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Wu Y, Ng-Knight T, Tenenbaum HR. Schoolwork effort and emotions predict self-control in a weekly diary study. J Pers 2024; 92:436-456. [PMID: 36964985 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Self-control supports many positive life outcomes. However, the processes underlying the development of self-control are not well understood. Drawing on the TESSERA model of personality development, we examined whether weekly schoolwork effort predicts self-control (in the subsequent week). We also examined the role of schoolwork emotions and whether these emotions moderated the impact of schoolwork effort on self-control based on predictions from the TESSERA model. METHODS Data are from a weekly diary study (N = 98) that measured children's schoolwork effort, schoolwork emotions, and self-control during five consecutive weeks. Data were analyzed at the between- and within-person levels using multilevel models. RESULTS Between-person results show that schoolwork effort is related to variations in children's self-control. Furthermore, some emotions moderated the influence of schoolwork effort on self-control at the between- and within-person levels. CONCLUSION In line with the TESSERA model of personality development, positive state expressions of effort during schoolwork (e.g., putting in effort) predicted higher self-control in the subsequent week. However, this finding was dependent on the reactions and reinforcement children felt about their effort (e.g., emotional responses to their remote schoolwork). The discussion examines how these findings extend to previous literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wu
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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2
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Buchinger L, Entringer TM, Richter D, Wagner GG, Gerstorf D, Bleidorn W. Codevelopment of life goals and the Big Five personality traits across adulthood and old age. J Pers Soc Psychol 2024; 126:346-368. [PMID: 37498688 DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Since the new millennium, research in the field of personality development has focused on the stability and change of basic personality traits. Motivational aspects of personality and their longitudinal association with basic traits have received comparably little attention. In this preregistered study, we applied bivariate latent growth curve model to investigated the codevelopment of nine life goals and the Big Five traits. We tested age, perceived control, gender, educational background, and regional socialization as potential moderators of codevelopment. Data came from the German Socio-Economic Panel study (N = 55,040, age range: 18-103 years) and span a study period of 13 years. During this period, the Big Five traits and life goals were assessed four times. Our findings suggest that development in broader life goal domains (e.g., self-fulfillment) is more strongly connected to personality development across the life span, whereas changes in specific goals (e.g., having children) are more closely tied to trait changes during young and middle adulthood. The strongest codevelopment was found between Openness and agentic goals with a focus on personal growth followed by codevelopment between Agreeableness and communal goals. Developmental stage and educational background moderated the codevelopment of Conscientiousness and economic achievement as well as family-related goals. Contrary to the previous research, we found that Neuroticism codeveloped with communal life goals (i.e., having a happy relationship/marriage). Our findings reinforce theoretical frameworks that highlight the role of changing opportunities, constraints, and developmental tasks across adulthood. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Denis Gerstorf
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin
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3
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Wright AJ, Jackson JJ. The associations between life events and person-centered personality consistency. J Pers 2024; 92:162-179. [PMID: 36537588 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Few environments reliably influence mean-level and rank-order changes in personality-perhaps because personality development needs to be examined through an individualized, person-centered lens. METHODS The current study used Bayesian multilevel linear models to examine the association between 16 life events and changes in person-centered, Big Five personality consistency across 4 to 10 waves of data using four datasets (N = 24,491). RESULTS Selection effects were found for events such as marriage, (un)employment, retirement, and volunteering, whereas between-person effects for slopes were found for events such as beginning formal education, employment, and retirement. Within-person changes were often small and emerged inconsistently across datasets but, when present, were brief and negative in direction, suggesting life events can serve as a short-term disruption to the personality system. However, there were many individual differences around event-related trajectories. CONCLUSION Our results highlight that the effects of life events depend on how personality and its changes are quantified-with these findings underscoring the utility of a person-centered approach as it can capture the full range of these idiosyncrasies. Overall, these findings suggest that life events are associated with a range of idiosyncratic effects and can serve as a short-term, destabilizing shock to one's personality system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Wright
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, St. Louis, USA
| | - Joshua J Jackson
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, St. Louis, USA
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4
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Noftle EE, Odagiri N, Johnson M, Arzaga A. Actual and volitional personality change across study abroad. J Pers 2024; 92:111-129. [PMID: 36221989 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES According to personality development theories, the dramatic environmental transition of study abroad may form a crucible for personality change. Location, social roles, and cultural familiarity suddenly shift, potentially disrupting old habits and creating new ones, building upon the typical maturation occurring during college age. The current study poses questions about selection and socialization effects of study abroad on personality, actual and volitional change in personality, and whether adjustment to study abroad catalyzes change. METHOD Longitudinal studies were conducted with Japanese students studying for one year in the USA (N = 300), and a comparison sample of students in an English-language program at their university in Japan (N = 108). Big Five personality traits and trait-relevant behavior were assessed at the beginning and end of the programs, along with three types of volitional change: expectations, perceptions, and desires. RESULTS Study abroad showed selection effects for higher Extraversion and Emotional Stability traits and developmental and socialization effects of increases in Openness behavior. Expected and perceived change corresponded with actual change (but desired change did not), and cultural adjustment predicted socially desirable trait-relevant behavior before students' return home. CONCLUSIONS Study abroad was revealed as an environment wherein students both subjectively experienced and actually demonstrated changes in trait-relevant behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik E Noftle
- Department of Psychology, Willamette University, Salem, Oregon, USA
| | - Noriko Odagiri
- Department of Psychology, Tokyo International University, Kawagoe, Japan
| | - Maya Johnson
- Department of Psychology, Willamette University, Salem, Oregon, USA
| | - Andrew Arzaga
- Department of Psychology, Willamette University, Salem, Oregon, USA
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5
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Weidmann R, Chopik WJ. Explicating narrow and broad conceptualizations of environmental influences on personality. J Pers 2024; 92:5-15. [PMID: 37697965 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A surge of studies aims to identify environmental factors that explain individual differences, personality stability, and personality development. This special issue builds on this large interest and solicited articles on broad and narrow environmental factors of personality. OBJECTIVE We provide an overview of the motivations behind the special issue, review each of the articles, and present data on researchers' perceptions of environmental factors contributing to personality expression and development. METHOD We review 16 special issue articles, thematically grouped into seven topics-culture and race, genes and environment, geography and habitat, major/minor life events, social relationships, socioeconomic status and economic inequality, and work. We also present data on researchers' (N = 223) responses and ratings of environmental influences on personality expression and development. RESULTS In the open-ended responses, the most important environmental influences were family, culture, peers, relationships, and trauma. Among the least important were weather, birth order, geography, climate, and shared environment. Nearly all the environmental influences featured in this special issue were considered at least somewhat important; however, there was considerable heterogeneity in how important researchers found each topic. CONCLUSIONS There is no perfect consensus among researchers as to which environmental factors contribute most to personality expression and development. We hope that there is a larger surge of studies on personality constructs beyond traits, that contextualize concepts within a cultural and historical framework and develop more stringent theories to hypothesize about the environmental influences on personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Weidmann
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - William J Chopik
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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6
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Bühler JL, Mund M, Neyer FJ, Wrzus C. A developmental perspective on personality-relationship transactions: Evidence from three nationally representative samples. J Pers 2024; 92:202-221. [PMID: 35866364 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Throughout their lives, people experience different relationship events, such as beginning or dissolving a romantic relationship. Personality traits predict the occurrence of such relationship events (i.e., selection effects), and relationship events predict changes in personality traits (i.e., socialization effects), summarized as personality-relationship transactions. So far, evidence was partly inconsistent as to how personality traits and relationship events are linked with each other. In this article, we argue that unnoticed age differences might have led to these inconsistencies. To systematically test for age differences in transactions, we conceptualize relationship events in terms of gains and losses and apply a developmental perspective on transactions. METHODS Using longitudinal data from three nationally representative samples (SOEP, HILDA, Understanding Society), we computed event-focused latent growth models and summarized the results meta-analytically. RESULTS The findings indicated some transactions. Of these, selection effects were stronger than socialization effects, and effects of gain-based events were stronger than effects of loss-based events. We observed few interactions with age. CONCLUSION Selection effects and, particularly, socialization effects, tend to be rare and fairly independent of age. We discuss a series of broader and narrower factors that may have an impact on the strength of transactions across adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcus Mund
- Institute of Psychology, University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria
| | - Franz J Neyer
- Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Cornelia Wrzus
- Institute of Psychology, Ruprecht Karls University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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7
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Dugan KA, Vogt RL, Zheng A, Gillath O, Deboeck PR, Fraley RC, Briley DA. Life events sometimes alter the trajectory of personality development: Effect sizes for 25 life events estimated using a large, frequently assessed sample. J Pers 2024; 92:130-146. [PMID: 37041673 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Personality changes across the life span. Life events, such as marriage, becoming a parent, and retirement, have been proposed as facilitating personality growth via the adoption of novel social roles. However, empirical evidence linking life events with personality development is sparse. Most studies have relied on few assessments separated by long time intervals and have focused on a single life event. In contrast, the content of life is composed of small, recurrent experiences (e.g., getting sick or practicing a hobby), with relatively few major events (e.g., childbirth). Small, frequently experienced life events may play an important and overlooked role in personality development. METHOD The present study examined the extent to which 25 major and minor life events alter the trajectory of personality development in a large, frequently assessed sample (Nsample = 4904, Nassessments = 47,814, median retest interval = 35 days). RESULTS Using a flexible analytic strategy to accommodate the repeated occurrence of life events, we found that the trajectory of personality development shifted in response to a single occurrence of some major life events (e.g., divorce), and recurrent, "minor" life experiences (e.g., one's partner doing something special). CONCLUSION Both stark role changes and frequently reinforced minor experiences can lead to personality change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keely A Dugan
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, Champaign, USA
| | - Randi L Vogt
- Department of Bioethics & Decision Sciences, Geisinger, PA, Danville, USA
| | - Anqing Zheng
- Department of Psychology, University of California - Riverside, CA, Riverside, USA
| | - Omri Gillath
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, KS, Lawrence, USA
| | - Pascal R Deboeck
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, UT, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - R Chris Fraley
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, Champaign, USA
| | - D A Briley
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, Champaign, USA
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8
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Bleidorn W, Hopwood CJ. A motivational framework of personality development in late adulthood. Curr Opin Psychol 2024; 55:101731. [PMID: 38007918 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2023.101731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Meta-analytic evidence shows that most personality traits tend to increase through early adulthood and middle age but decrease in late adulthood, whereas Emotional Stability continues to increase throughout late adulthood. We propose that these normative patterns of personality development can be explained by motivational theories of aging. Specifically, decreases in Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Openness to Experience may reflect a reduced capacity to control one's environment, whereas continued increases in Emotional Stability reflect increases in individual's ability to compensate and cope with age-graded losses. Pairing motivational theories of aging with longitudinal evidence in personality science provides an explanation for empirical patterns of personality trait development and raises interesting possibilities to promote healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Bleidorn
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Binzmühlestrasse 14/7, 8050, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Christopher J Hopwood
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Binzmühlestrasse 14/7, 8050, Zürich, Switzerland
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9
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Xie X, Pan C, Xu M, He A, Shu Y. Cross-cultural experiences and self-development: a psychobiographical study of Bruce Lee. Int Rev Psychiatry 2024; 36:69-79. [PMID: 38557343 DOI: 10.1080/09540261.2023.2257326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
A common challenge people face in today's cross-cultural world is how to solve a series of adaptation problems caused by cultural conflict. Exploring Bruce Lee's successful cross-cultural experiences through psychobiography offers some inspiration and thoughts. How did Bruce Lee successfully integrate martial arts, symbolising the Eastern culture, with films representing the Western culture, finally propelling kung fu films onto the international stage? Numerous publicly available materials about Bruce Lee were collected for this study, and the research data were evaluated using thematic analysis. Bruce Lee's success benefitted from reconstructing cultural environment information and exercising his initiative to shape a new cultural environment. His life experiences reflect individual cognition behaviour and social and cultural environments as two aspects of a dynamic circulation system and show that the two have reached internal and spiralling harmony through mutual integration. In the context of the Oriental collectivism culture's family narrative, Chinese adults' personality development features the unique theme of 'inheritance and innovation'. Dealing with the relationship between self-actualisation and familism is another important and challenging task in developing the Chinese personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Xie
- Institute of Psychobiography, School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Chao Pan
- Institute of Psychobiography, School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Min Xu
- Institute of Psychobiography, School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ao He
- Institute of Psychobiography, School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yueyu Shu
- Institute of Psychobiography, School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
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10
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Zheng A, Hoff KA, Hanna A, Einarsdóttir S, Rounds J, Briley DA. Job characteristics and personality change in young adulthood: A 12-year longitudinal study and replication. J Pers 2024; 92:298-315. [PMID: 37072929 PMCID: PMC10949344 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Personality changes are related to successfully performing adult occupational roles which require teamwork, duty, and managing stress. However, it is unclear how personality development relates to specific job characteristics that vary across occupations. METHOD We investigated whether 151 objective job characteristics, derived from the Occupational Information Network (O*NET), were associated with personality levels and changes in a 12-year longitudinal sample followed over the school to work transition. Using cross-validated regularized modeling, we combined two Icelandic longitudinal datasets (total N = 1054) and constructed an individual-level, aggregated job characteristics score that maximized prediction of personality levels at baseline and change over time. RESULTS The strongest association was found for level of openness (0.25), followed by conscientiousness (0.16) and extraversion (0.14). Overall, aggregated job characteristics had a stronger prediction for personality intercepts (0.14) than slopes (0.10). These results were subsequently replicated in a U.S. sample using levels of the Big Five as the dependent variable. This indicates that associations between job characteristics and personality are generalizable across life stages and nations. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that job titles are a valuable resource that can be linked to personality to better understand factors that influence psychological development. Further work is needed to document the prospective validity of job characteristics across a wider range of occupations and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqing Zheng
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of California, RiversideRiversideCAUSA
| | - Kevin A. Hoff
- Department of PsychologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
| | - Alexis Hanna
- Department of ManagementUniversity of Nevada, RenoRenoNVUSA
| | - Sif Einarsdóttir
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology and Ethnography and FolkloristicsUniversity of IcelandReykjavikIceland
| | - James Rounds
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Illinois, Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaILUSA
| | - D. A. Briley
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Illinois, Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaILUSA
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11
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Reitz AK, den Boer L, van Scheppingen MA, Diwan K. Personality maturation through sense of mastery? Longitudinal evidence from two education-to-work transition studies. J Pers 2024; 92:261-277. [PMID: 36394106 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Why personality changes in young adulthood remains a critical theoretical and empirical question. We studied personality change during the education-to-work transition, including mean-level personality change and its specific timing, the degree of individual variability in change, and the link between sense of mastery and personality change. METHODS We used two intensive longitudinal studies. Study 1 included 5 waves of data across 2 years during the university-to-work transition (N = 309; mean-aged 25). Study 2 included 3 waves of data across 8 months during an internship-heavy teacher education program (N = 317; mean-aged 22). We measured personality traits and work-related mastery with questionnaires and personality states and general mastery with the experience sampling method. RESULTS First, we found no evidence for mean-level personality maturation but decreases in trait Conscientiousness. Second, young adults differed significantly in personality trait and state change. Third, young adults with higher levels of work-related sense of mastery showed more positive changes in trait Conscientiousness. Decreases in general sense of mastery predicted later decreases in state Emotional Stability and vice versa. Change in general sense of mastery correlated with personality state change. CONCLUSIONS Sense of mastery seems to be part of a dynamic short-term process underlying personality change in young adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne K Reitz
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Liselotte den Boer
- Department of Dev elopmental Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ketaki Diwan
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
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12
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Seifert IS, Rohrer JM, Schmukle SC. Using within-person change in three large panel studies to estimate personality age trajectories. J Pers Soc Psychol 2024; 126:150-174. [PMID: 37695345 DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
How does personality change when people get older? Numerous studies have investigated this question, overall supporting the idea of so-called personality maturation. However, heterogeneous findings have left open questions, such as whether maturation continues in old age and how large the effects are. We suggest that the heterogeneity is partly rooted in methodological issues. First, studies may have failed to recover age effects as they did not stringently separate within-person changes from confounding between-person differences. Second, items supposedly belonging to the same trait may show different individual trajectories, thus rendering results sensitive to the specific set of items used. We analyzed panel data from Australia (N = 15,268; Study 1), Germany (N = 22,833; Study 2), and the Netherlands (N = 10,163; Study 3) to investigate age trends in the Big Five on the levels of both scores and items. We applied a fixed effects approach that incorporates only within-person changes over time. Developmental trends in the Big Five scores were generally moderate to large and broadly confirmed personality maturation at younger ages. At older ages, maturation consistently continued for Neuroticism, whereas we found mixed evidence for such changes in Conscientiousness and Agreeableness. Furthermore, in each study, individual items showed age trends that diverged from the rest of the corresponding trait, and these differential patterns could be partly replicated across the three studies. Our results highlight the importance of items in the study of personality development and provide an explanation for previously unaccounted for variability in age trends. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo S Seifert
- Wilhelm Wundt Institute for Psychology, Leipzig University
| | - Julia M Rohrer
- Wilhelm Wundt Institute for Psychology, Leipzig University
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13
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Baaijens B, Koster N, van Aken M, van der Heijden P, Laceulle O. Narrative identity characteristics and personality pathology: An exploration of associations from a dimensional and categorical perspective in a clinical sample of youth. Personal Disord 2024; 15:11-21. [PMID: 37796600 DOI: 10.1037/per0000638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Narrative identity, as an integral element of personality, has gained increased attention for understanding personality pathology. In this study, associations between narrative identity characteristics (i.e., event valence, theme, contextual coherence, thematic coherence, self-event connection valence, agency, and communion) and personality pathology were examined. Personality pathology was conceptualized as (a) levels of personality (dys)functioning and maladaptive personality traits, (b) six trait facet profiles, and (c) categorical DSM-5 (fifth edition of the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) diagnoses. Data of 242 youth (Mage = 18.79; SDage = 2.65) were collected as part of a longitudinal study on personality development. Narratives were assessed with turning point interviews, and trait and functioning levels with self-report questionnaires. The narrative identity characteristics of a negative valence, a negative self-event connection valence, low agency, and low communion were associated with higher levels of personality dysfunctioning, negative affectivity, detachment, and psychoticism. These characteristics were also associated with the borderline, avoidant, obsessive-compulsive, and schizotypal trait facet profiles. No associations were found when considering personality pathology from a categorical perspective. Findings may inspire researchers and clinicians to give personal stories a more central role in their work. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Baaijens
- Centre for Adolescent Psychiatry, Reinier van Arkel
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Arumäe K, Mõttus R, Vainik U. Body mass predicts personality development across 18 years in middle to older adulthood. J Pers 2023; 91:1395-1409. [PMID: 36718127 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Various personality traits have longitudinal relations with body mass index (BMI), a measure of body weight and a risk factor for numerous health concerns. We tested these associations' compatibility with causality in either direction. METHOD Using three waves of the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (N = 12,235, Mage = 53.33 at baseline), we tested how accurately the Five-Factor Model personality domains and their items could collectively predict BMI and change in it with elastic net models. With multilevel models, we tested (a) bidirectional and (b) within-person associations between BMI and personality traits. RESULTS The five domains were able to predict concurrent (r = 0.08), but not future BMI. Twenty-nine personality items predicted concurrent and future BMI at r = 0.21 and r = 0.16 to 0.25, respectively. Neither the domains nor items could collectively predict change in BMI. Similarly, no individual trait predicted change in BMI, but BMI predicted changes in Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, and several items (|b*| = 0.03 to 0.08). BMI had within-person correlations with these same traits; time-invariant third factors like genetics or childhood environments therefore could not (fully) account for their relations. CONCLUSIONS Body weight may contribute to adults' personality development, but the reverse appears less likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadri Arumäe
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - René Mõttus
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Uku Vainik
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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15
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Schwaba T, Denissen JJA, Luhmann M, Hopwood CJ, Bleidorn W. Subjective experiences of life events match individual differences in personality development. J Pers Soc Psychol 2023; 125:1136-1156. [PMID: 37956070 DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The last 2 decades have witnessed increased research on the role of life events in personality trait development, but few findings appear to be robust. We propose that a key to resolving this issue is incorporating individuals' subjective experiences into the study of event-related development. To test this, we developed and administered a survey about event-related personality change to a representative Dutch sample (N = 5,513, Ages 16-95) and linked their responses to 12-year trajectories of measured Big Five development. Most participants (63%) believed that a life event impacted their personality in the past 10 years, on average 5 years presurvey. These participants, even those who experienced the same event, had markedly heterogenous perceptions of how their traits changed and why each event affected their personality. In preregistered analyses, we examined participants' individual personality trajectories before and after the event that they identified as most impactful. Across events, retrospective perceptions of event-related personality change were significantly correlated with short-term and long-term postevent personality trajectories across Big Five traits (mean rs = .22, .28) and preevent trajectories in all traits except agreeableness (mean r = .16). We also found correspondence between perceived and measured development in analyses of the two most commonly reported personality-changing events: health problems and death of a loved one/family member. Finally, we explored associations between personality development and perceived change-inducing event characteristics. Using these findings, we argue that future research into event-related personality development should de-emphasize mean-level change to focus on individuals' varied experiences of whether, when, how, and why life events have affected their personality. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted Schwaba
- Michigan State University, Department of Psychology
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16
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Asselmann E, Garthus-Niegel S, Martini J. How research on personality development can improve our understanding of perinatal adjustment. J Reprod Infant Psychol 2023; 41:485-487. [PMID: 37783226 DOI: 10.1080/02646838.2023.2242148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Asselmann
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Mental Health and Behavioral Medicine, HMU Health and Medical University, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Susan Garthus-Niegel
- Institute for Systems Medicine (ISM) and Faculty of Medicine, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Childhood and Families, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Julia Martini
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden
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Erdman AL. Fetal Fantasy and the Perfect Child: How Certain Challenges of Adolescence may Inform Aspects of the Abortion Debate. Am J Psychoanal 2023; 83:293-319. [PMID: 37468672 DOI: 10.1057/s11231-023-09408-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
This article explores psychic aspects of abortion, from the fixity of beliefs over its legalization, to conscious and unconscious fantasies related to the fetus, children, parenting, fertility, and so on. Generally speaking, the field has shown less direct interest in abortion per se than might be surmised, particularly given the centrality of sexuality and procreation in psychoanalysis. The recent legal changes may initiate more psychoanalytic interest in the topic. The current writing studies a possible strand of fantasy in which conscious and unconscious wishes for an unending, idealized, and blameless child-object are displaced onto a fetus or fetal imago. Speculations and suggestions are drawn from casework with an individual which points to a possible channeling or avoidance of unprocessed grief when the seeming perfection of childhood ends abruptly, almost without transition, with the imposition of adolescent personality development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Erdman
- LCSW, 235 West 76th Street, Suite 1B, New York, NY, 10023, USA.
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18
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Wrzus C, Quintus M, Egloff B. Age and context effects in personality development: A multimethod perspective. Psychol Aging 2023; 38:1-16. [PMID: 36048045 DOI: 10.1037/pag0000705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Observing most pronounced personality trait changes during young adulthood raises the question whether the traits are more stable per se after young adulthood or whether greater stability of daily life contexts also contributes to smaller trait changes in older adults. In this longitudinal multimethod study, we tested the competing explanations of trait stability and context stability by examining (a) whether age differences in Big Five trait changes are less pronounced when younger and older people experience similar context conditions, in this case, college life and (b) whether people of similar age change differently in different contexts. Furthermore, based on dual-process models of personality and because previous research has relied on self-ratings, we examined whether assumed personality changes also occur in implicit measures and other-ratings of traits. The sample of 241 adults consisted of older students (Mage = 67.5 years), older age- and education-matched nonstudents (Mage = 67.7 years), and young students (Mage = 21.1 years). We obtained self-ratings, other-ratings, and implicit measures of Big Five traits at four time points over 2 years. The results replicated increases in self-ratings of emotional stability, open-mindedness, extraversion, and conscientiousness in young first-year students and demonstrated distinct patterns of change among older students and older nonstudents. Changes in other-ratings and implicit measures only partly mirrored changes in self-ratings of Big Five traits. The study highlights the importance of different measures of traits to better understand personality development beyond self-ratings, and that in some groups, substantial trait changes are possible beyond young adulthood. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Bleidorn W, Schwaba T, Zheng A, Hopwood CJ, Sosa SS, Roberts BW, Briley DA. Personality stability and change: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychol Bull 2022; 148:588-619. [PMID: 35834197 DOI: 10.1037/bul0000365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Past research syntheses provided evidence that personality traits are both stable and changeable throughout the life span. However, early meta-analytic estimates were constrained by a relatively small universe of longitudinal studies, many of which tracked personality traits in small samples over moderate time periods using measures that were only loosely related to contemporary trait models such as the Big Five. Since then, hundreds of new studies have emerged allowing for more precise estimates of personality trait stability and change across the life span. Here, we updated and extended previous research syntheses on personality trait development by synthesizing novel longitudinal data on rank-order stability (total k = 189, total N = 178,503) and mean-level change (total k = 276, N = 242,542) from studies published after January 1, 2005. Consistent with earlier meta-analytic findings, the rank-order stability of personality traits increased significantly throughout early life before reaching a plateau in young adulthood. These increases in stability coincide with mean-level changes in the direction of greater maturity. In contrast to previous findings, we found little evidence for increasing rank-order stabilities after Age 25. Moreover, cumulative mean-level trait changes across the life span were slightly smaller than previously estimated. Emotional stability, however, increased consistently and more substantially across the life span than previously found. Moderator analyses indicated that narrow facet-level and maladaptive trait measures were less stable than broader domain and adaptive trait measures. Overall, the present findings draw a more precise picture of the life span development of personality traits and highlight important gaps in the personality development literature. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Gutral J, Cypryańska M, Nezlek JB. Normative based beliefs as a basis for perceived changes in personality traits across the lifespan. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264036. [PMID: 35176060 PMCID: PMC8853463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This article presents a new framework for understanding how people think personality changes across the life span. In two studies we examined the correspondence among how people thought their personalities would change, how people in general change, and changes found in a meta-analysis of changes in personality. We conceptualized and measured personality in terms of the Big Five model (FFM). In Study 1 participants rated either how they had changed from the past to the present or how they would change from the present to the future. We found that for openness to experience and social vitality participants thought these traits had increased from the past to the present, whereas participants did not think they would change from the present to the future. In contrast, participants thought that conscientiousness, agreeableness, and emotional stability would increase from the present to the future, although they did not report changes in most of these traits from the past to the present. The changes that occurred in Study 1 correspond to changes of personality found in previous research. In Study 2 participants rated themselves and other people on the FFM traits for each of nine intervals representing the lifespan. We found that people perceived changes in themselves to be similar to the changes found in meta-analyses, and perceptions of change in the self-corresponded to perception of changes for others. We believe these results can be explained by recognizing that people share normative based beliefs about how people change at certain age. Nevertheless, we also found that people perceived themselves as better than others, i.e., relatively greater increases in some positive traits and relatively smaller decreases in some negative traits, being first among equals. We discuss possible explanations for this phenomenon, which according to our knowledge, has not been discussed in this context previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Gutral
- Department of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
- Institute of Psychology, Center for Climate Action and Social Transformations, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Marzena Cypryańska
- Institute of Psychology, Center for Climate Action and Social Transformations, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
| | - John B. Nezlek
- Institute of Psychology, Center for Climate Action and Social Transformations, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Psychological Sciences, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
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22
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Müller KW, Beutel ME, Reinecke L, Dreier M, Schemer C, Weber M, Schnauber-Stockmann A, Stark B, Quiring O, Wölfling K. Internet-Related Disorders and Their Effects on Personality Development in Adolescents from Germany-Results from a Prospective Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:ijerph19010529. [PMID: 35010787 PMCID: PMC8744615 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Internet-related disorders (IRD) are increasingly becoming a major health issue. IRD are defined as the predominant use of online content, related to a loss of control and continued use despite negative consequences. Despite findings from cross-sectional studies, the causality of pathways accelerating the development of IRD are unclear. While etiological models emphasize the role of personality as risk factor, mutual influences between IRD and personality have not been examined. A prospective study with two assessments was conducted with n = 941 adolescents (mean age of 13.1 years; 10–17 years). Our aim was to validate etiological assumptions and to examine the effects of IRD-symptoms on the maturation of personality. IRD were measured with the Scale of the Assessment of Internet and Computer game Addiction (AICA-S). Personality traits were assessed using the Brief Five Factor Inventory (BFI). Conscientiousness and neuroticism were predictive for IRD symptoms one year later, and were likewise prone to changes depending on incidence or remission of IRD. Conscientiousness and openness moderated the course of IRD symptoms. Our findings point to complex trait–pathology associations. Personality influences the risk of development and maintenance of IRD symptoms and pre-existing IRD-symptoms affect the development of personality. Adaptations to etiological models are discussed and perspectives for novel intervention strategies are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai W. Müller
- Outpatient Clinic for Behavioral Addiction, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.E.B.); (M.D.); (K.W.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Manfred E. Beutel
- Outpatient Clinic for Behavioral Addiction, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.E.B.); (M.D.); (K.W.)
| | - Leonard Reinecke
- Department of Communication, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (L.R.); (C.S.); (M.W.); (A.S.-S.); (B.S.); (O.Q.)
| | - Michael Dreier
- Outpatient Clinic for Behavioral Addiction, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.E.B.); (M.D.); (K.W.)
| | - Christian Schemer
- Department of Communication, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (L.R.); (C.S.); (M.W.); (A.S.-S.); (B.S.); (O.Q.)
| | - Mathias Weber
- Department of Communication, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (L.R.); (C.S.); (M.W.); (A.S.-S.); (B.S.); (O.Q.)
| | - Anna Schnauber-Stockmann
- Department of Communication, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (L.R.); (C.S.); (M.W.); (A.S.-S.); (B.S.); (O.Q.)
| | - Birgit Stark
- Department of Communication, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (L.R.); (C.S.); (M.W.); (A.S.-S.); (B.S.); (O.Q.)
| | - Oliver Quiring
- Department of Communication, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (L.R.); (C.S.); (M.W.); (A.S.-S.); (B.S.); (O.Q.)
| | - Klaus Wölfling
- Outpatient Clinic for Behavioral Addiction, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.E.B.); (M.D.); (K.W.)
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Rodríguez-Soto NC, Buxó CJ, Morou-Bermudez E, Pérez-Edgar K, Ocasio-Quiñones IT, Surillo-González MB, Martinez KG. The impact of prenatal maternal stress due to potentially traumatic events on child temperament: A systematic review. Dev Psychobiol 2021; 63:e22195. [PMID: 34674245 PMCID: PMC8549868 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the current study was to complete a systematic review of the relationship between prenatal maternal stress due to potentially traumatic events (PTEs) and child temperament. Eligible studies through June 2020 were identified utilizing a search strategy in PubMed and PsycInfo. Included studies examined associations between prenatal maternal stress due to PTE and child temperament. Two independent coders extracted study characteristics and three coders assessed study quality. Of the 1969 identified studies, 20 met full inclusion criteria. Studies were classified on two dimensions: (1) disaster-related stress and (2) intimate partner violence during pregnancy. For disaster-related prenatal maternal stress, 75% (nine out of 12) of published reports found associations with increased child negative affectivity, 50% (five out of 10) also noted associations with lower effortful control/regulation, and 38% (three out of eight) found associations with lower positive affectivity. When considering prenatal intimate partner violence stress, 80% (four out of five) of published reports found associations with higher child negative affectivity, 67% (four out of six) found associations with lower effortful control/regulation, and 33% (one out of three) found associations with lower positive affectivity. Prenatal maternal stress due to PTEs may impact the offspring's temperament, especially negative affectivity. Mitigating the effects of maternal stress in pregnancy is needed in order to prevent adverse outcomes on the infant's socioemotional development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayra C. Rodríguez-Soto
- University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR
- Carlos Albizu University, San Juan, PR
| | - Carmen J. Buxó
- University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR
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24
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Abstract
The reactivity-regulation model suggests that the origins and maintenance of shyness results from relatively high levels of reactivity in combination with relatively low levels of regulation. Although this model has received some empirical support, there are still issues regarding directionality of the relations among variables and a dearth of studies examining the joint influence of reactivity and regulation on the prospective development of shyness. Using a longitudinal design, we first examined whether the relations among reactivity, regulation, and shyness were unidirectional or bidirectional in a sample of 1284 children (49.8% female, 84.1% White; mean parental education fell between associate degree/diploma and undergraduate degree) assessed annually across three waves from late childhood and early adolescence (Mage = 10.72 years) to adolescence (Mage = 12.42 years) and then examined whether reactivity and regulation interacted to influence the development of shyness over time. At Wave 1, shyness was related to higher levels of reactivity and lower levels of regulation at Wave 2, but neither reactivity nor regulation at Wave 1 predicted shyness at Wave 2. At Wave 2, shyness predicted greater reactivity at Wave 3, but shyness at Wave 3 was only predicted by lower levels of regulation at Wave 2. Contrary to the reactivity-regulation model of shyness, we found that relatively high levels of reactivity and low levels of regulation predicted a steep decrease in shyness over 3 years. These results are discussed in the context of the socioemotional difficulties experienced by shy individuals and demonstrate the importance of empirically evaluating long-standing models of personality development. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Raha Hassan
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University
| | | | - Louis A Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University
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25
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Whalen DJ, Gilbert KE, Jackson JJ, Barch DM, Luby JL. Using a Thin Slice Coding Approach to Assess Preschool Personality Dimensions. J Pers Assess 2021; 103:214-223. [PMID: 32013574 PMCID: PMC7398835 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2020.1722140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A large literature assessing personality across the lifespan has used the Big Five as an organizing framework, with evidence that variation along different dimensions predicts aspects of psychopathology. Parent reports indicate that these dimensions emerge as early as preschool, but there is a need for objective, observational measures of personality in young children, as parent report can be confounded by the parents' own personality and psychopathology. The current study observationally coded personality dimensions in a clinically enriched sample of preschoolers. A heterogeneous group of preschoolers oversampled for depression (N = 299) completed 1-8 structured observational tasks with an experimenter. Big Five personality dimensions of extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience were coded using a "thin slice" technique with 7,820 unique ratings available for analysis. Thin slice ratings of personality dimensions were reliably observed in preschoolers ages 3-6 years. Within and across-task, consistency was also evident, with consistency estimates higher than found in adult samples. Divergent validity was limited, with coders distinguishing between three (extraversion/openness; agreeableness/conscientiousness; and neuroticism) rather than five dimensions. Personality dimensions can be observationally identified in preschool-age children and offer reliable estimates that stand across different observational tasks. Study findings highlight the importance of observational approaches to assessing early personality dimensions, as well as the utility of the thin slice approach for meaningful secondary data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana J. Whalen
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis
| | | | - Joshua J. Jackson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Deanna M. Barch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis
- The Program in Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Joan L. Luby
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis
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26
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Johnson BN, Vanwoerden S. Future directions in personality pathology development research from a trainee perspective: Suggestions for theory, methodology, and practice. Curr Opin Psychol 2021; 37:66-71. [PMID: 32891979 PMCID: PMC7895861 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Research on personality disorder (PD) development has received increased attention in the last two decades, spurring reconceptualization in theoretical models of etiology, use of advanced methods, and development of effective treatments. The current manuscript briefly reviews the state of the field and proposes avenues of new research on the development of personality pathology in theoretical, methodological, and clinical veins. We identify the need to adopt a unifying and comprehensive theory to describe PD development across the lifespan, novel statistical methods to complement traditional methods relied on thus far, and the adoption of developmentally sensitive interventions that are disseminated to professionals and trainees alike. These directions for future research aim to augment prevention efforts to reduce the burden of PDs earlier in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin N Johnson
- The Pennsylvania State University, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, United States
| | - Salome Vanwoerden
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Western Psychiatric Hospital, United States
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Goldstein BL, Perlman G, Eaton NR, Kotov R, Klein DN. Testing explanatory models of the interplay between depression, neuroticism, and stressful life events: a dynamic trait-stress generation approach. Psychol Med 2020; 50:2780-2789. [PMID: 31615596 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291719002927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Classic conceptual frameworks explaining the relationship of personality traits to depression include the precursor and predisposition models. The former hypothesizes that depression is predicted by traits alone whereas the latter hypothesizes that stress, together with personality, predicts depression. Dynamic vulnerability models (DVM) expand on these perspectives by incorporating fluctuations in personality over time. The stress generation model provides an alternative view, positing that depression generates stress, creating a self-perpetuating cycle. However, these conceptual models are rarely directly compared. METHOD We tested these models, focusing on neuroticism and stressful life events that the participant may have contributed to, using path analysis in a sample of 550 never-depressed, adolescent females assessed five times over 3 years. RESULTS A dynamic precursor model with stress generation was best supported. For the precursor component, neuroticism predicted subsequent depression across four assessment intervals. For the dynamic trait component, stressful life events predicted subsequent neuroticism at three of four intervals. Finally, in line with stress generation, depression consistently predicted subsequent stressful life events, and life events then predicted depression. CONCLUSIONS Finding support for the DVM is noteworthy, as this is the first comprehensive test of this model. Moreover, results supported integrating stress generation with trait vulnerability. Continued use of integrated approaches and refining the statistical implementation of these theories is necessary to advance understanding of the development of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon L Goldstein
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, CT, USA
| | - Greg Perlman
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook Medicine, NY, USA
| | | | - Roman Kotov
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Daniel N Klein
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, NY, USA
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28
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Park D, Tsukayama E, Yu A, Duckworth AL. The development of grit and growth mindset during adolescence. J Exp Child Psychol 2020; 198:104889. [PMID: 32629233 PMCID: PMC8747892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2020.104889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Individual differences in grit and growth mindset predict effort and achievement in the face of challenges, but little is known about how the two traits influence each other during adolescence. In the current investigation, we analyzed data on grit and growth mindset collected from 1667 adolescents and their teachers on four occasions over 2 academic years. In autoregressive cross-lagged models, grit predicted rank-order increases in growth mindset and growth mindset predicted rank-order increases in grit. These findings suggest that during adolescence, grit and growth mindset are distinct but mutually reinforcing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daeun Park
- Department of Child Welfare, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, South Korea.
| | - Eli Tsukayama
- Division of Business Administration, University of Hawaii-West O'ahu, Kapolei, HI 96707, USA
| | - Alisa Yu
- Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Angela L Duckworth
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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29
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Schwaba T, Rhemtulla M, Hopwood CJ, Bleidorn W. A facet atlas: Visualizing networks that describe the blends, cores, and peripheries of personality structure. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236893. [PMID: 32730328 PMCID: PMC7392538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We created a facet atlas that maps the interrelations between facet scales from 13 hierarchical personality inventories to provide a practically useful, transtheoretical description of lower-level personality traits. We generated this atlas by estimating a series of network models that visualize the correlations among 268 facet scales administered to the Eugene-Springfield Community Sample (Ns = 571-948). As expected, most facets contained a blend of content from multiple Big Five domains and were part of multiple Big Five networks. We identified core and peripheral facets for each Big Five domain. Results from this study resolve some inconsistencies in facet placement across instruments and highlight the complexity of personality structure relative to the constraints of traditional hierarchical models that impose simple structure. This facet atlas (also available as an online point-and-click app at tedschwaba.shinyapps.io/appdata/) provides a guide for researchers who wish to measure a domain with a limited set of facets as well as information about the core and periphery of each personality domain. To illustrate the value of a facet atlas in applied and theoretical settings, we examined the network structure of scales measuring impulsivity and tested structural hypotheses from the Big Five Aspect Scales inventory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted Schwaba
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Mijke Rhemtulla
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher J. Hopwood
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Wiebke Bleidorn
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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Hoff KA, Song QC, Einarsdóttir S, Briley DA, Rounds J. Developmental structure of personality and interests: A four-wave, 8-year longitudinal study. J Pers Soc Psychol 2020; 118:1044-1064. [PMID: 30614731 DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Daniel A Briley
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - James Rounds
- Department of Psychology and Department of Educational Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
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Speranza M, Atger F, Corcos M, Loas G, Guilbaud O, Stéphan P, Perez-Diaz F, Halfon O, Venisse JL, Bizouard P, Lang F, Flament M, Jeammet P. Depressive psychopathology and adverse childhood experiences in eating disorders. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 18:377-83. [PMID: 14680713 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2003.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractPurposeThe aim of this paper was to investigate the diagnostic specificity of the self-critical and dependent depressive experiences in a clinical sample of eating disorder patients and to explore the impact of adverse childhood experiences on these dimensions of personality.MethodA sample of 94 anorexic and 61 bulimic patients meeting DSM-IV criteria and 236 matched controls were assessed with the Depressive Experience Questionnaire (DEQ), the abridged version of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the AMDP Life Events Inventory. Subjects presenting a major depression or a comorbid addictive disorder were excluded from the sample using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI).ResultsAnorexic and bulimic patients showed higher scores than controls on both self-criticism and dependency sub-scales of the DEQ. Bulimic patients scored significantly higher than anorexic patients on self-criticism and reported more adverse childhood experiences. Finally, negative life events correlated only with self-criticism in the whole sample.DiscussionDifferences in the DEQ Self-Criticism between anorexics and bulimics could not be accounted for by depression since bulimic patients did not show higher BDI levels compared to anorexic patients and depressive symptoms measured with the BDI were not found to be significant predictors of diagnostic grouping in a logistic multiple regression.ConclusionThis study supports the diagnostic specificity of the dependent and self-critical depressive dimensions in eating disorders and strengthens previous research on the role of early experiences in the development of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Speranza
- Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, Service de Pédo-Psychiatrie, 177, rue de Versailles, 78157 Le Chesnay, France.
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van Doeselaar L, McLean KC, Meeus W, Denissen JJA, Klimstra TA. Adolescents' Identity Formation: Linking the Narrative and the Dual-Cycle Approach. J Youth Adolesc 2020; 49:818-835. [PMID: 31407186 PMCID: PMC7105420 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-019-01096-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The narrative and dual-cycle approach conceptualize and operationalize adolescents' identity formation in different ways. While the narrative approach focuses on the construction of an autobiographical life story, the dual-cycle approach focuses on the formation of identity commitments. Although these approaches have different emphases, they are conceptually complementary. Yet, their empirical links and distinctions have only scarcely been investigated. Empirical knowledge on these links in adolescence and across time has been especially lacking. In the present research, it was therefore examined whether key characteristics of adolescents' narration (autobiographical reasoning and agency) were concurrently and prospectively related to engagement in the dual-cycle processes of commitment making, identification with commitment, exploration in breadth, exploration in depth, and ruminative exploration. The findings from a cross-sectional sample of 1,580 Dutch adolescents (Mage = 14.7 years, 56% female) demonstrated that autobiographical reasoning was significantly positively associated with the commitment and more adaptive exploration processes (i.e., in breadth and in depth). In addition, agency was significantly positively associated with the commitment processes and exploration in depth. Yet, these associations between the narrative characteristics and dual-cycle processes were only weak. Subsequently, the findings from a two-year longitudinal subsample (n = 242, Mage = 14.7 years, 62% female) indicated that on average commitment strength remained stable but exploration increased across middle adolescence. A stronger increase in identification with commitment and adaptive exploration (i.e., in breadth and in depth) was predicted by a higher degree of agency in adolescents' narratives. Overall, these findings indicate that both approaches to identity formation are associated, but the small size of these associations suggests that they predominantly capture unique aspects of identity formation. Both approaches could thus complement and inform each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte van Doeselaar
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands.
| | - Kate C McLean
- Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA
| | - Wim Meeus
- Research Centre Adolescent Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap J A Denissen
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Theo A Klimstra
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
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Takayama K. [How to Improve QOL even with ADHD]. Brain Nerve 2020; 72:215-225. [PMID: 32152255 DOI: 10.11477/mf.1416201510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This article examines how the characteristics of ADHD (attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder) affect self-formation and what kind of supporter's involvement is desirable for the person's self-formation. For those with ADHD, prevention of over-adaptation and resilience after failure are important, and it is desirable for them to utilize the characteristics of ADHD in society while preventing secondary obstacles in their social life. In addition, this article introduces International Classification of Living Function model by World Health Organization, which states that "the state of health and the level of disability change depending on the environment," and the importance of family support based on this model.
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Abstract
Individuals experience loneliness when they perceive a deficiency in the quality or quantity of their social relationships. In the present meta-analysis, we compiled data from 75 longitudinal studies conducted in Asia, Australia, Europe, and North America (N = 83, 679) to examine the rank-order and mean-level development of loneliness across the life span. Data were analyzed using two- and three-level meta-analyses and generalized additive mixed models. The results indicate that the rank order of loneliness is as stable as the rank order of personality traits and follows an inverted U-shaped trajectory across the life span. Regarding mean-level development, loneliness was found to decrease throughout childhood and to remain essentially stable from adolescence to oldest old age. Thus, in contrast to other personality characteristics, changes in loneliness are not generally related to age. Implications for theory are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Mund
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Germany
| | | | | | - Nicole Horn
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Germany
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Baardstu S, Coplan RJ, Karevold EB, Laceulle OM, von Soest T. Longitudinal Pathways From Shyness in Early Childhood to Personality in Adolescence: Do Peers Matter? J Res Adolesc 2020; 30 Suppl 2:362-379. [PMID: 30768742 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Temperamental shyness in childhood is theorized to be an important contributor for adolescent personality. However, empirical evidence for such pathways is scarce. Using longitudinal data (N = 939 children, 51% boys) across 17 years, the aim of this study was to examine how shyness development throughout childhood predicted personality traits in adolescence, and the role of peers in these associations. Results from piecewise latent growth curve modeling showed early shyness levels to predict lower emotional stability and openness in adolescence, whereas early shyness levels and growth across childhood predicted lower extraversion. Peer problems in early adolescence accounted for these associations. This study is the first to demonstrate the role of childhood shyness and peer relations for adolescents' personality development.
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Vijayakumar N, Pfeifer JH. Self-disclosure during adolescence: exploring the means, targets, and types of personal exchanges. Curr Opin Psychol 2020; 31:135-140. [PMID: 31614251 PMCID: PMC7130455 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Sharing information about oneself, or self-disclosing, is a fundamental interpersonal process that facilitates the attainment of key developmental milestones during adolescence. Changes in self-disclosure behaviors may reflect or support the social reorientation that sees children become increasingly reliant on peers for social and emotional support. Neuroimaging research has highlighted protracted maturation of the structure and function of brain regions that support social cognitive and reward processes underlying self-disclosure during adolescence. This review explores behavioral and neural trends in self-disclosure during adolescence, including research that uses novel experimental paradigms to extend the field beyond self-report measures. Findings show that certain aspects of self-disclosure behavior have adapted to changing social environments, but they remain intrinsically valued across the adolescent period and are essential for relationship development, identity formation and overall self-worth and well-being.
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Syed M, Eriksson PL, Frisén A, Hwang CP, Lamb ME. Personality development from age 2 to 33: Stability and change in ego resiliency and ego control and associations with adult adaptation. Dev Psychol 2020; 56:815-832. [PMID: 31999183 DOI: 10.1037/dev0000895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the developmental course and implications of the personality metatraits ego resiliency and ego control across the first 3 decades of life. The sample consisted of 139 participants who were assessed 9 times between ages 2 and 33. Participants completed measures of ego resiliency, ego control, Big Five personality traits, identity development, and positive and negative well-being. The findings indicated strong stability of ego resiliency, in terms of both rank-order and mean-level change. Ego control also demonstrated stability over the full time span, but there was greater change in childhood relative to adolescence and adulthood. Ego resiliency and control were associated with adult well-being, but these associations were generally accounted for by the Big Five traits. Finally, there were small relations between ego resiliency and control in childhood and later adult identity development processes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Moin Syed
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities
| | | | - Ann Frisén
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg
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Kiuru N, Wang MT, Salmela-Aro K, Kannas L, Ahonen T, Hirvonen R. Associations between Adolescents' Interpersonal Relationships, School Well-being, and Academic Achievement during Educational Transitions. J Youth Adolesc 2019; 49:1057-1072. [PMID: 31893326 PMCID: PMC7182546 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-019-01184-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A youth’s ability to adapt during educational transitions has long-term, positive impacts on their academic achievement and mental health. Although supportive relationships with parents, peers, and teachers are protective factors associated with successful educational transitions, little is known about the reciprocal link between the quality of these interpersonal relationships and school well-being, with even less known about how these two constructs affect academic achievement. This longitudinal study examined how the quality of interpersonal relationships and school well-being worked together to affect academic achievement during the transition from primary school to lower secondary school. Data were collected from 848 Finnish adolescents (54% girls, mean age at the outset 12.3 years) over the course of sixth and seventh grade. The results support a transactional model illustrating the reciprocal associations between the quality of interpersonal relationships and school well-being during the transition to lower secondary school. As such, the presence of high quality interpersonal relationships promoted higher academic achievement through increased school well-being, whereas high school well-being promoted higher subsequent academic achievement through increased quality of interpersonal relationships. Overall, the results suggest that promoting learning outcomes and helping adolescents with challenges during educational transitions is a critical part of supporting school well-being and the formation of high-quality interpersonal relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noona Kiuru
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | | | | | - Lasse Kannas
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Timo Ahonen
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Riikka Hirvonen
- School of Applied Educational Science and Teacher Education, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
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Abstract
Infant temperament is theorized to lay the foundation for adult personality; however, many questions remain regarding personality in infancy, including the number of dimensions, extent to which they are adult-like, and their relation to other outcomes, such as mental and physical health. Here we tested whether adult-like personality dimensions are already present in infancy in a nonhuman primate species. We measured personality and subjective well-being in 7-month-old rhesus macaques (N = 55) using the Hominoid Personality Questionnaire and Subjective Well-Being Questionnaire, both of which were developed for adult primates based on human measures. Multiple human raters, who provided infants with daily care since birth, independently rated each infant. We found high interrater reliability. Results from a parallel analysis and scree plot indicated a five component structure, which, using principal components analysis, we found to be comprised of dimensions relating to Openness (e.g., curiosity, inquisitive, playfulness), Assertiveness (e.g., dominance, bullying, aggressive), Anxiety (e.g., vigilance, fearful), Friendliness (e.g., sociable, affectionate, sympathetic), and Intellect (e.g., organized, not erratic). These components are largely analogous to those in adult macaques, suggesting remarkably stable structural personality components across the lifespan. Infant macaques' subjective well-being positively correlates with Openness and Assertiveness and negatively correlated with Anxiety, similar to findings in adult macaques and other primates. Together, these findings suggest that, in macaques, infant personality dimensions may be conceptually related to adult personality and challenge the view that infant temperament may be disorganized and not as meaningful as adult personality. Further research is necessary to explore the antecedents, predictive validity, and stability of these personality components across situations and with development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Simpson
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, United States of America
| | - Lauren M. Robinson
- Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Language Research Center, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Annika Paukner
- Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, England, United Kingdom
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Award for Distinguished Scientific Early Career Contributions to Psychology: Wiebke Bleidorn. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 74:1053-5. [PMID: 31829684 DOI: 10.1037/amp0000539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The APA Awards for Distinguished Scientific Early Career Contributions to Psychology recognize psychologists who have demonstrated excellence early in their careers and have held a doctoral degree for no more than 9 years. One of the 2019 award winners is Wiebke Bleidorn "for innovative work on when and why personality changes in adulthood. Wiebke Bleidorn's research has helped uncover the mechanisms-both biological and sociocultural- that underlie personality stability and change. Through the creative use of sophisticated methods, she has helped resolve competing theoretical models of personality change. Using longitudinal, cross-cultural, and behavioral genetic designs, her research has disentangled the more universal effects of biological maturation from cultural influences and life experiences on personality development." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Anderson KN, Rueter MA, Connor JJ, Koerner AF. Parental Conformity Expectations' Effect on Twins' and Singletons' Parent-Adolescent Relationships: Associations With Change in Adjustment From Middle Childhood to Adolescence. J Res Adolesc 2019; 29:832-845. [PMID: 29917282 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Growing use of in vitro fertilization (IVF) has resulted in an elevated twin birth rate, and a burgeoning population of IVF twins who are now aging into adolescence and beyond. This study tests a model examining whether parental conformity expectations have differential effects on twins' versus singletons' parent-adolescent relationship satisfaction, and if this effect is indirectly associated with relative changes in twins' and singletons' internalizing and externalizing behavior from middle childhood to adolescence. Using a sample of 278 IVF twins and singletons, path models demonstrate that twin status and conformity expectations interact to influence parent-adolescent relationships. Although there was an association between twin status and mother-adolescent relationship satisfaction among parents with high conformity expectations (r = .25, p < .01), this relationship was nonsignificant among parents with low conformity expectations (r = .05, p = .85). The differential effect of conformity expectations on parent-adolescent relationship satisfaction for twins and singletons was indirectly associated with relative changes in twins' and singletons' externalizing behavior from middle childhood to adolescence. Results demonstrate that higher levels of parental conformity expectations may not have the same effect on adolescent twins and singletons.
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42
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Daspe MÈ, Arbel R, Ramos MC, Shapiro LAS, Margolin G. Deviant Peers and Adolescent Risky Behaviors: The Protective Effect of Nonverbal Display of Parental Warmth. J Res Adolesc 2019; 29:863-878. [PMID: 29932277 PMCID: PMC6309597 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study examines whether nonverbal displays of parents' warmth during an in-lab conflict discussion mitigate the links between affiliation with deviant peers and risky behaviors. A sample of 107 youth and their parents participated in a study spanning from mid-adolescence (T1) to late adolescence (T2). At T1, family members discussed a contentious issue, which was coded for parents' nonverbal warmth. At T1 and T2, youth reported on their friends' and their own risky behaviors. Fathers' warmth moderated each prospective association between deviant peers and risky behaviors. Mothers' warmth did not emerge as a significant moderator. Girls, in particular, benefitted from fathers' warmth as a buffer in the trajectory from T1 risky behaviors to T2 risky behaviors and deviant peers.
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43
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Moody CT, Rodas NV, Norona AN, Blacher J, Crnic KA, Baker BL. Early childhood predictors of global competence in adolescence for youth with typical development or intellectual disability. Res Dev Disabil 2019; 94:103462. [PMID: 31499378 PMCID: PMC6954823 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2019.103462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS We aimed to determine whether a second-order global competence latent factor could be identified as underlying relations between adolescent mental health, social skills, and academic functioning. A secondary aim was to test whether early childhood characteristics predict adolescent global competence. A final aim was to test differences in these models across youth with typical cognitive development (TD) or intellectual disability (ID). METHODS AND PROCEDURES Participants were 246 youth with TD (n = 148) or ID (n = 98), with assessments from early childhood (3, 4, 5 years) and adolescence (13, 15). These youths' parents and teachers provided measures. A Multiple Indicator, Multiple Causes (MIMIC) model was tested using structural equation modeling, in which parenting, maternal depression, and emotional dysregulation in early childhood were entered as predictors of adolescent global competence. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS A second-order global competence factor emerged, and was predicted by early childhood variables. The final MIMIC model demonstrated excellent fit. Negative parenting in early childhood predicted lower adolescent global competence for both TD and ID youth. Maternal depression predicted adolescent global competence only for youth with ID, while emotion dysregulation predicted only for youth with TD. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Results have implications for longitudinal mechanisms of influence and early intervention targets for specific populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine T Moody
- University of California, Los Angeles 405 Hilgard Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
| | - Naomi V Rodas
- University of California, Los Angeles 405 Hilgard Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Amanda N Norona
- University of California, Los Angeles 405 Hilgard Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Jan Blacher
- University of California, Riverside 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Keith A Crnic
- Arizona State University 1151 S Forest Ave, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States
| | - Bruce L Baker
- University of California, Los Angeles 405 Hilgard Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
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Beauchaine TP, Sauder CL, Derbidge CM, Uyeji LL. Self-injuring adolescent girls exhibit insular cortex volumetric abnormalities that are similar to those seen in adults with borderline personality disorder. Dev Psychopathol 2019; 31:1203-1212. [PMID: 30394252 PMCID: PMC6500772 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579418000822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Self-inflicted injury (SII) in adolescence is a serious public health concern that portends prospective vulnerability to internalizing and externalizing psychopathology, borderline personality development, suicide attempts, and suicide. To date, however, our understanding of neurobiological vulnerabilities to SII is limited. Behaviorally, affect dysregulation is common among those who self-injure. This suggests ineffective cortical modulation of emotion, as observed among adults with borderline personality disorder. In borderline samples, structural and functional abnormalities are observed in several frontal regions that subserve emotion regulation (e.g., anterior cingulate, insula, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex). However, no volumetric analyses of cortical brain regions have been conducted among self-injuring adolescents. We used voxel-based morphometry to compare cortical gray matter volumes between self-injuring adolescent girls, ages 13-19 years (n = 20), and controls (n = 20). Whole-brain analyses revealed reduced gray matter volumes among self-injurers in the insular cortex bilaterally, and in the right inferior frontal gyrus, an adjacent neural structure also implicated in emotion and self-regulation. Insular and inferior frontal gyrus gray matter volumes correlated inversely with self-reported emotion dysregulation, over-and-above effects of psychopathology. Findings are consistent with an emotion dysregulation construal of SII, and indicate structural abnormalities in some but not all cortical brain regions implicated in borderline personality disorder among adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Colin L Sauder
- Department of Psychiatry,University of Texas San Antonio,San Antonio, TX,USA
| | - Christina M Derbidge
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation,University of Utah,Salt Lake City, UT,USA
| | - Lauren L Uyeji
- Department of Psychology,Temple University,Philadelphia, PA,USA
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Mõttus R, Briley DA, Zheng A, Mann FD, Engelhardt LE, Tackett JL, Harden KP, Tucker-Drob EM. Kids becoming less alike: A behavioral genetic analysis of developmental increases in personality variance from childhood to adolescence. J Pers Soc Psychol 2019; 117:635-658. [PMID: 30920282 PMCID: PMC6687565 DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent work in personality development has indicated that the magnitude of individual differences in personality increases over child development. Do such patterns reflect the differentiation of individuals by genotype, an increasing influence of environmental factors, or some (interactive) combination of the two? Using a population-based sample of over 2,500 twins and multiples from the Texas Twin Project, we estimated age trends in the variances in self- and parent-reported measures of the Big Five personality traits between Ages 8 and 18 years. We then estimated age trends in the genetic and environmental components of variance in each measure. Individual differences in personality increased in magnitude from childhood through mid-adolescence. This pattern emerged using both children's self-reports and ratings provided by their parents, and was primarily attributable to increases in the magnitude of genetic influences. Most of the increasing genetic variance appeared nonadditive, pointing to the possibility that developmental processes tend to make genetically similar individuals disproportionately more alike in their personality traits over time. These findings could reflect increasing or accumulating effects of trait-by-trait interactions; person-by-environment transactions, whereby genetically similar people are disproportionally likely to experience similar environments; the activation of dominant genes across developmental transitions (e.g., puberty); or some combination of these three processes, among other factors. Theories of personality development will need to accommodate these descriptive findings, and longitudinal, genetically informed designs are needed to test some of the specific hypotheses springing from this study. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- René Mõttus
- University of Edinburgh and University of Tartu
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Reid S, Katan A, Ellithy A, Della Stua R, Denisov EV. The Perfect Storm: Mapping the Life Course Trajectories of Serial Killers. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol 2019; 63:1621-1662. [PMID: 30924386 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x19838683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Since the 1970s, scholars have produced a large body of research attempting to establish the mechanisms by which sexual serial killers come to arrive at a life of repeat fatal violence. From the standpoint of developmental psychology, however, the explanations offered are far too limited in scope. Human development is the product of complex reciprocal transactions that occur between an individual and their environment throughout their life span. This present study is meant to encourage a critical reconsideration of past knowledge (mainly static traits) in favor of the recognition of the complexity of human development. Using life span developmental psychology as a guiding framework, this study traces the developmental mechanisms that come together to shape the psychopathology that drives the motivations of sexual serial killers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha Reid
- 1 University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- 2 University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Egor V Denisov
- 4 National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
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47
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Prins DJ, van Vendeloo SN, Brand PLP, Van der Velpen I, de Jong K, van den Heijkant F, Van der Heijden FMMA, Prins JT. The relationship between burnout, personality traits, and medical specialty. A national study among Dutch residents. Med Teach 2019; 41:584-590. [PMID: 30394166 DOI: 10.1080/0142159x.2018.1514459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: To examine the associations between residents' personality traits, type of specialty, and symptoms of burnout. Method: A cross-sectional online survey among Dutch residents was conducted (see Supplementary Material ). The 20-item Dutch translation of the Maslach Burnout Inventory was used to ascertain burnout. Personality traits were assessed with the 44-item Dutch Big Five Inventory. Logistic regression analyses, including all five personality traits, were used to assess associations with burnout. Analyses were stratified by specialties. Results: One thousand two hundred thirty one residents participated, 185 (15.0%) of whom met the criteria for burnout. Neuroticism was significantly associated with resident burnout in all specialties, more strongly in supportive (odds ratio (OR) 6.19, 95% CI 2.12-18.12) and surgical (OR 4.37, 95% CI 1.76-10.86) than in medical residents (OR 1.99, 95% CI 1.22-3.24). Extraversion was significantly associated with less burnout in surgical residents (OR 0.26, 95% CI 0.13-0.58). These findings remained highly significant after controlling for gender, overtime, autonomy at work, satisfaction between work and private life, and the perceived quality of the learning environment. Conclusions: Burnout risk was associated with personality traits in residents. Consistently, residents scoring high on neuroticism reported more burnout. Extraverted surgical residents were less susceptible to burnout. Residents scoring high on neuroticism may require more intense monitoring during their training years.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Prins
- a Department of Pulmonology , Medical Center Leeuwarden , Leeuwarden , The Netherlands
| | - Stefan N van Vendeloo
- b Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology , Isala Hospital , Zwolle , The Netherlands
| | - Paul L P Brand
- c Postgraduate School of Medicine , University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Inge Van der Velpen
- d Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Martini Hospital , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Kim de Jong
- e Department of Epidemiology, MCL academy , Medical Center Leeuwarden , Leeuwarden , The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jelle T Prins
- h MCL Academy , Medical Center Leeuwarden , Leeuwarden , The Netherlands
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Charles M, Dodd Z, Stevens GJ. AGGRESSIVE ENACTMENTS: CONTAINING THE "NO" IN CLINICAL WORK WITH SURVIVORS OF ABUSE. Am J Psychoanal 2019; 79:69-93. [PMID: 30760816 DOI: 10.1057/s11231-019-09173-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Identity development depends on the ability to say 'no.' Setting limits enables a relationship between two separate individuals to develop. Early trauma can leave the individual so vigilant to others' demands that internal prohibitions against intrusion remain silenced, which we conceptualize as a 'no' that could not be sufficiently articulated to keep the person safe. For those who have not been able to assert this fundamental limit, the consulting room provides a potential anchoring point to formulate and work through unconscious meanings. Being able to articulate and register the legitimacy of one's own no becomes an important challenge, as tensions regarding power and powerlessness, trust and distrust, are acted out within the consulting room. Case material illustrates how psychoanalytic ideas regarding transference, countertransference, and enactment help the clinician tolerate the intrusion of past into present, inviting the type of mentalization that moves towards repair rather than merely reenacting the trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn Charles
- Austen Riggs Center, 25 Main Street, P.O. Box 962, Stockbridge, MA, 01262, USA.
| | - Zane Dodd
- Austen Riggs Center, 25 Main Street, P.O. Box 962, Stockbridge, MA, 01262, USA
| | - Gregory J Stevens
- Austen Riggs Center, 25 Main Street, P.O. Box 962, Stockbridge, MA, 01262, USA
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Abstract
Self-efficacy should be regarded as a cognitive precursor or as a component of anxiety and of depression. Data on depression, anxiety, and self-efficacy were available from a study of the relation of self-concept to depression. Scores on the Children's Depression Scale of Lang and Tisher, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory of Spielberger, Test-Anxiety Inventory of Spielberger, Self-efficacy Scales of Schwarzer, and the Three-Person Test of Backes, were analyzed by multivariate methods. Subjects were 200 high school students ages 15 to 17 yr. The factor solution obtained from the factor analysis provides information regarding state-anxiety, test-anxiety, worry, and self-efficacy. Further research is planned for a better understanding of the linkages among self-efficacy, self-concept, depression, and anxiety.
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Abstract
62 junior ballet dancers from the Finnish National Opera (44 girls, 18 boys, ages 9 to 17 yr.) completed the Battle Self-esteem Inventory Form B or AD, the Tennessee Self-concept Scale, 2 factors from Coopersmith's Self-esteem Inventory, 10 items from Rosenberg's scale, the modified Mehrabian and Epstein Empathy Scale, a questionnaire on hobbies, the Rorschach and the Figural B Form of Torrance's creativity test. Analysis showed dancers trained 4–5 nights/week, tended to have creative hobbies, were more empathetic and sensitive (especially girls) than controls. Dancers had higher self-esteem than the normative sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kalliopuska
- University of Helsinki, Department of Applied Psychology, Finland
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