1
|
Kim DH, Kwon EJ, Park KG, Jin J, Byun JK. Acesulfame potassium upregulates PD-L1 in HCC cells by attenuating autophagic degradation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 711:149921. [PMID: 38603831 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Artificial sweeteners, which contain no or few calories, have been widely used in various foods and beverages, and are regarded as safe alternatives to sugar by the Food and Drug Administration. While several studies suggest that artificial sweeteners are not related to cancer development, some research has reported their potential association with the risk of cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, we investigated whether acesulfame potassium (Ace K), a commonly used artificial sweetener, induces immune evasion of HCC cells by upregulating programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1). Ace K elevated the protein levels of PD-L1 in HCC cells without increasing its mRNA levels. The upregulation of PD-L1 protein levels in HCC cells by Ace K was induced by attenuated autophagic degradation of PD-L1, which was mediated by the Ace K-stimulated ERK1/2-mTORC1 signaling pathway. Ace K-induced upregulation of PD-L1 attenuated T cell-mediated death of HCC cells, thereby promoting immune evasion of HCC cells. In summary, the present study suggests that Ace K promotes HCC progression by upregulating the PD-L1 protein level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ho Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Eun-Jun Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Keun-Gyu Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, 41944, South Korea; Research Institute of Aging and Metabolism, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Jonghwa Jin
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, 41944, South Korea.
| | - Jun-Kyu Byun
- BK21 FOUR Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rico JL, Aya-Ramos L, Dueñas Z. Effects of early-life stress followed by access to stevia or sucralose during adolescence on weight gain, glycemia, and anxiety-related behaviors in male and female rats. Physiol Behav 2024; 280:114529. [PMID: 38555006 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Early-life stress and subsequent high-calorie diets during adolescence are known to be risk factors for developing metabolic and psychological disorders. Although non-nutritive sweeteners such as stevia and sucralose have been a useful alternative to reduce sugar consumption, the effects of prolonged consumption of these sweeteners on metabolism and behavior in adolescents remain unclear. Here, we evaluated the effects of early-stress followed by access to stevia or sucralose during adolescence on weight gain, glycemia, and anxiety-related behaviors in male and female rats. During postnatal days (PNDs) 1-21, pups were separated twice a day, for 180 min each time, from their dam nest while non-separated pups served as controls. The pups were weaned, separated by sex and randomly distributed into the stevia, sucralose and water conditions. During PNDs 26-50, two bottles containing water and stevia or sucralose were placed in the animal home-cages, and body weight and blood glucose measures were scored. On PNDs 50 and 51, behavioral measures were obtained in the open-field test. Results showed that male rats consuming stevia reduced body weight gain, blood glucose and increased locomotion. Early-stress led to low blood glucose and alterations in anxiety and locomotion-related behaviors in a sex-dependent manner. Moreover, sucralose access during adolescence reversed the effects of early-stress on anxiety-related behaviors in female rats. The results suggest that the consumption of stevia and sucralose could be an alternative for the replacement of sugar-sweetened beverages, especially in adolescents who have had adverse early-life experiences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Leonardo Rico
- Facultad de Psicología, Fundación Universitaria Konrad Lorenz, Bogotá, 111321, Colombia
| | - Laura Aya-Ramos
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, 111321, Colombia
| | - Zulma Dueñas
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, 111321, Colombia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kochem MC, Hanselman EC, Breslin PAS. Activation and inhibition of the sweet taste receptor TAS1R2-TAS1R3 differentially affect glucose tolerance in humans. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298239. [PMID: 38691547 PMCID: PMC11062524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The sweet taste receptor, TAS1R2-TAS1R3, is expressed in taste bud cells, where it conveys sweetness, and also in intestinal enteroendocrine cells, where it may facilitate glucose absorption and assimilation. In the present study, our objective was to determine whether TAS1R2-TAS1R3 influences glucose metabolism bidirectionally via hyperactivation with 5 mM sucralose (n = 12) and inhibition with 2 mM sodium lactisole (n = 10) in mixture with 75 g glucose loads during oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) in healthy humans. Plasma glucose, insulin, and glucagon were measured before, during, and after OGTTs up to 120 minutes post-prandially. We also assessed individual participants' sweet taste responses to sucralose and their sensitivities to lactisole sweetness inhibition. The addition of sucralose to glucose elevated plasma insulin responses to the OGTT (F(1, 11) = 4.55, p = 0.056). Sucralose sweetness ratings were correlated with early increases in plasma glucose (R2 = 0.41, p<0.05), as well as increases in plasma insulin (R2 = 0.38, p<0.05) when sucralose was added to the OGTT (15 minute AUC). Sensitivity to lactisole sweetness inhibition was correlated with decreased plasma glucose (R2 = 0.84, p<0.01) when lactisole was added to the OGTT over the whole test (120 minute AUC). In summary, stimulation and inhibition of the TAS1R2-TAS1R3 receptor demonstrates that TAS1R2-TAS1R3 helps regulate glucose metabolism in humans and may have translational implications for metabolic disease risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. Kochem
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States of America
| | - Emily C. Hanselman
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States of America
| | - Paul A. S. Breslin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States of America
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bellanco A, Celcar Š, Martínez-Cuesta MC, Requena T. The food additive xylitol enhances the butyrate formation by the child gut microbiota developed in a dynamic colonic simulator. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 187:114605. [PMID: 38537869 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
The gut microbiota should be included in the scientific processes of risk assessment of food additives. Xylitol is a sweetener that shows low digestibility and intestinal absorption, implying that a high proportion of consumed xylitol could reach the colonic microbiota. The present study has evaluated the dose-dependent effects of xylitol intake on the composition and the metabolic activity of the child gut-microbiota. The study was conducted in a dynamic simulator of the colonic microbiota (BFBL Gut Simulator) inoculated with a child pooled faecal sample and supplemented three times per day, for 7 days, with increasing xylitol concentrations (1 g/L, 3 g/L and 5 g/L). Sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons and group-specific quantitative PCR indicated a xylitol dose-response effect on the abundance of Lachnospiraceae, particularly the genera Blautia, Anaerostipes and Roseburia. The microbial changes observed with xylitol corresponded with a dose-dependant effect on the butyrate concentration that, in parallel, favoured an increase in epithelial integrity of Caco-2 cells. The study represents a detailed observation of the bacterial taxa that are the main contributors to the metabolism of xylitol by the child gut microbiota and the results could be relevant in the risk assessment re-evaluation of xylitol as a sweetener.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Bellanco
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Špela Celcar
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Carmen Martínez-Cuesta
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Requena
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang C, Li S, Li L, Wang R, Luo S, Li G. Stevioside Ameliorates Palmitic Acid-Induced Abnormal Glucose Uptake via the PDK4/AMPK/TBC1D1 Pathway in C2C12 Myotubes. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 2024; 7:e00482. [PMID: 38556697 PMCID: PMC10982459 DOI: 10.1002/edm2.482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stevioside (SV) with minimal calories is widely used as a natural sweetener in beverages due to its high sweetness and safety. However, the effects of SV on glucose uptake and the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isoenzyme (PDK4) as an important protein in the regulation of glucose metabolism, remain largely unexplored. In this study, we used C2C12 skeletal muscle cells that was induced by palmitic acid (PA) to assess the effects and mechanisms of SV on glucose uptake and PDK4. METHODS The glucose uptake of C2C12 cells was determined by 2-NBDG; expression of the Pdk4 gene was measured by quantitative real-time PCR; and expression of the proteins PDK4, p-AMPK, TBC1D1 and GLUT4 was assessed by Western blotting. RESULTS In PA-induced C2C12 myotubes, SV could significantly promote cellular glucose uptake by decreasing PDK4 levels and increasing p-AMPK and TBC1D1 levels. SV could promote the translocation of GLUT4 from the cytoplasm to the cell membrane in cells. Moreover, in Pdk4-overexpressing C2C12 myotubes, SV decreased the level of PDK4 and increased the levels of p-AMPK and TBC1D1. CONCLUSION SV was found to ameliorate PA-induced abnormal glucose uptake via the PDK4/AMPK/TBC1D1 pathway in C2C12 myotubes. Although these results warranted further investigation for validation, they may provide some evidence of SV as a safe natural sweetener for its use in sugar-free beverages to prevent and control T2DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changfa Zhang
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Methodology (CCEM)Guangdong Second Provincial General HospitalGuangzhouChina
| | - Shuai Li
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Methodology (CCEM)Guangdong Second Provincial General HospitalGuangzhouChina
| | - Likang Li
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Methodology (CCEM)Guangdong Second Provincial General HospitalGuangzhouChina
| | - Ruoting Wang
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Methodology (CCEM)Guangdong Second Provincial General HospitalGuangzhouChina
| | - Shiming Luo
- Fertility Preservation Lab, Guangdong‐Hong Kong Metabolism and Reproduction Joint Laboratory, Reproductive Medicine CenterGuangdong Second Provincial General HospitalGuangzhouChina
| | - Guowei Li
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Methodology (CCEM)Guangdong Second Provincial General HospitalGuangzhouChina
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (HEI)McMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bai X, Qu H, Zhang J, Li L, Zhang C, Li S, Li G. Effect of steviol glycosides as natural sweeteners on glucose metabolism in adult participants. Food Funct 2024; 15:3908-3919. [PMID: 38512280 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo04695h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Steviol glycosides (SGs) are recognized as safe natural sweeteners; however, evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) showed an inconclusive effect of SGs on glucose metabolism in adult participants. We aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs to assess the effect of SGs on glucose metabolism. We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science and EMBASE to include eligible RCTs. Our primary outcomes were differences between SGs and the control group with respect to changes in blood glucose from the baseline to the end of intervention (including fasting blood glucose [FBG], and HbA1c measurements). A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted for data synthesis to calculate the pooled mean difference (MD). There were twelve RCTs included for analyses with a total of 871 participants (48% females). A significant effect of SGs on FBG (MD = -4.10 mg dl-1, 95% CI -6.55 to -1.65) was found, while no significant difference in HbA1c (MD = 0.01%, 95% CI -0.12% to 0.13%) was observed between SGs and controls. The whole quality of evidence was rated as low. Subgroup analyses demonstrated favorable effects of SGs on FBG in participants aged ≤50 years, those without diabetes mellitus (DM) or hypertension at the baseline, and overweight and obese adults. Sensitivity analyses yielded results largely similar to the main findings. To conclude, SGs are found to produce significant improvement in glucose metabolism in adult participants when compared with the control. More evidence is required to further clarify and support the benefit of SGs as a sugar substitute for glucose metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuerui Bai
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongying Qu
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Methodology (CCEM), Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Methodology (CCEM), Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Likang Li
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Methodology (CCEM), Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changfa Zhang
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Methodology (CCEM), Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Li
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Methodology (CCEM), Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guowei Li
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Methodology (CCEM), Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
- Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Centre, St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (HEI), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gibbons C, Beaulieu K, Almiron-Roig E, Navas-Carretero S, Martínez JA, O'Hara B, O'Connor D, Nazare JA, Le Bail A, Rannou C, Hardman C, Wilton M, Kjølbæk L, Scott C, Moshoyiannis H, Raben A, Harrold JA, Halford JCG, Finlayson G. Acute and two-week effects of neotame, stevia rebaudioside M and sucrose-sweetened biscuits on postprandial appetite and endocrine response in adults with overweight/obesity-a randomised crossover trial from the SWEET consortium. EBioMedicine 2024; 102:105005. [PMID: 38553262 PMCID: PMC11026940 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sweeteners and sweetness enhancers (S&SE) are used to replace energy yielding sugars and maintain sweet taste in a wide range of products, but controversy exists about their effects on appetite and endocrine responses in reduced or no added sugar solid foods. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the acute (1 day) and repeated (two-week daily) ingestive effects of 2 S&SE vs. sucrose formulations of biscuit with fruit filling on appetite and endocrine responses in adults with overweight and obesity. METHODS In a randomised crossover trial, 53 healthy adults (33 female, 20 male) with overweight/obesity in England and France consumed biscuits with fruit filling containing 1) sucrose, or reformulated with either 2) Stevia Rebaudioside M (StRebM) or 3) Neotame daily during three, two-week intervention periods with a two-week washout. The primary outcome was composite appetite score defined as [desire to eat + hunger + (100 - fullness) + prospective consumption]/4. FINDINGS Each formulation elicited a similar reduction in appetite sensations (3-h postprandial net iAUC). Postprandial insulin (2-h iAUC) was lower after Neotame (95% CI (0.093, 0.166); p < 0.001; d = -0.71) and StRebM (95% CI (0.133, 0.205); p < 0.001; d = -1.01) compared to sucrose, and glucose was lower after StRebM (95% CI (0.023, 0.171); p < 0.05; d = -0.39) but not after Neotame (95% CI (-0.007, 0.145); p = 0.074; d = -0.25) compared to sucrose. There were no differences between S&SE or sucrose formulations on ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide 1 or pancreatic polypeptide iAUCs. No clinically meaningful differences between acute vs. two-weeks of daily consumption were found. INTERPRETATION In conclusion, biscuits reformulated to replace sugar using StRebM or Neotame showed no differences in appetite or endocrine responses, acutely or after a two-week exposure, but can reduce postprandial insulin and glucose response in adults with overweight or obesity. FUNDING The present study was funded by the Horizon 2020 program: Sweeteners and sweetness enhancers: Impact on health, obesity, safety and sustainability (acronym: SWEET, grant no: 774293).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Gibbons
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Leeds, UK.
| | - Kristine Beaulieu
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Eva Almiron-Roig
- University of Navarra, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Dept. of Food Science and Physiology, Center for Nutrition Research, Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNa), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Santiago Navas-Carretero
- University of Navarra, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Dept. of Food Science and Physiology, Center for Nutrition Research, Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNa), Pamplona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Alfredo Martínez
- University of Navarra, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Dept. of Food Science and Physiology, Center for Nutrition Research, Pamplona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beverley O'Hara
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Dominic O'Connor
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Julie-Anne Nazare
- Human Nutrition Research Center Rhône-Alpes, Lyon 1 Claude Bernard University, France
| | | | | | - Charlotte Hardman
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Moon Wilton
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Louise Kjølbæk
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Corey Scott
- Core Research and Development, Cargill, Inc, USA
| | | | - Anne Raben
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Clinical Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Joanne A Harrold
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Jason C G Halford
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Graham Finlayson
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Leeds, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mendoza-Pérez S, Orta-Méndez-Y-Sánchez I, García-Gómez RS, Ordaz-Nava G, Gracia-Mora MI, Macías-Rosales L, Rico-Morales HA, Salas-Garrido G, Durán-Domínguez-de-Bazúa MDC. Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, an American plant used as sweetener: Study of its effects on body mass control and glycemia reduction in Wistar male and female rats. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298251. [PMID: 38412182 PMCID: PMC10898749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni water extracts have been used as a natural sweetener and customary medicine by the indigenous inhabitants of South America for several hundred years. This plant was sent to Europe in the 16th century and was described by Peter Jacob Esteve in Spain. Recently the food industry has started to employ S. rebaudiana as sweetener using its glycosides after purification. Advertisement claims that Stevia glycosides is good for controling body mass and reducing glycemia. This study's objective was to evaluate the effect of S. rebaudiana leaf extract on Wistar rats as animal model to prove its effectiveness on body mass control, glycemia reduction, and other biochemical parameters. Three groups were randomly formed with 24 males and 24 females: A blank group without any sweetener, a control group drinking water with 10% glucose, and the test group ingesting a 0.94% water extract of S. rebaudiana. Body mass measurements as well as food and drink consumption were daily performed. The experiment lasted 120 days after the specimens were weaned and got used to eating solid food. Euthanasia was done and blood serum was collected to evaluate the following biochemical parameters: Glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, insulin, glucagon, leptin, ghrelin, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, GIP. Results indicated that only female rats had statistical differences in body mass gain. No relevant effects either positive or negative were found in the biochemical parameters measured. The crude extracts of S. rebaudiana did not show any relevant changes in biochemical and hormonal profiles, changes nor body mass with respect to the blank and control groups of young and healthy rats in the age range of infancy to youth. According to the results obtained, the therapeutic properties that have been associated to S. rebaudiana consumption especially for body mass control and glycemia reduction, did not occur in young and healthy male and female rats in equivalent age to infants, young children, and youths.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Mendoza-Pérez
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, UNAM, Laboratories of Enviromental Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Itzel Orta-Méndez-Y-Sánchez
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, UNAM, Laboratories of Enviromental Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rolando Salvador García-Gómez
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, UNAM, Laboratories of Enviromental Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Ordaz-Nava
- Department of Nutrition Physiology, Molecular Nutrition Area, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition "Salvador Zubirán", INCMNSZ, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Isabel Gracia-Mora
- Faculty of Chemistry, UNAM, Animal Experimentation Unit, UNEXA, Complex E, Circuito de la Investigación Científica s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lucía Macías-Rosales
- Faculty of Chemistry, UNAM, Animal Experimentation Unit, UNEXA, Complex E, Circuito de la Investigación Científica s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Héctor A Rico-Morales
- Faculty of Chemistry, UNAM, Animal Experimentation Unit, UNEXA, Complex E, Circuito de la Investigación Científica s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Salas-Garrido
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine & Zootechny, Department of Pathology, UNAM, Circuito de la Investigación Científica s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lee SH, Choe DH, Rust MK, Lee CY. Oral toxicity of an artificial sweetener sucralose on the German cockroach (Blattodea: Ectobiidae) and its impact on water balance and gut microbiome. J Econ Entomol 2024; 117:268-279. [PMID: 37982445 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toad206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Artificial or non-nutritive sweeteners are indigestible by most animals. Some sweeteners are orally toxic to insects and have received recent interest as potential safe insecticides due to their low mammalian toxicity. In this study, we investigated the oral toxicity of sucralose on insecticide-susceptible and resistant German cockroaches, Blattella germanica (L.). In a nonchoice test, we evaluated 5, 10, and 20% sucralose solutions. Depending on the cockroach strains, mean mortality ranged from 62.5 to 92.5%, 15 to 55%, and 2.5 to 27.5% for 20, 10, and 5% sucralose, respectively. Next, we measured the impact of a 20% sucralose treatment on water loss rates in the cockroach strains. All strains lost 23.0-30.29% of body water by 6 d. Dehydrated cockroaches were more prone to be killed by sucralose than nondehydrated ones. Lastly, we evaluated the effect of 20% sucralose treatment on gut bacterial composition and found the diversity of gut bacteria in treated cockroaches was significantly reduced after 3 days, implicating a rapid change in the alimentary environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Hung Lee
- Department of Entomology, University of California, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Dong-Hwan Choe
- Department of Entomology, University of California, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Michael K Rust
- Department of Entomology, University of California, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Chow-Yang Lee
- Department of Entomology, University of California, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Power ME, Fernandez NR, Oni OP, Kalia A, Rourke JL. The non-nutritive sweetener sucralose increases β-arrestin signaling at the constitutively active orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR52. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2024; 102:116-127. [PMID: 37748201 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2023-0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Non-nutritive sweeteners are popular food additives owing to their low caloric density and powerful sweetness relative to natural sugars. Their lack of metabolism contributes to evidence proclaiming their safety, yet several studies contradict this, demonstrating that sweeteners activate sweet taste G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and elicit deleterious metabolic functions through unknown mechanisms. We hypothesize that activation of GPCRs, particularly orphan receptors due to their abundance in metabolically active tissues, contributes to the biological activity of sweeteners. We quantified the response of 64 orphans to the sweeteners saccharin and sucralose using a high-throughput β-arrestin-2 recruitment assay (PRESTO-Tango). GPR52 was the sole receptor that significantly responded to a mixture of sucralose and saccharin. Subsequent experiments revealed sucralose as the activating sweetener. Activation of GPR52 was concentration-dependent, with an EC50 of 0.23 mmol/L and an Emax of 3.43 ± 0.24 fold change at 4 mmol/L. GPR52 constitutively activates CRE pathways; however, we show that sucralose-induced activation of GPR52 does not further activate this pathway. Identification of this novel sucralose-GPCR interaction supports the notion that sucralose elicits off-target signaling through the activation of GPR52, calling into question sucralose's assumed lack of bioactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madeline E Power
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
| | - Nicholas R Fernandez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
| | - Olaiya Peter Oni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
| | - Aditaya Kalia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
| | - Jillian L Rourke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Singh G, McBain AJ, McLaughlin JT, Stamataki NS. Consumption of the Non-Nutritive Sweetener Stevia for 12 Weeks Does Not Alter the Composition of the Human Gut Microbiota. Nutrients 2024; 16:296. [PMID: 38257188 PMCID: PMC10821022 DOI: 10.3390/nu16020296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNSs) as an alternative to caloric sugars has increased in recent years. Stevia is an NNS that has demonstrated beneficial effects on appetite and energy intake. However, the impact on the gut microbiota is not well understood. Therefore, we investigated how regular consumption of stevia, for up to 12 weeks, impacts the human gut microbiota. Healthy subjects with a normal body mass index participated in our study; the stevia group (n = 14) was asked to consume five drops of stevia twice daily, compared to control participants (n = 13). Faecal samples collected before and after treatment were analysed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Stevia did not cause significant changes in the alpha or beta diversity when compared to the control groups. When the relative abundances of taxa were investigated, no clear differences were detected. Conversely, a random forest analysis correctly associated the gut microbiome with the control and stevia groups with an average of 75% accuracy, suggesting that there are intrinsic patterns that could discriminate between control and stevia use. However, large-scale changes in the gut microbiota were not apparent in this study, and, therefore, our data suggest that stevia does not significantly impact the gut microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gurdeep Singh
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; (G.S.); (A.J.M.)
| | - Andrew J. McBain
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; (G.S.); (A.J.M.)
| | - John T. McLaughlin
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Nikoleta S. Stamataki
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Patel S, Navale A. The Natural Sweetener Stevia: An Updated Review on its Phytochemistry, Health Benefits, and Anti-diabetic Study. Curr Diabetes Rev 2024; 20:e010523216398. [PMID: 37138480 DOI: 10.2174/1573399819666230501210803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is one of the significant high qualities of non-caloric sugar substitute sweetener plants against diabetes disease. Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common metabolic diseases caused by insulin secretion defects, insulin resistance in peripheral tissues, or both. Stevia rebaudiana is a perennial shrub of the Compositae family that is grown in several places around the world. It contains a plethora of different bioactive constituents which are responsible for several activities and sweetness. This sweetness is due to the presence of steviol glycosides which is 100-300 times sweeter than sucrose. Furthermore, stevia reduces oxidative stress, lowering the risk of diabetes. Its leaves have been used to control and treat diabetes and a variety of other metabolic diseases. This review summarizes the history, bioactive constituents of S. rebaudiana extract, pharmacology, anti-diabetic activity, and its application, especially in food supplements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shraddha Patel
- Parul Institute of Pharmacy, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Archana Navale
- Parul Institute of Pharmacy, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sylvetsky AC, Clement RA, Stearrett N, Issa NT, Dore FJ, Mazumder R, King CH, Hubal MJ, Walter PJ, Cai H, Sen S, Rother KI, Crandall KA. Consumption of sucralose- and acesulfame-potassium-containing diet soda alters the relative abundance of microbial taxa at the species level: findings of two pilot studies. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2024; 49:125-134. [PMID: 37902107 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2022-0471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Sucralose and acesulfame-potassium consumption alters gut microbiota in rodents, with unclear effects in humans. We examined effects of three-times daily sucralose- and acesulfame-potassium-containing diet soda consumption for 1 (n = 17) or 8 (n = 8) weeks on gut microbiota composition in young adults. After 8 weeks of diet soda consumption, the relative abundance of Proteobacteria, specifically Enterobacteriaceae, increased; and, increased abundance of two Proteobacteria taxa was also observed after 1 week of diet soda consumption compared with sparkling water. In addition, three taxa in the Bacteroides genus increased following 1 week of diet soda consumption compared with sparkling water. The clinical relevance of these findings and effects of sucralose and acesulfame-potassium consumption on human gut microbiota warrant further investigation in larger studies. Clinical trial registration: NCT02877186 and NCT03125356.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison C Sylvetsky
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Ave NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Rebecca A Clement
- Computational Biology Institute, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, 800 22nd Street NW, Science & Engineering Hall, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Nathaniel Stearrett
- Computational Biology Institute, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, 800 22nd Street NW, Science & Engineering Hall, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Najy T Issa
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Ave NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Fiona J Dore
- Department of Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine, 2300 Eye Street NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Raja Mazumder
- Department of Biochemistry, George Washington University School of Medicine, 2300 Eye Street NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Charles Hadley King
- Department of Biochemistry, George Washington University School of Medicine, 2300 Eye Street NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Monica J Hubal
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Ave NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Peter J Walter
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Room 8C432A, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hongyi Cai
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Room 8C432A, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sabyasachi Sen
- Department of Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine, 2300 Eye Street NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Kristina I Rother
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Room 8C432A, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Keith A Crandall
- Computational Biology Institute, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, 800 22nd Street NW, Science & Engineering Hall, Washington, DC 20052, USA
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, 800 22nd Street NW, Science & Engineering Hall, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ascencio Gutierrez V, Martin LE, Simental-Ramos A, James KF, Medler KF, Schier LA, Torregrossa AM. TRPM4 and PLCβ3 contribute to normal behavioral responses to an array of sweeteners and carbohydrates but PLCβ3 is not needed for taste-driven licking for glucose. Chem Senses 2024; 49:bjae001. [PMID: 38183495 PMCID: PMC10825839 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjae001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The peripheral taste system is more complex than previously thought. The novel taste-signaling proteins TRPM4 and PLCβ3 appear to function in normal taste responding as part of Type II taste cell signaling or as part of a broadly responsive (BR) taste cell that can respond to some or all classes of tastants. This work begins to disentangle the roles of intracellular components found in Type II taste cells (TRPM5, TRPM4, and IP3R3) or the BR taste cells (PLCβ3 and TRPM4) in driving behavioral responses to various saccharides and other sweeteners in brief-access taste tests. We found that TRPM4, TRPM5, TRPM4/5, and IP3R3 knockout (KO) mice show blunted or abolished responding to all stimuli compared with wild-type. IP3R3 KO mice did, however, lick more for glucose than fructose following extensive experience with the 2 sugars. PLCβ3 KO mice were largely unresponsive to all stimuli except they showed normal concentration-dependent responding to glucose. The results show that key intracellular signaling proteins associated with Type II and BR taste cells are mutually required for taste-driven responses to a wide range of sweet and carbohydrate stimuli, except glucose. This confirms and extends a previous finding demonstrating that Type II and BR cells are both necessary for taste-driven licking to sucrose. Glucose appears to engage unique intracellular taste-signaling mechanisms, which remain to be fully elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura E Martin
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States
| | - Aracely Simental-Ramos
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
| | - Kimberly F James
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, United States
| | - Kathryn F Medler
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Lindsey A Schier
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
| | - Ann-Marie Torregrossa
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, United States
- University at Buffalo Center for Ingestive Behavior Research, Buffalo, NY 14260, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gauthier E, Milagro FI, Navas-Carretero S. Effect of low-and non-calorie sweeteners on the gut microbiota: A review of clinical trials and cross-sectional studies. Nutrition 2024; 117:112237. [PMID: 37897982 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2023.112237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Use of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNSs) has increased worldwide in recent decades. However, evidence from preclinical studies shows that sweetener consumption may induce glucose intolerance through changes in the gut microbiota, which raises public health concerns. As studies conducted on humans are lacking, the aim of this review was to gather and summarize the current evidence on the effects of NNSs on human gut microbiota. Only clinical trials and cross-sectional studies were included in the review. Regarding NNSs (i.e, saccharin, sucralose, aspartame, and stevia), only two of five clinical trials showed significant changes in gut microbiota composition after the intervention protocol. These studies concluded that saccharin and sucralose impair glycemic tolerance. In three of the four cross-sectional studies an association between NNSs and the microbial composition was observed. All three clinical trials on polyols (i.e, xylitol) showed prebiotic effects on gut microbiota, but these studies had multiple limitations (publication date, dosage, duration) that jeopardize their validity. The microbial response to NNSs consumption could be strongly mediated by the gut microbial composition at baseline. Further studies in which the potential personalized microbial response to NNSs consumption is acknowledged, and that include longer intervention protocols, larger cohorts, and more realistic sweetener dosage are needed to broaden these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellie Gauthier
- School of Nutrition, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; Centre Nutrition, santé et société (NUTRISS)-Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Fermin I Milagro
- Center for Nutrition Research; Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Physiology; School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain; CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Navas-Carretero
- Center for Nutrition Research; Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Physiology; School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain; CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mohammed FF, Abdelrazik EG, Anwar A, Abdelgayed SS. Hepatic P53 upregulation and the genotoxic potential of acesulfame-K treatment in rats with a special emphasis on in vitro lymphocyte and macrophage activity testing. Hum Exp Toxicol 2024; 43:9603271241236900. [PMID: 38418425 DOI: 10.1177/09603271241236900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Acesulfame-k (Ace-k) is a widely used artificial sweetener in various products, and long-term cumulative and multisource exposure is possible despite inadequate toxicological data confirming its safety. Ninety male rats were divided into two main groups according to their body weight into immature and mature rats. Each group was subdivided into 3 subgroups: control untreated, 30 and 90 mg/kg b. w of Ace-k via gastric intubation. The treatment was performed daily 5 days per week for 12 weeks. At the end of the experimental period, blood samples were collected for in vitro testing of lymphocyte proliferation rate, comet assay, and macrophage activity about nitric oxide (NO) production. In addition, the collection of liver specimens was performed for P53 gene expression and histopathological evaluation. The results revealed that Ace-k induced modulation in lymphocyte proliferation rate and affected the production of NO by macrophages while increasing in tail moment in a dose-dependent manner that varied among different age groups. The upregulation of P53 in the liver was correlated with increased polyploidization and necro apoptotic reaction and various histopathological hepatic alterations. The present data revealed that chronic treatment of rats with Ace-k affects lymphocyte proliferation and macrophage activity in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the genotoxic and hepatotoxic potential of Ace-k were confirmed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faten F Mohammed
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Abeer Anwar
- Immunology Unit, Animal Reproduction Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sherein S Abdelgayed
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
González A, Boakes R, Hall G, de Brugada I. Does drinking saccharin weaken an association of sweet with calories? Pre-exposure effects in flavor preference learning. Physiol Behav 2023; 272:114381. [PMID: 37866642 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The main aim of this experiment was to examine the claim that exposure to non-nutritive sweeteners weakens the formation of a sweet-calorie association. Three groups of food-deprived rats received training in which they drank an almond-flavored maltodextrin and saccharin solution. A final test phase assessed their preference for almond. The groups differed in preexposure prior to training. One was pre-exposed to saccharin, one to saccharin plus maltodextrin, and the third, control condition, received only water at this stage. When the rats continued under food deprivation for the test phase, the group exposed to the compound (saccharin plus maltodextrin) showed a weaker preference than the other two groups, while those pre-exposed to saccharin showed as strong a preference as the controls. When the test was conducted with the rats no longer food-deprived, only the water group showed a strong preference. These results support the proposal that rats can form both flavor-flavor and flavor-nutrient associations, expression of which will depend on motivational state. They did not find support for the suggestion that prior exposure to a non-nutritive sweetener can enhance subsequent learning about the nutritive properties of a sweet food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A González
- Department of Experimental Psychology and Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), Campus de Cartuja s/n, Granada 18011, Spain
| | | | - G Hall
- Department of Psychology, University of York, United Kingdom; School of Psychology University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - I de Brugada
- Department of Experimental Psychology and Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), Campus de Cartuja s/n, Granada 18011, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Alrefaei AF, Attia KA. Digestive Enzyme Activities, Oxidative Status and Intestinal Histomorphometry of Rats Supplemented with Steviana, A Natural Sweetener. Pak J Biol Sci 2023; 26:593-599. [PMID: 38334151 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2023.593.599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
<b>Background and Objective:</b> Stevia (<i>Stevia rebaudiana</i>), often known as sweet leaf, is a perennial plant and a member of the Asteraceae family. The commercial version of stevia leaf powder, known as Steviana, is one of the most popular natural sweeteners in use today. The current study aimed to analyze the activities of gut digestive enzymes, intestinal oxidative state and intestinal histological structure in stevia-fed rats. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> In this study, male rats were given Steviana and the oxidative condition of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), the activities of certain digestive enzymes and the histomorphology of the GIT were examined. Animals used in experiments were split into 2 groups: Control and treated groups. For four consecutive weeks, the treatment group received a daily oral intake of 5 mg kg<sup>1</sup> b.wt., of Steviana solution. At the end of the trial, serum, pancreas and intestinal tissue samples were taken. <b>Results:</b> The Steviana sweetener has a strong antioxidative effect on both blood and intestinal tissue. Both sample types showed a decrease in malondialdehyde levels and a marked increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities compared to control samples. In samples of blood, pancreas and intestinal contents, the activities of digestive enzymes including α-amylase, lipase and protease were significantly elevated in Steviana-treated rats. In addition, histological analysis of the small intestine showed that in rats given Steviana sweetener, intestinal glandular crypt depth was more pronounced compared to the control animals. <b>Conclusion:</b> In summary, consumption of Steviana appears to enhance digestion and absorption processes through antioxidative effects, improving the health of the local GIT and subsequently accelerating the rate of synthesis and release of endogenous digestive enzymes. Another aspect that enhances the digestion and absorption process is the change in the histological structure of the intestinal glands, as shown by an increase in the crypt depth.
Collapse
|
19
|
Kränkel N, Rauch-Kroehnert U. Artificial sweetener sucralose: a possible modulator of autoimmune diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:377. [PMID: 37779177 PMCID: PMC10543406 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01607-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolle Kränkel
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Klinik für Kardiologie, Angiologie und Intensivmedizin, Campus Benjamin-Franklin (CBF), 12203, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Friede Springer-Centre of Cardiovascular Prevention @ Charité, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ursula Rauch-Kroehnert
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Klinik für Kardiologie, Angiologie und Intensivmedizin, Campus Benjamin-Franklin (CBF), 12203, Berlin, Germany.
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- Friede Springer-Centre of Cardiovascular Prevention @ Charité, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
de Souza Lopes A, Elisabete Costa Antunes A, Idelça Aires Machado K, Sartoratto A, Cristina Teixeira Duarte M. The impact of antimicrobial food additives and sweeteners on the growth and metabolite production of gut bacteria. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2023; 68:813-821. [PMID: 37480433 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-023-01076-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic disorders caused by the imbalance of gut microbiota have been associated with the consumption of processed foods. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of antimicrobial food additives (benzoate, sorbate, nitrite, and bisulfite) and sweeteners (saccharin, stevia, sucralose, aspartame, and cyclamate) on the growth and metabolism of some gut and potentially probiotic bacterial species. The effects on the growth of Bifidobacterium longum, Enterococcus faecium, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis cultures were investigated using a turbidimetric test and by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). To evaluate the metabolic activity, the cultures were exposed to compounds with the highest antimicrobial activity, subjected to cultivation with inulin (1.5%), and analyzed by liquid chromatography for the production of short-chain fatty acids (acetate, propionate, and butyrate). The results showed that potassium sorbate (25 mg/mL), sodium bisulfite (0.7 mg/mL), sodium benzoate, and saccharin (5 mg/mL) presented greater antimicrobial activity against the studied species. L. lactis and L. acidophilus bacteria had reduced short-chain fatty acid production after exposure to saccharin and sorbate, and B. longum after exposure to sorbate, in comparison to controls (acetic acid reduction 1387 μg/mL and propionic 23 μg/mL p < 0.05).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aline de Souza Lopes
- Food Engineering and Technology Department, School of Food Engineering, Microbiological Analysis Laboratory, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Monteiro Lobato Street, 80, ZIP Code: 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Karla Idelça Aires Machado
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Piauí (IFPI), Portal Dos Cerrados, ZIP Code, PI-247, Uruçui, PI, 64860-000, Brazil
| | - Adilson Sartoratto
- Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemical Division, Pluridisciplinary Center for Chemical, Biological and Agricultural Research, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Alexandre Cazellato, 999, SP, 13148-218,, Paulinia, Brazil
| | - Marta Cristina Teixeira Duarte
- Microbiology Division, Pluridisciplinary Center for Chemical, Biological and Agricultural Research, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Alexandre Cazellato, 999, SP, ZIP code 13148-218,, Paulinia, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Staltner R, Sánchez V, Bergheim I, Baumann A. Acute Intake of Sucrose but Not of the Intense Sweetener Sucralose Is Associated with Post-Prandial Endotoxemia in Healthy Young Adults-A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2023; 15:4038. [PMID: 37764821 PMCID: PMC10537596 DOI: 10.3390/nu15184038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sugar-rich diets, but also the use of intense sweeteners, may alter intestinal barrier function. Here, we assessed the effect of sucrose and sucralose on post-prandial endotoxemia in a randomized placebo-controlled single-blinded crossover-designed study. Following a 2-day standardization of their diet, healthy men and women received a beverage containing either sucrose, sucralose (iso-sweet) or an isocaloric combination of sucralose + maltodextrin. Plasma endotoxin levels were measured after consumption of the respective beverages. Moreover, the effect of sucrose and sucralose on intestinal permeability was assessed in Caco-2 cells and ex vivo in an everted gut sac model. The nutritional standardization recommended by nutrition societies was associated with a significant decrease in plasma endotoxin levels. The intake of the sucrose-sweetened beverage resulted in a significant increase in plasma endotoxin levels while being unchanged after the intake of sucralose-sweetened beverages. In Caco-2 cells, the challenge with sucrose but not with sucralose significantly increased the permeation of the bacterial endotoxin across the cell monolayer. Xylose permeation in small intestinal everted tissue sacs was significantly higher upon the challenge with sucrose while remaining unchanged in sucralose-challenged sacs. Our data suggest that an acute intake of physiologically relevant amounts of sucrose but not of sucralose can result in post-prandial endotoxemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raphaela Staltner
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Victor Sánchez
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ina Bergheim
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anja Baumann
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Pullmann-Lindsley H, Bartlett-Miller A, Pitts RJ. Diols and sugar substitutes in attractive toxic sugar baits targeting Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes. J Med Entomol 2023; 60:1022-1029. [PMID: 37348932 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjad072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Around the world, mosquitoes continue to transmit disease-causing pathogens and develop resistance to insecticides. We previously discovered that a generally regarded as safe (GRAS) compound, 1,2-propanediol, reduces adult mosquito survivorship when ingested. In this study, we assess and compare 5 more chemically related compounds for mosquito lethality and 8 GRAS sugar substitutes to determine toxicity. We conducted a series of feeding assays to determine if ingesting the compounds influenced mosquito mean survivorship in locally collected lab-reared populations of Aedes aegypti (Diptera, Culicidae, Linnaeus, 1762) and Aedes albopictus (Diptera, Culicidae, Skuse, 1894) mosquitoes. Our results indicate that 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, DL-dithiothreitol, acesulfame potassium, allulose, erythritol, sodium saccharin, stevia, and sucralose significantly reduced the mean survivorship of one or both species. Short-term trials with the most toxic compounds revealed that they could substantially affect survivorship after 24 h. We also found that there were different responses in the 2 species and that in several experimental conditions, male mosquitoes expired to a greater extent than female mosquitoes. These findings indicate that several of the compounds are toxic to mosquitoes. Further study is required to determine their effectiveness in attractive toxic sugar baits (ATSBs) as a potential component of population control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ava Bartlett-Miller
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, 101 Bagby Avenue, Waco, TX 76706, USA
| | - Ronald Jason Pitts
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, 101 Bagby Avenue, Waco, TX 76706, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Van den Abbeele P, Poppe J, Deyaert S, Laurie I, Otto Gravert TK, Abrahamsson A, Baudot A, Karnik K, Risso D. Low-no-calorie sweeteners exert marked compound-specific impact on the human gut microbiota ex vivo. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2023; 74:630-644. [PMID: 37537786 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2023.2240037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Low-no-calorie sweeteners (LNCS) are used as sugar substitutes as part of strategies to reduce the risk of chronic diseases related to high sugar intake (e.g. type 2 diabetes (T2D)). This study investigated how a range of sweeteners [tagatose (TA)/maltitol (MA)/sorbitol (SO)/stevia (ST)/sucralose (SU)/acesulfame K (ACK)] impact the gut microbiota of T2D subjects and healthy human adults using the ex vivo SIFR® technology (n = 12). The cohort covered clinically relevant interpersonal and T2D-related differences. ACK/SU remained intact while not impacting microbial composition and metabolite production. In contrast, TA/SO and ST/MA were respectively readily and gradually fermented. ST and particularly TA/SO/MA increased bacterial density and SCFA production product-specifically: SO increased acetate (∼Bifidobacterium adolescentis), whilst MA/ST increased propionate (∼Parabacteroides distasonis). TA exerted low specificity as it increased butyrate for healthy subjects, yet propionate for T2D subjects. Overall, LNCS exerted highly compound-specific effects stressing that results obtained for one LNCS cannot be generalised to other LNCS.
Collapse
|
24
|
Naik AQ, Zafar T, Shrivastava VK. The impact of non-caloric artificial sweetener aspartame on female reproductive system in mice model. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2023; 21:73. [PMID: 37580716 PMCID: PMC10424399 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-023-01115-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artificial sweeteners, used as sugar substitutes have found their ways into almost all the food items due to the notion that they are non-caloric. Aspartame is used in numerous food products throughout the world. The primary users of aspartame include diabetics and calorie conscious people who intend to limit their calorie intake. METHODS Female Swiss albino mice were divided into three groups (12 mice each) for the duration of 30 and 60 days consecutively. The treatment groups received 40 mg/kg b. w. aspartame orally. Hormone assays using ELISA and tissue histopathology have been performed along with the fertility assay to access the treatment outcomeon the fertility of treated mice in comparison to controls. RESULTS Present study reports that female mice treated with aspartame for 30 and 60 days showed significant reduction in body weight, relative organ weight of (liver and kidney) and gonadosomatic index. These changes were more significantly recorded in 60 days treatment group. Aspartame treated animals for 30 and 60 days showed duration-dependent decrease gonandotropins (follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone), and steroids (estradiol and progesterone). Moreover, severe histopathological changes, reduction in number of growing follicles, degenerative changes in follicular structure, corona radiata and zonagranulosa were also observed. Besides, histomorphological changes were also observed in the uterine structure including atrophic uterine endometrial glands, contracted endometrial lining, disruption of the endometrial structure and the shapes of blood vessels were also altered. CONCLUSION Non-nutritive artificial sweeteners including aspartame negatively impact the function of ovaries and feedback mechanism of reproductive hormones by affecting the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. In light of present findings the aspartame negatively impacted the reproductive system of female mice. More studies are required to identify the molecular mechanism and the pathways involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ab Qayoom Naik
- Department of Zoology, Govt. Degree College, Paloura Mishriwala, Jammu, J & K, 180018, India.
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Biosciences, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, M. P, 462026, India.
| | - Tabassum Zafar
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Biosciences, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, M. P, 462026, India.
| | - Vinoy K Shrivastava
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Biosciences, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, M. P, 462026, India
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yang G, Cao JM, Cui HL, Zhan XM, Duan G, Zhu YG. Artificial Sweetener Enhances the Spread of Antibiotic Resistance Genes During Anaerobic Digestion. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:10919-10928. [PMID: 37475130 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Artificial sweeteners have been frequently detected in the feedstocks of anaerobic digestion. As these sweeteners can lead to the shift of anaerobic microbiota in the gut similar to that caused by antibiotics, we hypothesize that they may have an antibiotic-like impact on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in anaerobic digestion. However, current understanding on this topic is scarce. This investigation aimed to examine the potential impact of acesulfame, a typical artificial sweetener, on ARGs in anaerobic digestion by using metagenomics sequencing and qPCR. It was found that acesulfame increased the number of detected ARG classes and the abundance of ARGs during anaerobic digestion. The abundance of typical mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and the number of potential hosts of ARGs also increased under acesulfame exposure, suggesting the enhanced potential of horizontal gene transfer of ARGs, which was further confirmed by the correlation analysis between absolute abundances of the targeted ARGs and MGEs. The increased horizontal dissemination of ARGs may be associated with the SOS response induced by the increased ROS production, and the increased cellular membrane permeability. These findings indicate that artificial sweeteners may accelerate ARG spread through digestate disposal, thus corresponding strategies should be considered to prevent potential risks in practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jin-Man Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Hui-Ling Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xin-Min Zhan
- Civil Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Guilan Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yong-Guan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Al-Qaralusi DM, Al-Mizraqchi AS. The Effect of Nonnutritive Sweeteners on the Antimicrobial Activity of Eucalyptus Extracts against Salivary Mutans Streptococci ( in-vitro Study). Arch Razi Inst 2023; 78:1203-1211. [PMID: 38226369 PMCID: PMC10787920 DOI: 10.32592/ari.2023.78.4.1203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The eucalyptus tree is an excellent source of antimicrobial agents; it is used in many oral cure products. The bitter taste of these agents could compromise their usage. Therefore, fortifying the extracts with non-nutritive sweeteners could be a promising procedure for masking their unpleasant taste. This study was an in vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of eucalyptus (alcoholic and aqueous) extracts against salivary Streptococci mutans. It aimed to investigate the effect of non-nutritive sweeteners on the antimicrobial activity of these extracts against salivary S. mutans. The test microbes were sensitive to different concentrations of eucalyptus alcoholic and aqueous extract, and the inhibition zone increased as the concentration of the extracts increased. All the Mutans isolates were killed at a concentration of 75 mg/ml for the alcoholic extract and 175 mg/ml for the aqueous extracts. In this experiment, the concentration of up to 15% stevia and up to 5% sucralose did not affect the antimicrobial activity of eucalyptus alcoholic extract. While the concentration of up to 1% of stevia and sucralose did not interfere with the antimicrobial activity of aqueous eucalyptus extract against salivary S. mutans. An increase in the concentration of non-nutritive sweeteners in this experiment appeared to interfere with the antimicrobial activity of eucalyptus extract against salivary S. mutans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D M Al-Qaralusi
- Department of Basic sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - A S Al-Mizraqchi
- Medical Microbiology, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Chometton S, Tsan L, Hayes AMR, Kanoski SE, Schier LA. Early-life influences of low-calorie sweetener consumption on sugar taste. Physiol Behav 2023; 264:114133. [PMID: 36801464 PMCID: PMC11062773 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Children and adolescents are the highest consumers of added sugars, particularly from sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB). Regular consumption of SSB early in life induces a variety of negative consequences on health that can last into adulthood. Low-calorie sweeteners (LCS) are increasingly used as an alternative to added sugars because they provide a sweet sensation without adding calories to the diet. However, the long-term effects of early-life consumption of LCS are not well understood. Considering LCS engage at least one of the same taste receptors as sugars and potentially modulate cellular mechanisms of glucose transport and metabolism, it is especially important to understand how early-life LCS consumption impacts intake of and regulatory responses to caloric sugars. In our recent study, we found that habitual intake of LCS during the juvenile-adolescence period significantly changed how rats responded to sugar later in life. Here, we review evidence that LCS and sugars are sensed via common and distinct gustatory pathways, and then discuss the implications this has for shaping sugar-associated appetitive, consummatory, and physiological responses. Ultimately, the review highlights the diverse gaps in knowledge that will be necessary to fill to understand the consequences of regular LCS consumption during important phases of development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Chometton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Linda Tsan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anna M R Hayes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Scott E Kanoski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lindsey A Schier
- Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Almiron-Roig E, Navas-Carretero S, Castelnuovo G, Kjølbæk L, Romo-Hualde A, Normand M, Maloney N, Hardman CA, Hodgkins CE, Moshoyiannis H, Finlayson G, Scott C, Raats MM, Harrold JA, Raben A, Halford JCG, Martínez JA. Impact of acute consumption of beverages containing plant-based or alternative sweetener blends on postprandial appetite, food intake, metabolism, and gastro-intestinal symptoms: Results of the SWEET beverages trial. Appetite 2023; 184:106515. [PMID: 36849009 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Project SWEET examined the barriers and facilitators to the use of non-nutritive sweeteners and sweetness enhancers (hereafter "S&SE") alongside potential risks/benefits for health and sustainability. The Beverages trial was a double-blind multi-centre, randomised crossover trial within SWEET evaluating the acute impact of three S&SE blends (plant-based and alternatives) vs. a sucrose control on glycaemic response, food intake, appetite sensations and safety after a carbohydrate-rich breakfast meal. The blends were: mogroside V and stevia RebM; stevia RebA and thaumatin; and sucralose and acesulfame-potassium (ace-K). At each 4 h visit, 60 healthy volunteers (53% male; all with overweight/obesity) consumed a 330 mL beverage with either an S&SE blend (0 kJ) or 8% sucrose (26 g, 442 kJ), shortly followed by a standardised breakfast (∼2600 or 1800 kJ with 77 or 51 g carbohydrates, depending on sex). All blends reduced the 2-h incremental area-under-the-curve (iAUC) for blood insulin (p < 0.001 in mixed-effects models), while the stevia RebA and sucralose blends reduced the glucose iAUC (p < 0.05) compared with sucrose. Post-prandial levels of triglycerides plus hepatic transaminases did not differ across conditions (p > 0.05 for all). Compared with sucrose, there was a 3% increase in LDL-cholesterol after stevia RebA-thaumatin (p < 0.001 in adjusted models); and a 2% decrease in HDL-cholesterol after sucralose-ace-K (p < 0.01). There was an impact of blend on fullness and desire to eat ratings (both p < 0.05) and sucralose-acesulfame K induced higher prospective intake vs sucrose (p < 0.001 in adjusted models), but changes were of a small magnitude and did not translate into energy intake differences over the next 24 h. Gastro-intestinal symptoms for all beverages were mostly mild. In general, responses to a carbohydrate-rich meal following consumption of S&SE blends with stevia or sucralose were similar to sucrose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Almiron-Roig
- University of Navarra, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Dept. of Food Science and Physiology, Pamplona, Spain; University of Navarra, Center for Nutrition Research, Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNa), Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Santiago Navas-Carretero
- University of Navarra, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Dept. of Food Science and Physiology, Pamplona, Spain; University of Navarra, Center for Nutrition Research, Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNa), Pamplona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Louise Kjølbæk
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Ana Romo-Hualde
- University of Navarra, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Dept. of Food Science and Physiology, Pamplona, Spain; University of Navarra, Center for Nutrition Research, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Mie Normand
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Niamh Maloney
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | | | - Charo E Hodgkins
- Food Consumer Behaviour and Health Research Centre, School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
| | | | | | - Corey Scott
- Cargill R&D Centre Europe, Vilvoorde, Belgium.
| | - Monique M Raats
- Food Consumer Behaviour and Health Research Centre, School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
| | - Joanne A Harrold
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Anne Raben
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Clinical Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark.
| | - Jason C G Halford
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
| | - J Alfredo Martínez
- University of Navarra, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Dept. of Food Science and Physiology, Pamplona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Dudure R, Ganorkar K, Beldar V, Ghosh SK, Panda AK, Jadhao M. Effect of artificial sweetener saccharin on lysozyme aggregation: A combined spectroscopic and in silico approach. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2023; 290:122269. [PMID: 36566534 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.122269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The use of saccharin in food products attracts much attention as it involves the risk of lethal allergies and many protein aggregation diseases. However, its role in protein aggregation has not been explored to date. This study embodies the effect of artificial sweeteners on HEWL in the absence and presence of commonly available natural products such as curcumin and EGCG. Various techniques have been used to characterize the protein interaction, such as steady-state emission and time-resolved fluorescence, FTIR, gel electrophoresis, TEM, and molecular docking. Steady-state and time-resolved studies revealed the binding strength and concomitant effect of saccharin on HEWL protein. Kinetic measurements revealed that saccharin causes significant enhancement of HEWL aggregation with a considerable reduction in lag phase time i.e. from 37 hr to 08 hr. Whereas in the presence of natural products, the effect of saccharin on HEWL aggregation was significantly reduced specifically in the case of curcumin. The result obtained in the fluorescence experiment were also supported by the gel electrophoresis technique and morphological images taken by TEM. The rapid change in the secondary structure of the protein in the presence of saccharin was confirmed by the FTIR spectroscopy technique. This study is instrumental in understanding the effect of saccharin on protein aggregation and the role of commonly available natural products in curbing its effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rushali Dudure
- Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai-Marathwada Campus, Jalna, Maharashtra 431203, India
| | - Kapil Ganorkar
- Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440010, India
| | - Vishal Beldar
- Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai-Marathwada Campus, Jalna, Maharashtra 431203, India
| | - Sujit Kumar Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440010, India
| | - Alok Kumar Panda
- Environmental Science Laboratory, School of Applied Sciences, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751 024, India
| | - Manojkumar Jadhao
- Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai-Marathwada Campus, Jalna, Maharashtra 431203, India.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zani F, Blagih J, Gruber T, Buck MD, Jones N, Hennequart M, Newell CL, Pilley SE, Soro-Barrio P, Kelly G, Legrave NM, Cheung EC, Gilmore IS, Gould AP, Garcia-Caceres C, Vousden KH. The dietary sweetener sucralose is a negative modulator of T cell-mediated responses. Nature 2023; 615:705-711. [PMID: 36922598 PMCID: PMC10033444 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05801-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Artificial sweeteners are used as calorie-free sugar substitutes in many food products and their consumption has increased substantially over the past years1. Although generally regarded as safe, some concerns have been raised about the long-term safety of the consumption of certain sweeteners2-5. In this study, we show that the intake of high doses of sucralose in mice results in immunomodulatory effects by limiting T cell proliferation and T cell differentiation. Mechanistically, sucralose affects the membrane order of T cells, accompanied by a reduced efficiency of T cell receptor signalling and intracellular calcium mobilization. Mice given sucralose show decreased CD8+ T cell antigen-specific responses in subcutaneous cancer models and bacterial infection models, and reduced T cell function in models of T cell-mediated autoimmunity. Overall, these findings suggest that a high intake of sucralose can dampen T cell-mediated responses, an effect that could be used in therapy to mitigate T cell-dependent autoimmune disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Zani
- p53 and Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
| | - Julianna Blagih
- p53 and Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
- University of Montreal, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Tim Gruber
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael D Buck
- Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Nicholas Jones
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Marc Hennequart
- p53 and Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Clare L Newell
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, UK
- Laboratory of Physiology and Metabolism, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Steven E Pilley
- p53 and Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Pablo Soro-Barrio
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Gavin Kelly
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Nathalie M Legrave
- Metabolomics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Eric C Cheung
- p53 and Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Alex P Gould
- Laboratory of Physiology and Metabolism, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Cristina Garcia-Caceres
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Karen H Vousden
- p53 and Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Tehranian AS, Askari H, Rezadoost H. The effect of alginate as an elicitor on transcription of steviol glycosides biosynthesis pathway related key genes and sweeteners content in in vitro cultured Stevia rebaudiana. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:2283-2291. [PMID: 36576674 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07906-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stevia rebaudiana is a medicinal herb that accumulates non-caloric sweeteners called steviol glycosides (SGs) which are approximately 300 times sweeter than sucrose. This study used alginate (ALG) as an elicitor to increase steviol glycosides accumulation and elucidate gene transcription in the steviol glycosides biosynthesis pathway. METHODS AND RESULTS To minimize the grassy taste associated with stevia sweeteners, plantlets were grown in complete darkness. ALG was applied to stevia plants grown in suspension culture with a Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium to determine its effect on SGs' content and the transcription profile of SG-related genes using the HPLC and RT-qPCR methods, respectively. Treatment with alginate did not significantly affect plantlet growth parameters such as shoot number, dry and fresh weight. Rebaudioside A (Reb A) content increased approximately sixfold in the presence of 1g L-1 alginate and KS, KAH, and UGT74G1 genes showed significant up-regulation. When the concentration was increased to 2g L-1, the transcription of KO and UGT76G1, responsible for the conversion of stevioside to Reb A, was increased about twofold. CONCLUSIONS The current study proposes that adding alginate to the MS suspension medium can increase Reb A levels by altering the SG biosynthesize pathway's transcription profile. The present experiment provides new insights into the biochemical and transcriptional response mechanisms of suspension-cultured stevia plants to alginate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza S Tehranian
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology Faculty of Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, 1983969411, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Askari
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology Faculty of Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, 1983969411, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hassan Rezadoost
- Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Orellana-Paucar AM. Steviol Glycosides from Stevia rebaudiana: An Updated Overview of Their Sweetening Activity, Pharmacological Properties, and Safety Aspects. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031258. [PMID: 36770924 PMCID: PMC9920402 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
This literature-based review synthesizes the available scientific information about steviol glycosides as natural sweeteners and molecules with therapeutic potential. In addition, it discusses the safety concerns regarding human consumption. Steviol glycosides exhibit a superior sweetener proficiency to that of sucrose and are noncaloric, noncariogenic, and nonfermentative. Scientific evidence encourages stevioside and rebaudioside A as sweetener alternatives to sucrose and supports their use based on their absences of harmful effects on human health. Moreover, these active compounds isolated from Stevia rebaudiana possess interesting medicinal activities, including antidiabetic, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and antidiarrheal activity. The described bioactivities of steviol glycosides deserve special attention based on their dose dependence and specific pathological situations. Further clinical research is needed to understand underlying mechanisms of action, therapeutic indexes, and pharmacological applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Monserrath Orellana-Paucar
- Nutrition and Dietetics School, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Cuenca, Cuenca 010204, Ecuador;
- Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences Interdisciplinary Research Group, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Cuenca, Cuenca 010204, Ecuador
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Mehat K, Chen Y, Corpe CP. The Combined Effects of Aspartame and Acesulfame-K Blends on Appetite: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Adv Nutr 2022; 13:2329-2340. [PMID: 36056917 PMCID: PMC9776645 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmac072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspartame (Asp) and acesulfame-K (Ace-K) are nonnutritive sweeteners (NNSs) commonly used in combination to replace added sugars in reduced- or low-calorie foods and beverages. Despite Asp/Ace-K blends having negligible calories, their effects on appetite have not been reviewed systematically. We therefore undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis of the metabolic effects of Asp/Ace-K blends on energy intake (EI), subjective appetite scores, blood glucose, and the incretin hormones glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide and glucagon-like peptide. MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Cochrane CENTRAL databases (Embase, PubMed, and CINAHL) were searched (May 2021) for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Human RCTs using Asp/Ace-K blends compared with sugar and water controls were included, whereas isolated cell and animal studies were excluded. An overall 4829 publications were identified and 8 studies, including 274 participants, were retrieved for review. The Asp/Ace-K group's EI was significantly reduced compared with sugar [mean difference (MD): -196.56 kcal/meal; 95% CI: -332.01, -61.11 kcal/meal; P = 0.004] and water (MD: -213.42 kcal/meal; 95% CI: -345.4, -81.44 kcal/meal; P = 0.002). Meta-analysis of subjective appetite scores and incretins could not be undertaken due to inconsistencies in data reporting and insufficient data, respectively, but of the 4 studies identified, no differences were observed between Asp/Ace-K blends and controls. The Asp/Ace-K group's blood glucose was nonsignificantly reduced compared with sugar (MD: -1.48 mmol/L; 95% CI: -3.26, 0.3 mmol/L; P = 0.1) and water (MD: -0.08 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.62, 0.47 mmol/L; P = 0.78). Lower EI in participants who were predominantly healthy and assigned to Asp/Ace-K blends could not be reliably attributed to changes in subjective appetite scores. Blood glucose and incretins were also generally not affected by Asp/Ace-K blends when compared with controls. Additional short- and long-term RCTs using NNSs and sugars at dietarily relevant levels are needed. This trial was registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO: CRD42017061015).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirnjot Mehat
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Courses, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Courses, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kondo Y, Hashimoto Y, Hamaguchi M, Kaji A, Sakai R, Inoue R, Kashiwagi S, Mizushima K, Uchiyama K, Takagi T, Naito Y, Fukui M. Effects of Smoking on the Gut Microbiota in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14224800. [PMID: 36432487 PMCID: PMC9695173 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking affects eating habits; however, few studies on smoking and the gut microbiota have reported the effects of diet in detail. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the association between smoking and the gut microbiota, considering the impact of smoking on dietary intake. Dietary habits and the composition of the gut microbiota were assessed in 195 men with type 2 diabetes (164 non-current smokers and 31 current smokers) using a brief self-administered diet history questionnaire and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing of fecal samples. The data were compared according to the current smoking status of the participants. Current smokers had high alcohol and sugar/sweetener intake and low fruit intake. The proportion of the Coprococcus genus was higher among current smokers. Multiple regression analysis adjusted for current smoking, age, exercise habits, alcohol intake, sugar and sweetener intake, and fruit intake showed that smoking was associated with the proportion of the Coprococcus genus. Current smoking was associated with both dietary intake and composition of the gut microbiota. Although dietary intake should be considered when investigating the association between smoking and the gut microbiota, the results suggest that the direct effect of smoking is more significant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuriko Kondo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hashimoto
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Matsushita Memorial Hospital, Moriguchi 570-8540, Japan
| | - Masahide Hamaguchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-75-251-5505; Fax: +81-75-252-3721
| | - Ayumi Kaji
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Sakai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Ryo Inoue
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Setsunan University, Hirakata 573-0101, Japan
| | - Saori Kashiwagi
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Katsura Mizushima
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Uchiyama
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Takagi
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
- Department for Medical Innovation and Translational Medical Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yuji Naito
- Department of Human Immunology and Nutrition Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Michiaki Fukui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Sun Z, Wang W, Li L, Zhang X, Ning Z, Mayne J, Walker K, Stintzi A, Figeys D. Comprehensive Assessment of Functional Effects of Commonly Used Sugar Substitute Sweeteners on Ex Vivo Human Gut Microbiome. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0041222. [PMID: 35695565 PMCID: PMC9431030 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00412-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The composition and function of the human gut microbiome are often associated with health and disease status. Sugar substitute sweeteners are widely used food additives, although many studies using animal models have linked sweetener consumption to gut microbial changes and health issues. Whether sugar substitute sweeteners directly change the human gut microbiome functionality remains largely unknown. In this study, we systematically investigated the responses of five human gut microbiomes to 21 common sugar substitute sweeteners, using an approach combining high-throughput in vitro microbiome culturing and metaproteomic analyses to quantify functional changes in different taxa. Hierarchical clustering based on metaproteomic responses of individual microbiomes resulted in two clusters. The noncaloric artificial sweetener (NAS) cluster was composed of NASs and two sugar alcohols with shorter carbon backbones (4 or 5 carbon atoms), and the carbohydrate (CHO) cluster was composed of the remaining sugar alcohols. The metaproteomic functional responses of the CHO cluster were clustered with those of the prebiotics fructooligosaccharides and kestose. The sugar substitute sweeteners in the CHO cluster showed the ability to modulate the metabolism of Clostridia. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the direct effects of commonly used sugar substitute sweeteners on the functions of the human gut microbiome using a functional metaproteomic approach, improving our understanding of the roles of sugar substitute sweeteners on microbiome-associated human health and disease issues. IMPORTANCE The human gut microbiome is closely related to human health. Sugar substitute sweeteners as commonly used food additives are increasingly consumed and have potential impacts on microbiome functionality. Although many studies have evaluated the effects of a few sweeteners on gut microbiomes using animal models, the direct effect of sugar substitute sweeteners on the human gut microbiome remains largely unknown. Our results revealed that the sweetener-induced metaproteomic responses of individual microbiomes had two major patterns, which were associated with the chemical properties of the sweeteners. This study provided a comprehensive evaluation of the effects of commonly used sugar substitute sweeteners on the human gut microbiome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongzhi Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica-University of Ottawa Joint Research Center in Systems and Personalized Pharmacology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wenju Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica-University of Ottawa Joint Research Center in Systems and Personalized Pharmacology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leyuan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica-University of Ottawa Joint Research Center in Systems and Personalized Pharmacology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xu Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica-University of Ottawa Joint Research Center in Systems and Personalized Pharmacology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhibin Ning
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica-University of Ottawa Joint Research Center in Systems and Personalized Pharmacology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Janice Mayne
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica-University of Ottawa Joint Research Center in Systems and Personalized Pharmacology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Krystal Walker
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica-University of Ottawa Joint Research Center in Systems and Personalized Pharmacology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alain Stintzi
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Figeys
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica-University of Ottawa Joint Research Center in Systems and Personalized Pharmacology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Laffitte A, Belloir C, Neiers F, Briand L. Functional Characterization of the Venus Flytrap Domain of the Human TAS1R2 Sweet Taste Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169216. [PMID: 36012481 PMCID: PMC9409066 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The human sweet taste receptor is a heterodimeric receptor composed of two distinct G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), TAS1R2 and TAS1R3. The TAS1R2 and TAS1R3 subunits are members of a small family of class C GPCRs whose members share the same architecture, comprising a Venus Flytrap (VFT) module linked to the seven transmembrane domains (TMDs) by a short cysteine-rich region (CRR). The VFT module of TAS1R2 contains the primary binding site for most of the sweet-tasting compounds, including natural sugars and artificial and natural sweeteners. However, cellular assays, molecular docking and site-directed mutagenesis studies have revealed that the VFT, CRR and TMD of TAS1R3 interact with some sweeteners, including the sweet-tasting protein brazzein. The aim of this study was to better understand the contribution of TAS1R2-VFT in the binding of sweet stimuli. To achieve this, we heterologously expressed human TAS1R2-VFT (hTAS1R2-VFT) in Escherichia coli. Circular dichroism spectroscopic studies revealed that hTAS1R2-VFT was properly folded with evidence of secondary structures. Using size-exclusion chromatography coupled with light scattering, we found that hTAS1R2-VFT behaves as a monomer. Ligand binding quantified by intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence showed that hTAS1R2-VFT is capable of binding sweet stimuli with Kd values, in agreement with physiological detection. Furthermore, we investigated whether the impact of point mutations, already shown to have deleterious effects on cellular assays, could impact the ability of hTAS1R2-VFT to bind sweet ligands. As expected, the ligand affinities of hTAS1R2-VFT were drastically reduced through the introduction of single amino acid substitutions (D278A and E382A) known to abolish the response of the full-length TAS1R2/TAS1R3 receptor. This study demonstrates the feasibility of producing milligram quantities of hTAS1R2-VFT to further characterize the mechanism of binding interaction and perform structural studies.
Collapse
|
37
|
Yu Z, Guo J. Non-caloric artificial sweeteners exhibit antimicrobial activity against bacteria and promote bacterial evolution of antibiotic tolerance. J Hazard Mater 2022; 433:128840. [PMID: 35398799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Non-caloric artificial sweeteners are being widely used as safe table sugar substitutes with highly intensive sweetness but low calories. Previous studies have suggested that some of the sweeteners can alter the gut microbiota composition and promote horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes across bacterial genera. However, little is known about whether these sweeteners could show antibiotic-like antimicrobial activity against bacteria, especially gut relevant bacteria. Whether they could affect evolutional trajectory of antibiotic resistance or tolerance in bacteria is also not clear yet. Here we investigated four commonly used artificial sweeteners (saccharin, sucralose, aspartame, and acesulfame potassium) against both Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae) and positive (Bacillus subtilis) strains. Results show that all four sweeteners exhibit antimicrobial effects on these strains. The antimicrobial mechanism is due to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell envelope damage. Compared to sucrose and glucose, the treatment of artificial sweeteners stimulates bacterial efflux pumps and promotes bacterial evolution of antibiotic tolerance. Collectively, our finding provides insights into roles of artificial sweeteners in the emergence of antibiotic tolerance and calls for a re-evaluation of risks due to their intensive usage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Yu
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology (ACWEB, formly AWMC), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jianhua Guo
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology (ACWEB, formly AWMC), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Bayındır Gümüş A, Keser A, Tunçer E, Altuntaş Yıldız T, Kepenekci Bayram İ. Effect of saccharin, a non-nutritive sweeteners, on insulin and blood glucose levels in healthy young men: A crossover trial. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2022; 16:102500. [PMID: 35598544 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2022.102500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Artificial sweeteners used instead of sugar were considered as the best alternatives that have no endocrine effects. However, it has recently been suggested that artificial sweeteners may cause impaired metabolic parameters. The hypothesis of the study was there is an association between acute saccharin consumption and both glycemia and insulin response in young healthy adult men. METHODS 9 healthy adult males were included in this study. This study randomly provided participants with preloads as (a)300 ml of water, or 300 ml of water sweetened with (b)75 g of sucrose, (c)240 mg of saccharine (adjusted to the sweetness of 75 g of sucrose) 1 h before a standard breakfast. RESULTS Compared to mean blood glucose and serum insulin after test drinks consumption, there was only one difference between sucrose and saccharin trials in the 15th minute (117.0 ± 18.70, 95.4 ± 5.64 mg/dl respectively, p < 0.05). At the 60th minute, insulin secretion (0.80 ± 0.27 pg/dl) after the sucrose trial was found significantly higher than the saccharin trial (0.53 ± 0.09 pg/dl) and water (0.49 ± 0.06 pg/dl) (p < 0.05). Although at all intervals (except 90th minute), the mean insulin is higher after the saccharin trial compared to the water trial, these were non-statistically significant differences (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Consequently, it was determined that saccharin had no glycemic effect. However, for the effect on serum insulin to be clarified, the long-term effects should be investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aylin Bayındır Gümüş
- Kırıkkale University Faculty of Health Sciences Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Health Location Fabrikalar Street No 12 City Center, Kırıkkale, Turkey.
| | - Alev Keser
- Ankara University Faculty of Health Sciences Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Esra Tunçer
- Ankara University Faculty of Health Sciences Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Ankara, Turkey.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Weeraratne P, Ekanayake S. Kithul (Caryota urens) treacle: A healthy natural sweetener? Ceylon Med J 2022; 67:11-16. [PMID: 37607930 DOI: 10.4038/cmj.v67i1.9553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Incidence of non communicable diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), several forms of cancer, hypertension, obesity etc is increasing in our country. It is suggested that these diseases can be moderated, in part, by consuming foods that produce a low blood sugar response. It is presumed that kithul treacle is comparable to simple sugars for sweetness, although currently the beneficial effects are not widely known. Objectives To assess the chemical composition and glycaemic indices (GI) of kithul treacle and confectionary (aluwa) made using table sugar and kithul treacle. Methods Chemical composition was analysed with standard AOAC methods. FAO/WHO guidelines were used to determine the glycaemic responses with glucose as the standard. Results The moisture, crude protein, crude fat, total carbohydrate, starch & glucose and total dietary fibre contents of treacle were 28%, 0.3%, 7.9%, 81%, 28% and 2.20% (DM) with negligible ash content. Similarly both aluwa had negligible ash contents. Total carbohydrate (88-89%), fat (2.9%), protein (3.7-4.2%) and total dietary fibre (7.78-8.32%) contents of both aluwa were not significantly different. However, the digestible carbohydrate contents of treacle (67%) and sugar aluwa (59%) were significantly different (p<0.05). The GI of kithul treacle, aluwa made with treacle and sugar were 35, 55 and 63 respectively. Conclusion Kithul treacle was categorized as a low GI food whereas both aluwa were categorized as medium GI foods. In comparison to aluwa made with table sugar, the glycaemic response of aluwa made with treacle was lower proving that replacing sugar with treacle leads to lower glycaemic response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sagarika Ekanayake
- Faculty of Medical Science, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
McCaughey SA. Variation in the gene Tas1r3 reveals complex temporal properties of mouse brainstem taste responses to sweeteners. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 321:R751-R767. [PMID: 34523351 PMCID: PMC8616626 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00001.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The gene Tas1r3 codes for the protein T1R3, which dimerizes with T1R2 to form a sweetener-binding receptor in taste cells. Tas1r3 influences sweetener preferences in mice, as shown by work with a 129.B6-Tas1r3 segregating congenic strain on a 129P3/J (129) genetic background; members of this strain vary in whether they do or do not have one copy of a donor fragment with the C57BL/6ByJ (B6) allele for Tas1r3 (B6/129 and 129/129 mice, respectively). Taste-evoked neural responses were measured in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST), the first central gustatory relay, in B6/129 and 129/129 littermates, to examine how the activity dependent on the T1R2/T1R3 receptor is distributed across neurons and over time. Responses to sucrose were larger in B6/129 than in 129/129 mice, but only during a later, tonic response portion (>600 ms) sent to different cells than the earlier, phasic response. Similar results were found for artificial sweeteners, whose responses were best considered as complex spatiotemporal patterns. There were also group differences in burst firing of NST cells, with a significant positive correlation between bursting prevalence and sucrose response size in only the 129/129 group. The results indicate that sweetener transduction initially occurs through T1R3-independent mechanisms, after which the T1R2/T1R3 receptor initiates a separate, spatially distinct response, with the later period dominating sweet taste perceptions and driving sugar preferences. Furthermore, the current data suggest that burst firing is distributed across NST neurons nonrandomly and in a manner that may amplify weak incoming gustatory signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart A McCaughey
- Center for Medical Education, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Hasegawa K, Takenaka N, Tanida K, Chan MP, Sakata M, Aiba A, Satoh T. Atrophy of White Adipose Tissue Accompanied with Decreased Insulin-Stimulated Glucose Uptake in Mice Lacking the Small GTPase Rac1 Specifically in Adipocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910753. [PMID: 34639094 PMCID: PMC8509237 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin stimulates glucose uptake in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle by inducing plasma membrane translocation of the glucose transporter GLUT4. Although the small GTPase Rac1 is a key regulator downstream of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and the protein kinase Akt2 in skeletal muscle, it remains unclear whether Rac1 also regulates glucose uptake in white adipocytes. Herein, we investigated the physiological role of Rac1 in white adipocytes by employing adipocyte-specific rac1 knockout (adipo-rac1-KO) mice. Subcutaneous and epididymal white adipose tissues (WATs) in adipo-rac1-KO mice showed significant reductions in size and weight. Actually, white adipocytes lacking Rac1 were smaller than controls. Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and GLUT4 translocation were abrogated in rac1-KO white adipocytes. On the other hand, GLUT4 translocation was augmented by constitutively activated PI3K or Akt2 in control, but not in rac1-KO, white adipocytes. Similarly, to skeletal muscle, the involvement of another small GTPase RalA downstream of Rac1 was demonstrated. In addition, mRNA levels of various lipogenic enzymes were down-regulated in rac1-KO white adipocytes. Collectively, these results suggest that Rac1 is implicated in insulin-dependent glucose uptake and lipogenesis in white adipocytes, and reduced insulin responsiveness due to the deficiency of Rac1 may be a likely explanation for atrophy of WATs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiko Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan; (K.H.); (N.T.); (K.T.); (M.P.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Nobuyuki Takenaka
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan; (K.H.); (N.T.); (K.T.); (M.P.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Kenya Tanida
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan; (K.H.); (N.T.); (K.T.); (M.P.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Man Piu Chan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan; (K.H.); (N.T.); (K.T.); (M.P.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Mizuki Sakata
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan; (K.H.); (N.T.); (K.T.); (M.P.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Atsu Aiba
- Laboratory of Animal Resources, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan;
| | - Takaya Satoh
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan; (K.H.); (N.T.); (K.T.); (M.P.C.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-72-254-7650
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Yunker AG, Alves JM, Luo S, Angelo B, DeFendis A, Pickering TA, Monterosso JR, Page KA. Obesity and Sex-Related Associations With Differential Effects of Sucralose vs Sucrose on Appetite and Reward Processing: A Randomized Crossover Trial. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2126313. [PMID: 34581796 PMCID: PMC8479585 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.26313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Nonnutritive sweeteners (NNSs) are used as an alternative to nutritive sweeteners to quench desire for sweets while reducing caloric intake. However, studies have shown mixed results concerning the effects of NNSs on appetite, and the associations between sex and obesity with reward and appetitive responses to NNS compared with nutritive sugar are unknown. OBJECTIVE To examine neural reactivity to different types of high-calorie food cues (ie, sweet and savory), metabolic responses, and eating behavior following consumption of sucralose (NNS) vs sucrose (nutritive sugar) among healthy young adults. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In a randomized, within-participant, crossover trial including 3 separate visits, participants underwent a functional magnetic resonance imaging task measuring blood oxygen level-dependent signal in response to visual cues. For each study visit, participants arrived at the Dornsife Cognitive Neuroimaging Center of University of Southern California at approximately 8:00 am after a 12-hour overnight fast. Blood was sampled at baseline and 10, 35, and 120 minutes after participants received a drink containing sucrose, sucralose, or water to measure plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon-like peptide(7-36), acyl-ghrelin, total peptide YY, and leptin. Participants were then presented with an ad libitum meal. Participants were right-handed, nonsmokers, weight-stable for at least 3 months before the study visits, nondieters, not taking medication, and with no history of eating disorders, illicit drug use, or medical diagnoses. Data analysis was performed from March 2020 to March 2021. INTERVENTIONS Participants ingested 300-mL drinks containing either sucrose (75 g), sucralose (individually sweetness matched), or water (as a control). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Primary outcomes of interest were the effects of body mass index (BMI) status and sex on blood oxygen level-dependent signal to high-calorie food cues, endocrine, and feeding responses following sucralose vs sucrose consumption. Secondary outcomes included neural, endocrine, and feeding responses following sucrose vs water and sucralose vs water (control) consumption, and cue-induced appetite ratings following sucralose vs sucrose (and vs water). RESULTS A total of 76 participants were randomized, but 2 dropped out, leaving 74 adults (43 women [58%]; mean [SD] age, 23.40 [3.96] years; BMI range, 19.18-40.27) who completed the study. In this crossover design, 73 participants each received water (drink 1) and sucrose (drink 2), and 72 participants received water (drink 1), sucrose (drink 2), and sucralose (drink 3). Sucrose vs sucralose was associated with greater production of circulating glucose, insulin, and glucagon-like peptide-1 and suppression of acyl-ghrelin, but no differences were found for peptide YY or leptin. BMI status by drink interactions were observed in the medial frontal cortex (MFC; P for interaction < .001) and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC; P for interaction = .002). Individuals with obesity (MFC, β, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.38 to 0.83; P < .001; OFC, β, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.11 to 0.43; P = .002), but not those with overweight (MFC, β, 0.02; 95% CI, -0.19 to 0.23; P = .87; OFC, β, -0.06; 95% CI, -0.21 to 0.09; P = .41) or healthy weight (MFC, β, -0.13; 95% CI, -0.34 to 0.07; P = .21; OFC, β, -0.08; 95% CI, -0.23 to 0.06; P = .16), exhibited greater responsivity in the MFC and OFC to savory food cues after sucralose vs sucrose. Sex by drink interactions were observed in the MFC (P for interaction = .03) and OFC (P for interaction = .03) after consumption of sucralose vs sucrose. Female participants had greater MFC and OFC responses to food cues (MFC high-calorie vs low-calorie cues, β, 0.21; 95% CI, 0.05 to 0.37; P = .01; MFC sweet vs nonfood cues, β, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.02 to 0.42; P = .03; OFC food vs nonfood cues, β, 0.12; 95% CI, 0.02 to 0.22; P = .03; and OFC sweet vs nonfood cues, β, 0.15; 95% CI, 0.03 to 0.27; P = .01), but male participants' responses did not differ (MFC high-calorie vs low-calorie cues, β, 0.01; 95% CI, -0.19 to 0.21; P = .90; MFC sweet vs nonfood cues, β, -0.04; 95% CI, -0.26 to 0.18; P = .69; OFC food vs nonfood cues, β, -0.08; 95% CI, -0.24 to 0.08; P = .32; OFC sweet vs nonfood cues, β, -0.11; 95% CI, -0.31 to 0.09; P = .31). A sex by drink interaction on total calories consumed during the buffet meal was observed (P for interaction = .03). Female participants consumed greater total calories (β, 1.73; 95% CI, 0.38 to 3.08; P = .01), whereas caloric intake did not differ in male participants (β, 0.68; 95% CI, -0.99 to 2.35; P = .42) after sucralose vs sucrose ingestion. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These findings suggest that female individuals and those with obesity may be particularly sensitive to disparate neural responsivity elicited by sucralose compared with sucrose consumption. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02945475.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra G. Yunker
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Jasmin M. Alves
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Shan Luo
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Brendan Angelo
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Alexis DeFendis
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Trevor A. Pickering
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - John R. Monterosso
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Kathleen A. Page
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Agulló V, González-Trujano ME, Hernandez-Leon A, Estrada-Camarena E, Pellicer F, García-Viguera C. Synergistic Interaction in the Analgesic-Like Effects of Maqui Berry and Citrus Is Antagonized by Sweeteners. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072466. [PMID: 34371971 PMCID: PMC8308574 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although physiologically pain has a protective function, in many diseases, it is one of the most prominent symptoms. Today, new trends are focused on finding more natural alternatives to conventional treatments to alleviate it. Thereby, the purpose of this investigation was to obtain preclinical data of the antinociceptive properties of a lyophilized obtained from a newly designed maqui-citrus beverage alone and added with different sweeteners. To achieve this objective, maqui berry and citrus pharmacological activity were studied separately, as well as the interaction of both ingredients. In addition, due to the controversy generated regarding the intake of sugars, related to different metabolic diseases, the influence of different sweeteners (stevia, sucralose, or sucrose) was studied to determine their possible influence on the bioactive compounds of this product. For the attainment of our goals, a pharmacological evaluation, using the 1% formalin test, a nociceptive pain model in mice, was performed by using a sub-efficacious dosage of Maqui (25 mg/kg, i.p.) alone and combined with citrus, and then compared with the effects obtained in the presence of the different sweeteners. As a result, the antinociceptive response of the maqui was synergized in the presence of citrus in the neurogenic and inflammatory phases of the formalin test. However, this response was partially or totally reduced in the presence of the sweeteners. Our study gives preclinical evidence that a combination of maqui and citrus might exert beneficial actions to relieve pain, whereas the presence of sweeteners could reduce or avoid it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Agulló
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología de Productos Naturales, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calz. Mexico-Xochimilco 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, Ciudad de Mexico 14370, Mexico; (V.A.); (A.H.-L.); (F.P.)
- Grupo Calidad, Laboratorio de Fitoquímica y Alimentos Saludables (LabFAS), Bioactividad y Seguridad, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus de Espinardo 25, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - María Eva González-Trujano
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología de Productos Naturales, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calz. Mexico-Xochimilco 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, Ciudad de Mexico 14370, Mexico; (V.A.); (A.H.-L.); (F.P.)
- Correspondence: (M.E.G.-T.); (C.G.-V.)
| | - Alberto Hernandez-Leon
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología de Productos Naturales, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calz. Mexico-Xochimilco 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, Ciudad de Mexico 14370, Mexico; (V.A.); (A.H.-L.); (F.P.)
| | - Erika Estrada-Camarena
- Laboratorio de Neuropsicofarmacología, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calz. Mexico-Xochimilco 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, Ciudad de Mexico 14370, Mexico;
| | - Francisco Pellicer
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología de Productos Naturales, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calz. Mexico-Xochimilco 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, Ciudad de Mexico 14370, Mexico; (V.A.); (A.H.-L.); (F.P.)
| | - Cristina García-Viguera
- Grupo Calidad, Laboratorio de Fitoquímica y Alimentos Saludables (LabFAS), Bioactividad y Seguridad, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus de Espinardo 25, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.E.G.-T.); (C.G.-V.)
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Humphries TLR, Shen K, Iyer A, Johnson DW, Gobe GC, Nikolic-Paterson D, Fairlie DP, Vesey DA. PAR2-Induced Tissue Factor Synthesis by Primary Cultures of Human Kidney Tubular Epithelial Cells Is Modified by Glucose Availability. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147532. [PMID: 34299151 PMCID: PMC8304776 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Coagulopathies common to patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are not fully understood. Fibrin deposits in the kidney suggest the local presence of clotting factors including tissue factor (TF). In this study, we investigated the effect of glucose availability on the synthesis of TF by cultured human kidney tubular epithelial cells (HTECs) in response to activation of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2). PAR2 activation by peptide 2f-LIGRLO-NH2 (2F, 2 µM) enhanced the synthesis and secretion of active TF (~45 kDa) which was blocked by a PAR2 antagonist (I-191). Treatment with 2F also significantly increased the consumption of glucose from the cell medium and lactate secretion. Culturing HTECs in 25 mM glucose enhanced TF synthesis and secretion over 5 mM glucose, while addition of 5 mM 2-deoxyglucose (2DOG) significantly decreased TF synthesis and reduced its molecular weight (~40 kDa). Blocking glycosylation with tunicamycin also reduced 2F-induced TF synthesis while reducing its molecular weight (~36 kDa). In conclusion, PAR2-induced TF synthesis in HTECs is enhanced by culture in high concentrations of glucose and suppressed by inhibiting either PAR2 activation (I-191), glycolysis (2DOG) or glycosylation (tunicamycin). These results may help explain how elevated concentrations of glucose promote clotting abnormities in diabetic kidney disease. The application of PAR2 antagonists to treat CKD should be investigated further.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyrone L. R. Humphries
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, Faulty of Medicine, The University of Queensland at the Princess Alexandra, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (T.L.R.H.); (K.S.); (D.W.J.); (G.C.G.)
| | - Kunyu Shen
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, Faulty of Medicine, The University of Queensland at the Princess Alexandra, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (T.L.R.H.); (K.S.); (D.W.J.); (G.C.G.)
| | - Abishek Iyer
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (A.I.); (D.P.F.)
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - David W. Johnson
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, Faulty of Medicine, The University of Queensland at the Princess Alexandra, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (T.L.R.H.); (K.S.); (D.W.J.); (G.C.G.)
- Department of Nephrology, The University of Queensland at Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Glenda C. Gobe
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, Faulty of Medicine, The University of Queensland at the Princess Alexandra, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (T.L.R.H.); (K.S.); (D.W.J.); (G.C.G.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland at the Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - David Nikolic-Paterson
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre and Monash University Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia;
| | - David P. Fairlie
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (A.I.); (D.P.F.)
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - David A. Vesey
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, Faulty of Medicine, The University of Queensland at the Princess Alexandra, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (T.L.R.H.); (K.S.); (D.W.J.); (G.C.G.)
- Department of Nephrology, The University of Queensland at Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-7-3443-8013
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Wölnerhanssen BK, Drewe J, Verbeure W, le Roux CW, Dellatorre‐Teixeira L, Rehfeld JF, Holst JJ, Hartmann B, Tack J, Peterli R, Beglinger C, Meyer‐Gerspach AC. Gastric emptying of solutions containing the natural sweetener erythritol and effects on gut hormone secretion in humans: A pilot dose-ranging study. Diabetes Obes Metab 2021; 23:1311-1321. [PMID: 33565706 PMCID: PMC8247993 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine whether a dose-dependent effect in the stimulation of gut hormone release (plasma cholecystokinin [CCK], active glucagon-like peptide-1 [aGLP-1] and peptide tyrosine tyrosine [PYY]) is found for the natural sweetener erythritol. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twelve healthy, lean volunteers received solutions with 10, 25 or 50 g erythritol, or tap water enriched with 13 C-sodium acetate on four study days via a nasogastric tube in this randomized (active treatments), placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over trial. Blood samples and breath samples (13 C-sodium acetate method for measurement of gastric emptying [GE]) were taken at regular intervals, and sensations of appetite and gastrointestinal symptoms were rated. RESULTS We found (a) a dose-dependent stimulation of CCK, aGLP-1 and PYY, and slowing of GE, (b) no effect on blood glucose, insulin, motilin, glucagon or glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, (c) no effect on blood lipids and uric acid, and (d) no abdominal pain, nausea or vomiting. CONCLUSIONS Solutions with 10 and 50 g of erythritol stimulated gut hormone release. Emptying of erythritol-containing solutions from the stomach was slower compared with placebo. There was no effect on plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon, blood lipids or uric acid. All doses were well tolerated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jürgen Drewe
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity Hospital of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Wout Verbeure
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal DisordersCatholic University of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Carel W. le Roux
- Diabetes Complications Research CentreConway Institute University College DublinDublinIreland
| | | | - Jens F. Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, RigshospitaletUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Jens J. Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Jan Tack
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal DisordersCatholic University of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Ralph Peterli
- Clarunis, Department of Surgery, St. ClaraspitalBaselSwitzerland
| | - Christoph Beglinger
- St. Clara Research Ltd at St. ClaraspitalBaselSwitzerland
- University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Anne C. Meyer‐Gerspach
- St. Clara Research Ltd at St. ClaraspitalBaselSwitzerland
- University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Lo ST, Parrott D, Jordan MVC, Joseph DB, Strand D, Lo UG, Lin H, Darehshouri A, Sherry AD. The Roles of ZnT1 and ZnT4 in Glucose-Stimulated Zinc Secretion in Prostate Epithelial Cells. Mol Imaging Biol 2021; 23:230-240. [PMID: 33140261 PMCID: PMC7914160 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-020-01557-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We have previously demonstrated by MRI that high glucose stimulates efflux of zinc ions from the prostate. To our knowledge, this phenomena had not been reported previously and the mechanism remains unknown. Here, we report some initial observations that provide new insights into zinc processing during glucose-stimulated zinc secretion (GSZS) in the immortalized human prostate epithelial cell line, PNT1A. Additionally, we identified the subtypes of zinc-containing cells in human benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) tissue to further identify which cell types are likely responsible for zinc release in vivo. PROCEDURE An intracellular fluorescence marker, FluoZin-1-AM, was used to assess the different roles of ZnT1 and ZnT4 in zinc homeostasis in wild type (WT) and mRNA knockdown PNT1A cell lines. Additionally, Bafilomycin A1 (Baf) was used to disrupt lysosomes and assess the role of lysosomal storage during GSZS. ZIMIR, an extracellular zinc-responsive fluorescent marker, was used to assess dynamic zinc efflux of WT and ZnT1 mRNA knockdown cells exposed to high glucose. Electron microscopy was used to assess intracellular zinc storage in response to high glucose and evaluate how Bafilomycin A1 affects zinc trafficking. BPH cells were harvested from transurtheral prostatectomy tissue and stained with fluorescent zinc granule indicator (ZIGIR), an intracellular zinc-responsive fluorescent marker, before being sorted for cell types using flow cytometry. RESULTS Fluorescent studies demonstrate that ZnT1 is the major zinc efflux transporter in prostate epithelial cells and that loss of ZnT1 via mRNA knockdown combined with lysosomal storage disruption results in a nearly 4-fold increase in cytosolic zinc. Knockdown of ZnT1 dramatically reduces zinc efflux during GSZS. Electron microscopy (EM) reveals that glucose stimulation significantly increases lysosomal storage of zinc; disruption of lysosomes via Baf or ZnT4 mRNA knockdown increases multi-vesicular body (MVB) formation and cytosolic zinc levels. In human BPH tissue, only the luminal epithelial cells contained significant amounts of zinc storage granules. CONCLUSIONS Exposure of prostate epithelial cells to high glucose alters zinc homeostasis by inducing efflux of zinc ions via ZnT1 channels and increasing lysosomal storage via ZnT4. Given that prostate cancer cells undergo profound metabolic changes that result in reduced levels of total zinc, understanding the complex interplay between glucose exposure and zinc homeostasis in the prostate may provide new insights into the development of prostate carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Su-Tang Lo
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, NE 4.210, Dallas, TX, 75390-8568, USA
- Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-8896, USA
| | - Daniel Parrott
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, NE 4.210, Dallas, TX, 75390-8568, USA
- Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-8896, USA
| | - M Veronica Clavijo Jordan
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, NE 4.210, Dallas, TX, 75390-8568, USA
- Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-8896, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Diya Binoy Joseph
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Douglas Strand
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - U-Ging Lo
- Department of Urology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-9110, USA
| | - Ho Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, 402, Taiwan
| | - Anza Darehshouri
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-9039, USA
| | - A Dean Sherry
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, NE 4.210, Dallas, TX, 75390-8568, USA.
- Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-8896, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75083, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Frikke-Schmidt H, Arvan P, Seeley RJ, Cras-Méneur C. Improved in vivo imaging method for individual islets across the mouse pancreas reveals a heterogeneous insulin secretion response to glucose. Sci Rep 2021; 11:603. [PMID: 33436691 PMCID: PMC7804140 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79727-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While numerous techniques can be used to measure and analyze insulin secretion in isolated islets in culture, assessments of insulin secretion in vivo are typically indirect and only semiquantitative. The CpepSfGFP reporter mouse line allows the in vivo imaging of insulin secretion from individual islets after a glucose stimulation, in live, anesthetized mice. Imaging the whole pancreas at high resolution in live mice to track the response of each individual islet over time includes numerous technical challenges and previous reports were only limited in scope and non-quantitative. Elaborating on this previous model-through the development of an improved methodology addressing anesthesia, temperature control and motion blur-we were able to track and quantify longitudinally insulin content throughout a glucose challenge in up to two hundred individual islets simultaneously. Through this approach we demonstrate quantitatively for the first time that while isolated islets respond homogeneously to glucose in culture, their profiles differ significantly in vivo. Independent of size or location, some islets respond sharply to a glucose stimulation while others barely secrete at all. This platform therefore provides a powerful approach to study the impact of disease, diet, surgery or pharmacological treatments on insulin secretion in the intact pancreas in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Arvan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Randy J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Corentin Cras-Méneur
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Hofmann JD, Biedendieck R, Michel AM, Schomburg D, Jahn D, Neumann-Schaal M. Influence of L-lactate and low glucose concentrations on the metabolism and the toxin formation of Clostridioides difficile. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244988. [PMID: 33411772 PMCID: PMC7790285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The virulence of Clostridioides difficile (formerly Clostridium difficile) is mainly caused by its two toxins A and B. Their formation is significantly regulated by metabolic processes. Here we investigated the influence of various sugars (glucose, fructose, mannose, trehalose), sugar derivatives (mannitol and xylitol) and L-lactate on toxin synthesis. Fructose, mannose, trehalose, mannitol and xylitol in the growth medium resulted in an up to 2.2-fold increase of secreted toxin. Low glucose concentration of 2 g/L increased the toxin concentration 1.4-fold compared to growth without glucose, while high glucose concentrations in the growth medium (5 and 10 g/L) led to up to 6.6-fold decrease in toxin formation. Transcriptomic and metabolic investigation of the low glucose effect pointed towards an inactive CcpA and Rex regulatory system. L-lactate (500 mg/L) significantly reduced extracellular toxin formation. Transcriptome analyses of the later process revealed the induction of the lactose utilization operon encoding lactate racemase (larA), electron confurcating lactate dehydrogenase (CDIF630erm_01321) and the corresponding electron transfer flavoprotein (etfAB). Metabolome analyses revealed L-lactate consumption and the formation of pyruvate. The involved electron confurcation process might be responsible for the also observed reduction of the NAD+/NADH ratio which in turn is apparently linked to reduced toxin release from the cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Danielle Hofmann
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rebekka Biedendieck
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Annika-Marisa Michel
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dietmar Schomburg
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dieter Jahn
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Meina Neumann-Schaal
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Braunschweig, Germany
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ—German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Su M, Yan M, Yao J, Fang Y, Jin H, Gong Y. Unacylated Ghrelin Regulates Glucose-Sensitive Neurons Activity and Glycolipid Metabolism via Orexin-A Neurons in the Lateral Hypothalamic Area. Horm Metab Res 2020; 52:747-754. [PMID: 32731263 DOI: 10.1055/a-1207-1212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to investigate the regulatory actions of unacylated ghrelin (UAG) on glucose-sensitive (GS) neurons and glycolipid metabolism in the lateral hypothalamus area (LHA) and its involvement with orexin-A-immunopositive neurons. The effects of UAG administered into the LHA on GS neurons discharges and glycolipid metabolism were detected by single neuron discharge recording, biochemical index analysis and quantitative real-time PCR; the level of c-fos protein in orexin-A-immunopositive neurons was observed using immunofluorescence staining. UAG microinjected into the LHA activated glucose-inhibited neurons, which were partially blocked by pre-administration of anti-orexin-A antibody in the LHA. Furthermore, UAG microinjected into the LHA significantly reduced serum triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, blood glucose, insulin and hepatic TG levels, while elevated serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. UAG elevated the mRNA expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 and reduced the mRNA expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase-1 in the liver. The above-mentioned effects of UAG were partially blocked by pre-administration of anti-orexin-A antibody. The expressions of orexin-A and c-fos were observed in the LHA. After UAG injection into the LHA, some neurons showed double labeling, and the percentage of double-labeled orexin-A/c-fos neurons in orexin-A-immunopositive neurons increased significantly. UAG in the LHA regulates glycolipid metabolism by activating orexin-A-immunopositive neurons in the LHA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manqing Su
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Meixing Yan
- Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiatong Yao
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanpeng Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Hong Jin
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanling Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Xie N, Huang X, Yang C, Dai M, Cai L, Deng S, Hardiman PJ, Zhou J. Artificial sweeteners affect the glucose transport rate in the Caco-2/NCI-H716 co-culture model. J Sci Food Agric 2020; 100:4887-4892. [PMID: 32483817 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artificial sweeteners have been used widely as substitutes for sugar for several decades. In recent years they have been reported to be harmful to human health - especially to glucose absorption. However, as conclusions from previous studies using a single Caco-2 cell model were not consistent, further studies with a more suitable cell model are needed. RESULTS We established a co-culture model with enterocyte Caco-2 and enteroendocrine NCI-H716 cell lines cultured in transwell inserts. The effects of artificial sweeteners, enhancing the glucose transport rate, lasted for 60 min and then began to diminish. Most importantly, different artificial sweeteners with the same sweetness intensity had similar effects on glucose transport. The sodium / glucose co-transporter member 1 (SGLT1) mRNA expression levels increased significantly with an initial glucose concentration of 20 mM, while glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) mRNA expression significantly increased with initial glucose concentrations of 20 mM and 60 mM. CONCLUSION Based on the Caco-2/NCI-H716 co-culture model, SGLT1 and GLUT2 mediated the enhancing effects of artificial sweeteners on glucose transport, depending on the sweetness intensity and initial glucose concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Xie
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xi Huang
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chuyi Yang
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Minchen Dai
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Cai
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaoping Deng
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Paul J Hardiman
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, Medical School, London, UK
| | - Jue Zhou
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, Medical School, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|