551
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Minardi S, Sandri M, Martinez JO, Yazdi IK, Liu X, Ferrari M, Weiner BK, Tampieri A, Tasciotti E. Multiscale patterning of a biomimetic scaffold integrated with composite microspheres. Small 2014; 10:3943-53. [PMID: 24867543 PMCID: PMC4192098 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201401211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The ideal scaffold for regenerative medicine should concurrently mimic the structure of the original tissue from the nano- up to the macroscale and recapitulate the biochemical composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in space and time. In this study, a multiscale approach is followed to selectively integrate different types of nanostructured composite microspheres loaded with reporter proteins, in a multi-compartment collagen scaffold. Through the preservation of the structural cues of the functionalized collagen scaffold at the nano- and microscale, its macroscopic features (pore size, porosity, and swelling) are not altered. Additionally, the spatial confinement of the microspheres allows the release of the reporter proteins in each of the layers of the scaffold. Finally, the staged and zero-order release kinetics enables the temporal biochemical patterning of the scaffold. The versatile manufacturing of each component of the scaffold results in the ability to customize it to better mimic the architecture and composition of the tissues and biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Minardi
- Department of Bioceramics and Bio-hybrid materials, National Research Council of Italy – ISTEC, Via Granarolo 64, 48018, Faenza RA, Italy
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave. Houston, TX 77030 (USA)
| | - Monica Sandri
- Department of Bioceramics and Bio-hybrid materials, National Research Council of Italy – ISTEC, Via Granarolo 64, 48018, Faenza RA, Italy
| | - Jonathan O. Martinez
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave. Houston, TX 77030 (USA)
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6767 Bertner Ave; Houston, TX 77030 (USA), Houston, TX USA
| | - Iman K. Yazdi
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave. Houston, TX 77030 (USA)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX USA
| | - Xeuwu Liu
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave. Houston, TX 77030 (USA)
| | - Mauro Ferrari
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave. Houston, TX 77030 (USA)
| | - Bradley K. Weiner
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave. Houston, TX 77030 (USA)
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery Weill Cornell Medical College, The Methodist Hospital, 6550 Fannin St. 77030, Houston TX, USA
| | - Anna Tampieri
- Department of Bioceramics and Bio-hybrid materials, National Research Council of Italy – ISTEC, Via Granarolo 64, 48018, Faenza RA, Italy
| | - Ennio Tasciotti
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave. Houston, TX 77030 (USA)
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552
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Perl EE, McMahon WE, Farrell RM, DenBaars SP, Speck JS, Bowers JE. Surface structured optical coatings with near-perfect broadband and wide-angle antireflective properties. Nano Lett 2014; 14:5960-5964. [PMID: 25238041 DOI: 10.1021/nl502977f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Optical thin-film coatings are typically limited to designs where the refractive index varies in only a single dimension. However, additional control over the propagation of incoming light is possible by structuring the other two dimensions. In this work, we demonstrate a three-dimensional surface structured optical coating that combines the principles of thin-film optical design with bio-inspired nanostructures to yield near-perfect antireflection. Using this hybrid approach, we attain average reflection losses of 0.2% on sapphire and 0.6% on gallium nitride for 300-1800 nm light. This performance is maintained to very wide incidence angles, achieving less than 1% reflection at all measured wavelengths out to 45° for sapphire. This hybrid design has the potential to significantly enhance the broadband and wide-angle properties for a number of optical systems that require high transparency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmett E Perl
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and ‡Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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553
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Abstract
Monomolecular arrays of protein or glycoprotein subunits forming surface layers (S-layers) are one of the most commonly observed prokaryotic cell envelope components. S-layers are generally the most abundantly expressed proteins, have been observed in species of nearly every taxonomical group of walled bacteria, and represent an almost universal feature of archaeal envelopes. The isoporous lattices completely covering the cell surface provide organisms with various selection advantages including functioning as protective coats, molecular sieves and ion traps, as structures involved in surface recognition and cell adhesion, and as antifouling layers. S-layers are also identified to contribute to virulence when present as a structural component of pathogens. In Archaea, most of which possess S-layers as exclusive wall component, they are involved in determining cell shape and cell division. Studies on structure, chemistry, genetics, assembly, function, and evolutionary relationship of S-layers revealed considerable application potential in (nano)biotechnology, biomimetics, biomedicine, and synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe B. Sleytr
- Institute of BiophysicsDepartment of NanobiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Bernhard Schuster
- Institute of Synthetic BiologyDepartment of NanobiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Eva‐Maria Egelseer
- Institute of BiophysicsDepartment of NanobiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Dietmar Pum
- Institute of BiophysicsDepartment of NanobiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
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554
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Lee YB, Jun I, Bak S, Shin YM, Lim YM, Park H, Shin H. Reconstruction of vascular structure with multicellular components using cell transfer printing methods. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:1465-74. [PMID: 24610737 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201300548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Natural vessel has three types of concentric cell layers that perform their specific functions. Here, the fabrication of vascular structure is reported by transfer printing of three different cell layers using thermosensitive hydrogels. Tetronic-tyramine and RGD peptide are co-crosslinked to prepare cell adhesive and thermosensitive hydrogels. The hydrogel increases its diameter by 1.26 times when the temperature reduces from 37 °C to 4 °C. At optimized seeding density, three types of cells form monolayers on the hydrogel, which is then transferred to the target surface within 3 min. Three monolayers are simultaneously transferred on one substrate with controlled shape and arrangement. The same approach is applied onto nanofiber scaffolds that are cultured for more than 5 d. Every type of monolayer shows proliferation and migration on nanofiber scaffolds, and the formation of robust cell-cell contact is revealed by CD31 staining in endothelial cell layer. A vascular structure with multicellular components is fabricated by transfer of three monolayers on nanofibers that are manually rolled with the diameter and length of the tube being approximately 3 mm and 12 mm, respectively. Collectively, it is concluded that the tissue transfer printing is a useful tool for constructing a vascular structure and mimicking natural structure of different types of tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Bin Lee
- Department of Bioengineering; Hanyang University; 17 Haengdang-dong Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791 Republic of Korea
| | - Indong Jun
- Department of Bioengineering; Hanyang University; 17 Haengdang-dong Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791 Republic of Korea
| | - Seongwoo Bak
- Department of Bioengineering; Hanyang University; 17 Haengdang-dong Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791 Republic of Korea
| | - Young Min Shin
- Research Division for Industry & Environment; Advanced Radiation Technology Institute; Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute; Jeongeup 580-185 Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Mook Lim
- Research Division for Industry & Environment; Advanced Radiation Technology Institute; Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute; Jeongeup 580-185 Republic of Korea
| | - Hansoo Park
- School of Integrative Engineering; Chung-Ang University; 84 Heukseok-Ro Dongjakgu, Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Heungsoo Shin
- Department of Bioengineering; Hanyang University; 17 Haengdang-dong Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791 Republic of Korea
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555
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Jasinski DL, Khisamutdinov EF, Lyubchenko YL, Guo P. Physicochemically tunable polyfunctionalized RNA square architecture with fluorogenic and ribozymatic properties. ACS Nano 2014; 8:7620-9. [PMID: 24971772 PMCID: PMC4148160 DOI: 10.1021/nn502160s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in RNA nanotechnology allow the rational design of various nanoarchitectures. Previous methods utilized conserved angles from natural RNA motifs to form geometries with specific sizes. However, the feasibility of producing RNA architecture with variable sizes using native motifs featuring fixed sizes and angles is limited. It would be advantageous to display RNA nanoparticles of diverse shape and size derived from a given primary sequence. Here, we report an approach to construct RNA nanoparticles with tunable size and stability. Multifunctional RNA squares with a 90° angle were constructed by tuning the 60° angle of the three-way junction (3WJ) motif from the packaging RNA (pRNA) of the bacteriophage phi29 DNA packaging motor. The physicochemical properties and size of the RNA square were also easily tuned by modulating the “core” strand and adjusting the length of the sides of the square via predictable design. Squares of 5, 10, and 20 nm were constructed, each showing diverse thermodynamic and chemical stabilities. Four “arms” extending from the corners of the square were used to incorporate siRNA, ribozyme, and fluorogenic RNA motifs. Unique intramolecular contact using the pre-existing intricacy of the 3WJ avoids relatively weaker intermolecular interactions via kissing loops or sticky ends. Utilizing the 3WJ motif, we have employed a modular design technique to construct variable-size RNA squares with controllable properties and functionalities for diverse and versatile applications with engineering, pharmaceutical, and medical potential. This technique for simple design to finely tune physicochemical properties adds a new angle to RNA nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L. Jasinski
- Nanobiotechnology Center, Markey Cancer Center, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Emil F. Khisamutdinov
- Nanobiotechnology Center, Markey Cancer Center, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Yuri L. Lyubchenko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Peixuan Guo
- Nanobiotechnology Center, Markey Cancer Center, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
- Address correspondence to
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556
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Sleytr UB, Messner P, Pum D, Sára M. Crystalline bacterial cell surface layers (s layers): from supramolecular cell structure to biomimetics and nanotechnology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 38:1034-54. [PMID: 25138491 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-3773(19990419)38:8<1034::aid-anie1034>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/1998] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An astonishingly broad application potential in biotechnology, biomimetics, and nanotechnology is revealed by studies on the structure, chemistry, biosynthesis, genetics, self-assembly, and function of supramolecular surface layers (S layers). These are monomolecular, crystalline assemblies of protein or glycoprotein subunits and represent one of the most commonly observed surface structures of prokaryotic cell envelopes (see schematic representation of an archaebacterial cell envelope).
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Affiliation(s)
- U B Sleytr
- Zentrum für Ultrastrukturforschung und, Ludwig-Boltzmann-Institut für Molekulare Nanotechnologie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 33, A-1180 Vienna, Austria, Fax: (+43) 1-47-89112.
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557
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Sun Z, Liao T, Liu K, Jiang L, Kim JH, Dou SX. Fly-eye inspired superhydrophobic anti-fogging inorganic nanostructures. Small 2014; 10:3001-6. [PMID: 24753310 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201400516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Fly-eye bio-inspired inorganic nanostructures are synthesized via a two-step self-assembly approach, which have low contact angle hysteresis and excellent anti-fogging properties, and are promising candidates for anti-freezing/fogging materials to be applied in extreme and hazardous environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Sun
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, North Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia
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558
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Abstract
Nanomaterials that are used in therapeutic applications need a high degree of uniformity and functionality which can be difficult to attain. One strategy for fabrication is to utilize the biological precision afforded by recombinant synthesis. Through protein engineering, we have produced ~27-nm dodecahedral protein nanoparticles using the thermostable E2 subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase as a scaffold and added optical imaging, drug delivery, and tumor targeting capabilities. Cysteines in the internal cavity of the engineered caged protein scaffold (E2 variant D381C) were conjugated with maleimide-bearing Alexa Fluor 532 (AF532) and doxorubicin (DOX). The external surface was functionalized with polyethylene glycol (PEG) alone or with the tumor-targeting ligand folic acid (FA) through a PEG linker. The resulting bi-functional nanoparticles remained intact and correctly assembled. The uptake of FA-displaying nanoparticles (D381C-AF532-PEG-FA) by cells overexpressing the folate receptor was approximately six times greater than of non-targeting nanoparticles (D381C-AF532-PEG) and was confirmed to be FA-specific. Nanoparticles containing DOX were all cytotoxic in the low micromolar range. To our knowledge, this work is the first time that acid-labile drug release and folate receptor targeting have been simultaneously integrated onto recombinant protein nanoparticles, and it demonstrates the potential of using biofabrication strategies to generate functional nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Ren
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science University of California, 916 Engineering Tower, Irvine, CA 92697-2575, USA
| | - Felix Kratz
- Tumor Biology Center, Division of Macromolecular Prodrugs Breisacher Strasse 117, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Szu-Wen Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science University of California, 916 Engineering Tower, Irvine, CA 92697-2575, USA
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559
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Gordiichuk PI, Wetzelaer GJAH, Rimmerman D, Gruszka A, de Vries JW, Saller M, Gautier DA, Catarci S, Pesce D, Richter S, Blom PWM, Herrmann A. Solid-state biophotovoltaic cells containing photosystem I. Adv Mater 2014; 26:4863-9. [PMID: 24862686 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201401135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The large multiprotein complex, photosystem I (PSI), which is at the heart of light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis, is integrated as the active component in a solid-state organic photovoltaic cell. These experiments demonstrate that photoactive megadalton protein complexes are compatible with solution processing of organic-semiconductor materials and operate in a dry non-natural environment that is very different from the biological membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo I Gordiichuk
- Polymer Chemistry and Bioengineering Group, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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560
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Chaudhari KN, Song MY, Yu JS. Transforming hair into heteroatom-doped carbon with high surface area. Small 2014; 10:2625-36. [PMID: 24664643 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201303831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a unique approach to dispose of human hair by pyrolizing it in a regulated environment is presented, yielding highly porous, conductive hair carbons with heteroatoms and high surface area. α-keratin in the protein network of hair serves as a precursor for the heteroatoms and carbon. The carbon framework is ingrained with heteroatoms such as nitrogen and sulfur, which otherwise are incorporated externally through energy-intensive, hazardous, chemical reactions using proper organic precursors. This judicious transformation of organic-rich waste not only addresses the disposal issue, but also generates valuable functional carbon materials from the discard. This unique synthesis strategy involving moderate activation and further graphitization enhances the electrical conductivity, while still maintaining the precious heteroatoms. The effect of temperature on the structural and functional properties is studied, and all the as-obtained carbons are applied as metal-free catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Carbon graphitized at 900 °C emerges as a superior ORR electrocatalyst with excellent electrocatalytic performance, high selectivity, and long durability, demonstrating that hair carbon can be a promising alternative for costly Pt-based electrocatalysts in fuel cells. The ORR performance can be discussed in terms of heteroatom doping, surface properties, and electrical conductivity of the resulting porous hair carbon materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran N Chaudhari
- Department of Advanced Materials Chemistry, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong, 339-700, Republic of Korea
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561
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Schuster B, Sleytr UB. Biomimetic interfaces based on S-layer proteins, lipid membranes and functional biomolecules. J R Soc Interface 2014; 11:20140232. [PMID: 24812051 PMCID: PMC4032536 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2014.0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Designing and utilization of biomimetic membrane systems generated by bottom-up processes is a rapidly growing scientific and engineering field. Elucidation of the supramolecular construction principle of archaeal cell envelopes composed of S-layer stabilized lipid membranes led to new strategies for generating highly stable functional lipid membranes at meso- and macroscopic scale. In this review, we provide a state-of-the-art survey of how S-layer proteins, lipids and polymers may be used as basic building blocks for the assembly of S-layer-supported lipid membranes. These biomimetic membrane systems are distinguished by a nanopatterned fluidity, enhanced stability and longevity and, thus, provide a dedicated reconstitution matrix for membrane-active peptides and transmembrane proteins. Exciting areas in the (lab-on-a-) biochip technology are combining composite S-layer membrane systems involving specific membrane functions with the silicon world. Thus, it might become possible to create artificial noses or tongues, where many receptor proteins have to be exposed and read out simultaneously. Moreover, S-layer-coated liposomes and emulsomes copying virus envelopes constitute promising nanoformulations for the production of novel targeting, delivery, encapsulation and imaging systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Schuster
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Institute for Synthetic Bioarchitectures, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Uwe B. Sleytr
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Institute for Biophysics, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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562
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Dumanli AG, Kamita G, Landman J, van der Kooij H, Glover BJ, Baumberg JJ, Steiner U, Vignolini S. Controlled, Bio-inspired Self-Assembly of Cellulose-Based Chiral Reflectors. Adv Opt Mater 2014; 2:646-650. [PMID: 26229742 PMCID: PMC4515966 DOI: 10.1002/adom.201400112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahu Gumrah Dumanli
- Department of Physics, University of CambridgeJJ Thomson, Cambridge, CB3 0, HE, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of CambridgeLensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Gen Kamita
- Department of Physics, University of CambridgeJJ Thomson, Cambridge, CB3 0, HE, UK
| | - Jasper Landman
- Department of Physics, University of CambridgeJJ Thomson, Cambridge, CB3 0, HE, UK
| | - Hanne van der Kooij
- Department of Physics, University of CambridgeJJ Thomson, Cambridge, CB3 0, HE, UK
| | - Beverley J Glover
- Department of Plant Science, University of CambridgeDowning Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Jeremy J Baumberg
- Department of Physics, University of CambridgeJJ Thomson, Cambridge, CB3 0, HE, UK
| | - Ullrich Steiner
- Department of Physics, University of CambridgeJJ Thomson, Cambridge, CB3 0, HE, UK
| | - Silvia Vignolini
- Department of Chemistry, University of CambridgeLensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
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563
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Masoumi N, Howell MC, Johnson KL, Niesslein MJ, Gerber G, Engelmayr GC. Design and testing of a cyclic stretch and flexure bioreactor for evaluating engineered heart valve tissues based on poly(glycerol sebacate) scaffolds. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2014; 228:576-586. [PMID: 24898445 DOI: 10.1177/0954411914534837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic flexure and stretch are essential to the function of semilunar heart valves and have demonstrated utility in mechanically conditioning tissue-engineered heart valves. In this study, a cyclic stretch and flexure bioreactor was designed and tested in the context of the bioresorbable elastomer poly(glycerol sebacate). Solid poly(glycerol sebacate) membranes were subjected to cyclic stretch, and micromolded poly(glycerol sebacate) scaffolds seeded with porcine aortic valvular interstitial cells were subjected to cyclic stretch and flexure. The results demonstrated significant effects of cyclic stretch on poly(glycerol sebacate) mechanical properties, including significant decreases in effective stiffness versus controls. In valvular interstitial cell-seeded scaffolds, cyclic stretch elicited significant increases in DNA and collagen content that paralleled maintenance of effective stiffness. This work provides a basis for investigating the roles of mechanical loading in the formation of tissue-engineered heart valves based on elastomeric scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Masoumi
- Department of Bioengineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - M Christian Howell
- Department of Bioengineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Katherine L Johnson
- Department of Bioengineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Matthew J Niesslein
- Department of Bioengineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Gene Gerber
- Department of Bioengineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - George C Engelmayr
- Department of Bioengineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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564
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Yu Y, Wen H, Ma J, Lykkemark S, Xu H, Qin J. Flexible fabrication of biomimetic bamboo-like hybrid microfibers. Adv Mater 2014; 26:2494-2499. [PMID: 24453009 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201304974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Biomimetic and flexible bamboo-like hybrid fibers are produced using a novel one-step strategy. By combining a droplet microfluidic technique with a wet-spinning process, biocompatible microfibers are incorporated with polymer spheres or multicellular spheroids. As a result of the controllability of this approach, it has potential applications in materials science and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yu
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian, 116023, China
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565
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Hensel R, Finn A, Helbig R, Braun HG, Neinhuis C, Fischer WJ, Werner C. Biologically inspired omniphobic surfaces by reverse imprint lithography. Adv Mater 2014; 26:2029-33. [PMID: 24375518 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201305408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Springtail skin morphology is translated into robust omniphobic polymer membranes by reverse imprint lithography. The combination of overhanging cross-sections and their arrangement in a self-supporting comblike pattern are crucial for mechanically stable coatings that can be even applied to curved surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Hensel
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials Dresden, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany; Technische Universität Dresden, Research Training Group "Nano- and Biotechniques for Electronic Device Packaging", Helmholtzstraße 18, 01069, Dresden, Germany
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566
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Abstract
Smooth contact pads that evolved in insects, amphibians and mammals to enhance the attachment abilities of the animals' feet are often dressed with surface micropatterns of different shapes that act in the presence of a fluid secretion. One of the most striking surface patterns observed in contact pads of these animals is based on a hexagonal texture, which is recognized as a friction-oriented feature capable of suppressing both stick-slip and hydroplaning while enabling friction tuning. Here, we compare this design of natural friction surfaces to textures developed for working in similar conditions in disposable safety razors. When slid against lubricated human skin, the hexagonal surface texture is capable of generating about twice the friction of its technical competitors, which is related to it being much more effective at channelling of the lubricant fluid out of the contact zone. The draining channel shape and contact area fraction are found to be the most important geometrical parameters governing the fluid drainage rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Tsipenyuk
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technion, , Haifa 32000, Israel
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567
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Abstract
Ornithopters, or flapping-wing aircraft, offer an alternative to helicopters in achieving manoeuvrability at small scales, although stabilizing such aerial vehicles remains a key challenge. Here, we present a hovering machine that achieves self-righting flight using flapping wings alone, without relying on additional aerodynamic surfaces and without feedback control. We design, construct and test-fly a prototype that opens and closes four wings, resembling the motions of swimming jellyfish more so than any insect or bird. Measurements of lift show the benefits of wing flexing and the importance of selecting a wing size appropriate to the motor. Furthermore, we use high-speed video and motion tracking to show that the body orientation is stable during ascending, forward and hovering flight modes. Our experimental measurements are used to inform an aerodynamic model of stability that reveals the importance of centre-of-mass location and the coupling of body translation and rotation. These results show the promise of flapping-flight strategies beyond those that directly mimic the wing motions of flying animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Ristroph
- Applied Math Lab, Courant Institute, New York University, , 251 Mercer St., New York, NY 10012, USA
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568
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Abstract
As a natural composite, nacre has an elegant staggered 'brick-and-mortar' microstructure consisting of mineral platelets glued by organic macromolecules, which endows the material with superior mechanical properties to achieve its biological functions. In this paper, a microstructure-based crack-bridging model is employed to investigate how the strength of nacre is affected by pre-existing structural defects. Our analysis demonstrates that owing to its special microstructure and the toughening effect of platelets, nacre has a superior flaw-tolerance feature. The maximal crack size that does not evidently reduce the tensile strength of nacre is up to tens of micrometres, about three orders higher than that of pure aragonite. Through dimensional analysis, a non-dimensional parameter is proposed to quantify the flaw-tolerance ability of nacreous materials in a wide range of structural parameters. This study provides us some inspirations for optimal design of advanced biomimetic composites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xi-Qiao Feng
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, AML, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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569
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Wang Z, Wang Z, Liu D, Yan X, Wang F, Niu G, Yang M, Chen X. Biomimetic RNA-silencing nanocomplexes: overcoming multidrug resistance in cancer cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:1997-2001. [PMID: 24446433 PMCID: PMC4709245 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201309985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is an RNA-dependent gene silencing approach controlled by an RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). Herein, we present a synthetic RISC-mimic nanocomplex, which can actively cleave its target RNA in a sequence-specific manner. With high enzymatic stability and efficient self-delivery to target cells, the designed nanocomplex can selectively and potently induce gene silencing without cytokine activation. These nanocomplexes, which target multidrug resistance, are not only able to bypass the P-glycoprotein (Pgp) transporter, due to their nano-size effect, but also effectively suppress Pgp expression, thus resulting in successful restoration of drug sensitivity of OVCAR8/ADR cells to Pgp-transportable cytotoxic agents. This nanocomplex approach has the potential for both functional genomics and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongliang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, China. Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bio-engineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States. Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, China. Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bio-engineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States. Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Dingbin Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bio-engineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Xuefeng Yan
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bio-engineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Fu Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bio-engineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Gang Niu
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bio-engineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Min Yang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bio-engineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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570
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Namdeo S, Khaderi SN, Onck PR. Numerical modelling of chirality-induced bi-directional swimming of artificial flagella. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2014; 470:20130547. [PMID: 24511253 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2013.0547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomimetic micro-swimmers can be used for various medical applications, such as targeted drug delivery and micro-object (e.g. biological cells) manipulation, in lab-on-a-chip devices. Bacteria swim using a bundle of flagella (flexible hair-like structures) that form a rotating cork-screw of chiral shape. To mimic bacterial swimming, we employ a computational approach to design a bacterial (chirality-induced) swimmer whose chiral shape and rotational velocity can be controlled by an external magnetic field. In our model, we numerically solve the coupled governing equations that describe the system dynamics (i.e. solid mechanics, fluid dynamics and magnetostatics). We explore the swimming response as a function of the characteristic dimensionless parameters and put special emphasis on controlling the swimming direction. Our results provide fundamental physical insight on the chirality-induced propulsion, and it provides guidelines for the design of magnetic bi-directional micro-swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Namdeo
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , University of Groningen , 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - S N Khaderi
- Department of Engineering , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK
| | - P R Onck
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , University of Groningen , 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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571
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Abstract
Especially in robotics, rarely plants have been considered as a model of inspiration for designing and developing new technology. This is probably due to their radically different operational principles compared to animals and the difficulty to study their movements and features. Owing to the sessile nature of their lifestyle, plants have evolved the capability to respond to a wide range of signals and efficiently adapt to changing environmental conditions. Plants in fact are able to show considerable plasticity in their morphology and physiology in response to variability within their environment. This results in movements that are characterized by energy efficiency and high density. Plant materials are optimized to reduce energy consumption during motion and these capabilities offer a plethora of solutions in the artificial world, exploiting approaches that are muscle-free and thus not necessarily animal-like. Plant roots then are excellent natural diggers, and their characteristics such as adaptive growth, low energy consumption movements, and the capability of penetrating soil at any angle are interesting from an engineering perspective. A few examples are described to lay the perspectives of plants in the artificial world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Mazzolai
- Center for Micro-BioRobotics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pontedera, Italy
| | - Lucia Beccai
- Center for Micro-BioRobotics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pontedera, Italy
| | - Virgilio Mattoli
- Center for Micro-BioRobotics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pontedera, Italy
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572
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Sun Z, Han C, Song M, Wen L, Tian D, Li H, Jiang L. Fabrication of cysteine-responsive biomimetic single nanochannels by a thiol-yne reaction strategy and their application for sensing in urine samples. Adv Mater 2014; 26:455-460. [PMID: 24151224 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201303158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A photoinitiated thiol-yne click reaction strategy is used to fabricate a novel responsive biomimetic nanochannel platform. It displays a selective response for Cys by way of covalent bond formation on the channel surface. This system can be applied for Cys sensing with high specificity and non-interference performance in complex matrices and human urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
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573
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Abstract
Living organisms are known for creating complex organic-inorganic hybrid materials such as bone, teeth, and shells, which possess outstanding functions as compared to their simple mineral forms. This has inspired many attempts to mimic such structures, but has yielded few practical advances. In this study, a multilevel hierarchically ordered artificial biomineral (a composite of hydroxyapatite and gelatine) with favorable nanomechanical properties is reported. A typical optimized HAp/gelatin hybrid material in the perpendicular direction of the HAp c-axis has a modulus of 25.91 + 1.78 GPa and hardness of 0.90 + 0.10 GPa, which well matches that of human cortical bone (modulus 24.3 + 1.4 GPa, hardness 0.69 + 0.05 GPa). The bottom-up crystal constructions (from nano- to micro- to macroscale) of this material are achieved through a hard template approach by the phase transformation from DCP to HAp. The structural biomimetic material shows another way to mimic the complex hierarchical designs of sclerous tissues which have potential value for application in hard tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguo Liu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, PR China; State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, PR China, Fax: (+)86-21-52413903
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574
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Ravindran S, Huang CC, George A. Extracellular matrix of dental pulp stem cells: applications in pulp tissue engineering using somatic MSCs. Front Physiol 2014; 4:395. [PMID: 24432005 PMCID: PMC3880843 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental Caries affects approximately 90% of the world's population. At present, the clinical treatment for dental caries is root canal therapy. This treatment results in loss of tooth sensitivity and vitality. Tissue engineering can potentially solve this problem by enabling regeneration of a functional pulp tissue. Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) have been shown to be an excellent source for pulp regeneration. However, limited availability of these cells hinders its potential for clinical translation. We have investigated the possibility of using somatic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from other sources for dental pulp tissue regeneration using a biomimetic dental pulp extracellular matrix (ECM) incorporated scaffold. Human periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) and human bone marrow stromal cells (HMSCs) were investigated for their ability to differentiate toward an odontogenic lineage. In vitro real-time PCR results coupled with histological and immunohistochemical examination of the explanted tissues confirmed the ability of PDLSCs and HMSCs to form a vascularized pulp-like tissue. These findings indicate that the dental pulp stem derived ECM scaffold stimulated odontogenic differentiation of PDLSCs and HMSCs without the need for exogenous addition of growth and differentiation factors. This study represents a translational perspective toward possible therapeutic application of using a combination of somatic stem cells and extracellular matrix for pulp regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Ravindran
- Brodie Tooth Development Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Laboratory, Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chun-Chieh Huang
- Brodie Tooth Development Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Laboratory, Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anne George
- Brodie Tooth Development Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Laboratory, Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, IL, USA
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575
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Baum MJ, Heepe L, Fadeeva E, Gorb SN. Dry friction of microstructured polymer surfaces inspired by snake skin. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2014; 5:1091-103. [PMID: 25161844 PMCID: PMC4143125 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.5.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The microstructure investigated in this study was inspired by the anisotropic microornamentation of scales from the ventral body side of the California King Snake (Lampropeltis getula californiae). Frictional properties of snake-inspired microstructured polymer surface (SIMPS) made of epoxy resin were characterised in contact with a smooth glass ball by a microtribometer in two perpendicular directions. The SIMPS exhibited a considerable frictional anisotropy: Frictional coefficients measured along the microstructure were about 33% lower than those measured in the opposite direction. Frictional coefficients were compared to those obtained on other types of surface microstructure: (i) smooth ones, (ii) rough ones, and (iii) ones with periodic groove-like microstructures of different dimensions. The results demonstrate the existence of a common pattern of interaction between two general effects that influence friction: (1) molecular interaction depending on real contact area and (2) the mechanical interlocking of both contacting surfaces. The strongest reduction of the frictional coefficient, compared to the smooth reference surface, was observed at a medium range of surface structure dimensions suggesting a trade-off between these two effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina J Baum
- Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 1–9, Kiel 24098, Germany
| | - Lars Heepe
- Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 1–9, Kiel 24098, Germany
| | - Elena Fadeeva
- Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V. (LZH), Hollerithallee 8, Hannover 30419, Germany
| | - Stanislav N Gorb
- Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 1–9, Kiel 24098, Germany
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576
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Caringella MA, Bergman BA, Stanfield RC, Ewers MM, Bobich EG, Ewers FW. Effects of phyllotaxy on biomechanical properties of stems of Cercis occidentalis (Fabaceae). Am J Bot 2014; 101:206-210. [PMID: 24375827 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1300260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Phyllotaxy, the arrangement of leaves on a stem, may impact the mechanical properties of woody stems several years after the leaves have been shed. We explored mechanical properties of a plant with alternate distichous phyllotaxy, with a row of leaves produced on each side of the stem, to determine whether the nodes behave as spring-like joints. METHODS Flexural stiffness of 1 cm diameter woody stems was measured in four directions with an Instron mechanical testing system; the xylem of the stems was then cut into node (former leaf junction) and nonnode segments for measurement of xylem density. KEY RESULTS Stems had 20% greater flexural stiffness in the plane perpendicular to the original leaf placement than in the parallel plane. The xylem in the node region was more flexible, but it had significantly greater tissue density than adjacent regions, contradicting the usual correlation between wood density and stiffness. CONCLUSIONS Nodes can behave as spring-like joints in woody plants. For plagiotropic shoots, distichous phyllotaxy results in stems that resist up-and-down bending more than lateral back-and-forth movement. Thus, they may more effectively absorb applied loads from fruits, animals, wind, rain, and snow and resist stresses due to gravity without cracking and breaking. Under windy conditions, nodes may improve damping by absorbing vibrational energy and thus reducing oscillation damage. The effect of plant nodes also has biomimetic design implications for architects and material engineers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa A Caringella
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona 91768 USA
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577
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Marciel AB, Tanyeri M, Wall BD, Tovar JD, Schroeder CM, Wilson WL. Fluidic-directed assembly of aligned oligopeptides with π-conjugated cores. Adv Mater 2013; 25:6398-6404. [PMID: 23966206 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201302496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A microfluidic-based directed assembly strategy is employed to form highly aligned supramolecular structures. Formation of aligned synthetic oligopeptide nanostructures is accomplished using planar extensional flow, which induces alignment of underlying material suprastructures. Fluidic-directed assembly of supramolecular structures allows for unprecedented manipulation at the nano- and mesoscales, which has the potential to provide rapid and efficient control of functional material properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B Marciel
- Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
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578
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She S, Li Q, Shan B, Tong W, Gao C. Fabrication of red-blood-cell-like polyelectrolyte microcapsules and their deformation and recovery behavior through a microcapillary. Adv Mater 2013; 25:5814-5818. [PMID: 23943540 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201302875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Multilayer microcapsules with a biconcave discoidal shape mimicking red blood cells (RBCs) are fabricated. The structure of the RBC-like microcapsules is verified by scanning electron and confocal laser scanning microscopies. The capsules show elastic deformation after being forced through a microcapillary with a smaller diameter, exhibiting a high recovery ratio of ≈90%. When the capsules are coated with hemoglobin (Hb),they are able to reversibly bind and release oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shupeng She
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P.R. China
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579
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Phan L, Walkup WG, Ordinario DD, Karshalev E, Jocson JM, Burke AM, Gorodetsky AA. Reconfigurable infrared camouflage coatings from a cephalopod protein. Adv Mater 2013; 25:5621-5625. [PMID: 23897625 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201301472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In nature, cephalopods employ unique dynamic camouflage mechanisms. Herein, we draw inspiration from self-assembled structures found in cephalopods to fabricate tunable biomimetic camouflage coatings. The reflectance of these coatings is dynamically modulated between the visible and infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum in situ. Our studies represent a crucial step towards reconfigurable and disposable infrared camouflage for stealth applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Phan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, (USA)
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580
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Abstract
Branching in columnar cacti features morphological and anatomical characteristics specific to the subfamily Cactoideae. The most conspicuous features are the pronounced constrictions at the branch-stem junctions, which are also present in the lignified vascular structures within the succulent cortex. Based on finite-element analyses of ramification models, we demonstrate that these indentations in the region of high flexural and torsional stresses are not regions of structural weakness (e.g. allowing vegetative propagation). On the contrary, they can be regarded as anatomical adaptations to increase the stability by fine-tuning the stress state and stress directions in the junction along prevalent fibre directions. Biomimetic adaptations improving the functionality of ramifications in technical components, inspired, in particular, by the fine-tuned geometrical shape and arrangement of lignified strengthening tissues of biological role models, might contribute to the development of alternative concepts for branched fibre-reinforced composite structures within a limited design space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Schwager
- Institute for Botany, Botanic Garden, Faculty of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, , Zellescher Weg 20b, 01062 Dresden, Germany, Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, , Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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581
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Zhao Y, Sakai F, Su L, Liu Y, Wei K, Chen G, Jiang M. Progressive macromolecular self-assembly: from biomimetic chemistry to bio-inspired materials. Adv Mater 2013; 25:5215-5256. [PMID: 24022921 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201302215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Macromolecular self-assembly (MSA) has been an active and fruitful research field since the 1980s, especially in this new century, which is promoted by the remarkable developments in controlled radical polymerization in polymer chemistry, etc. and driven by the demands in bio-related investigations and applications. In this review, we try to summarize the trends and recent progress in MSA in relation to biomimetic chemistry and bio-inspired materials. Our paper covers representative achievements in the fabrication of artificial building blocks for life, cell-inspired biomimetic materials, and macromolecular assemblies mimicking the functions of natural materials and their applications. It is true that the current status of the deliberately designed and obtained nano-objects based on MSA including a variety of micelles, multicompartment vesicles, and some hybrid and complex nano-objects is at their very first stage to mimic nature, but significant and encouraging progress has been made in achieving a certain similarity in morphologies or properties to that of natural ones. Such achievements also demonstrate that MSA has played an important and irreplaceable role in the grand and long-standing research of biomimetic and bio-inspired materials, the future success of which depends on mutual and persistent efforts in polymer science, material science, supramolecular chemistry, and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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582
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Takahashi H, Palermo EF, Yasuhara K, Caputo GA, Kuroda K. Molecular design, structures, and activity of antimicrobial peptide-mimetic polymers. Macromol Biosci 2013; 13:1285-99. [PMID: 23832766 PMCID: PMC4020117 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201300126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for new antibiotics which are effective against drug-resistant bacteria without contributing to resistance development. We have designed and developed antimicrobial copolymers with cationic amphiphilic structures based on the mimicry of naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides. These copolymers exhibit potent antimicrobial activity against a broad spectrum of bacteria including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with no adverse hemolytic activity. Notably, these polymers also did not result in any measurable resistance development in E. coli. The peptide-mimetic design principle offers significant flexibility and diversity in the creation of new antimicrobial materials and their potential biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruko Takahashi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Edmund F. Palermo
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kazuma Yasuhara
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | - Gregory A. Caputo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - Kenichi Kuroda
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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583
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Jin J, Hassanzadeh P, Perotto G, Sun W, Brenckle MA, Kaplan D, Omenetto FG, Rolandi M. A biomimetic composite from solution self-assembly of chitin nanofibers in a silk fibroin matrix. Adv Mater 2013; 25:4482-7. [PMID: 23788326 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201301429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A chitin nanofiber-silk biomimetic nanocomposite with enhanced mechanical properties is self-assembled from solution to yield ultrafine chitin nanofibers embedded in a silk matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungho Jin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
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584
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Pugno NM, Cranford SW, Buehler MJ. Synergetic material and structure optimization yields robust spider web anchorages. Small 2013; 9:2747-2756. [PMID: 23585296 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201201343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Millions of years of evolution have adapted spider webs to achieve a range of properties, including the well-known capture of prey, with efficient use of materials. One feature that remains poorly understood is the attachment disc, a network of silk fibers that mechanically anchors a web to its environment. Experimental observations suggest that one possible attachment disc adheres to a substrate through multiple symmetrically branched structures composed of sub-micrometer scale silk fibers. Here, a theoretical model is used to explore the adaptation of the strength of attachment of such an anchorage, and complementary mesoscale simulations are applied to demonstrate a novel mechanism of synergetic material and structural optimization, such that the maximum anchorage strength can be achieved regardless of the initial anchor placement or material type. The optimal delamination (peeling) angle is facilitated by the inherent extensibility of silk, and is attained automatically during the process of delamination. This concept of self-optimizing peeling angle suggests that attachment discs do not require precise placement by the spider, irrespective of adhesion strength. Additional hierarchical branching of the anchorage increases efficiency, where both the delamination force and toughness modulus increase with a splitting of the cross-sectional area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola M Pugno
- Laboratory of Bioinspired & Graphene Nanomechanics, Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, Università di Trento, Via Mesiano, 77 I-38123 Trento, Italy.
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585
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Abstract
In this study, the effect of the substrate roughness on adhesion of mushroom-shaped microstructure was experimentally investigated. To do so, 12 substrates having different isotropic roughness were prepared from the same material by replicating topography of different surfaces. The pull-off forces generated by mushroom-shaped microstructure in contact with the tested substrates were measured and compared with the pull-off forces generated by a smooth reference. It was found that classical roughness parameters, such as average roughness (Ra) and others, cannot be used to explain topography-related variation in pull-off force. This has led us to the development of an integrated roughness parameter capable of explaining results of pull-off measurements. Using this parameter, we have also found that there is a critical roughness, above which neither smooth nor microstructured surface could generate any attachment force, which may have important implications on design of both adhesive and anti-adhesive surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haytam Kasem
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel.
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586
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Min Park
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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587
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Gao W, Hu CMJ, Fang RH, Luk BT, Su J, Zhang L. Surface functionalization of gold nanoparticles with red blood cell membranes. Adv Mater 2013; 25:3549-53. [PMID: 23712782 PMCID: PMC4138311 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201300638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles are enclosed in cellular membranes derived from natural red blood cells (RBCs) by a top-down approach. The gold nanoparticles exhibit a complete membrane surface layer and biological characteristics of the source cells. The combination of inorganic gold nanoparticles with biological membranes is a compelling way to develop biomimetic gold nanostructures for future applications, such as those requiring evasion of the immune system.
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588
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Peng HH, Wu CY, Young D, Martel J, Young A, Ojcius DM, Lee YH, Young JD. Physicochemical and biological properties of biomimetic mineralo-protein nanoparticles formed spontaneously in biological fluids. Small 2013; 9:2297-2307. [PMID: 23255529 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201202270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that mineral nanoparticles (NPs) form spontaneously in human body fluids. These biological NPs represent mineral precursors that are associated with ectopic calcifications seen in various human diseases. However, the parameters that control the formation of mineral NPs and their possible effects on human cells remain poorly understood. Here a nanomaterial approach to study the formation of biomimetic calcium phosphate NPs comparable to their physiological counterparts is described. Particle sizing using dynamic light scattering reveals that serum and ion concentrations within the physiological range yield NPs below 100 nm in diameter. While the particles are phagocytosed by macrophages in a size-independent manner, only large particles or NP aggregates in the micrometer range induce cellular responses that include production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, caspase-1 activation, and secretion of interleukin-1β (IL-1β). A comprehensive proteomic analysis reveals that the particle-bound proteins are similar in terms of their identity and number, regardless of particle size, suggesting that protein adsorption is independent of particle size and curvature. In conclusion, the conditions underlying the formation of mineralo-protein particles are similar to the ones that form in vivo. While mineral NPs do not activate immune cells, they may become pro-inflammatory and contribute to pathological processes once they aggregate and form larger mineral particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Hsin Peng
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa First Road, Gueishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
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589
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Sharma S, Lee A, Choi K, Kim K, Youn I, Trippel SB, Panitch A. Biomimetic aggrecan reduces cartilage extracellular matrix from degradation and lowers catabolic activity in ex vivo and in vivo models. Macromol Biosci 2013; 13:1228-37. [PMID: 23836445 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201300112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Aggrecan, a major macromolecule in cartilage, protects the extracellular matrix (ECM) from degradation during the progression of osteoarthritis (OA). However, aggrecan itself is also susceptible to proteolytic cleavage. Here, the use of a biomimetic proteoglycan (mAGC) is presented, which functionally mimics aggrecan but lacks the known cleavage sites, protecting the molecule from proteolytic degradation. The objective of this study is to test the efficacy of this molecule in ex vivo (human OA synovial fluid) and in vivo (Sprague-Dawley rats) osteoarthritic models. These results indicate that mAGC's may protect articular cartilage against the loss of key ECM components, and lower catabolic protein and gene expression in both models. This suppression of matrix degradation has the potential to provide a healthy environment for tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaili Sharma
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907
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590
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Lee M, Hong J, Seo DH, Nam DH, Nam KT, Kang K, Park CB. Redox cofactor from biological energy transduction as molecularly tunable energy-storage compound. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:8322-8. [PMID: 23784869 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201301850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minah Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
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591
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Zakharov BA, Boldyreva EV. A high-pressure single-crystal to single-crystal phase transition in DL-alaninium semi-oxalate monohydrate with switching-over hydrogen bonds. Acta Crystallogr B Struct Sci Cryst Eng Mater 2013; 69:271-280. [PMID: 23719471 DOI: 10.1107/s2052519213011676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A single-crystal to single-crystal transition in DL-alaninium semi-oxalate monohydrate at a pressure between 1.5 and 2.4 GPa was studied by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. This is the first example of a single-crystal diffraction study of a high-pressure phase transition in a crystalline amino acid salt hydrate. Selected hydrogen bonds switch over and become bifurcated, whereas the others are compressed continuously. The transition is accompanied by pronounced discontinuities in the cell parameters and volume versus pressure, although no radical changes in the molecular packing are induced. Although, in contrast to DL-alanine, in the crystal structure of the salt there are short O-H···O hydrogen bonds, the structure of the salt is more compressible. At the same time, the structure of DL-alanine does not undergo pressure-induced phase transitions, whereas the structure of DL-alaninium semi-oxalate monohydrate does, and at a relatively low pressure. The anisotropy of lattice strain for the low-pressure phase differs from that on cooling at ambient pressure; interestingly, the anisotropy of the pressure-induced compression of the high-pressure phase is quite similar to the lattice strain of the low-pressure phase on cooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris A Zakharov
- Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry SB RAS, Kutateladze Str. 18, Novosibirsk 630128, Russian Federation.
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592
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Parratt K, Yao N. Nanostructured Biomaterials and Their Applications. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2013; 3:242-271. [PMID: 28348334 PMCID: PMC5327884 DOI: 10.3390/nano3020242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Some of the most important advances in the life sciences have come from transitioning to thinking of materials and their properties on the nanoscale rather than the macro or even microscale. Improvements in imaging technology have allowed us to see nanofeatures that directly impact chemical and mechanical properties of natural and man-made materials. Now that these can be imaged and quantified, substantial advances have been made in the fields of biomimetics, tissue engineering, and drug delivery. For the first time, scientists can determine the importance of nanograins and nanoasperities in nacre, direct the nucleation of apatite and the growth of cells on nanostructured scaffolds, and pass drugs tethered to nanoparticles through the blood-brain barrier. This review examines some of the most interesting materials whose nanostructure and hierarchical organization have been shown to correlate directly with favorable properties and their resulting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Parratt
- Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton Imaging and Analysis Center, Princeton University, 120 Bowen Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
| | - Nan Yao
- Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton Imaging and Analysis Center, Princeton University, 120 Bowen Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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593
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Maeda Y, Wei Z, Matsui H. Biomimetic assembly of proteins into microcapsules on oil-in-water droplets with structural reinforcement via biomolecular-recognition-based cross-linking of surface peptides. Small 2012; 8:1341-4. [PMID: 22378709 PMCID: PMC3516996 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201102571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
By mimicking the stabilization of bacterial membranes with S-layer proteins, a novel process to fabricate highly stable protein microcapsules is introduced. In this strategy, engineered collagen peptides with site-specific biotinylation are assembled into microcapsules on the oil-in-water droplets, and the resulting microcapsules are reinforced by biomolecular-recognition-based cross-linking with the protein. Furthermore the microcapsules are shown to be versatile scaffolds for developing functionalized hierarchical colloidosomes for important biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Maeda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, City University of New York (CUNY), Hunter College 695 Park Ave New York, NY, 10065 (USA)
| | - Zengyan Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, City University of New York (CUNY), Hunter College 695 Park Ave New York, NY, 10065 (USA)
| | - Hiroshi Matsui
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, City University of New York (CUNY), Hunter College 695 Park Ave New York, NY, 10065 (USA)
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594
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Vilfan M, Kokot G, Vilfan A, Osterman N, Kavčič B, Poberaj I, Babič D. Analysis of fluid flow around a beating artificial cilium. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2012; 3:163-71. [PMID: 22428106 PMCID: PMC3304323 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.3.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Biological cilia are found on surfaces of some microorganisms and on surfaces of many eukaryotic cells where they interact with the surrounding fluid. The periodic beating of the cilia is asymmetric, resulting in directed swimming of unicellular organisms or in generation of a fluid flow above a ciliated surface in multicellular ones. Following the biological example, externally driven artificial cilia have recently been successfully implemented as micropumps and mixers. However, biomimetic systems are useful not only in microfluidic applications, but can also serve as model systems for the study of fundamental hydrodynamic phenomena in biological samples. To gain insight into the basic principles governing propulsion and fluid pumping on a micron level, we investigated hydrodynamics around one beating artificial cilium. The cilium was composed of superparamagnetic particles and driven along a tilted cone by a varying external magnetic field. Nonmagnetic tracer particles were used for monitoring the fluid flow generated by the cilium. The average flow velocity in the pumping direction was obtained as a function of different parameters, such as the rotation frequency, the asymmetry of the beat pattern, and the cilium length. We also calculated the velocity field around the beating cilium by using the analytical far-field expansion. The measured average flow velocity and the theoretical prediction show an excellent agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojca Vilfan
- J. Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gašper Kokot
- J. Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrej Vilfan
- J. Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Natan Osterman
- J. Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Blaž Kavčič
- LPKF Laser & Elektronika d.o.o, Polica 33, 4202 Naklo, Slovenia
| | - Igor Poberaj
- Department of Physics, Jadranska 19, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dušan Babič
- Department of Physics, Jadranska 19, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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595
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Saito A. Material design and structural color inspired by biomimetic approach. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2011; 12:064709. [PMID: 27877459 PMCID: PMC5090674 DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/12/6/064709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Generation of structural color is one of the essential functions realized by living organisms, and its industrial reproduction can result in numerous applications. From this viewpoint, the mechanisms, materials, analytical methods and fabrication technologies of the structural color are reviewed in this paper. In particular, the basic principles of natural photonic materials, the ideas developed from these principles, the directions of applications and practical industrial realizations are presented by summarizing the recent research results.
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596
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Boluda JA, Zuccarello P, Pardo F, Vegara F. Selective change driven imaging: a biomimetic visual sensing strategy. Sensors (Basel) 2011; 11:11000-20. [PMID: 22346684 DOI: 10.3390/s111111000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Selective Change Driven (SCD) Vision is a biologically inspired strategy for acquiring, transmitting and processing images that significantly speeds up image sensing. SCD vision is based on a new CMOS image sensor which delivers, ordered by the absolute magnitude of its change, the pixels that have changed after the last time they were read out. Moreover, the traditional full frame processing hardware and programming methodology has to be changed, as a part of this biomimetic approach, to a new processing paradigm based on pixel processing in a data flow manner, instead of full frame image processing.
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597
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Sung Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, 1550 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706 (USA)
| | - Darilis Suarez-Gonzalez
- Materials Science Program, University of Wisconsin, 1509 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706 (USA)
| | - William L. Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, 1550 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706 (USA)
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792 (USA)
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706 (USA)
- Collaborative Research Center, AO Foundation
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598
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Abstract
The present overview is intended to point the readers' attention to the important subject of calcium orthophosphates. This type of materials is of special significance for human beings, because they represent the inorganic part of major normal (bones, teeth and antlers) and pathological (i.e., those appearing due to various diseases) calcified tissues of mammals. For example, atherosclerosis results in blood vessel blockage caused by a solid composite of cholesterol with calcium orthophosphates, while dental caries and osteoporosis mean a partial decalcification of teeth and bones, respectively, that results in replacement of a less soluble and harder biological apatite by more soluble and softer calcium hydrogenphosphates. Therefore, the processes of both normal and pathological calcifications are just an in vivo crystallization of calcium orthophosphates. Similarly, dental caries and osteoporosis might be considered an in vivo dissolution of calcium orthophosphates. Thus, calcium orthophosphates hold a great significance for humankind, and in this paper, an overview on the current knowledge on this subject is provided.
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599
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Kwak MK, Jeong HE, Bae WG, Jung HS, Suh KY. Anisotropic adhesion properties of triangular-tip-shaped micropillars. Small 2011; 7:2296-2300. [PMID: 21630445 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201100455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Directional dry adhesive microstructures consisting of high-density triangular-tip-shaped micropillars are described. The wide-tip structures allow for unique directional shear adhesion properties with respect to the peeling direction, along with relatively high normal adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Kyu Kwak
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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600
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Jensen KH, Lee J, Bohr T, Bruus H, Holbrook NM, Zwieniecki MA. Optimality of the Münch mechanism for translocation of sugars in plants. J R Soc Interface 2011; 8:1155-65. [PMID: 21245117 PMCID: PMC3119876 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2010.0578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants require effective vascular systems for the transport of water and dissolved molecules between distal regions. Their survival depends on the ability to transport sugars from the leaves where they are produced to sites of active growth; a flow driven, according to the Münch hypothesis, by osmotic gradients generated by differences in sugar concentration. The length scales over which sugars are produced (Lleaf) and over which they are transported (L(stem)), as well as the radius r of the cylindrical phloem cells through which the transport takes place, vary among species over several orders of magnitude; a major unsettled question is whether the Münch transport mechanism is effective over this wide range of sizes. Optimization of translocation speed predicts a scaling relation between radius r and the characteristic lengths as r∼(Lleaf Lstem)1/3. Direct measurements using novel in vivo techniques and biomimicking microfluidic devices support this scaling relation and provide the first quantitative support for a unified mechanism of sugar translocation in plants spanning several orders of magnitude in size. The existence of a general scaling law for phloem dimensions provides a new framework for investigating the physical principles governing the morphological diversity of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. H. Jensen
- Centre for Fluid Dynamics, Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech Building 345 East, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - J. Lee
- Division of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - T. Bohr
- Centre for Fluid Dynamics, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Physics Building 309, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - H. Bruus
- Centre for Fluid Dynamics, Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech Building 345 East, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - N. M. Holbrook
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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