes in infected hosts, despite progress in understanding the impact of specific mutations to HPAI viruses that are associated with spillover potential, the threat to public health is poorly understood. Active research is focusing on new approaches to understanding the relationship of viral genotype to phenotype and the implementation of research and surveillance pipelines to make sense of the enormous potential for diverse HPAI viruses to emerge from wild reservoirs amid global circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wendy B Puryear
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA
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17
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Rounsville TF, Polinski MP, Marini AG, Turner SM, Vendramin N, Cuenca A, Pietrak MR, Peterson BC, Bouchard DA. Rapid differentiation of infectious salmon anemia virus avirulent (HPR0) from virulent (HPRΔ) variants using multiplex RT-qPCR. J Vet Diagn Invest 2024; 36:329-337. [PMID: 38212882 DOI: 10.1177/10406387231223290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV; Isavirus salaris) causes an economically important disease of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). ISA outbreaks have resulted in significant losses of farmed salmon globally, often with a sudden onset. However, 2 phenotypically distinct variants of ISAV exist, each with divergent disease outcomes, associated regulations, and control measures. ISAV-HPRΔ, also known as ISAV-HPR deleted, is responsible for ISA outbreaks; ISAV-HPR0, is avirulent and is not known to cause fish mortality. Current detection methodology requires genetic sequencing of ISAV-positive samples to differentiate phenotypes, which may slow responses to disease management. To increase the speed of phenotypic determinations of ISAV, we developed a new, rapid multiplex RT-qPCR method capable of 1) detecting if a sample contains any form of ISAV, 2) discriminating whether positive samples contain HPRΔ or HPR0, and 3) validating RNA extractions with an internal control, all in a single reaction. Following assay development and optimization, we validated this new multiplex on 31 ISAV strains collected from North America and Europe (28 ISAV-HPRΔ, 3 ISAV-HPR0). Finally, we completed an inter-laboratory comparison of this multiplex qPCR with commercial ISAV testing and found that both methods provided equivalent results for ISAV detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Rounsville
- Pest Management Unit, University of Maine Cooperative Extension Diagnostic and Research Laboratory, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Mark P Polinski
- National Cold Water Marine Aquaculture Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Franklin, ME, USA
| | - Alyssa G Marini
- Pest Management Unit, University of Maine Cooperative Extension Diagnostic and Research Laboratory, Orono, ME, USA
- University of Maine School of Biology and Ecology, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Sarah M Turner
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, University of Maine Cooperative Extension Diagnostic and Research Laboratory, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Niccolò Vendramin
- Unit for Fish and Shellfish Diseases, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Argelia Cuenca
- Unit for Fish and Shellfish Diseases, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Michael R Pietrak
- National Cold Water Marine Aquaculture Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Franklin, ME, USA
| | - Brian C Peterson
- National Cold Water Marine Aquaculture Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Franklin, ME, USA
| | - Deborah A Bouchard
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, University of Maine Cooperative Extension Diagnostic and Research Laboratory, Orono, ME, USA
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Eckstrand CD, Torrevillas BK, Wolking RM, Bradway DS, Warg JV, Clayton RD, Williams LB, Pessier AP, Reno JL, McMenamin-Snekvik KM, Thompson J, Baszler T, Snekvik KR. Investigation of laboratory methods for characterization of aquatic viruses in fish infected experimentally with infectious salmon anemia virus. J Vet Diagn Invest 2024; 36:319-328. [PMID: 37203453 DOI: 10.1177/10406387231173332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid growth in aquaculture has resulted in high-density production systems in ecologically and geographically novel conditions in which the emergence of diseases is inevitable. Well-characterized methods for detection and surveillance of infectious diseases are vital for rapid identification, response, and recovery to protect economic and food security. We implemented a proof-of-concept approach for virus detection using a known high-consequence fish pathogen, infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV), as the archetypal pathogen. In fish infected with ISAV, we integrated histopathology, virus isolation, whole-genome sequencing (WGS), electron microscopy (EM), in situ hybridization (ISH), and reverse transcription real-time PCR (RT-rtPCR). Fresh-frozen and formalin-fixed tissues were collected from virus-infected, control, and sham-infected Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Microscopic differences were not evident between uninfected and infected fish. Viral cytopathic effect was observed in cell cultures inoculated with fresh-frozen tissue homogenates from 3 of 3 ISAV-infected and 0 of 4 uninfected or sham-infected fish. The ISAV genome was detected by shotgun metagenomics in RNA extracted from the medium from 3 of 3 inoculated cell cultures, 3 of 3 infected fish, and 0 of 4 uninfected or sham-infected fish, yielding sufficient coverage for de novo assembly. An ISH probe against ISAV revealed ISAV genome in multiple organs, with abundance in renal hematopoietic tissue. Virus was detected by RT-rtPCR in gill, heart, kidney, liver, and spleen. EM and metagenomic WGS from tissues were challenging and unsuccessful. Our proof-of-concept methodology has promise for detection and characterization of unknown aquatic pathogens and also highlights some associated methodology challenges that require additional investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrissy D Eckstrand
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Brandi K Torrevillas
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Rebecca M Wolking
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Daniel S Bradway
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Janet V Warg
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Richard D Clayton
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Laura B Williams
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Allan P Pessier
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Joetta Lynn Reno
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | | | - Jim Thompson
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Timothy Baszler
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Kevin R Snekvik
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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19
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Reardon S. Bird flu in US cows: where will it end? Nature 2024; 629:515-516. [PMID: 38714908 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-024-01333-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
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20
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Trombetta CM, Marchi S, Marotta MG, Moreno A, Chiapponi C, Montomoli E, Lanave G, Camero M, Martella V. Detection of Influenza D Antibodies in Dogs, Apulia Region, Italy, 2016 and 2023. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:1045-1047. [PMID: 38666735 PMCID: PMC11060465 DOI: 10.3201/eid3005.231401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Dogs are known to be susceptible to influenza A viruses, although information on influenza D virus (IDV) is limited. We investigated the seroprevalence of IDV in 426 dogs in the Apulia region of Italy during 2016 and 2023. A total of 14 samples were positive for IDV antibodies, suggesting exposure to IDV in dogs.
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Kimura-Ohba S, Kitamura M, Tsukamoto Y, Kogaki S, Sakai S, Fushimi H, Matsuoka K, Takeuchi M, Itoh K, Ueda K, Kimura T. Viral entry and translation in brain endothelia provoke influenza-associated encephalopathy. Acta Neuropathol 2024; 147:77. [PMID: 38687393 PMCID: PMC11061015 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-024-02723-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Influenza-associated encephalopathy (IAE) is extremely acute in onset, with high lethality and morbidity within a few days, while the direct pathogenesis by influenza virus in this acute phase in the brain is largely unknown. Here we show that influenza virus enters into the cerebral endothelium and thereby induces IAE. Three-weeks-old young mice were inoculated with influenza A virus (IAV). Physical and neurological scores were recorded and temporal-spatial analyses of histopathology and viral studies were performed up to 72 h post inoculation. Histopathological examinations were also performed using IAE human autopsy brains. Viral infection, proliferation and pathogenesis were analyzed in cell lines of endothelium and astrocyte. The effects of anti-influenza viral drugs were tested in the cell lines and animal models. Upon intravenous inoculation of IAV in mice, the mice developed encephalopathy with brain edema and pathological lesions represented by micro bleeding and injured astrocytic process (clasmatodendrosis) within 72 h. Histologically, massive deposits of viral nucleoprotein were observed as early as 24 h post infection in the brain endothelial cells of mouse models and the IAE patients. IAV inoculated endothelial cell lines showed deposition of viral proteins and provoked cell death, while IAV scarcely amplified. Inhibition of viral transcription and translation suppressed the endothelial cell death and the lethality of mouse models. These data suggest that the onset of encephalopathy should be induced by cerebral endothelial infection with IAV. Thus, IAV entry into the endothelium, and transcription and/or translation of viral RNA, but not viral proliferation, should be the key pathogenesis of IAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihoko Kimura-Ohba
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- Reverse Translational Research Project, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan.
- KAGAMI Project, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan.
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Osaka General Medical Center, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Mieko Kitamura
- KAGAMI Project, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tsukamoto
- Reverse Translational Research Project, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan
- KAGAMI Project, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigetoyo Kogaki
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Osaka General Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Sakai
- Reverse Translational Research Project, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan
- KAGAMI Project, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Fushimi
- Department of Pathology, Osaka General Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiko Matsuoka
- Department of Pathology, Osaka General Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Pathology, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Takeuchi
- Department of Pathology, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kyoko Itoh
- Department of Pathology and Applied Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keiji Ueda
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomonori Kimura
- Reverse Translational Research Project, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan
- KAGAMI Project, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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22
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Moon S, Han S, Jang IH, Ryu J, Rha MS, Cho HJ, Yoon SS, Nam KT, Kim CH, Park MS, Seong JK, Lee WJ, Yoon JH, Chung YW, Ryu JH. Airway epithelial CD47 plays a critical role in inducing influenza virus-mediated bacterial super-infection. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3666. [PMID: 38693120 PMCID: PMC11063069 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47963-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral infection increases host susceptibility to secondary bacterial infections, yet the precise dynamics within airway epithelia remain elusive. Here, we elucidate the pivotal role of CD47 in the airway epithelium during bacterial super-infection. We demonstrated that upon influenza virus infection, CD47 expression was upregulated and localized on the apical surface of ciliated cells within primary human nasal or bronchial epithelial cells. This induced CD47 exposure provided attachment sites for Staphylococcus aureus, thereby compromising the epithelial barrier integrity. Through bacterial adhesion assays and in vitro pull-down assays, we identified fibronectin-binding proteins (FnBP) of S. aureus as a key component that binds to CD47. Furthermore, we found that ciliated cell-specific CD47 deficiency or neutralizing antibody-mediated CD47 inactivation enhanced in vivo survival rates. These findings suggest that interfering with the interaction between airway epithelial CD47 and pathogenic bacterial FnBP holds promise for alleviating the adverse effects of super-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungmin Moon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghan Han
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Hwan Jang
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Hologenomics and School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaechan Ryu
- Microenvironment and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1224, Paris, France
| | - Min-Seok Rha
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Ju Cho
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Airway Mucus Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Sun Yoon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Taek Nam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hoon Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Airway Mucus Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Man-Seong Park
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, Vaccine Innovation Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Jae Lee
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Hologenomics and School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Heon Yoon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Airway Mucus Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Wook Chung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
- Airway Mucus Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji-Hwan Ryu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Hancock DG, Berry L, Scott NM, Mincham KT, Ditcham W, Larcombe AN, Clements B. Treatment with inhaled aerosolised ethanol reduces viral load and potentiates macrophage responses in an established influenza mouse model. Exp Lung Res 2024; 50:118-126. [PMID: 38683138 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2024.2346320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
AIM Treatment options for viral lung infections are currently limited. We aimed to explore the safety and efficacy of inhaled ethanol in an influenza-infection mouse model. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a safety and tolerability experiment, 80 healthy female BALB/c mice (20 per group) were exposed to nebulized saline (control) or three concentrations of ethanol (40/60/80% ethanol v/v in water) for 3x30-minute periods, with a two-hour break between exposures. In a separate subsequent experiment, 40 Female BALB/c mice were nasally inoculated with 104.5 plaque-forming units of immediate virulence "Mem71" influenza. Infection was established for 48-h before commencing treatment in 4 groups of 10 mice with either nebulized saline (control) or one of 3 different concentrations of ethanol (40/60/80% ethanol v/v in water) for 3x30-minute periods daily over three consecutive days. In both experiments, mouse behavior, clinical scores, weight change, bronchoalveolar lavage cell viability, cellular composition, and cytokine levels, were assessed 24-h following the final exposure, with viral load also assessed after the second experiment. RESULTS In uninfected BALB/c mice, 3x30-minute exposures to nebulized 40%, 60%, and 80% ethanol resulted in no significant differences in mouse weights, cell counts/viability, cytokines, or morphometry measures. In Mem71-influenza infected mice, we observed a dose-dependent reduction in viral load in the 80%-treated group and potentiation of macrophage numbers in the 60%- and 80%-treated groups, with no safety concerns. CONCLUSIONS Our data provides support for inhaled ethanol as a candidate treatment for respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Hancock
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Luke Berry
- Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Naomi M Scott
- Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Kyle T Mincham
- Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - William Ditcham
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Alexander N Larcombe
- Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Barry Clements
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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24
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Cohen J. U.S. government in hot seat for cow flu outbreak response. Science 2024; 384:370-371. [PMID: 38662841 DOI: 10.1126/science.adq0313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Veterinarians and researchers say it has taken too long to share data on viral changes, spread, and milk safety.
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25
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Halwe NJ, Hamberger L, Sehl-Ewert J, Mache C, Schön J, Ulrich L, Calvelage S, Tönnies M, Fuchs J, Bandawane P, Loganathan M, Abbad A, Carreño JM, Bermúdez-González MC, Simon V, Kandeil A, El-Shesheny R, Ali MA, Kayali G, Budt M, Hippenstiel S, Hocke AC, Krammer F, Wolff T, Schwemmle M, Ciminski K, Hoffmann D, Beer M. Bat-borne H9N2 influenza virus evades MxA restriction and exhibits efficient replication and transmission in ferrets. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3450. [PMID: 38664395 PMCID: PMC11045726 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47455-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) of subtype H9N2 have reached an endemic stage in poultry farms in the Middle East and Asia. As a result, human infections with avian H9N2 viruses have been increasingly reported. In 2017, an H9N2 virus was isolated for the first time from Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus). Phylogenetic analyses revealed that bat H9N2 is descended from a common ancestor dating back centuries ago. However, the H9 and N2 sequences appear to be genetically similar to current avian IAVs, suggesting recent reassortment events. These observations raise the question of the zoonotic potential of the mammal-adapted bat H9N2. Here, we investigate the infection and transmission potential of bat H9N2 in vitro and in vivo, the ability to overcome the antiviral activity of the human MxA protein, and the presence of N2-specific cross-reactive antibodies in human sera. We show that bat H9N2 has high replication and transmission potential in ferrets, efficiently infects human lung explant cultures, and is able to evade antiviral inhibition by MxA in transgenic B6 mice. Together with its low antigenic similarity to the N2 of seasonal human strains, bat H9N2 fulfils key criteria for pre-pandemic IAVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Joel Halwe
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Lea Hamberger
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia Sehl-Ewert
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Christin Mache
- Unit 17, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Robert Koch-Institut, Seestraße 10, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jacob Schön
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Lorenz Ulrich
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Sten Calvelage
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Mario Tönnies
- HELIOS Clinic Emil von Behring, Department of Pneumology and Department of Thoracic Surgery, Chest Hospital Heckeshorn, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonas Fuchs
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pooja Bandawane
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Madhumathi Loganathan
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anass Abbad
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Juan Manuel Carreño
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria C Bermúdez-González
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Viviana Simon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ahmed Kandeil
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Institute of Environmental Research and Climate Changes, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
- Human Link DMCC, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rabeh El-Shesheny
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Institute of Environmental Research and Climate Changes, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
- Human Link DMCC, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed A Ali
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Institute of Environmental Research and Climate Changes, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ghazi Kayali
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Institute of Environmental Research and Climate Changes, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
- Human Link DMCC, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Matthias Budt
- Unit 17, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Robert Koch-Institut, Seestraße 10, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Hippenstiel
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas C Hocke
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thorsten Wolff
- Unit 17, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Robert Koch-Institut, Seestraße 10, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Schwemmle
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kevin Ciminski
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Donata Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany.
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26
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El-Shesheny R, Franks J, Kandeil A, Badra R, Turner J, Seiler P, Marathe BM, Jeevan T, Kercher L, Hu M, Sim YE, Hui KPY, Chan MCW, Thompson AJ, McKenzie P, Govorkova EA, Russell CJ, Vogel P, Paulson JC, Peiris JSM, Webster RG, Ali MA, Kayali G, Webby RJ. Cross-species spill-over potential of the H9N2 bat influenza A virus. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3449. [PMID: 38664384 PMCID: PMC11045754 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47635-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In 2017, a novel influenza A virus (IAV) was isolated from an Egyptian fruit bat. In contrast to other bat influenza viruses, the virus was related to avian A(H9N2) viruses and was probably the result of a bird-to-bat transmission event. To determine the cross-species spill-over potential, we biologically characterize features of A/bat/Egypt/381OP/2017(H9N2). The virus has a pH inactivation profile and neuraminidase activity similar to those of human-adapted IAVs. Despite the virus having an avian virus-like preference for α2,3 sialic acid receptors, it is unable to replicate in male mallard ducks; however, it readily infects ex-vivo human respiratory cell cultures and replicates in the lungs of female mice. A/bat/Egypt/381OP/2017 replicates in the upper respiratory tract of experimentally-infected male ferrets featuring direct-contact and airborne transmission. These data suggest that the bat A(H9N2) virus has features associated with increased risk to humans without a shift to a preference for α2,6 sialic acid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabeh El-Shesheny
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - John Franks
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ahmed Kandeil
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Jasmine Turner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Patrick Seiler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Bindumadhav M Marathe
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Trushar Jeevan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Lisa Kercher
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Meng Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yul Eum Sim
- Department of Biology, Wanek School of Natural Science, High Point University, High Point, NC, USA
| | - Kenrie P Y Hui
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Michael C W Chan
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Andrew J Thompson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Pamela McKenzie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Elena A Govorkova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Charles J Russell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - James C Paulson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - J S Malik Peiris
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Robert G Webster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Mohamed A Ali
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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27
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Dias AS, Baker ALV, Baker RB, Zhang J, Zeller MA, Kitikoon P, Gauger PC. Detection and Characterization of Influenza A Virus Endemic Circulation in Suckling and Nursery Pigs Originating from Vaccinated Farms in the Same Production System. Viruses 2024; 16:626. [PMID: 38675967 PMCID: PMC11054297 DOI: 10.3390/v16040626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Inactivated influenza A virus (IAV) vaccines help reduce clinical disease in suckling piglets, although endemic infections still exist. The objective of this study was to evaluate the detection of IAV in suckling and nursery piglets from IAV-vaccinated sows from farms with endemic IAV infections. Eight nasal swab collections were obtained from 135 two-week-old suckling piglets from four farms every other week from March to September 2013. Oral fluid samples were collected from the same group of nursery piglets. IAV RNA was detected in 1.64% and 31.01% of individual nasal swabs and oral fluids, respectively. H1N2 was detected most often, with sporadic detection of H1N1 and H3N2. Whole-genome sequences of IAV isolated from suckling piglets revealed an H1 hemagglutinin (HA) from the 1B.2.2.2 clade and N2 neuraminidase (NA) from the 2002A clade. The internal gene constellation of the endemic H1N2 was TTTTPT with a pandemic lineage matrix. The HA gene had 97.59% and 97.52% nucleotide and amino acid identities, respectively, to the H1 1B.2.2.2 used in the farm-specific vaccine. A similar H1 1B.2.2.2 was detected in the downstream nursery. These data demonstrate the low frequency of IAV detection in suckling piglets and downstream nurseries from farms with endemic infections in spite of using farm-specific IAV vaccines in sows.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Swine
- Swine Diseases/virology
- Swine Diseases/epidemiology
- Swine Diseases/prevention & control
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/veterinary
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/epidemiology
- Influenza A virus/genetics
- Influenza A virus/immunology
- Influenza A virus/isolation & purification
- Influenza A virus/classification
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Phylogeny
- Farms
- Animals, Suckling
- Vaccination/veterinary
- Endemic Diseases/veterinary
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/isolation & purification
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H1N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N2 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H1N2 Subtype/immunology
- Genome, Viral
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Silva Dias
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Minas Gerais State University, 6627 Antonio Carlos Avenue, Belo Horizonte 31620-295, MG, Brazil;
| | - Amy L. Vincent Baker
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (A.L.V.B.); (P.K.)
| | - Rodney B. Baker
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 1800 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (R.B.B.); (J.Z.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Jianqiang Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 1800 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (R.B.B.); (J.Z.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Michael A. Zeller
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 1800 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (R.B.B.); (J.Z.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Pravina Kitikoon
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (A.L.V.B.); (P.K.)
| | - Phillip C. Gauger
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 1800 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (R.B.B.); (J.Z.); (M.A.Z.)
- Phillip Gauger of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1800 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Hao Q, Kundu S, Shetty S, Tang H. Runx3 Regulates CD8 + T Cell Local Expansion and CD43 Glycosylation in Mice by H1N1 Influenza A Virus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4220. [PMID: 38673806 PMCID: PMC11050410 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
We have recently reported that transcription factor Runx3 is required for pulmonary generation of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) that play a crucial role in the clearance of influenza A virus (IAV). To understand the underlying mechanisms, we determined the effects of Runx3 knockout (KO) on CD8+ T cell local expansion and phenotypes using an inducible general Runx3 KO mouse model. We found that in contrast to the lungs, Runx3 general KO promoted enlargement of lung-draining mediastinal lymph node (mLN) and enhanced CD8+ and CD4+ T cell expansion during H1N1 IAV infection. We further found that Runx3 deficiency greatly inhibited core 2 O-glycosylation of selectin ligand CD43 on activated CD8+ T cells but minimally affected the cell surface expression of CD43, activation markers (CD44 and CD69) and cell adhesion molecules (CD11a and CD54). Runx3 KO had a minor effect on lung effector CD8+ T cell death by IAV infection. Our findings indicate that Runx3 differently regulates CD8+ T cell expansion in mLNs and lungs by H1N1 IAV infection. Runx3 is required for CD43 core 2 O-glycosylation on activated CD8+ T cells, and the involved Runx3 signal pathway may mediate CD8+ T cell phenotype for pulmonary generation of CTLs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hua Tang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708, USA; (Q.H.); (S.K.); (S.S.)
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29
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Gupta N, Silke J. Blocking cell death limits lung damage and inflammation from influenza. Nature 2024; 628:726-727. [PMID: 38600194 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-024-00910-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
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30
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Cui X, Ma J, Pang Z, Chi L, Mai C, Liu H, Liao M, Sun H. The evolution, pathogenicity and transmissibility of quadruple reassortant H1N2 swine influenza virus in China: A potential threat to public health. Virol Sin 2024; 39:205-217. [PMID: 38346538 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Swine are regarded as "intermediate hosts" or "mixing vessels" of influenza viruses, capable of generating strains with pandemic potential. From 2020 to 2021, we conducted surveillance on swine H1N2 influenza (swH1N2) viruses in swine farms located in Guangdong, Yunnan, and Guizhou provinces in southern China, as well as Henan and Shandong provinces in northern China. We systematically analyzed the evolution and pathogenicity of swH1N2 isolates, and characterized their replication and transmission abilities. The isolated viruses are quadruple reassortant H1N2 viruses containing genes from pdm/09 H1N1 (PB2, PB1, PA and NP genes), triple-reassortant swine (NS gene), Eurasian Avian-like (HA and M genes), and recent human H3N2 (NA gene) lineages. The NA, PB2, and NP of SW/188/20 and SW/198/20 show high gene similarities to A/Guangdong/Yue Fang277/2017 (H3N2). The HA gene of swH1N2 exhibits a high evolutionary rate. The five swH1N2 isolates replicate efficiently in human, canine, and swine cells, as well as in the turbinate, trachea, and lungs of mice. A/swine/Shandong/198/2020 strain efficiently replicates in the respiratory tract of pigs and effectively transmitted among them. Collectively, these current swH1N2 viruses possess zoonotic potential, highlighting the need for strengthened surveillance of swH1N2 viruses.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Swine
- Reassortant Viruses/genetics
- Reassortant Viruses/pathogenicity
- Reassortant Viruses/isolation & purification
- China/epidemiology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/transmission
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/veterinary
- Swine Diseases/virology
- Swine Diseases/transmission
- Influenza A Virus, H1N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N2 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H1N2 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Humans
- Mice
- Dogs
- Evolution, Molecular
- Phylogeny
- Virus Replication
- Public Health
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Influenza, Human/transmission
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Virulence
- Female
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jinhuan Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zifeng Pang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Lingzhi Chi
- Shandong Vocational Animal Science and Veterinary College, Weifang, 261061, China
| | - Cuishan Mai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hanlin Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ming Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Hailiang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Gu G, Liu C, Lee SH, Chun Choi LS, Wilson MT, Pfeiffer DU, Go YY. Detection of a reassortant swine H1N2 influenza A virus from pigs in Hong Kong. Virol Sin 2024; 39:343-346. [PMID: 38309471 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2024.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guoqian Gu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Congnuan Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Song Hao Lee
- Center for Applied One Health Research and Policy Advice, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lewis Sze Chun Choi
- Center for Applied One Health Research and Policy Advice, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Michael T Wilson
- Center for Applied One Health Research and Policy Advice, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dirk U Pfeiffer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Center for Applied One Health Research and Policy Advice, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yun Young Go
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea.
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32
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VanInsberghe D, McBride DS, DaSilva J, Stark TJ, Lau MSY, Shepard SS, Barnes JR, Bowman AS, Lowen AC, Koelle K. Genetic drift and purifying selection shape within-host influenza A virus populations during natural swine infections. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012131. [PMID: 38626244 PMCID: PMC11051653 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Patterns of within-host influenza A virus (IAV) diversity and evolution have been described in natural human infections, but these patterns remain poorly characterized in non-human hosts. Elucidating these dynamics is important to better understand IAV biology and the evolutionary processes that govern spillover into humans. Here, we sampled an IAV outbreak in pigs during a week-long county fair to characterize viral diversity and evolution in this important reservoir host. Nasal wipes were collected on a daily basis from all pigs present at the fair, yielding up to 421 samples per day. Subtyping of PCR-positive samples revealed the co-circulation of H1N1 and H3N2 subtype swine IAVs. PCR-positive samples with robust Ct values were deep-sequenced, yielding 506 sequenced samples from a total of 253 pigs. Based on higher-depth re-sequenced data from a subset of these initially sequenced samples (260 samples from 168 pigs), we characterized patterns of within-host IAV genetic diversity and evolution. We find that IAV genetic diversity in single-subtype infected pigs is low, with the majority of intrahost Single Nucleotide Variants (iSNVs) present at frequencies of <10%. The ratio of the number of nonsynonymous to the number of synonymous iSNVs is significantly lower than under the neutral expectation, indicating that purifying selection shapes patterns of within-host viral diversity in swine. The dynamic turnover of iSNVs and their pronounced frequency changes further indicate that genetic drift also plays an important role in shaping IAV populations within pigs. Taken together, our results highlight similarities in patterns of IAV genetic diversity and evolution between humans and swine, including the role of stochastic processes in shaping within-host IAV dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- David VanInsberghe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Dillon S. McBride
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Juliana DaSilva
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Stark
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Max S. Y. Lau
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Samuel S. Shepard
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - John R. Barnes
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Andrew S. Bowman
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Anice C. Lowen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Emory Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Response (Emory-CEIRR), Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Katia Koelle
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Emory Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Response (Emory-CEIRR), Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Verzele NAJ, Chua BY, Short KR, Moe AAK, Edwards IN, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Hulme KD, Noye EC, Tong MZW, Reading PC, Trewella MW, Mazzone SB, McGovern AE. Evidence for vagal sensory neural involvement in influenza pathogenesis and disease. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011635. [PMID: 38626267 PMCID: PMC11051609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is a common respiratory pathogen and a global cause of significant and often severe morbidity. Although inflammatory immune responses to IAV infections are well described, little is known about how neuroimmune processes contribute to IAV pathogenesis. In the present study, we employed surgical, genetic, and pharmacological approaches to manipulate pulmonary vagal sensory neuron innervation and activity in the lungs to explore potential crosstalk between pulmonary sensory neurons and immune processes. Intranasal inoculation of mice with H1N1 strains of IAV resulted in stereotypical antiviral lung inflammation and tissue pathology, changes in breathing, loss of body weight and other clinical signs of severe IAV disease. Unilateral cervical vagotomy and genetic ablation of pulmonary vagal sensory neurons had a moderate effect on the pulmonary inflammation induced by IAV infection, but significantly worsened clinical disease presentation. Inhibition of pulmonary vagal sensory neuron activity via inhalation of the charged sodium channel blocker, QX-314, resulted in a moderate decrease in lung pathology, but again this was accompanied by a paradoxical worsening of clinical signs. Notably, vagal sensory ganglia neuroinflammation was induced by IAV infection and this was significantly potentiated by QX-314 administration. This vagal ganglia hyperinflammation was characterized by alterations in IAV-induced host defense gene expression, increased neuropeptide gene and protein expression, and an increase in the number of inflammatory cells present within the ganglia. These data suggest that pulmonary vagal sensory neurons play a role in the regulation of the inflammatory process during IAV infection and suggest that vagal neuroinflammation may be an important contributor to IAV pathogenesis and clinical presentation. Targeting these pathways could offer therapeutic opportunities to treat IAV-induced morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie A. J. Verzele
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Queensland, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brendon Y. Chua
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kirsty R. Short
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Queensland, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Aung Aung Kywe Moe
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Isaac N. Edwards
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Queensland, Australia
| | - Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Queensland, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Katina D. Hulme
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Queensland, Australia
| | - Ellesandra C. Noye
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Queensland, Australia
| | - Marcus Z. W. Tong
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Queensland, Australia
| | - Patrick C. Reading
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Disease Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection, and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth St., Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew W. Trewella
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stuart B. Mazzone
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alice E. McGovern
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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34
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Gautam A, Boyd DF, Nikhar S, Zhang T, Siokas I, Van de Velde LA, Gaevert J, Meliopoulos V, Thapa B, Rodriguez DA, Cai KQ, Yin C, Schnepf D, Beer J, DeAntoneo C, Williams RM, Shubina M, Livingston B, Zhang D, Andrake MD, Lee S, Boda R, Duddupudi AL, Crawford JC, Vogel P, Loch C, Schwemmle M, Fritz LC, Schultz-Cherry S, Green DR, Cuny GD, Thomas PG, Degterev A, Balachandran S. Necroptosis blockade prevents lung injury in severe influenza. Nature 2024; 628:835-843. [PMID: 38600381 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07265-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Severe influenza A virus (IAV) infections can result in hyper-inflammation, lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome1-5 (ARDS), for which there are no effective pharmacological therapies. Necroptosis is an attractive entry point for therapeutic intervention in ARDS and related inflammatory conditions because it drives pathogenic lung inflammation and lethality during severe IAV infection6-8 and can potentially be targeted by receptor interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) inhibitors. Here we show that a newly developed RIPK3 inhibitor, UH15-38, potently and selectively blocked IAV-triggered necroptosis in alveolar epithelial cells in vivo. UH15-38 ameliorated lung inflammation and prevented mortality following infection with laboratory-adapted and pandemic strains of IAV, without compromising antiviral adaptive immune responses or impeding viral clearance. UH15-38 displayed robust therapeutic efficacy even when administered late in the course of infection, suggesting that RIPK3 blockade may provide clinical benefit in patients with IAV-driven ARDS and other hyper-inflammatory pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avishekh Gautam
- Center for Immunology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David F Boyd
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Sameer Nikhar
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ting Zhang
- Center for Immunology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ioannis Siokas
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lee-Ann Van de Velde
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jessica Gaevert
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Victoria Meliopoulos
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Bikash Thapa
- Center for Immunology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Diego A Rodriguez
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kathy Q Cai
- Center for Immunology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chaoran Yin
- Center for Immunology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel Schnepf
- Institute of Virology Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julius Beer
- Institute of Virology Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carly DeAntoneo
- Center for Immunology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Riley M Williams
- Center for Immunology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maria Shubina
- Center for Immunology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brandi Livingston
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Dingqiang Zhang
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark D Andrake
- Center for Immunology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Seungheon Lee
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Raghavender Boda
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anantha L Duddupudi
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeremy Chase Crawford
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Martin Schwemmle
- Institute of Virology Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Gregory D Cuny
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - Alexei Degterev
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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35
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Padykula I, Damodaran L, Young KT, Krunkosky M, Griffin EF, North JF, Neasham PJ, Pliasas VC, Siepker CL, Stanton JB, Howerth EW, Bahl J, Kyriakis CS, Tompkins SM. Pandemic Risk Assessment for Swine Influenza A Virus in Comparative In Vitro and In Vivo Models. Viruses 2024; 16:548. [PMID: 38675891 PMCID: PMC11053818 DOI: 10.3390/v16040548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Swine influenza A viruses pose a public health concern as novel and circulating strains occasionally spill over into human hosts, with the potential to cause disease. Crucial to preempting these events is the use of a threat assessment framework for human populations. However, established guidelines do not specify which animal models or in vitro substrates should be used. We completed an assessment of a contemporary swine influenza isolate, A/swine/GA/A27480/2019 (H1N2), using animal models and human cell substrates. Infection studies in vivo revealed high replicative ability and a pathogenic phenotype in the swine host, with replication corresponding to a complementary study performed in swine primary respiratory epithelial cells. However, replication was limited in human primary cell substrates. This contrasted with our findings in the Calu-3 cell line, which demonstrated a replication profile on par with the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus. These data suggest that the selection of models is important for meaningful risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Padykula
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Emory-UGA Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Lambodhar Damodaran
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Emory-UGA Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kelsey T. Young
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Madelyn Krunkosky
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Emory-UGA Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Emily F. Griffin
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Emory-UGA Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - James F. North
- Emory-UGA Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Peter J. Neasham
- Emory-UGA Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Vasilis C. Pliasas
- Emory-UGA Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Chris L. Siepker
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - James B. Stanton
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | - Justin Bahl
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Constantinos S. Kyriakis
- Emory-UGA Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Stephen Mark Tompkins
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Emory-UGA Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Muzykina L, Barrado-Gil L, Gonzalez-Bulnes A, Crespo-Piazuelo D, Cerón JJ, Alonso C, Montoya M. Overview of Modern Commercial Kits for Laboratory Diagnosis of African Swine Fever and Swine Influenza A Viruses. Viruses 2024; 16:505. [PMID: 38675848 PMCID: PMC11054272 DOI: 10.3390/v16040505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Rapid and early detection of infectious diseases in pigs is important, especially for the implementation of control measures in suspected cases of African swine fever (ASF), as an effective and safe vaccine is not yet available in most of the affected countries. Additionally, analysis for swine influenza is of significance due to its high morbidity rate (up to 100%) despite a lower mortality rate compared to ASF. The wide distribution of swine influenza A virus (SwIAV) across various countries, the emergence of constantly new recombinant strains, and the danger of human infection underscore the need for rapid and accurate diagnosis. Several diagnostic approaches and commercial methods should be applied depending on the scenario, type of sample and the objective of the studies being implemented. At the early diagnosis of an outbreak, virus genome detection using a variety of PCR assays proves to be the most sensitive and specific technique. As the disease evolves, serology gains diagnostic value, as specific antibodies appear later in the course of the disease (after 7-10 days post-infection (DPI) for ASF and between 10-21 DPI for SwIAV). The ongoing development of commercial kits with enhanced sensitivity and specificity is evident. This review aims to analyse recent advances and current commercial kits utilised for the diagnosis of ASF and SwIAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larysa Muzykina
- Molecular Biomedicine Department, The Margarita Salas Centre for Biological Research (CIB) of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C. Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Lucía Barrado-Gil
- Department of Biotechnology, INIA-CSIC, Centro Nacional Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Ctra. de la Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.B.-G.); (C.A.)
| | - Antonio Gonzalez-Bulnes
- R&D Department, Cuarte S.L., Grupo Jorge, Ctra. de Logroño km 9.2, Monzalbarba, 50120 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.G.-B.); (D.C.-P.)
| | - Daniel Crespo-Piazuelo
- R&D Department, Cuarte S.L., Grupo Jorge, Ctra. de Logroño km 9.2, Monzalbarba, 50120 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.G.-B.); (D.C.-P.)
| | - Jose Joaquin Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Covadonga Alonso
- Department of Biotechnology, INIA-CSIC, Centro Nacional Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Ctra. de la Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.B.-G.); (C.A.)
| | - María Montoya
- Molecular Biomedicine Department, The Margarita Salas Centre for Biological Research (CIB) of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C. Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
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Thomas MN, Zanella GC, Cowan B, Caceres CJ, Rajao DS, Perez DR, Gauger PC, Vincent Baker AL, Anderson TK. Nucleoprotein reassortment enhanced transmissibility of H3 1990.4.a clade influenza A virus in swine. J Virol 2024; 98:e0170323. [PMID: 38353535 PMCID: PMC10949443 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01703-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The increased detection of H3 C-IVA (1990.4.a) clade influenza A viruses (IAVs) in US swine in 2019 was associated with a reassortment event to acquire an H1N1pdm09 lineage nucleoprotein (pdmNP) gene, replacing a TRIG lineage NP (trigNP). We hypothesized that acquiring the pdmNP conferred a selective advantage over prior circulating H3 viruses with a trigNP. To investigate the role of NP reassortment in transmission, we identified two contemporary 1990.4.a representative strains (NC/19 and MN/18) with different evolutionary origins of the NP gene. A reverse genetics system was used to generate wild-type (wt) strains and swap the pdm and TRIG lineage NP genes, generating four viruses: wtNC/19-pdmNP, NC/19-trigNP, wtMN/18-trigNP, and MN/18-pdmNP. The pathogenicity and transmission of the four viruses were compared in pigs. All four viruses infected 10 primary pigs and transmitted to five indirect contact pigs per group. Pigs infected via contact with MN/18-pdmNP shed virus 2 days earlier than pigs infected with wtMN/18-trigNP. The inverse did not occur for wtNC/19-pdmNP and NC/19-trigNP. This suggests that pdmNP reassortment resulted in a combination of genes that improved transmission efficiency when paired with the 1990.4.a hemagglutinin (HA). This is likely a multigenic trait, as replacing the trigNP gene did not diminish the transmission of a wild-type IAV in swine. This study demonstrates how reassortment and evolutionary change of internal genes can result in more transmissible viruses that influence HA clade detection frequency. Thus, rapidly identifying novel reassortants paired with dominant hemagglutinin/neuraminidase may improve the prediction of strains to include in vaccines.IMPORTANCEInfluenza A viruses (IAVs) are composed of eight non-continuous gene segments that can reassort during coinfection of a host, creating new combinations. Some gene combinations may convey a selective advantage and be paired together preferentially. A reassortment event was detected in swine in the United States that involved the exchange of two lineages of nucleoprotein (NP) genes (trigNP to pdmNP) that became a predominant genotype detected in surveillance. Using a transmission study, we demonstrated that exchanging the trigNP for a pdmNP caused the virus to shed from the nose at higher levels and transmit to other pigs more rapidly. Replacing a pdmNP with a trigNP did not hinder transmission, suggesting that transmission efficiency depends on interactions between multiple genes. This demonstrates how reassortment alters IAV transmission and that reassortment events can provide an explanation for why genetically related viruses with different internal gene combinations experience rapid fluxes in detection frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan N. Thomas
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Giovana Ciacci Zanella
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Brianna Cowan
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - C. Joaquin Caceres
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Daniela S. Rajao
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Daniel R. Perez
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Phillip C. Gauger
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Amy L. Vincent Baker
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Tavis K. Anderson
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, Iowa, USA
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Shingai M, Iida S, Kawai N, Kawahara M, Sekiya T, Ohno M, Nomura N, Handabile C, Kawakita T, Omori R, Yamagishi J, Sano K, Ainai A, Suzuki T, Ohnishi K, Ito K, Kida H. Extraction of the CDRH3 sequence of the mouse antibody repertoire selected upon influenza virus infection by subtraction of the background antibody repertoire. J Virol 2024; 98:e0199523. [PMID: 38323813 PMCID: PMC10949447 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01995-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Historically, antibody reactivity to pathogens and vaccine antigens has been evaluated using serological measurements of antigen-specific antibodies. However, it is difficult to evaluate all antibodies that contribute to various functions in a single assay, such as the measurement of the neutralizing antibody titer. Bulk antibody repertoire analysis using next-generation sequencing is a comprehensive method for analyzing the overall antibody response; however, it is unreliable for estimating antigen-specific antibodies due to individual variation. To address this issue, we propose a method to subtract the background signal from the repertoire of data of interest. In this study, we analyzed changes in antibody diversity and inferred the heavy-chain complementarity-determining region 3 (CDRH3) sequences of antibody clones that were selected upon influenza virus infection in a mouse model using bulk repertoire analysis. A decrease in the diversity of the antibody repertoire was observed upon viral infection, along with an increase in neutralizing antibody titers. Using kernel density estimation of sequences in a high-dimensional sequence space with background signal subtraction, we identified several clusters of CDRH3 sequences induced upon influenza virus infection. Most of these repertoires were detected more frequently in infected mice than in uninfected control mice, suggesting that infection-specific antibody sequences can be extracted using this method. Such an accurate extraction of antigen- or infection-specific repertoire information will be a useful tool for vaccine evaluation in the future. IMPORTANCE As specific interactions between antigens and cell-surface antibodies trigger the proliferation of B-cell clones, the frequency of each antibody sequence in the samples reflects the size of each clonal population. Nevertheless, it is extremely difficult to extract antigen-specific antibody sequences from the comprehensive bulk antibody sequences obtained from blood samples due to repertoire bias influenced by exposure to dietary antigens and other infectious agents. This issue can be addressed by subtracting the background noise from the post-immunization or post-infection repertoire data. In the present study, we propose a method to quantify repertoire data from comprehensive repertoire data. This method allowed subtraction of the background repertoire, resulting in more accurate extraction of expanded antibody repertoires upon influenza virus infection. This accurate extraction of antigen- or infection-specific repertoire information is a useful tool for vaccine evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Shingai
- Division of Biologics Development, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Division of Vaccine Immunology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sayaka Iida
- Division of Bioinformatics, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naoko Kawai
- Division of Collaboration and Education, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mamiko Kawahara
- Division of Biologics Development, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshiki Sekiya
- Division of Biologics Development, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Marumi Ohno
- Division of Biologics Development, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naoki Nomura
- Division of Biologics Development, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Chimuka Handabile
- Division of Biologics Development, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomomi Kawakita
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Division of Vaccine Immunology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Omori
- Division of Bioinformatics, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Junya Yamagishi
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Division of Collaboration and Education, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kaori Sano
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Ainai
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadaki Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Ohnishi
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kimihito Ito
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Division of Bioinformatics, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kida
- Division of Biologics Development, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Kieran TJ, Sun X, Maines TR, Beauchemin CAA, Belser JA. Exploring associations between viral titer measurements and disease outcomes in ferrets inoculated with 125 contemporary influenza A viruses. J Virol 2024; 98:e0166123. [PMID: 38240592 PMCID: PMC10878272 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01661-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
As use of the ferret model to study influenza A virus (IAV) pathogenicity increases, periodic assessment of data generated in this model is warranted, to identify features associated with virus replication throughout the respiratory tract and to refine future analyses. However, protocol-specific differences present between independent laboratories limit easy aggregation of virological data. We compiled viral titer and clinical data from >1,000 ferrets inoculated with 125 contemporary IAV under a consistent experimental protocol (including high- and low-pathogenicity avian, swine-origin, and human viruses, spanning H1, H2, H3, H5, H7, and H9 subtypes) and examined which meaningful and statistically supported associations were present among numerous quantitative measurements. Viral titers correlated positively between ferret nasal turbinate tissue, lung tissue, and nasal wash specimens, though the strength of the associations varied, notably regarding the particular nasal wash summary measure employed and properties of the virus itself. Use of correlation coefficients and mediation analyses further supported the interconnectedness of viral titer measurements taken at different sites throughout the respiratory tract. IAV possessing mammalian host adaptation markers in the HA and PB2 exhibited more rapid growth in the ferret upper respiratory tract early after infection, supported by quantities derived from infectious titer data to capture infection progression, compared with viruses bearing hallmarks of avian IAV. Collectively, this work identifies summary metrics most closely linked with virological and phenotypic outcomes in ferrets, supporting continued refinement of data analyzed from in vivo experimentation, notably from studies conducted to evaluate the public health risk posed by novel and emerging IAV.IMPORTANCEFerrets are frequently employed to study the pandemic potential of novel and emerging influenza A viruses. However, systematic retrospective analyses of data generated from these experiments are rarely performed, limiting our ability to identify trends in this data and explore how analyses can be refined. Using logarithmic viral titer and clinical data aggregated from one research group over 20 years, we assessed which meaningful and statistically supported associations were present among numerous quantitative measurements obtained from influenza A virus (IAV)-infected ferrets, including those capturing viral titers, infection progression, and disease severity. We identified numerous linear correlations between parameters assessing virus replication at discrete sites in vivo, including parameters capturing infection progression not frequently employed in the field, and sought to investigate the interconnected nature of these associations. This work supports continued refinement of data analyzed from in vivo experimentation, notably from studies which evaluate the public health risk posed by IAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy J. Kieran
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Xiangjie Sun
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Taronna R. Maines
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Catherine A. A. Beauchemin
- Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Canada
- Interdisciplinary Theoretical and Mathematical Sciences (iTHEMS) at RIKEN, Wako, Japan
| | - Jessica A. Belser
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Li Y, Arcos S, Sabsay KR, te Velthuis AJW, Lauring AS. Deep mutational scanning reveals the functional constraints and evolutionary potential of the influenza A virus PB1 protein. J Virol 2023; 97:e0132923. [PMID: 37882522 PMCID: PMC10688322 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01329-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The influenza virus polymerase is important for adaptation to new hosts and, as a determinant of mutation rate, for the process of adaptation itself. We performed a deep mutational scan of the polymerase basic 1 (PB1) protein to gain insights into the structural and functional constraints on the influenza RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. We find that PB1 is highly constrained at specific sites that are only moderately predicted by the global structure or larger domain. We identified a number of beneficial mutations, many of which have been shown to be functionally important or observed in influenza virus' natural evolution. Overall, our atlas of PB1 mutations and their fitness impacts serves as an important resource for future studies of influenza replication and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sarah Arcos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kimberly R. Sabsay
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
- Lewis-Sigler Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Adam S. Lauring
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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41
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Yao XY, Lian CY, Lv ZH, Zhang XL, Shao JW. Emergence of a novel reassortant H5N6 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in farmed dogs in China. J Infect 2023; 87:e70-e72. [PMID: 37507094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2023.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yan Yao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Chun-Yang Lian
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Zhi-Hang Lv
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Xue-Lian Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Jian-Wei Shao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China.
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42
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Wang C, Honce R, Salvatore M, Chow D, Randazzo D, Yang J, Twells NM, Mahal LK, Schultz-Cherry S, Ghedin E. Influenza Defective Interfering Virus Promotes Multiciliated Cell Differentiation and Reduces the Inflammatory Response in Mice. J Virol 2023; 97:e0049323. [PMID: 37255439 PMCID: PMC10308934 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00493-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza defective interfering (DI) viruses have long been considered promising antiviral candidates because of their ability to interfere with replication-competent viruses and induce antiviral immunity. However, the mechanisms underlying DI-mediated antiviral immunity have not been extensively explored. Here, we demonstrated the interferon (IFN)-independent protection conferred by the influenza DI virus against homologous virus infection in mice deficient in type I and III IFN signaling. We identified unique host signatures responding to DI coinfection by integrating transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulatory data. DI-treated mice exhibited reduced viral transcription, less intense inflammatory and innate immune responses, and primed multiciliated cell differentiation in their lungs at an early stage of infection, even in the absence of type I or III IFNs. This increased multiciliogenesis could also be detected at the protein level via the immunofluorescence staining of lung tissue from DI-treated mice. Overall, our study provides mechanistic insight into the protection mediated by DIs, implying a unifying theme involving inflammation and multiciliogenesis in maintaining respiratory homeostasis and revealing their IFN-independent antiviral activity. IMPORTANCE During replication, the influenza virus generates genetically defective viruses. These are found in natural infections as part of the virus population within the infected host. Some versions of these defective viruses are thought to have protective effects through their interference with replication-competent viruses and induction of antiviral immunity. To better determine the mechanisms underlying the protective effects of these defective interfering (DI) viruses, we tested a DI that we previously identified in vitro with mice. Mice that were infected with a mix of wild-type influenza and DI viruses had less intense inflammatory and innate immune responses than did mice that were infected with the wild-type virus only, even when type I or III interferons, which are cytokines that play a prominent role in defending the respiratory epithelial barrier, were absent. More interestingly, the DI-infected mice had primed multiciliated cell differentiation in their lungs, indicating the potential promotion of epithelial repair by DIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Wang
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rebekah Honce
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Integrated Program in Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mirella Salvatore
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Daniela Chow
- Systems Genomics Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Davide Randazzo
- Light Imaging Section, NIAMS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jianjun Yang
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nicholas M. Twells
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lara K. Mahal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Elodie Ghedin
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York, USA
- Systems Genomics Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Sreenivasan CC, Liu R, Gao R, Guo Y, Hause BM, Thomas M, Naveed A, Clement T, Rausch D, Christopher-Hennings J, Nelson E, Druce J, Zhao M, Kaushik RS, Li Q, Sheng Z, Wang D, Li F. Influenza C and D Viruses Demonstrated a Differential Respiratory Tissue Tropism in a Comparative Pathogenesis Study in Guinea Pigs. J Virol 2023; 97:e0035623. [PMID: 37199648 PMCID: PMC10308911 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00356-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza C virus (ICV) is increasingly associated with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children and its disease severity is worse than the influenza B virus, but similar to influenza A virus associated CAP. Despite the ubiquitous infection landscape of ICV in humans, little is known about its replication and pathobiology in animals. The goal of this study was to understand the replication kinetics, tissue tropism, and pathogenesis of human ICV (huICV) in comparison to the swine influenza D virus (swIDV) in guinea pigs. Intranasal inoculation of both viruses did not cause clinical signs, however, the infected animals shed virus in nasal washes. The huICV replicated in the nasal turbinates, soft palate, and trachea but not in the lungs while swIDV replicated in all four tissues. A comparative analysis of tropism and pathogenesis of these two related seven-segmented influenza viruses revealed that swIDV-infected animals exhibited broad tissue tropism with an increased rate of shedding on 3, 5, and 7 dpi and high viral loads in the lungs compared to huICV. Seroconversion occurred late in the huICV group at 14 dpi, while swIDV-infected animals seroconverted at 7 dpi. Guinea pigs infected with huICV exhibited mild to moderate inflammatory changes in the epithelium of the soft palate and trachea, along with mucosal damage and multifocal alveolitis in the lungs. In summary, the replication kinetics and pathobiological characteristics of ICV in guinea pigs agree with the clinical manifestation of ICV infection in humans, and hence guinea pigs could be used to study these distantly related influenza viruses. IMPORTANCE Similar to influenza A and B, ICV infections are seen associated with bacterial and viral co-infections which complicates the assessment of its real clinical significance. Further, the antivirals against influenza A and B viruses are ineffective against ICV which mandates the need to study the pathobiological aspects of this virus. Here we demonstrated that the respiratory tract of guinea pigs possesses specific viral receptors for ICV. We also compared the replication kinetics and pathogenesis of huICV and swIDV, as these viruses share 50% sequence identity. The tissue tropism and pathology associated with huICV in guinea pigs are analogous to the mild respiratory disease caused by ICV in humans, thereby demonstrating the suitability of guinea pigs to study ICV. Our comparative analysis revealed that huICV and swIDV replicated differentially in the guinea pigs suggesting that the type-specific genetic differences can result in the disparity of the viral shedding and tissue tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chithra C. Sreenivasan
- Department of Veterinary Science, M. H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Runxia Liu
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Rongyuan Gao
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Yicheng Guo
- Zuckerman Mind Brian Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ben M. Hause
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Milton Thomas
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Ahsan Naveed
- Department of Veterinary Science, M. H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Travis Clement
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Dana Rausch
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Jane Christopher-Hennings
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Eric Nelson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Julian Druce
- Virology Section, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Miaoyun Zhao
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Radhey S. Kaushik
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Qingsheng Li
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Zizhang Sheng
- Zuckerman Mind Brian Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Veterinary Science, M. H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Veterinary Science, M. H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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44
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Oishi K, Blanco-Melo D, Kurland AP, Johnson JR, tenOever BR. Archaeal Kink-Turn Binding Protein Mediates Inhibition of Orthomyxovirus Splicing Biology. J Virol 2023; 97:e0181322. [PMID: 36943134 PMCID: PMC10134859 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01813-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite lacking a DNA intermediate, orthomyxoviruses complete their replication cycle in the nucleus and generate multiple transcripts by usurping the host splicing machinery. This biology results in dynamic changes of relative viral transcripts over time and dictates the replicative phase of the infection. Here, we demonstrate that the family of archaeal L7Ae proteins uniquely inhibit the splicing biology of influenza A virus, influenza B virus, and Salmon isavirus, revealing a common strategy utilized by Orthomyxoviridae members to achieve this dynamic. L7Ae-mediated inhibition of virus biology was lost with the generation of a splicing-independent strain of influenza A virus and attempts to select for an escape mutant resulted in variants that conformed to host splicing biology at significant cost to their overall fitness. As L7Ae recognizes conventional kink turns in various RNAs, these data implicate the formation of a similar structure as a shared strategy adopted by this virus family to coordinate their replication cycle. IMPORTANCE Here, we demonstrate that a family of proteins from archaea specifically inhibit this splicing biology of all tested members of the Orthomyxoviridae family. We show that this inhibition extends to influenza A virus, influenza B virus, and isavirus genera, while having no significant impact on the mammalian transcriptome or proteome. Attempts to generate an escape mutant against L7Ae-mediated inhibition resulted in mutations surrounding the viral splice sites and a significant loss of viral fitness. Together, these findings reveal a unique biology shared among diverse members of the Orthomyxoviridae family that may serve as a means to generate future universal therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Oishi
- Department of Microbiology, New York University, Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Daniel Blanco-Melo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Andrew P. Kurland
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Johnson
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Benjamin R. tenOever
- Department of Microbiology, New York University, Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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45
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Barbachano-Guerrero A, Perez DR, Sawyer SL. How avian influenza viruses spill over to mammals. eLife 2023; 12:e86051. [PMID: 37039775 PMCID: PMC10089655 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The H3N2 canine influenza virus - which originally came from birds - is evolving to become more transmissible between dogs.
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46
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Chien YAA, Alford BK, Wasik BR, Weichert WS, Parrish CR, Daniel S. Single Particle Analysis of H3N2 Influenza Entry Differentiates the Impact of the Sialic Acids (Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc) on Virus Binding and Membrane Fusion. J Virol 2023; 97:e0146322. [PMID: 36779754 PMCID: PMC10062150 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01463-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Entry of influenza A viruses (IAVs) into host cells is initiated by binding to sialic acids (Sias), their primary host cell receptor, followed by endocytosis and membrane fusion to release the viral genome into the cytoplasm of the host cell. Host tropism is affected by these entry processes, with a primary factor being receptor specificity. Sias exist in several different chemical forms, including the hydroxylated N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), which is found in many hosts; however, it has not been clear how modified Sias affect viral binding and entry. Neu5Gc is commonly found in many natural influenza hosts, including pigs and horses, but not in humans or ferrets. Here, we engineered HEK293 cells to express the hydoxylase gene (CMAH) that converts Neu5Ac to Neu5Gc, or knocked out the Sia-CMP transport gene (SLC35A1), resulting in cells that express 95% Neu5Gc or minimal level of Sias, respectively. H3N2 (X-31) showed significantly reduced infectivity in Neu5Gc-rich cells compared to wild-type HEK293 (>95% Neu5Ac). To determine the effects on binding and fusion, we generated supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) derived from the plasma membranes of these cells and carried out single particle microscopy. H3N2 (X-31) exhibited decreased binding to Neu5Gc-containing SLBs, but no significant difference in H3N2 (X-31)'s fusion kinetics to either SLB type, suggesting that reduced receptor binding does not affect subsequent membrane fusion. This finding suggests that for this virus to adapt to host cells rich in Neu5Gc, only receptor affinity changes are required without further adaptation of virus fusion machinery. IMPORTANCE Influenza A virus (IAV) infections continue to threaten human health, causing over 300,000 deaths yearly. IAV infection is initiated by the binding of influenza glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA) to host cell sialic acids (Sias) and the subsequent viral-host membrane fusion. Generally, human IAVs preferentially bind to the Sia N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac). Yet, other mammalian hosts, including pigs, express diverse nonhuman Sias, including N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc). The role of Neu5Gc in human IAV infections in those hosts is not well-understood, and the variant form may play a role in incidents of cross-species transmission and emergence of new epidemic variants. Therefore, it is important to investigate how human IAVs interact with Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc. Here, we use membrane platforms that mimic the host cell surface to examine receptor binding and membrane fusion events of human IAV H3N2. Our findings improve the understanding of viral entry mechanisms that can affect host tropism and virus evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-An Annie Chien
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Brynn K. Alford
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Brian R. Wasik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Wendy S. Weichert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Colin R. Parrish
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Susan Daniel
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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47
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Bin NR, Prescott SL, Horio N, Wang Y, Chiu IM, Liberles SD. An airway-to-brain sensory pathway mediates influenza-induced sickness. Nature 2023; 615:660-667. [PMID: 36890237 PMCID: PMC10033449 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05796-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen infection causes a stereotyped state of sickness that involves neuronally orchestrated behavioural and physiological changes1,2. On infection, immune cells release a 'storm' of cytokines and other mediators, many of which are detected by neurons3,4; yet, the responding neural circuits and neuro-immune interaction mechanisms that evoke sickness behaviour during naturalistic infections remain unclear. Over-the-counter medications such as aspirin and ibuprofen are widely used to alleviate sickness and act by blocking prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis5. A leading model is that PGE2 crosses the blood-brain barrier and directly engages hypothalamic neurons2. Here, using genetic tools that broadly cover a peripheral sensory neuron atlas, we instead identified a small population of PGE2-detecting glossopharyngeal sensory neurons (petrosal GABRA1 neurons) that are essential for influenza-induced sickness behaviour in mice. Ablating petrosal GABRA1 neurons or targeted knockout of PGE2 receptor 3 (EP3) in these neurons eliminates influenza-induced decreases in food intake, water intake and mobility during early-stage infection and improves survival. Genetically guided anatomical mapping revealed that petrosal GABRA1 neurons project to mucosal regions of the nasopharynx with increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2 after infection, and also display a specific axonal targeting pattern in the brainstem. Together, these findings reveal a primary airway-to-brain sensory pathway that detects locally produced prostaglandins and mediates systemic sickness responses to respiratory virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Ryum Bin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sara L Prescott
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nao Horio
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yandan Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Isaac M Chiu
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen D Liberles
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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48
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Bordes L, Vreman S, Heutink R, Roose M, Venema S, Pritz-Verschuren SBE, Rijks JM, Gonzales JL, Germeraad EA, Engelsma M, Beerens N. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Virus Infections in Wild Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) Show Neurotropism and Adaptive Virus Mutations. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0286722. [PMID: 36688676 PMCID: PMC9927208 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02867-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
During the 2020 to 2022 epizootic of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAI), several infections of mammalian species were reported in Europe. In the Netherlands, HPAI H5N1 virus infections were detected in three wild red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) that were submitted with neurological symptoms between December of 2021 and February of 2022. A histopathological analysis demonstrated that the virus was mainly present in the brain, with limited or no detection in the respiratory tract or other organs. Limited or no virus shedding was observed in throat and rectal swabs. A phylogenetic analysis showed that the three fox viruses were not closely related, but they were related to HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses that are found in wild birds. This suggests that the virus was not transmitted between the foxes. A genetic analysis demonstrated the presence of the mammalian adaptation E627K in the polymerase basic two (PB2) protein of the two fox viruses. In both foxes, the avian (PB2-627E) and the mammalian (PB2-627K) variants were present as a mixture in the virus population, which suggests that the mutation emerged in these specific animals. The two variant viruses were isolated, and virus replication and passaging experiments were performed. These experiments showed that the mutation PB2-627K increases the replication of the virus in mammalian cell lines, compared to the chicken cell line, and at the lower temperatures of the mammalian upper respiratory tract. This study showed that the HPAI H5N1 virus is capable of adaptation to mammals; however, more adaptive mutations are required to allow for efficient transmission between mammals. Therefore, surveillance in mammals should be expanded to closely monitor the emergence of zoonotic mutations for pandemic preparedness. IMPORTANCE Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses caused high mortality among wild birds from 2021 to 2022 in the Netherlands. Recently, three wild foxes were found to be infected with HPAI H5N1 viruses, likely due to the foxes feeding on infected birds. Although HPAI is a respiratory virus, in these foxes, the viruses were mostly detected in the brain. Two viruses isolated from the foxes contained a mutation that is associated with adaptation to mammals. We show that the mutant virus replicates better in mammalian cells than in avian cells and at the lower body temperature of mammals. More mutations are required before viruses can transmit between mammals or can be transmitted to humans. However, infections in mammalian species should be closely monitored to swiftly detect mutations that may increase the zoonotic potential of HPAI H5N1 viruses, as these may threaten public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Bordes
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Sandra Vreman
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Rene Heutink
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Marit Roose
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Sandra Venema
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jolianne M. Rijks
- Dutch Wildlife Health Centre, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Marc Engelsma
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Nancy Beerens
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
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49
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Abstract
"Swientists" hunt for influenza virus at hog shows, hoping to cut off the next pandemic at the pen.
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50
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Meng Q, Jiao P, Sun L, Wang D, Luo T, Fan W, Liu W. [Phylogenetic and pathogenicity analysis of influenza B virus strain B/Guangxi-Jiangzhou/1352/2018]. Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao 2022; 38:3390-3405. [PMID: 36151808 DOI: 10.13345/j.cjb.220139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Influenza B virus (IBV) is more likely to cause complications than influenza A virus (IAV) and even causes higher disease burden than IAV in a certain season, but IBV has received less attention. In order to analyze the genetic evolution characteristics of the clinical strain IBV (B/Guangxi-Jiangzhou/1352/2018), we constructed genetic evolution trees and analyzed the homology and different amino acids of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase referring to the vaccine strains recommended by World Health Organization (WHO). We found that strain B/Guangxi-Jiangzhou/1352/2018 was free of interlineage reassortment and poorly matched with the vaccine strain B/Colorado/06/2017 of the same year. We also determined the median lethal dose (LD50) and the pathogenicity of strain B/Guangxi-Jiangzhou/1352/2018 in mice. The results showed that the LD50 was 105.9 TCID50 (median tissue culture infective dose), the IBV titer in the lungs reached peak 1 d post infection and the mRNA level of the most of inflammatory cytokines in the lungs reached peak 12 h post infection. The alveoli in the lungs were severely damaged and a large number of inflammatory cells were infiltrated post infection. The study demonstrated that the clinical strain IBV (B/Guangxi-Jiangzhou/1352/2018) could infect mice and induce typical lung inflammation. This will facilitate the research on the pathogenesis and transmission mechanism of IBV, and provide an ideal animal model for evaluation of new vaccines, antiviral and anti-inflammatory drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxin Meng
- Animal Science and Technology College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Pengtao Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dayan Wang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Tingrong Luo
- Animal Science and Technology College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Wenhui Fan
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- Animal Science and Technology College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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