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de Araujo TM, Razolli DS, Correa-da-Silva F, de Lima-Junior JC, Gaspar RS, Sidarta-Oliveira D, Victorio SC, Donato J, Kim YB, Velloso LA. The partial inhibition of hypothalamic IRX3 exacerbates obesity. EBioMedicine 2018; 39:448-460. [PMID: 30522931 PMCID: PMC6354701 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Iroquois homeobox 3 (Irx3) gene has been identified as a functional long-range target of obesity-associated variants within the fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) gene. It is highly expressed in the hypothalamus, and both whole-body knockout and hypothalamic restricted abrogation of its expression results in a lean phenotype, which is mostly explained by the resulting increased energy expenditure in the brown adipose tissue. Because of its potential implication in the pathogenesis of obesity, we evaluated the hypothalamic cell distribution of Irx3 and the outcomes of inhibiting its expression in a rodent model of diet-induced obesity. Methods Bioinformatics tools were used to evaluate the correlations between hypothalamic Irx3 and neurotransmitters, markers of thermogenesis and obesity related phenotypes. Droplet-sequencing analysis in >20,000 hypothalamic cells was used to explore the types of hypothalamic cells expressing Irx3. Lentivirus was used to inhibit hypothalamic Irx3 and the resulting phenotype was studied. Findings IRX3 is expressed predominantly in POMC neurons. Its expression is inhibited during prolonged fasting, as well as when mice are fed a high-fat diet. The partial inhibition of hypothalamic Irx3 using a lentivirus resulted in increased diet-induced body mass gain and adiposity due to increased caloric intake and reduced energy expenditure. Interpretation Contrary to the results obtained when lean mice are submitted to complete inhibition of Irx3, partial inhibition of hypothalamic Irx3 in obese mice causes an exacerbation of the obese phenotype. These data suggest that at least some of the Irx3 functions in the hypothalamus are regulated according to a hormetic pattern, and modulation of its expression can be a novel approach to modifying the body's energy-handling regulation. Fund Sao Paulo Research Foundation grants 2013/07607-8 (LAV) and 2017/02983-2 (JDJ); NIH grants R01DK083567 (YBK).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Matos de Araujo
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil; Divison of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniela S Razolli
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil
| | - Felipe Correa-da-Silva
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil
| | - Jose C de Lima-Junior
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil
| | - Rodrigo S Gaspar
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil
| | - Davi Sidarta-Oliveira
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil
| | - Sheila C Victorio
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Young-Bum Kim
- Divison of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Licio A Velloso
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil.
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Silva VRR, Micheletti TO, Katashima CK, Lenhare L, Morari J, Moura‐Assis A, Lima‐Júnior JC, Camargo JA, Passos GR, Gaspar RS, Velloso LA, Saad MJ, da Silva ASR, Moura LP, Cintra DE, Pauli JR, Ropelle ER. Exercise activates the hypothalamic S1PR1–STAT3 axis through the central action of interleukin 6 in mice. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:9426-9436. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vagner R. R. Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx) School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas Limeira São Paulo Brazil
- Department of Internal Medicine Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Thayana O. Micheletti
- Department of Internal Medicine Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Carlos K. Katashima
- Department of Internal Medicine Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Luciene Lenhare
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx) School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas Limeira São Paulo Brazil
- Department of Internal Medicine Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Joseane Morari
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Alexandre Moura‐Assis
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - José C. Lima‐Júnior
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Juliana A. Camargo
- Department of Internal Medicine Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Gabriela R. Passos
- Department of Internal Medicine Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Rodrigo S. Gaspar
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx) School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas Limeira São Paulo Brazil
| | - Licio A. Velloso
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Mario J. Saad
- Department of Internal Medicine Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Adelino S. R. da Silva
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirao Preto and Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo Ribeirao Preto São Paulo Brazil
- Laboratory of Nutritional Genomics (LabGeN) School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Limeira São Paulo Brazil
| | - Leandro P. Moura
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx) School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas Limeira São Paulo Brazil
| | - Dennys E. Cintra
- Laboratory of Nutritional Genomics (LabGeN) School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Limeira São Paulo Brazil
| | - José R. Pauli
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx) School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas Limeira São Paulo Brazil
- CEPECE ‐ Center of Research in Sport Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Limeira São Paulo Brazil
| | - Eduardo R. Ropelle
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx) School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas Limeira São Paulo Brazil
- Department of Internal Medicine Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas São Paulo Brazil
- CEPECE ‐ Center of Research in Sport Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Limeira São Paulo Brazil
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas Campinas São Paulo Brazil
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53
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Silva VRR, Katashima CK, Lenhare L, Silva CGB, Morari J, Camargo RL, Velloso LA, Saad MA, da Silva ASR, Pauli JR, Ropelle ER. Chronic exercise reduces hypothalamic transforming growth factor-β1 in middle-aged obese mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2018; 9:1926-1940. [PMID: 28854149 PMCID: PMC5611986 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and aging are associated with hypothalamic inflammation, hyperphagia and abnormalities in the thermogenesis control. It has been demonstrated that the association between aging and obesity induces hypothalamic inflammation and metabolic disorders, at least in part, through the atypical hypothalamic transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β1). Physical exercise has been used to modulate several metabolic parameters. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of chronic exercise on TGF-β1 expression in the hypothalamus of Middle-Aged mice submitted to a one year of high-fat diet (HFD) treatment. We observed that long-term of HFD-feeding induced hypothalamic TGF-β1 accumulation, potentiated the hypothalamic inflammation, body weight gain and defective thermogenesis of Middle-Aged mice when compared to Middle-Aged animals fed on chow diet. As expected, chronic exercise induced negative energy balance, reduced food consumption and increasing the energy expenditure, which promotes body weight loss. Interestingly, exercise training reduced the TGF-β1 expression and IkB-α ser32 phosphorylation in the hypothalamus of Middle-Aged obese mice. Taken together our study demonstrated that chronic exercise suppressed the TGF-β1/IkB-α axis in the hypothalamus and improved the energy homeostasis in an animal model of obesity-associated to aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vagner R R Silva
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, SP, Brazil.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos K Katashima
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciene Lenhare
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, SP, Brazil.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Carla G B Silva
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Joseane Morari
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, 1308-970, Brazil
| | - Rafael L Camargo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Licio A Velloso
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, 1308-970, Brazil
| | - Mario A Saad
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Adelino S R da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, USP, School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Jose Rodrigo Pauli
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, SP, Brazil.,CEPECE - Research Center of Sport Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Rochete Ropelle
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, SP, Brazil.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.,CEPECE - Research Center of Sport Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, SP, Brazil
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54
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Silva RO, Amato IA, Santos A, Bobbo VC, Nogueira GA, Velloso LA, Dalgalarrondo P. Paradoxical elevation of systemic inflammatory markers and physical activity in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2018; 195:587-588. [PMID: 28866448 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renato Oliveira Silva
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine of the Mineiro Triangle (FMTM), Uberaba, MG, Brazil; Department of Medical Psychology and Psychiatry, School of Medical Sciences (FCM), State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Isabel A Amato
- Department of Medical Psychology and Psychiatry, School of Medical Sciences (FCM), State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Amilton Santos
- Department of Medical Psychology and Psychiatry, School of Medical Sciences (FCM), State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Vanessa C Bobbo
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme A Nogueira
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas (Unicamp),Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Licio A Velloso
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas (Unicamp),Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Dalgalarrondo
- Department of Medical Psychology and Psychiatry, School of Medical Sciences (FCM), State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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55
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Bombassaro B, Ignacio-Souza LM, Nunez CE, Razolli DS, Pedro RM, Coope A, Araujo EP, Chaim EA, Velloso LA. A20 deubiquitinase controls PGC-1α expression in the adipose tissue. Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17:90. [PMID: 29678181 PMCID: PMC5909260 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0740-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator- 1alpha (PGC-1α) plays an important role in whole body metabolism and, particularly in glucose homeostasis. Its expression is highly regulated and, small variations in tissue levels can have a major impact in a number of physiological and pathological conditions. Recent studies have shown that the ubiquitin/proteasome system plays a role in the control of PGC-1α degradation. METHODS Here we evaluated the interaction of PGC-1α with the protein A20, which plays a dual-role in the control of the ubiquitin/proteasome system acting as a deubiquitinase and as an E3 ligase. We employed immunoprecipitation, quantitative real-time PCR and immunofluorescence staining to evaluate PGC-1α, A20, PPARγ and ubiquitin in the adipose tissue of humans and mice. RESULTS In distinct sites of the adipose tissue, A20 binds to PGC-1α. At least in the subcutaneous fat of humans and mice the levels of PGC-1α decrease during obesity, while its physical association with A20 increases. The inhibition of A20 leads to a reduction of PGC-1α and PPARγ expression, suggesting that A20 acts as a protective factor against PGC-1α disposal. CONCLUSION We provide evidence that mechanisms regulating PGC-1α ubiquitination are potentially involved in the control of the function of this transcriptional co-activator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Bombassaro
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Leticia M Ignacio-Souza
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Carla E Nunez
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Daniela S Razolli
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Rafael M Pedro
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Andressa Coope
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Eliana P Araujo
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Elinton A Chaim
- Department of Surgery, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Licio A Velloso
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil. .,Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13084 970, Brazil.
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56
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Carraro RS, Souza GF, Solon C, Razolli DS, Chausse B, Barbizan R, Victorio SC, Velloso LA. Hypothalamic mitochondrial abnormalities occur downstream of inflammation in diet-induced obesity. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 460:238-245. [PMID: 28760600 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypothalamic dysfunction is a common feature of experimental obesity. Studies have identified at least three mechanisms involved in the development of hypothalamic neuronal defects in diet-induced obesity: i, inflammation; ii, endoplasmic reticulum stress; and iii, mitochondrial abnormalities. However, which of these mechanisms is activated earliest in response to the consumption of large portions of dietary fats is currently unknown. Here, we used immunoblot, real-time PCR, mitochondrial respiration assays and transmission electron microscopy to evaluate markers of inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial abnormalities in the hypothalamus of Swiss mice fed a high-fat diet for up to seven days. In the present study we show that the expression of the inflammatory chemokine fractalkine was the earliest event detected. Its hypothalamic expression increased as early as 3 h after the introduction of a high-fat diet and was followed by the increase of cytokines. GPR78, an endoplasmic reticulum chaperone, was increased 6 h after the introduction of a high-fat diet, however the actual triggering of endoplasmic reticulum stress was only detected three days later, when IRE-1α was increased. Mitofusin-2, a protein involved in mitochondrial fusion and tethering of mitochondria to the endoplasmic reticulum, underwent a transient reduction 24 h after the introduction of a high-fat diet and then increased after seven days. There were no changes in hypothalamic mitochondrial respiration during the experimental period, however there were reductions in mitochondria/endoplasmic reticulum contact sites, beginning three days after the introduction of a high-fat diet. The inhibition of TNF-α with infliximab resulted in the normalization of mitofusin-2 levels 24 h after the introduction of the diet. Thus, inflammation is the earliest mechanism activated in the hypothalamus after the introduction of a high-fat diet and may play a mechanistic role in the development of mitochondrial abnormalities in diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo S Carraro
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, 13084-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela F Souza
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, 13084-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Carina Solon
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, 13084-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniela S Razolli
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, 13084-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Chausse
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, 13084-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberta Barbizan
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, 13084-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Sheila C Victorio
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, 13084-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Licio A Velloso
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, 13084-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Ramalho AF, Bombassaro B, Dragano NR, Solon C, Morari J, Fioravante M, Barbizan R, Velloso LA, Araujo EP. Dietary fats promote functional and structural changes in the median eminence blood/spinal fluid interface-the protective role for BDNF. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:10. [PMID: 29316939 PMCID: PMC5761204 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-1046-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The consumption of large amounts of dietary fats activates an inflammatory response in the hypothalamus, damaging key neurons involved in the regulation of caloric intake and energy expenditure. It is currently unknown why the mediobasal hypothalamus is the main target of diet-induced brain inflammation. We hypothesized that dietary fats can damage the median eminence blood/spinal fluid interface. METHODS Swiss mice were fed on a high-fat diet, and molecular and structural studies were performed employing real-time PCR, immunoblot, immunofluorescence, transmission electron microscopy, and metabolic measurements. RESULTS The consumption of a high fat diet was sufficient to increase the expression of inflammatory cytokines and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the median eminence, preceding changes in other circumventricular regions. In addition, it led to an early loss of the structural organization of the median eminence β1-tanycytes. This was accompanied by an increase in the hypothalamic expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. The immunoneutralization of brain-derived neurotrophic factor worsened diet-induced functional damage of the median eminence blood/spinal fluid interface, increased diet-induced hypothalamic inflammation, and increased body mass gain. CONCLUSIONS The median eminence/spinal fluid interface is affected at the functional and structural levels early after introduction of a high-fat diet. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor provides an early protection against damage, which is lost upon a persisting consumption of large amounts of dietary fats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albina F Ramalho
- LAV, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13084-970, Brazil
| | - Bruna Bombassaro
- LAV, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13084-970, Brazil
| | - Nathalia R Dragano
- LAV, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13084-970, Brazil
| | - Carina Solon
- LAV, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13084-970, Brazil
| | - Joseane Morari
- LAV, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13084-970, Brazil
| | - Milena Fioravante
- LAV, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13084-970, Brazil
| | - Roberta Barbizan
- LAV, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13084-970, Brazil
| | - Licio A Velloso
- LAV, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13084-970, Brazil.
| | - Eliana P Araujo
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13084-970, Brazil
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Prada PO, Hirabara SM, de Souza CT, Schenka AA, Zecchin HG, Vassallo J, Velloso LA, Carneiro E, Carvalheira JBC, Curi R, Saad MJ. Retraction Note to: L-glutamine supplementation induces insulin resistance in adipose tissue and improves insulin signalling in liver and muscle of rats with diet-induced obesity. Diabetologia 2018; 61:253. [PMID: 29119243 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4477-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In light of forensic evidence indicating duplication and/or manipulation of western blot images the Editor-in-Chief is retracting the article cited above.
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Affiliation(s)
- P O Prada
- Departamento de Clínica Médica da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Tessália Viera de Camargo 126, Campinas, San Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - S M Hirabara
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas da Universidade de São Paulo, San Paulo, Brazil
| | - C T de Souza
- Departamento de Clínica Médica da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Tessália Viera de Camargo 126, Campinas, San Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - A A Schenka
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, San Paulo, Brazil
| | - H G Zecchin
- Departamento de Clínica Médica da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Tessália Viera de Camargo 126, Campinas, San Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - J Vassallo
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, San Paulo, Brazil
| | - L A Velloso
- Departamento de Clínica Médica da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Tessália Viera de Camargo 126, Campinas, San Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - E Carneiro
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto Biomédico da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, San Paulo, Brazil
| | - J B C Carvalheira
- Departamento de Clínica Médica da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Tessália Viera de Camargo 126, Campinas, San Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - R Curi
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas da Universidade de São Paulo, San Paulo, Brazil
| | - M J Saad
- Departamento de Clínica Médica da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Tessália Viera de Camargo 126, Campinas, San Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil.
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Ueno M, Carvalheira JBC, Oliveira RLGS, Velloso LA, Saad MJA. Expression of Concern: Circulating ghrelin concentrations are lowered by intracerebroventricular insulin. Diabetologia 2017:10.1007/s00125-017-4357-5. [PMID: 28913540 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4357-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Ueno
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, 13081-970, Brazil
| | - J B C Carvalheira
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, 13081-970, Brazil
| | - R L G S Oliveira
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, 13081-970, Brazil
| | - L A Velloso
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, 13081-970, Brazil
| | - M J A Saad
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, 13081-970, Brazil.
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60
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Carvalheira JBC, Ribeiro EB, Araújo EP, Guimarães RB, Telles MM, Torsoni M, Gontijo JAR, Velloso LA, Saad MJA. Expression of Concern: Selective impairment of insulin signalling in the hypothalamus of obese Zucker rats. Diabetologia 2017:10.1007/s00125-017-4358-4. [PMID: 28913539 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4358-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J B C Carvalheira
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, FCM, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - E B Ribeiro
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - E P Araújo
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, FCM, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - R B Guimarães
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - M M Telles
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - M Torsoni
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, FCM, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - J A R Gontijo
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, FCM, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - L A Velloso
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, FCM, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - M J A Saad
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, FCM, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil.
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Fioravante M, Bombassaro B, Ramalho AF, Dragano NR, Morari J, Solon C, Tobar N, Ramos CD, Velloso LA. Inhibition of hypothalamic leukemia inhibitory factor exacerbates diet-induced obesity phenotype. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:178. [PMID: 28865476 PMCID: PMC5581454 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0956-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The consumption of large amounts of dietary fats can trigger an inflammatory response in the hypothalamus and contribute to the dysfunctional control of caloric intake and energy expenditure commonly present in obesity. The objective of this study was to identify chemokine-related transcripts that could be involved in the early stages of diet-induced hypothalamic inflammation. Methods We used immunoblot, PCR array, real-time PCR, immunofluorescence staining, glucose and insulin tolerance tests, and determination of general metabolic parameters to evaluate markers of inflammation, body mass variation, and glucose tolerance in mice fed a high-fat diet. Results Using a real-time PCR array, we identified leukemia inhibitory factor as a chemokine/cytokine undergoing a rapid increase in the hypothalamus of obesity-resistant and a rapid decrease in the hypothalamus of obesity-prone mice fed a high-fat diet for 1 day. We hypothesized that the increased hypothalamic expression of leukemia inhibitory factor could contribute to the protective phenotype of obesity-resistant mice. To test this hypothesis, we immunoneutralized hypothalamic leukemia inhibitory factor and evaluated inflammatory and metabolic parameters. The immunoneutralization of leukemia inhibitory factor in the hypothalamus of obesity-resistant mice resulted in increased body mass gain and increased adiposity. Body mass gain was mostly due to increased caloric intake and reduced spontaneous physical activity. This modification in the phenotype was accompanied by increased expression of inflammatory cytokines in the hypothalamus. In addition, the inhibition of hypothalamic leukemia inhibitory factor was accompanied by glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. Conclusion Hypothalamic expression of leukemia inhibitory factor may protect mice from the development of diet-induced obesity; the inhibition of this protein in the hypothalamus transforms obesity-resistant into obesity-prone mice. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-017-0956-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Fioravante
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13084-970, Brazil
| | - Bruna Bombassaro
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13084-970, Brazil
| | - Albina F Ramalho
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13084-970, Brazil
| | - Nathalia R Dragano
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13084-970, Brazil
| | - Joseane Morari
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13084-970, Brazil
| | - Carina Solon
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13084-970, Brazil
| | - Natalia Tobar
- Department of Radiology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13084-970, Brazil
| | - Celso D Ramos
- Department of Radiology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13084-970, Brazil
| | - Licio A Velloso
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13084-970, Brazil.
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Carvalho-Filho MA, Ropelle ER, Pauli RJ, Cintra DE, Tsukumo DML, Silveira LR, Curi R, Carvalheira JBC, Velloso LA, Saad MJA. Expression of Concern: Aspirin attenuates insulin resistance in muscle of diet-induced obese rats by inhibiting inducible nitric oxide synthase production and S-nitrosylation of IRβ/IRS-1 and Akt. Diabetologia 2017:10.1007/s00125-017-4292-5. [PMID: 28516213 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4292-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M A Carvalho-Filho
- FCM-UNICAMP, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - E R Ropelle
- FCM-UNICAMP, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - R J Pauli
- FCM-UNICAMP, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - D E Cintra
- FCM-UNICAMP, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - D M L Tsukumo
- FCM-UNICAMP, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - L R Silveira
- FCM-UNICAMP, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - R Curi
- FCM-UNICAMP, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - J B C Carvalheira
- FCM-UNICAMP, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - L A Velloso
- FCM-UNICAMP, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - M J A Saad
- FCM-UNICAMP, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil.
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Claro F, Moreira LR, Morari J, Sarian LOZ, Pinto GA, Velloso LA, Pinto-Neto AOM. Assessment of the Cancer Risk of the Fat-Grafted Breast in a Murine Model. Aesthet Surg J 2017; 37:603-613. [PMID: 27927612 DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjw209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The results of experimental studies indicate that grafting of autologous adipose tissue may induce tumorigenesis at the recipient site, but clinical results do not support a carcinogenic effect of fat grafting to the breast. Objectives The authors assessed cancer risk following transplantation of autologous fat into murine mammary tissue. Methods In this animal study, mammary tissues from 54 breasts of 9 female rats were either grafted with autologous subcutaneous fat, grafted with autologous omental fat, or unmanipulated. Tissues were harvested and processed for histologic and immunohistochemical analyses, and the mRNA expression levels of specific genes were determined. Results No atypia or changes in lobular structures were observed in lipofilled breasts compared with controls. The numbers of ductal cell layers and terminal ductal units were similar for lipofilled and control breasts. Macrophage concentrations also were similar for the 3 groups. The localization and magnitude of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 were similar for lipofilled and unmanipulated breast tissue. The percentages of cells expressing Ki67 or estrogen receptor (ER) and the ER/Ki67 balance were similar for the 3 groups. Gene expression was not altered in lipofilled breasts, compared with controls. Conclusions No theoretical risk of cancer was detected in the microenvironment of the lipofilled rat breast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Claro
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Laboratory of Specialized Pathology and Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana R Moreira
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Laboratory of Specialized Pathology and Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Joseane Morari
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Laboratory of Specialized Pathology and Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Luis O Z Sarian
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Laboratory of Specialized Pathology and Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Glauce A Pinto
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Laboratory of Specialized Pathology and Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Licio A Velloso
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Laboratory of Specialized Pathology and Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Aara O M Pinto-Neto
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Laboratory of Specialized Pathology and Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas-SP, Brazil
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Dragano NRV, Solon C, Ramalho AF, de Moura RF, Razolli DS, Christiansen E, Azevedo C, Ulven T, Velloso LA. Polyunsaturated fatty acid receptors, GPR40 and GPR120, are expressed in the hypothalamus and control energy homeostasis and inflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:91. [PMID: 28446241 PMCID: PMC5405534 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0869-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The consumption of large amounts of dietary fats is one of the most important environmental factors contributing to the development of obesity and metabolic disorders. GPR120 and GPR40 are polyunsaturated fatty acid receptors that exert a number of systemic effects that are beneficial for metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Here, we evaluate the expression and potential role of hypothalamic GPR120 and GPR40 as targets for the treatment of obesity. Methods Male Swiss (6-weeks old), were fed with a high fat diet (HFD, 60% of kcal from fat) for 4 weeks. Next, mice underwent stereotaxic surgery to place an indwelling cannula into the right lateral ventricle. intracerebroventricular (icv)-cannulated mice were treated twice a day for 6 days with 2.0 μL saline or GPR40 and GPR120 agonists: GW9508, TUG1197, or TUG905 (2.0 μL, 1.0 mM). Food intake and body mass were measured during the treatment period. At the end of the experiment, the hypothalamus was collected for real-time PCR analysis. Results We show that both receptors are expressed in the hypothalamus; GPR120 is primarily present in microglia, whereas GPR40 is expressed in neurons. Upon intracerebroventricular treatment, GW9508, a non-specific agonist for both receptors, reduced energy efficiency and the expression of inflammatory genes in the hypothalamus. Reducing GPR120 hypothalamic expression using a lentivirus-based approach resulted in the loss of the anti-inflammatory effect of GW9508 and increased energy efficiency. Intracerebroventricular treatment with the GPR120- and GPR40-specific agonists TUG1197 and TUG905, respectively, resulted in milder effects than those produced by GW9508. Conclusions GPR120 and GPR40 act in concert in the hypothalamus to reduce energy efficiency and regulate the inflammation associated with obesity. The combined activation of both receptors in the hypothalamus results in better metabolic outcomes than the isolated activation of either receptor alone. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-017-0869-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia R V Dragano
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13084-970, Brazil
| | - Carina Solon
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13084-970, Brazil
| | - Albina F Ramalho
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13084-970, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo F de Moura
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13084-970, Brazil
| | - Daniela S Razolli
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13084-970, Brazil
| | - Elisabeth Christiansen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230, Odense, Denmark
| | - Carlos Azevedo
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230, Odense, Denmark
| | - Trond Ulven
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230, Odense, Denmark
| | - Licio A Velloso
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13084-970, Brazil. .,Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Rua Cinco de Junho, 350, Cidade Universitária, Campinas, SP, 13083-877, Brazil.
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Haddad-Tóvolli R, Dragano NRV, Ramalho AFS, Velloso LA. Development and Function of the Blood-Brain Barrier in the Context of Metabolic Control. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:224. [PMID: 28484368 PMCID: PMC5399017 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Under physiological conditions, the brain consumes over 20% of the whole body energy supply. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) allows dynamic interactions between blood capillaries and the neuronal network in order to provide an adequate control of molecules that are transported in and out of the brain. Alterations in the BBB structure and function affecting brain accessibility to nutrients and exit of toxins are found in a number of diseases, which in turn may disturb brain function and nutrient signaling. In this review we explore the major advances obtained in the understanding of the BBB development and how its structure impacts on function. Furthermore, we focus on the particularities of the barrier permeability in the hypothalamus, its role in metabolic control and the potential impact of hypothalamic BBB abnormities in metabolic related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Haddad-Tóvolli
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of CampinasCampinas, Brazil
| | - Nathalia R V Dragano
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of CampinasCampinas, Brazil
| | - Albina F S Ramalho
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of CampinasCampinas, Brazil
| | - Licio A Velloso
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of CampinasCampinas, Brazil
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Pascoal LB, Bombassaro B, Ramalho AF, Coope A, Moura RF, Correa-da-Silva F, Ignacio-Souza L, Razolli D, de Oliveira D, Catharino R, Velloso LA. Resolvin RvD2 reduces hypothalamic inflammation and rescues mice from diet-induced obesity. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:5. [PMID: 28086928 PMCID: PMC5234140 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0777-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diet-induced hypothalamic inflammation is an important mechanism leading to dysfunction of neurons involved in controlling body mass. Studies have shown that polyunsaturated fats can reduce hypothalamic inflammation. Here, we evaluated the presence and function of RvD2, a resolvin produced from docosahexaenoic acid, in the hypothalamus of mice. METHODS Male Swiss mice were fed either chow or a high-fat diet. RvD2 receptor and synthetic enzymes were evaluated by real-time PCR and immunofluorescence. RvD2 was determined by mass spectrometry. Dietary and pharmacological approaches were used to modulate the RvD2 system in the hypothalamus, and metabolic phenotype consequences were determined. RESULTS All enzymes involved in the synthesis of RvD2 were detected in the hypothalamus and were modulated in response to the consumption of dietary saturated fats, leading to a reduction of hypothalamic RvD2. GPR18, the receptor for RvD2, which was detected in POMC and NPY neurons, was also modulated by dietary fats. The substitution of saturated by polyunsaturated fats in the diet resulted in increased hypothalamic RvD2, which was accompanied by reduced body mass and improved glucose tolerance. The intracerebroventricular treatment with docosahexaenoic acid resulted in increased expression of the RvD2 synthetic enzymes, increased expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines and improved metabolic phenotype. Finally, intracerebroventricular treatment with RvD2 resulted in reduced adiposity, improved glucose tolerance and increased hypothalamic expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSIONS Thus, RvD2 is produced in the hypothalamus, and its receptor and synthetic enzymes are modulated by dietary fats. The improved metabolic outcomes of RvD2 make this substance an attractive approach to treat obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia B Pascoal
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13084-761, Brazil
| | - Bruna Bombassaro
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13084-761, Brazil
| | - Albina F Ramalho
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13084-761, Brazil
| | - Andressa Coope
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13084-761, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo F Moura
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13084-761, Brazil
| | - Felipe Correa-da-Silva
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13084-761, Brazil
| | - Leticia Ignacio-Souza
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13084-761, Brazil
| | - Daniela Razolli
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13084-761, Brazil
| | - Diogo de Oliveira
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Catharino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Licio A Velloso
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13084-761, Brazil.
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68
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Romanatto T, Roman EA, Arruda AP, Denis RG, Solon C, Milanski M, Moraes JC, Bonfleur ML, Degasperi GR, Picardi PK, Hirabara S, Boschero AC, Curi R, Velloso LA. Deletion of tumor necrosis factor-α receptor 1 (TNFR1) protects against diet-induced obesity by means of increased thermogenesis. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:26934. [PMID: 28011876 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.a109.030874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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69
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Coope A, Milanski M, Arruda AP, Ignacio-Souza LM, Saad MJ, Anhê GF, Velloso LA. Chaperone insufficiency links TLR4 signaling to endoplasmic reticulum stress. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:26936. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.a111.315218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Araujo EP, Moraes JC, Cintra DE, Velloso LA. MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Hypothalamic inflammation and nutrition. Eur J Endocrinol 2016; 175:R97-R105. [PMID: 27006108 DOI: 10.1530/eje-15-1207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Selected subpopulations of hypothalamic neurons play important roles in the regulation of whole body energy homeostasis. Studies have shown that the saturated fats present in large amounts in western diets can activate an inflammatory response in the hypothalamus, affecting the capacity of such neurons to respond appropriately to satiety and adipostatic signals. In the first part of this review, we will explore the mechanisms behind saturated fatty acid-induced hypothalamic dysfunction. Next, we will present and discuss recent studies that have identified the mechanisms that mediate some of the anti-inflammatory actions of unsaturated fatty acids in the hypothalamus and the potential for exploring these mechanisms to prevent or treat obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana P Araujo
- Laboratory of Cell SignalingUniversity of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil Faculty of NursingUniversity of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana C Moraes
- Laboratory of Cell SignalingUniversity of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dennys E Cintra
- Laboratory of Cell SignalingUniversity of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil Faculty of Applied SciencesUniversity of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Licio A Velloso
- Laboratory of Cell SignalingUniversity of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Souza GFP, Solon C, Nascimento LF, De-Lima-Junior JC, Nogueira G, Moura R, Rocha GZ, Fioravante M, Bobbo V, Morari J, Razolli D, Araujo EP, Velloso LA. Defective regulation of POMC precedes hypothalamic inflammation in diet-induced obesity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29290. [PMID: 27373214 PMCID: PMC4931679 DOI: 10.1038/srep29290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is the result of a long-term positive energy balance in which caloric intake overrides energy expenditure. This anabolic state results from the defective activity of hypothalamic neurons involved in the sensing and response to adiposity. However, it is currently unknown what the earliest obesity-linked hypothalamic defect is and how it orchestrates the energy imbalance present in obesity. Using an outbred model of diet-induced obesity we show that defective regulation of hypothalamic POMC is the earliest marker distinguishing obesity-prone from obesity-resistant mice. The early inhibition of hypothalamic POMC was sufficient to transform obesity-resistant in obesity-prone mice. In addition, the post-prandial change in the blood level of β-endorphin, a POMC-derived peptide, correlates with body mass gain in rodents and humans. Taken together, these results suggest that defective regulation of POMC expression, which leads to a change of β-endorphin levels, is the earliest hypothalamic defect leading to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela F P Souza
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, 13084-970 - Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Carina Solon
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, 13084-970 - Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas F Nascimento
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, 13084-970 - Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Jose C De-Lima-Junior
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, 13084-970 - Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Nogueira
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, 13084-970 - Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Moura
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, 13084-970 - Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Z Rocha
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Campinas, 13084-970 - Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Milena Fioravante
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, 13084-970 - Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Bobbo
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, 13084-970 - Campinas-SP, Brazil.,Faculty of Nursing, University of Campinas, 13084-970 - Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Joseane Morari
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, 13084-970 - Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Daniela Razolli
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, 13084-970 - Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Eliana P Araujo
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, 13084-970 - Campinas-SP, Brazil.,Faculty of Nursing, University of Campinas, 13084-970 - Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Licio A Velloso
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, 13084-970 - Campinas-SP, Brazil
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de Toledo Baldi E, Dias Bóbbo VC, Melo Lima MH, Velloso LA, Pereira de Araujo E. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels in blood cord is directly correlated with the body weight of mothers. Obes Sci Pract 2016; 2:210-214. [PMID: 27840691 PMCID: PMC5089573 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity has emerged as major public health problem leading to increased morbidity and mortality. Epidemiological studies indicate that in many regions of the world, children and teenagers are increasingly affected by obesity, which contributes for a pessimistic projection for the near future. Maternal obesity has been implicated in metabolic disorders of the offspring, but there are no biological markers that can be detected early on life that predict the development of obesity in the offspring. Objective To evaluate the expression of inflammatory markers in the umbilical cord blood of babies of mothers with obesity/overweight, and correlate these markers with the body weight at age 9 months. Methods Anthropometric data of mothers and babies were obtained during prenatal evaluation, at birth and 9 months after birth. Cord blood was collected during delivery of 54 babies from mothers with obesity/overweight and of 50 babies from lean mothers. Tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), transforming growth factor 1 beta, monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 and 2 (MCP‐1/MCP‐2) were determined in serum samples using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay methods. Correlations were evaluated using the Spearman correlation coefficient, and comparisons were evaluated using the non‐parametric Mann–Whitney U‐test. Results Cord blood TNF‐α was positively correlated with maternal body mass index. There was an inverse correlation between cord blood transforming growth factor 1 beta and baby body weight at birth. There was no biological marker that predicted body weight at age 9 months. Conclusion Although we have not found a biological marker to predict increased body weight at 9 months of age, the study shows that maternal obesity exposes the baby to higher TNF‐α level in the early stages of life, and this can affect metabolic and inflammatory parameters during adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- E de Toledo Baldi
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC) University of Campinas Campinas São Paulo Brazil; Faculty of Nursing University of Campinas Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - V C Dias Bóbbo
- Faculty of Nursing University of Campinas Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - M H Melo Lima
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC) University of Campinas Campinas São Paulo Brazil; Faculty of Nursing University of Campinas Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - L A Velloso
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC) University of Campinas Campinas São Paulo Brazil; Faculty of Medical Science University of Campinas Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - E Pereira de Araujo
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC) University of Campinas Campinas São Paulo Brazil; Faculty of Nursing University of Campinas Campinas São Paulo Brazil
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Coope A, Torsoni AS, Velloso LA. MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Metabolic and inflammatory pathways on the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Eur J Endocrinol 2016; 174:R175-87. [PMID: 26646937 DOI: 10.1530/eje-15-1065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is the main risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2D). Studies performed over the last 20 years have identified inflammation as the most important link between these two diseases. During the development of obesity, there is activation of subclinical inflammatory activity in tissues involved in metabolism and energy homeostasis. Intracellular serine/threonine kinases activated in response to inflammatory factors can catalyse the inhibitory phosphorylation of key proteins of the insulin-signalling pathway, leading to insulin resistance. Moreover, during the progression of obesity and insulin resistance, the pancreatic islets are also affected by inflammation, contributing to β-cell failure and leading to the onset of T2D. In this review, we will present the main mechanisms involved in the activation of obesity-associated metabolic inflammation and discuss potential therapeutic opportunities that can be developed to treat obesity-associated metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Coope
- Laboratory of Cell SignalingApplied Sciences FacultyUniversity of Campinas, 13084-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana S Torsoni
- Laboratory of Cell SignalingApplied Sciences FacultyUniversity of Campinas, 13084-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Licio A Velloso
- Laboratory of Cell SignalingApplied Sciences FacultyUniversity of Campinas, 13084-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Carvalho CRO, Thirone ACP, Gontijo JAR, Velloso LA, Saad MJA. Statement of Retraction. Effect of Captopril, Losartan, and Bradykinin on Early Steps of Insulin Action. Diabetes 1997;46:1950-1957. DOI: 10.2337/diab.46.12.1950. Diabetes 2016; 65:1128. [PMID: 27208026 DOI: 10.2337/db16-rt04c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Arantes EL, Dragano N, Ramalho A, Vitorino D, de-Souza GF, Lima MHM, Velloso LA, Araújo EP. Topical Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) Accelerates Skin Wound Healing in Rats and Activates GPR120. Biol Res Nurs 2016; 18:411-9. [DOI: 10.1177/1099800415621617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background: The development of methods for improving skin wound healing may have an impact on the outcomes of a number of medical conditions. The topical use of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) can accelerate skin wound healing through mechanisms that involve, at least in part, the modulation of inflammatory activity. Purpose: We evaluated whether G-protein-coupled receptor 120 (GPR120), a recently identified receptor for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) with anti-inflammatory activity, is expressed in the skin and responds to topical DHA. Method: Male Wistar rats were submitted to an 8.0-mm wound on the back and were immediately administered a topical treatment of a solution containing 30 μM of DHA once a day. The healing process was photodocumented, and tissues were collected on Days 5, 9, and 15 for protein and RNA analyses and histological evaluation. Results: GPR120 was expressed in the intact skin and in the wound. Keratinocytes expressed the most skin GPR120, while virtually no expression was detected in fibroblasts. Upon DHA topical treatment, wound healing was significantly accelerated and was accompanied by the molecular activation of GPR120, as determined by its association with β-arrestin-2. In addition, DHA promoted a reduction in the expression of interleukin (IL) 1β and an increase in the expression of IL-6. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in expression of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and the keratinocyte marker involucrin. Discussion: Topical DHA improved skin wound healing. The activation of GPR120 is potentially involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva L. Arantes
- Nursing School, University of Campinas, Campinas SP, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Dragano
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas SP, Brazil
| | - Albina Ramalho
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas SP, Brazil
| | - Daniele Vitorino
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Licio A. Velloso
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas SP, Brazil
| | - Eliana P. Araújo
- Nursing School, University of Campinas, Campinas SP, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas SP, Brazil
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76
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Oliveira V, Marinho R, Vitorino D, Santos GA, Moraes JC, Dragano N, Sartori-Cintra A, Pereira L, Catharino RR, da Silva ASR, Ropelle ER, Pauli JR, De Souza CT, Velloso LA, Cintra DE. Diets Containing α-Linolenic (ω3) or Oleic (ω9) Fatty Acids Rescues Obese Mice From Insulin Resistance. Endocrinology 2015; 156:4033-46. [PMID: 26280128 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Subclinical systemic inflammation is a hallmark of obesity and insulin resistance. The results obtained from a number of experimental studies suggest that targeting different components of the inflammatory machinery may result in the improvement of the metabolic phenotype. Unsaturated fatty acids exert antiinflammatory activity through several distinct mechanisms. Here, we tested the capacity of ω3 and ω9 fatty acids, directly from their food matrix, to exert antiinflammatory activity through the G protein-coupled receptor (GPR)120 and GPR40 pathways. GPR120 was activated in liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissues, reverting inflammation and insulin resistance in obese mice. Part of this action was also mediated by GPR40 on muscle, as a novel mechanism described. Pair-feeding and immunoneutralization experiments reinforced the pivotal role of GPR120 as a mediator in the response to the nutrients. The improvement in insulin sensitivity in the high-fat substituted diets was associated with a marked reduction in tissue inflammation, decreased macrophage infiltration, and increased IL-10 levels. Furthermore, improved glucose homeostasis was accompanied by the reduced expression of hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes and reduced body mass. Thus, our data indicate that GPR120 and GPR40 play a critical role as mediators of the beneficial effects of dietary unsaturated fatty acids in the context of obesity-induced insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Oliveira
- Laboratories of Nutritional Genomics (V.O., D.E.C.), Limeira 13484-350, Cell Signaling (V.O., D.V., J.C.M., N.D., L.A.V., D.E.C.), and Molecular Biology of Exercise (R.M., L.P., A.S.R.d.S., E.R.R., J.R.P.); Innovare (G.A.S., R.R.C.); and Nutrigenomics and Lipids Center (A.S.-C., D.E.C.) and Biotechnology Center (E.R.R., J.R.P., D.E.C.), School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil 13083-887; and Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology (C.T.D.S.), Health Sciences Unit, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense Criciúma, Brazil 88806-000
| | - R Marinho
- Laboratories of Nutritional Genomics (V.O., D.E.C.), Limeira 13484-350, Cell Signaling (V.O., D.V., J.C.M., N.D., L.A.V., D.E.C.), and Molecular Biology of Exercise (R.M., L.P., A.S.R.d.S., E.R.R., J.R.P.); Innovare (G.A.S., R.R.C.); and Nutrigenomics and Lipids Center (A.S.-C., D.E.C.) and Biotechnology Center (E.R.R., J.R.P., D.E.C.), School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil 13083-887; and Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology (C.T.D.S.), Health Sciences Unit, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense Criciúma, Brazil 88806-000
| | - D Vitorino
- Laboratories of Nutritional Genomics (V.O., D.E.C.), Limeira 13484-350, Cell Signaling (V.O., D.V., J.C.M., N.D., L.A.V., D.E.C.), and Molecular Biology of Exercise (R.M., L.P., A.S.R.d.S., E.R.R., J.R.P.); Innovare (G.A.S., R.R.C.); and Nutrigenomics and Lipids Center (A.S.-C., D.E.C.) and Biotechnology Center (E.R.R., J.R.P., D.E.C.), School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil 13083-887; and Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology (C.T.D.S.), Health Sciences Unit, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense Criciúma, Brazil 88806-000
| | - G A Santos
- Laboratories of Nutritional Genomics (V.O., D.E.C.), Limeira 13484-350, Cell Signaling (V.O., D.V., J.C.M., N.D., L.A.V., D.E.C.), and Molecular Biology of Exercise (R.M., L.P., A.S.R.d.S., E.R.R., J.R.P.); Innovare (G.A.S., R.R.C.); and Nutrigenomics and Lipids Center (A.S.-C., D.E.C.) and Biotechnology Center (E.R.R., J.R.P., D.E.C.), School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil 13083-887; and Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology (C.T.D.S.), Health Sciences Unit, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense Criciúma, Brazil 88806-000
| | - J C Moraes
- Laboratories of Nutritional Genomics (V.O., D.E.C.), Limeira 13484-350, Cell Signaling (V.O., D.V., J.C.M., N.D., L.A.V., D.E.C.), and Molecular Biology of Exercise (R.M., L.P., A.S.R.d.S., E.R.R., J.R.P.); Innovare (G.A.S., R.R.C.); and Nutrigenomics and Lipids Center (A.S.-C., D.E.C.) and Biotechnology Center (E.R.R., J.R.P., D.E.C.), School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil 13083-887; and Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology (C.T.D.S.), Health Sciences Unit, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense Criciúma, Brazil 88806-000
| | - N Dragano
- Laboratories of Nutritional Genomics (V.O., D.E.C.), Limeira 13484-350, Cell Signaling (V.O., D.V., J.C.M., N.D., L.A.V., D.E.C.), and Molecular Biology of Exercise (R.M., L.P., A.S.R.d.S., E.R.R., J.R.P.); Innovare (G.A.S., R.R.C.); and Nutrigenomics and Lipids Center (A.S.-C., D.E.C.) and Biotechnology Center (E.R.R., J.R.P., D.E.C.), School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil 13083-887; and Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology (C.T.D.S.), Health Sciences Unit, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense Criciúma, Brazil 88806-000
| | - A Sartori-Cintra
- Laboratories of Nutritional Genomics (V.O., D.E.C.), Limeira 13484-350, Cell Signaling (V.O., D.V., J.C.M., N.D., L.A.V., D.E.C.), and Molecular Biology of Exercise (R.M., L.P., A.S.R.d.S., E.R.R., J.R.P.); Innovare (G.A.S., R.R.C.); and Nutrigenomics and Lipids Center (A.S.-C., D.E.C.) and Biotechnology Center (E.R.R., J.R.P., D.E.C.), School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil 13083-887; and Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology (C.T.D.S.), Health Sciences Unit, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense Criciúma, Brazil 88806-000
| | - L Pereira
- Laboratories of Nutritional Genomics (V.O., D.E.C.), Limeira 13484-350, Cell Signaling (V.O., D.V., J.C.M., N.D., L.A.V., D.E.C.), and Molecular Biology of Exercise (R.M., L.P., A.S.R.d.S., E.R.R., J.R.P.); Innovare (G.A.S., R.R.C.); and Nutrigenomics and Lipids Center (A.S.-C., D.E.C.) and Biotechnology Center (E.R.R., J.R.P., D.E.C.), School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil 13083-887; and Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology (C.T.D.S.), Health Sciences Unit, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense Criciúma, Brazil 88806-000
| | - R R Catharino
- Laboratories of Nutritional Genomics (V.O., D.E.C.), Limeira 13484-350, Cell Signaling (V.O., D.V., J.C.M., N.D., L.A.V., D.E.C.), and Molecular Biology of Exercise (R.M., L.P., A.S.R.d.S., E.R.R., J.R.P.); Innovare (G.A.S., R.R.C.); and Nutrigenomics and Lipids Center (A.S.-C., D.E.C.) and Biotechnology Center (E.R.R., J.R.P., D.E.C.), School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil 13083-887; and Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology (C.T.D.S.), Health Sciences Unit, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense Criciúma, Brazil 88806-000
| | - A S R da Silva
- Laboratories of Nutritional Genomics (V.O., D.E.C.), Limeira 13484-350, Cell Signaling (V.O., D.V., J.C.M., N.D., L.A.V., D.E.C.), and Molecular Biology of Exercise (R.M., L.P., A.S.R.d.S., E.R.R., J.R.P.); Innovare (G.A.S., R.R.C.); and Nutrigenomics and Lipids Center (A.S.-C., D.E.C.) and Biotechnology Center (E.R.R., J.R.P., D.E.C.), School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil 13083-887; and Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology (C.T.D.S.), Health Sciences Unit, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense Criciúma, Brazil 88806-000
| | - E R Ropelle
- Laboratories of Nutritional Genomics (V.O., D.E.C.), Limeira 13484-350, Cell Signaling (V.O., D.V., J.C.M., N.D., L.A.V., D.E.C.), and Molecular Biology of Exercise (R.M., L.P., A.S.R.d.S., E.R.R., J.R.P.); Innovare (G.A.S., R.R.C.); and Nutrigenomics and Lipids Center (A.S.-C., D.E.C.) and Biotechnology Center (E.R.R., J.R.P., D.E.C.), School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil 13083-887; and Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology (C.T.D.S.), Health Sciences Unit, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense Criciúma, Brazil 88806-000
| | - J R Pauli
- Laboratories of Nutritional Genomics (V.O., D.E.C.), Limeira 13484-350, Cell Signaling (V.O., D.V., J.C.M., N.D., L.A.V., D.E.C.), and Molecular Biology of Exercise (R.M., L.P., A.S.R.d.S., E.R.R., J.R.P.); Innovare (G.A.S., R.R.C.); and Nutrigenomics and Lipids Center (A.S.-C., D.E.C.) and Biotechnology Center (E.R.R., J.R.P., D.E.C.), School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil 13083-887; and Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology (C.T.D.S.), Health Sciences Unit, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense Criciúma, Brazil 88806-000
| | - C T De Souza
- Laboratories of Nutritional Genomics (V.O., D.E.C.), Limeira 13484-350, Cell Signaling (V.O., D.V., J.C.M., N.D., L.A.V., D.E.C.), and Molecular Biology of Exercise (R.M., L.P., A.S.R.d.S., E.R.R., J.R.P.); Innovare (G.A.S., R.R.C.); and Nutrigenomics and Lipids Center (A.S.-C., D.E.C.) and Biotechnology Center (E.R.R., J.R.P., D.E.C.), School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil 13083-887; and Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology (C.T.D.S.), Health Sciences Unit, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense Criciúma, Brazil 88806-000
| | - L A Velloso
- Laboratories of Nutritional Genomics (V.O., D.E.C.), Limeira 13484-350, Cell Signaling (V.O., D.V., J.C.M., N.D., L.A.V., D.E.C.), and Molecular Biology of Exercise (R.M., L.P., A.S.R.d.S., E.R.R., J.R.P.); Innovare (G.A.S., R.R.C.); and Nutrigenomics and Lipids Center (A.S.-C., D.E.C.) and Biotechnology Center (E.R.R., J.R.P., D.E.C.), School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil 13083-887; and Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology (C.T.D.S.), Health Sciences Unit, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense Criciúma, Brazil 88806-000
| | - D E Cintra
- Laboratories of Nutritional Genomics (V.O., D.E.C.), Limeira 13484-350, Cell Signaling (V.O., D.V., J.C.M., N.D., L.A.V., D.E.C.), and Molecular Biology of Exercise (R.M., L.P., A.S.R.d.S., E.R.R., J.R.P.); Innovare (G.A.S., R.R.C.); and Nutrigenomics and Lipids Center (A.S.-C., D.E.C.) and Biotechnology Center (E.R.R., J.R.P., D.E.C.), School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil 13083-887; and Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology (C.T.D.S.), Health Sciences Unit, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense Criciúma, Brazil 88806-000
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Guardado Mendoza R, Perego C, Finzi G, La Rosa S, Capella C, Jimenez-Ceja LM, Velloso LA, Saad MJA, Sessa F, Bertuzzi F, Moretti S, Dick EJ, Davalli AM, Folli F. Delta cell death in the islet of Langerhans and the progression from normal glucose tolerance to type 2 diabetes in non-human primates (baboon, Papio hamadryas). Diabetologia 2015; 58:1814-26. [PMID: 26049399 PMCID: PMC5603258 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3625-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The cellular composition of the islet of Langerhans is essential to ensure its physiological function. Morphophysiological islet abnormalities are present in type 2 diabetes but the relationship between fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and islet cell composition, particularly the role of delta cells, is unknown. We explored these questions in pancreases from baboons (Papio hamadryas) with FPG ranging from normal to type 2 diabetic values. METHODS We measured the volumes of alpha, beta and delta cells and amyloid in pancreatic islets of 40 baboons (Group 1 [G1]: FPG < 4.44 mmol/l [n = 10]; G2: FPG = 4.44-5.26 mmol/l [n = 9]; G3: FPG = 5.27-6.94 mmol/l [n = 9]; G4: FPG > 6.94 mmol/l [n = 12]) and correlated islet composition with metabolic and hormonal variables. We also performed confocal microscopy including TUNEL, caspase-3, and anti-caspase cleavage product of cytokeratin 18 (M30) immunostaining, electron microscopy, and immuno-electron microscopy with anti-somatostatin antibodies in baboon pancreases. RESULTS Amyloidosis preceded the decrease in beta cell volume. Alpha cell volume increased ∼ 50% in G3 and G4 (p < 0.05), while delta cell volume decreased in these groups by 31% and 39%, respectively (p < 0.05). In G4, glucagon levels were higher, while insulin and HOMA index of beta cell function were lower than in the other groups. Immunostaining of G4 pancreatic sections with TUNEL, caspase-3 and M30 showed apoptosis of beta and delta cells, which was also confirmed by immuno-electron microscopy with anti-somatostatin antibodies. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION In diabetic baboons, changes in islet composition correlate with amyloid deposition, with increased alpha cell and decreased beta and delta cell volume and number due to apoptosis. These data argue for an important role of delta cells in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Guardado Mendoza
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Division, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229-3900, USA
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78
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Claro F, Morari J, Moreira LR, Sarian LOZ, Pinto GA, Velloso LA, Pinto-Neto AM. Unmanipulated native fat exposed to high-energy diet, but not autologous grafted fat by itself, may lead to overexpression of Ki67 and PAI-1. Springerplus 2015; 4:279. [PMID: 26101731 PMCID: PMC4471067 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1061-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Although its unclear oncological risk, which led to more than 20 years of prohibition of its use, fat grafting to the breast is widely used nowadays even for aesthetic purposes. Thus, we proposed an experimental model in rats to analyze the inflammatory activity, cellular proliferation and levels of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor (PAI-1) in grafted fat, and in native fat exposed to high-energy diet in order to study the oncological potential of fat tissue. Methods Samples of grafted fat of rats on regular-energy diet were compared with paired samples of native fat from the same rat on regular-energy diet and on high-energy diet in a different time. Analysis involved microscopic comparisons using hematoxylin-eosin staining, immunohistochemistry with anti-CD68-labelled macrophages, and gene expression of Ki-67 and PAI-1. Results Hematoxylin-eosin staining analyses did not find any atypical cellular infiltration or unusual tissue types in the samples of grafted fat. The inflammatory status, assessed through immunohistochemical identification of CD68-labelled macrophages, was similar among samples of native fat and grafted fat of rat on regular-energy diet and of native fat of rats on high-energy diet. Real-time PCR revealed that high-energy diet, but not fat grafting, leads to proliferative status on adipose tissue (overexpression of ki-67, p = 0.046) and raised its PAI-1 levels, p < 0.001. Conclusion While the native adipose tissue overexpressed PAI-1 and KI67 when exposed to high-energy diet, the grafted fat by itself was unable to induce cellular proliferation, chronic inflammatory activity and/or elevation of PAI-1 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Claro
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics at School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), R. Alexander Fleming, 101, Campinas, SP 13083-881 Brazil ; Santa Cruz Plastic Surgery Institute (ICPSC), São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Joseane Morari
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Luciana R Moreira
- Laboratory of Specialized Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Luís O Z Sarian
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics at School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), R. Alexander Fleming, 101, Campinas, SP 13083-881 Brazil
| | - Glauce A Pinto
- Laboratory of Specialized Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Licio A Velloso
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Aarão M Pinto-Neto
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics at School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), R. Alexander Fleming, 101, Campinas, SP 13083-881 Brazil
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Abstract
Obesity is accompanied by the activation of low-grade inflammatory activity in metabolically relevant tissues. Studies have shown that obesity-associated insulin resistance results from the inflammatory targeting and inhibition of key proteins of the insulin-signaling pathway. At least three apparently distinct mechanisms-endoplasmic reticulum stress, toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 activation, and changes in gut microbiota-have been identified as triggers of obesity-associated metabolic inflammation; thus, they are expected to represent potential targets for the treatment of obesity and its comorbidities. Here, we review the data that place TLR4 in the center of the events that connect the consumption of dietary fats with metabolic inflammation and insulin resistance. Changes in the gut microbiota can lead to reduced integrity of the intestinal barrier, leading to increased leakage of lipopolysaccharides and fatty acids, which can act upon TLR4 to activate systemic inflammation. Fatty acids can also trigger endoplasmic reticulum stress, which can be further stimulated by cross talk with active TLR4. Thus, the current data support a connection among the three main triggers of metabolic inflammation, and TLR4 emerges as a link among all of these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licio A Velloso
- Department of Internal Medicine (L.A.V., F.F., M.J.S.), University of Campinas, 13084-970 Campinas SP, Brazil; and Department of Medicine (F.F.), Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Franco Folli
- Department of Internal Medicine (L.A.V., F.F., M.J.S.), University of Campinas, 13084-970 Campinas SP, Brazil; and Department of Medicine (F.F.), Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Mario J Saad
- Department of Internal Medicine (L.A.V., F.F., M.J.S.), University of Campinas, 13084-970 Campinas SP, Brazil; and Department of Medicine (F.F.), Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
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80
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Leiria LOS, Arantes-Costa FM, Calixto MC, Alexandre EC, Moura RF, Folli F, Prado CM, Prado MA, Prado VF, Velloso LA, Donato J, Antunes E, Martins MA, Saad MJA. Increased airway reactivity and hyperinsulinemia in obese mice are linked by ERK signaling in brain stem cholinergic neurons. Cell Rep 2015; 11:934-943. [PMID: 25937275 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major risk factor for asthma, which is characterized by airway hyperreactivity (AHR). In obesity-associated asthma, AHR may be regulated by non-TH2 mechanisms. We hypothesized that airway reactivity is regulated by insulin in the CNS, and that the high levels of insulin associated with obesity contribute to AHR. We found that intracerebroventricular (ICV)-injected insulin increases airway reactivity in wild-type, but not in vesicle acetylcholine transporter knockdown (VAChT KD(HOM-/-)), mice. Either neutralization of central insulin or inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) normalized airway reactivity in hyperinsulinemic obese mice. These effects were mediated by insulin in cholinergic nerves located at the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) and nucleus ambiguus (NA), which convey parasympathetic outflow to the lungs. We propose that increased insulin-induced activation of ERK in parasympathetic pre-ganglionic nerves contributes to AHR in obese mice, suggesting a drug-treatable link between obesity and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz O S Leiria
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Fernanda M Arantes-Costa
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 01246-904, Brazil
| | - Marina C Calixto
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-881, Brazil
| | - Eduardo C Alexandre
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-881, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo F Moura
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-887, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (O.C.R.C.), State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Franco Folli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-887, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (O.C.R.C.), State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-887, Brazil; Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
| | - Carla M Prado
- Department of Biological Science, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, SP 09972-270, Brazil
| | - Marco Antonio Prado
- Robarts Research Institute, Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON 5015, Canada
| | - Vania F Prado
- Robarts Research Institute, Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON 5015, Canada
| | - Licio A Velloso
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-887, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (O.C.R.C.), State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-887, Brazil
| | - José Donato
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Edson Antunes
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-881, Brazil
| | - Milton A Martins
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 01246-904, Brazil
| | - Mario J A Saad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-887, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (O.C.R.C.), State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-887, Brazil.
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81
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de Souza GFP, Novaes LFT, Avila CM, Nascimento LFR, Velloso LA, Pilli RA. (-)-Tarchonanthuslactone exerts a blood glucose-increasing effect in experimental type 2 diabetes mellitus. Molecules 2015; 20:5038-49. [PMID: 25808148 PMCID: PMC6272554 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20035038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of studies have proposed an anti-diabetic effect for tarchonanthuslactone based on its structural similarity with caffeic acid, a compound known for its blood glucose-reducing properties. However, the actual effect of tarchonanthuslactone on blood glucose level has never been tested. Here, we report that, in opposition to the common sense, tarchonanthuslactone has a glucose-increasing effect in a mouse model of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The effect is acute and non-cumulative and is present only in diabetic mice. In lean, glucose-tolerant mice, despite a slight increase in blood glucose levels, the effect was not significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela F P de Souza
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, C.P. 6154, CEP 13084-761 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Luiz F T Novaes
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, C.P. 6154, CEP 13084-971 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Carolina M Avila
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, C.P. 6154, CEP 13084-971 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Lucas F R Nascimento
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, C.P. 6154, CEP 13084-761 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Licio A Velloso
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, C.P. 6154, CEP 13084-761 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Ronaldo A Pilli
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, C.P. 6154, CEP 13084-971 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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82
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Portovedo M, Ignacio-Souza LM, Bombassaro B, Coope A, Reginato A, Razolli DS, Torsoni MA, Torsoni AS, Leal RF, Velloso LA, Milanski M. Saturated fatty acids modulate autophagy's proteins in the hypothalamus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119850. [PMID: 25786112 PMCID: PMC4364755 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an important process that regulates cellular homeostasis by degrading dysfunctional proteins, organelles and lipids. In this study, the hypothesis that obesity could lead to impairment in hypothalamic autophagy in mice was evaluated by examining the hypothalamic distribution and content of autophagic proteins in animal with obesity induced by 8 or 16 weeks high fat diet to induce obesity and in response to intracerebroventricular injections of palmitic acid. The results showed that chronic exposure to a high fat diet leads to an increased expression of inflammatory markers and downregulation of autophagic proteins. In obese mice, autophagic induction leads to the downregulation of proteins, such as JNK and Bax, which are involved in the stress pathways. In neuron cell- line, palmitate has a direct effect on autophagy even without inflammatory activity. Understanding the cellular and molecular bases of overnutrition is essential for identifying new diagnostic and therapeutic targets for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Portovedo
- Faculty of Applied Science, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, Brazil
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Bruna Bombassaro
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Andressa Coope
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Andressa Reginato
- Faculty of Applied Science, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, Brazil
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Daniela S. Razolli
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Márcio A. Torsoni
- Faculty of Applied Science, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, Brazil
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Adriana S. Torsoni
- Faculty of Applied Science, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, Brazil
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Raquel F. Leal
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Licio A. Velloso
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marciane Milanski
- Faculty of Applied Science, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, Brazil
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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83
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Clarke JR, Lyra E Silva NM, Figueiredo CP, Frozza RL, Ledo JH, Beckman D, Katashima CK, Razolli D, Carvalho BM, Frazão R, Silveira MA, Ribeiro FC, Bomfim TR, Neves FS, Klein WL, Medeiros R, LaFerla FM, Carvalheira JB, Saad MJ, Munoz DP, Velloso LA, Ferreira ST, De Felice FG. Alzheimer-associated Aβ oligomers impact the central nervous system to induce peripheral metabolic deregulation. EMBO Mol Med 2015; 7:190-210. [PMID: 25617315 PMCID: PMC4328648 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201404183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with peripheral metabolic disorders. Clinical/epidemiological data indicate increased risk of diabetes in AD patients. Here, we show that intracerebroventricular infusion of AD-associated Aβ oligomers (AβOs) in mice triggered peripheral glucose intolerance, a phenomenon further verified in two transgenic mouse models of AD. Systemically injected AβOs failed to induce glucose intolerance, suggesting AβOs target brain regions involved in peripheral metabolic control. Accordingly, we show that AβOs affected hypothalamic neurons in culture, inducing eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α phosphorylation (eIF2α-P). AβOs further induced eIF2α-P and activated pro-inflammatory IKKβ/NF-κB signaling in the hypothalamus of mice and macaques. AβOs failed to trigger peripheral glucose intolerance in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) receptor 1 knockout mice. Pharmacological inhibition of brain inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress prevented glucose intolerance in mice, indicating that AβOs act via a central route to affect peripheral glucose homeostasis. While the hypothalamus has been largely ignored in the AD field, our findings indicate that AβOs affect this brain region and reveal novel shared molecular mechanisms between hypothalamic dysfunction in metabolic disorders and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia R Clarke
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil School of Pharmacy Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Natalia M Lyra E Silva
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Claudia P Figueiredo
- School of Pharmacy Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rudimar L Frozza
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jose H Ledo
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Danielle Beckman
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos K Katashima
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniela Razolli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno M Carvalho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata Frazão
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina A Silveira
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe C Ribeiro
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Theresa R Bomfim
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernanda S Neves
- School of Pharmacy Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - William L Klein
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Rodrigo Medeiros
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Frank M LaFerla
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jose B Carvalheira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Mario J Saad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Douglas P Munoz
- Center for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Licio A Velloso
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Sergio T Ferreira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernanda G De Felice
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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84
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Razolli DS, Moraes JC, Morari J, Moura RF, Vinolo MA, Velloso LA. TLR4 expression in bone marrow-derived cells is both necessary and sufficient to produce the insulin resistance phenotype in diet-induced obesity. Endocrinology 2015; 156:103-13. [PMID: 25375037 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The anomalous activation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) by dietary fats is one of the most important mechanisms linking obesity to insulin resistance. TLR4 is expressed in most tissues of the body, but its activity in the cells of the immune system is expected to underlie its most important roles of inducing inflammation and insulin resistance. Here we explore the hypothesis that TLR4 expression in bone marrow-derived cells mediates most of the actions of this receptor as an inducer of insulin resistance. Wild type and TLR4-mutant mice were used in bone marrow transplant experiments producing chimeras that harbored the functional receptor in all cells of the body except bone marrow-derived cells or only in bone marrow-derived cells. Transplanted mice were fed chow or a high-fat diet, and glucose homeostasis was evaluated by glucose and insulin tolerance tests. Insulin signal transduction and the expression of markers of inflammation were evaluated in the liver and white adipose tissue. In addition, we performed liver histology and evaluated the expression of gluconeogenic enzymes. The expression of TLR4 in bone marrow-derived cells only, but not in non-bone marrow-derived tissues only, was a determining factor in the induction of diet-induced insulin resistance, which was accompanied by an increased expression of inflammatory markers in both white adipose tissue and liver as well as increased liver steatosis and increased expression of gluconeogenic enzymes. TLR4 expressed in bone marrow-derived cells is an important mediator of obesity-associated insulin resistance in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela S Razolli
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling (D.S.R., J.C.M., J.M., R.F.M., L.A.V.) and Department of Genetics (M.A.V.), University of Campinas, 13084-970 Campinas-SP, Brazil
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85
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Morari J, Anhe GF, Nascimento LF, de Moura RF, Razolli D, Solon C, Guadagnini D, Souza G, Mattos AH, Tobar N, Ramos CD, Pascoal VD, Saad MJ, Lopes-Cendes I, Moraes JC, Velloso LA. Fractalkine (CX3CL1) is involved in the early activation of hypothalamic inflammation in experimental obesity. Diabetes 2014; 63:3770-84. [PMID: 24947351 DOI: 10.2337/db13-1495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Hypothalamic inflammation is a common feature of experimental obesity. Dietary fats are important triggers of this process, inducing the activation of toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) signaling and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Microglia cells, which are the cellular components of the innate immune system in the brain, are expected to play a role in the early activation of diet-induced hypothalamic inflammation. Here, we use bone marrow transplants to generate mice chimeras that express a functional TLR4 in the entire body except in bone marrow-derived cells or only in bone marrow-derived cells. We show that a functional TLR4 in bone marrow-derived cells is required for the complete expression of the diet-induced obese phenotype and for the perpetuation of inflammation in the hypothalamus. In an obesity-prone mouse strain, the chemokine CX3CL1 (fractalkine) is rapidly induced in the neurons of the hypothalamus after the introduction of a high-fat diet. The inhibition of hypothalamic fractalkine reduces diet-induced hypothalamic inflammation and the recruitment of bone marrow-derived monocytic cells to the hypothalamus; in addition, this inhibition reduces obesity and protects against diet-induced glucose intolerance. Thus, fractalkine is an important player in the early induction of diet-induced hypothalamic inflammation, and its inhibition impairs the induction of the obese and glucose intolerance phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseane Morari
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Gabriel F Anhe
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | | | - Daniela Razolli
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Carina Solon
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Dioze Guadagnini
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Souza
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Alexandre H Mattos
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Natalia Tobar
- Department of Radiology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Celso D Ramos
- Department of Radiology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Vinicius D Pascoal
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Mario J Saad
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Iscia Lopes-Cendes
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Juliana C Moraes
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Licio A Velloso
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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86
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Weissmann L, Quaresma PGF, Santos AC, de Matos AHB, Pascoal VDB, Zanotto TM, Castro G, Guadagnini D, da Silva JM, Velloso LA, Bittencourt JC, Lopes-Cendes I, Saad MJA, Prada PO. IKKε is key to induction of insulin resistance in the hypothalamus, and its inhibition reverses obesity. Diabetes 2014; 63:3334-45. [PMID: 24812431 DOI: 10.2337/db13-1817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
IKK epsilon (IKKε) is induced by the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Whole-body IKKε knockout mice on a high-fat diet (HFD) were protected from insulin resistance and showed altered energy balance. We demonstrate that IKKε is expressed in neurons and is upregulated in the hypothalamus of obese mice, contributing to insulin and leptin resistance. Blocking IKKε in the hypothalamus of obese mice with CAYMAN10576 or small interfering RNA decreased NF-κB activation in this tissue, relieving the inflammatory environment. Inhibition of IKKε activity, but not TBK1, reduced IRS-1(Ser307) phosphorylation and insulin and leptin resistance by an improvement of the IR/IRS-1/Akt and JAK2/STAT3 pathways in the hypothalamus. These improvements were independent of body weight and food intake. Increased insulin and leptin action/signaling in the hypothalamus may contribute to a decrease in adiposity and hypophagia and an enhancement of energy expenditure accompanied by lower NPY and increased POMC mRNA levels. Improvement of hypothalamic insulin action decreases fasting glycemia, glycemia after pyruvate injection, and PEPCK protein expression in the liver of HFD-fed and db/db mice, suggesting a reduction in hepatic glucose production. We suggest that IKKε may be a key inflammatory mediator in the hypothalamus of obese mice, and its hypothalamic inhibition improves energy and glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís Weissmann
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula G F Quaresma
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andressa C Santos
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre H B de Matos
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Tamires M Zanotto
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisele Castro
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dioze Guadagnini
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Licio A Velloso
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jackson C Bittencourt
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Iscia Lopes-Cendes
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mario J A Saad
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia O Prada
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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87
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Ignacio-Souza LM, Bombassaro B, Pascoal LB, Portovedo MA, Razolli DS, Coope A, Victorio SC, de Moura RF, Nascimento LF, Arruda AP, Anhe GF, Milanski M, Velloso LA. Defective regulation of the ubiquitin/proteasome system in the hypothalamus of obese male mice. Endocrinology 2014; 155:2831-44. [PMID: 24892821 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In both human and experimental obesity, inflammatory damage to the hypothalamus plays an important role in the loss of the coordinated control of food intake and energy expenditure. Upon prolonged maintenance of increased body mass, the brain changes the defended set point of adiposity, and returning to normal weight becomes extremely difficult. Here we show that in prolonged but not in short-term obesity, the ubiquitin/proteasome system in the hypothalamus fails to maintain an adequate rate of protein recycling, leading to the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins. This is accompanied by an increased colocalization of ubiquitin and p62 in the arcuate nucleus and reduced expression of autophagy markers in the hypothalamus. Genetic protection from obesity is accompanied by the normal regulation of the ubiquitin/proteasome system in the hypothalamus, whereas the inhibition of proteasome or p62 results in the acceleration of body mass gain in mice exposed for a short period to a high-fat diet. Thus, the defective regulation of the ubiquitin/proteasome system in the hypothalamus may be an important mechanism involved in the progression and autoperpetuation of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia M Ignacio-Souza
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling (L.M.I.-S., B.B., L.B.P., M.A.P., D.S.R., A.C., S.C.V., R.F.d.M., L.F.N., A.P.A., M.M., L.A.V.), Faculty of Applied Sciences (M.A.P., M.M.), and Department of Pharmacology (G.F.A.), University of Campinas, 13084-970 Campinas, Brazil
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88
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Chausse B, Solon C, Caldeira da Silva CC, Masselli Dos Reis IG, Manchado-Gobatto FB, Gobatto CA, Velloso LA, Kowaltowski AJ. Intermittent fasting induces hypothalamic modifications resulting in low feeding efficiency, low body mass and overeating. Endocrinology 2014; 155:2456-66. [PMID: 24797627 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-2057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Intermittent fasting (IF) is an often-used intervention to decrease body mass. In male Sprague-Dawley rats, 24 hour cycles of IF result in light caloric restriction, reduced body mass gain, and significant decreases in the efficiency of energy conversion. Here, we study the metabolic effects of IF in order to uncover mechanisms involved in this lower energy conversion efficiency. After 3 weeks, IF animals displayed overeating during fed periods and lower body mass, accompanied by alterations in energy-related tissue mass. The lower efficiency of energy use was not due to uncoupling of muscle mitochondria. Enhanced lipid oxidation was observed during fasting days, whereas fed days were accompanied by higher metabolic rates. Furthermore, an increased expression of orexigenic neurotransmitters AGRP and NPY in the hypothalamus of IF animals was found, even on feeding days, which could explain the overeating pattern. Together, these effects provide a mechanistic explanation for the lower efficiency of energy conversion observed. Overall, we find that IF promotes changes in hypothalamic function that explain differences in body mass and caloric intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Chausse
- Departamento de Bioquímica (B.C., C.C.C., A.J.K.), Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 Brazil; Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (C.S., L.A.V.), Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-970 Brazil; Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas (I.G.M., F.B.M-G., C.A.G.), Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13084-350 Brazil
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89
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Melo AM, Benatti RO, Ignacio-Souza LM, Okino C, Torsoni AS, Milanski M, Velloso LA, Torsoni MA. Hypothalamic endoplasmic reticulum stress and insulin resistance in offspring of mice dams fed high-fat diet during pregnancy and lactation. Metabolism 2014; 63:682-92. [PMID: 24636055 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to determine the presence early of markers of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and insulin resistance in the offspring from dams fed HFD (HFD-O) or standard chow diet (SC-O) during pregnancy and lactation. MATERIALS/METHODS To address this question, we evaluated the hypothalamic and hepatic tissues in recently weaned mice (d28) and the hypothalamus of newborn mice (d0) from dams fed HFD or SC during pregnancy and lactation. RESULTS Body weight, adipose tissue mass, and food intake were more accentuated in HFD-O mice than in SC-O mice. In addition, intolerance to glucose and insulin was higher in HFD-O mice than in SC-O mice. Compared with SC-O mice, levels of hypothalamic IL1-β mRNA, NFκB protein, and p-JNK were increased in HFD-O mice. Furthermore, compared with SC-O mice, hypothalamic AKT phosphorylation after insulin challenge was reduced, while markers of ERS (p-PERK, p-eIF2α, XBP1s, GRP78, and GRP94) and p-AMPK were increased in the hypothalamic tissue of HFD-O at d28 but not at d0. These damages to hypothalamic signaling were accompanied by increased triglyceride deposits, activation of NFκB, p-JNK, p-PERK and p-eIF2α. CONCLUSION These point out lactation period as maternal trigger for metabolic changes in the offspring. These changes may occur early and quietly contribute to obesity and associated pathologies in adulthood. Although in rodents the establishment of ARC neuronal projections occurs during the lactation period, in humans it occurs during the third trimester. Gestational diabetes and obesity in this period may contribute to impairment of energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arine M Melo
- Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas -UNICAMP, Limeira, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Rafaela O Benatti
- Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas -UNICAMP, Limeira, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Caroline Okino
- Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas -UNICAMP, Limeira, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Adriana S Torsoni
- Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas -UNICAMP, Limeira, São Paulo, Brasil; Center for Studies of lipid in Nutrigenomic, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas -UNICAMP, Limeira, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Marciane Milanski
- Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas -UNICAMP, Limeira, São Paulo, Brasil; Center for Studies of lipid in Nutrigenomic, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas -UNICAMP, Limeira, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Licio A Velloso
- Laboratoty of Cell Signaling, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Marcio Alberto Torsoni
- Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas -UNICAMP, Limeira, São Paulo, Brasil; Center for Studies of lipid in Nutrigenomic, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas -UNICAMP, Limeira, São Paulo, Brasil.
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90
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Affiliation(s)
- Licio A Velloso
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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91
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Gomes PR, Graciano MF, Pantaleão LC, Rennó AL, Rodrigues SC, Velloso LA, Latorraca MQ, Carpinelli AR, Anhê GF, Bordin S. Long-term disruption of maternal glucose homeostasis induced by prenatal glucocorticoid treatment correlates with miR-29 upregulation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 306:E109-20. [PMID: 24253049 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00364.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Excess of glucocorticoids (GCs) during pregnancy is strongly associated with the programming of glucose intolerance in the offspring. However, the impact of high GC levels on maternal metabolism is not clearly documented. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that mothers exposed to elevated levels of GCs might also display long-term disturbances in glucose homeostasis. Dexamethasone (DEX) was administered noninvasively to the mothers via drinking water between the 14th and the 19th days of pregnancy. Mothers were subjected to glucose and insulin tolerance tests at 1, 2, 3, 6, and 12 mo postweaning. Pregnant rats not treated with DEX and age-matched virgin rats were used as controls. Pancreatic islets were isolated at the 20th day of pregnancy and 12 mo postweaning in order to evaluate glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. The expression of the miR-29 family was also studied due to its responsiveness to GCs and its well-documented role in the regulation of pancreatic β-cell function. Rats treated with DEX during pregnancy presented long-term glucose intolerance and impaired insulin secretion. These changes correlated with 1) increased expression of miR-29 and its regulator p53, 2) reduced expression of syntaxin-1a, a direct target of miR-29, and 3) altered expression of genes related to cellular senescence. Our data demonstrate that the use of DEX during pregnancy results in deleterious outcomes to the maternal metabolism, hallmarked by reduced insulin secretion and glucose intolerance. This maternal metabolic programming might be a consequence of time-sustained upregulation of miR-29s in maternal pancreatic islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia R Gomes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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92
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Santos GA, Moura RF, Vitorino DC, Roman EAFR, Torsoni AS, Velloso LA, Torsoni MA. Hypothalamic AMPK activation blocks lipopolysaccharide inhibition of glucose production in mice liver. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 381:88-96. [PMID: 23916575 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Endotoxic hypoglycaemia has an important role in the survival rates of septic patients. Previous studies have demonstrated that hypothalamic AMP-activated protein kinase (hyp-AMPK) activity is sufficient to modulate glucose homeostasis. However, the role of hyp-AMPK in hypoglycaemia associated with endotoxemia is unknown. The aims of this study were to examine hyp-AMPK dephosphorylation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mice and to determine whether pharmacological hyp-AMPK activation could reduce the effects of endotoxemia on blood glucose levels. LPS-treated mice showed reduced food intake, diminished basal glycemia, increased serum TNF-α and IL-1β levels and increased hypothalamic p-TAK and TLR4/MyD88 association. These effects were accompanied by hyp-AMPK/ACC dephosphorylation. LPS-treated mice also showed diminished liver expression of PEPCK/G6Pase, reduction in p-FOXO1, p-AMPK, p-STAT3 and p-JNK level and glucose production. Pharmacological hyp-AMPK activation blocked the effects of LPS on the hyp-AMPK phosphorylation, liver PEPCK expression and glucose production. Furthermore, the effects of LPS were TLR4-dependent because hyp-AMPK phosphorylation, liver PEPCK expression and fasting glycemia were not affected in TLR4-mutant mice. These results suggest that hyp-AMPK activity may be an important pharmacological target to control glucose homeostasis during endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Santos
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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93
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Bertelli DF, Coope A, Caricilli AM, Prada PO, Saad MJ, Velloso LA, Araujo EP. Inhibition of 72 kDa inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase E improves insulin signal transduction in diet-induced obesity. J Endocrinol 2013; 217:131-40. [PMID: 23349329 DOI: 10.1530/joe-12-0562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The 72 kDa inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase E (72k-5ptase) controls signal transduction through the catalytic dephosphorylation of the 5-position of membrane-bound phosphoinositides. The reduction of 72k-5ptase expression in the hypothalamus results in improved hypothalamic insulin signal transduction and reduction of food intake and body mass. Here, we evaluated the tissue distribution and the impact of obesity on the expression of 72k-5ptase in peripheral tissues of experimental animals. In addition, insulin signal transduction and action were determined in an animal model of obesity and insulin resistance treated with an antisense (AS) oligonucleotide that reduces 72k-5ptase expression. In lean Wistar rats, 72k-5ptase mRNA and protein are found in highest levels in heart, skeletal muscle, and white adipose tissue. In three distinct models of obesity, Wistar rats, Swiss mice fed on high-fat diet, and leptin-deficient ob/ob mice, the expression of 72k-5ptase is increased in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. The treatment of obese Wistar rats with an anti-72k-5ptase AS oligonucleotide results in significant reduction of 72k-5ptase catalytic activity, which is accompanied by reduced food intake and body mass and improved insulin signal transduction and action as determined by immunoblotting and clamp studies respectively. 72k-5ptase expression is increased in obesity and its AS inhibition resulted in a significant improvement in insulin signal transduction and restoration of glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela F Bertelli
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Department of Nursing, University of Campinas, DCM-FCM, UNICAMP, 13084-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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94
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Santos GA, Pereira VD, Roman EAFR, Ignacio-Souza L, Vitorino DC, de Moura RF, Razolli DS, Torsoni AS, Velloso LA, Torsoni MA. Hypothalamic inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase stimulates hepatic counter-regulatory response independent of AMPK activation in rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62669. [PMID: 23626844 PMCID: PMC3633841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypothalamic AMPK acts as a cell energy sensor and can modulate food intake, glucose homeostasis, and fatty acid biosynthesis. Intrahypothalamic fatty acid injection is known to suppress liver glucose production, mainly by activation of hypothalamic ATP-sensitive potassium (K(ATP)) channels. Since all models employed seem to involve malonyl-CoA biosynthesis, we hypothesized that acetyl-CoA carboxylase can modulate the counter-regulatory response independent of nutrient availability. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study employing immunoblot, real-time PCR, ELISA, and biochemical measurements, we showed that reduction of the hypothalamic expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase by antisense oligonucleotide after intraventricular injection increased food intake and NPY mRNA, and diminished the expression of CART, CRH, and TRH mRNA. Additionally, as in fasted rats, in antisense oligonucleotide-treated rats, serum glucagon and ketone bodies increased, while the levels of serum insulin and hepatic glycogen diminished. The reduction of hypothalamic acetyl-CoA carboxylase also increased PEPCK expression, AMPK phosphorylation, and glucose production in the liver. Interestingly, these effects were observed without modification of hypothalamic AMPK phosphorylation. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Hypothalamic ACC inhibition can activate hepatic counter-regulatory response independent of hypothalamic AMPK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A. Santos
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vinícius D. Pereira
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erika A. F. R. Roman
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leticia Ignacio-Souza
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniele C. Vitorino
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Daniela S. Razolli
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana S. Torsoni
- Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Licio A. Velloso
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcio A. Torsoni
- Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
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95
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Rodrigues VS, Milanski M, Fagundes JJ, Torsoni AS, Ayrizono MLS, Nunez CEC, Dias CB, Meirelles LR, Dalal S, Coy CSR, Velloso LA, Leal RF. Serum levels and mesenteric fat tissue expression of adiponectin and leptin in patients with Crohn's disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 170:358-64. [PMID: 23121676 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2012.04660.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is characterized by inflammation and an aetiology that is still unknown. Hypertrophy of mesenteric fat is a reflection of disease activity, as this fat covers the entire length of the affected area. Adipocytes synthesize leptin and adiponectin, adipocytokines responsible for pro- and anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, we evaluated serum levels of adiponectin and leptin, as well as mesenteral expression of adiponectin in active CD and those in remission. Sixteen patients with ileocaecal CD followed at the Outpatient Clinic, Coloproctology Unit of University of Campinas Clinical Hospital, participated in the study. Analysis of serum adiponectin and leptin by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed in patients with active CD (ACD group), remission CD (RCD group) and in six healthy controls. Ten patients with active ileocaecal CD (FCD group) and eight patients with non-inflammatory disease selected for surgery were also studied. The specimens were snap-frozen and the expression of adiponectin was determined by immunoblot of protein extracts. Serum C-reactive protein levels were higher in the ACD group when compared to the others and no difference of body mass index was observed between the groups. Serum adiponectin was lower in the ACD group when compared to control, but no differences were seen when comparing the ACD and RCD groups. Mesenteric adiponectin expression was lower in the FCD group when compared to the FC group. Serum leptin was similar in all groups. The lower levels of serum and mesenteric adiponectin in active CD suggest a defective regulation of anti-inflammatory pathways in CD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Rodrigues
- Coloproctology Unit, Surgery Department, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
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96
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Filho AG, Kinote A, Pereira DJ, Rennó A, dos Santos RC, Ferreira-Melo SE, Velloso LA, Bordin S, Anhê GF, Junior HM. Infliximab prevents increased systolic blood pressure and upregulates the AKT/eNOS pathway in the aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 700:201-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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97
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Caricilli AM, Penteado E, de Abreu LL, Quaresma PGF, Santos AC, Guadagnini D, Razolli D, Mittestainer FC, Carvalheira JB, Velloso LA, Saad MJA, Prada PO. Topiramate treatment improves hypothalamic insulin and leptin signaling and action and reduces obesity in mice. Endocrinology 2012; 153:4401-11. [PMID: 22822160 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Topiramate (TPM) treatment has been shown to reduce adiposity in humans and rodents. The reduction in adiposity is related to decreased food intake and increased energy expenditure. However, the molecular mechanisms through which TPM induces weight loss are contradictory and remain to be clarified. Whether TPM treatment alters hypothalamic insulin, or leptin signaling and action, is not well established. Thus, we investigate herein whether short-term TPM treatment alters energy balance by affecting insulin and leptin signaling, action, or neuropeptide expression in the hypothalamus of mice fed with a high-fat diet. As expected, short-term treatment with TPM diminished adiposity in obese mice mainly due to reduced food intake. TPM increased anorexigenic signaling by enhancing the leptin-induced leptin receptor/Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 pathway and the insulin-induced insulin receptor substrate/Akt/forkhead box O1 pathway in parallel to reduced phosphatase protein expression in the hypothalamus of obese mice. These effects were independent of body weight. TPM also raised anorexigenic neuropeptides such as POMC, TRH, and CRH mRNA levels in obese mice. In addition, TPM increased the activation of the hypothalamic MAPK/ERK pathway induced by leptin, accompanied by an increase in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-coactivator α and uncoupling protein 1 protein levels in brown adipose tissue. Furthermore, TPM increased AMP-activated protein kinase and acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase phosphorylation in peripheral tissues, which may help improve energy metabolism in these tissues. Together, these results provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms through which TPM treatment reduces adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Caricilli
- Departments of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas, Rua Pedro Zaccaria, 1300 Jardim. Sta Luiza 13484-350, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
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98
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Câmara PRS, Ferraz GJN, Velloso LA, Zeitune JMR, Suassuna FAB, Ferraz JGP. Endothelin and neonatal capsaicin regulate gastric resistance to injury in BDL rats. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2012; 3:85-91. [PMID: 23293745 PMCID: PMC3536844 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v3.i4.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the relationship between primary afferent neurons, endothelin (ET) and the role of its receptors on ethanol-induced gastric damage in cirrhotic rats.
METHODS: Cirrhosis and portal hypertension were induced in rats by bile duct ligation (BDL) while controls had a sham operation. The association between ET and afferent neurons on the gastric mucosa was evaluated by capsaicin treatment in newborn rats, the use of ET agonists or antagonists, gastric ET-1 and -3 mRNA and synthetic capacity. Ethanol-induced damage was assessed using ex vivo gastric chamber experiments. Gastric blood flow was measured by laser-Doppler flowmetry.
RESULTS: ET-3 and an ETB receptor antagonist significantly reduced the extent of ethanol-induced gastric damage in BDL rats. Gastric ET-1 and -3 levels were 30% higher in BDL rats compared to control rats. Capsaicin treatment restored the gastric resistance and blood flow responses to topical application of ethanol in BDL rats and ET-1 and -3 production to levels observed in controls.
CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the reduced resistance of the gastric mucosa of cirrhotic rats to ethanol-induced injury is a phenomenon modulated by ET through the ETB receptor and by sensory afferent neurons.
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99
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Kinote A, Faria JA, Roman EA, Solon C, Razolli DS, Ignacio-Souza LM, Sollon CS, Nascimento LF, de Araújo TM, Barbosa APL, Lellis-Santos C, Velloso LA, Bordin S, Anhê GF. Fructose-induced hypothalamic AMPK activation stimulates hepatic PEPCK and gluconeogenesis due to increased corticosterone levels. Endocrinology 2012; 153:3633-45. [PMID: 22585831 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Fructose consumption causes insulin resistance and favors hepatic gluconeogenesis through mechanisms that are not completely understood. Recent studies demonstrated that the activation of hypothalamic 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) controls dynamic fluctuations in hepatic glucose production. Thus, the present study was designed to investigate whether hypothalamic AMPK activation by fructose would mediate increased gluconeogenesis. Both ip and intracerebroventricular (icv) fructose treatment stimulated hypothalamic AMPK and acetyl-CoA carboxylase phosphorylation, in parallel with increased hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxy kinase (PEPCK) and gluconeogenesis. An increase in AMPK phosphorylation by icv fructose was observed in the lateral hypothalamus as well as in the paraventricular nucleus and the arcuate nucleus. These effects were mimicked by icv 5-amino-imidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-d-ribofuranoside treatment. Hypothalamic AMPK inhibition with icv injection of compound C or with injection of a small interfering RNA targeted to AMPKα2 in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) suppressed the hepatic effects of ip fructose. We also found that fructose increased corticosterone levels through a mechanism that is dependent on hypothalamic AMPK activation. Concomitantly, fructose-stimulated gluconeogenesis, hepatic PEPCK expression, and glucocorticoid receptor binding to the PEPCK gene were suppressed by pharmacological glucocorticoid receptor blockage. Altogether the data presented herein support the hypothesis that fructose-induced hypothalamic AMPK activation stimulates hepatic gluconeogenesis by increasing corticosterone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrezza Kinote
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Alexander Fleming Street, #101, 13084-971Campinas SP, Brazil
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100
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Abstract
A obesidade, definida como o acúmulo excessivo ou anormal de gordura que pode causar dano à saúde do indivíduo, é considerada atualmente um dos principais problemas de saúde pública. Resulta de um desequilíbrio entre a ingestão alimentar e o gasto corporal de energia. O controle do balanço energético de animais e seres humanos é realizado pelo sistema nervoso central (SNC) por meio de conexões neuroendócrinas, em que hormônios periféricos circulantes, como a leptina e a insulina, sinalizam neurônios especializados do hipotálamo sobre os estoques de gordura do organismo e induzem respostas apropriadas para a manutenção da estabilidade desses estoques. A maioria dos casos de obesidade se associa a um quadro de resistência central à ação da leptina e da insulina. Em animais de experimentação, a dieta hiperlipídica é capaz de induzir um processo inflamatório no hipotálamo, que interfere com as vias intracelulares de sinalização por esses hormônios, resultando em hiperfagia, diminuição do gasto de energia e, por fim, obesidade. Evidências recentes obtidas por intermédio de estudos de neuroimagem e avaliação de marcadores inflamatórios no líquido cefalorraquidiano de indivíduos obesos sugerem que alterações semelhantes podem estar presentes também em seres humanos. Nesta revisão, apresentamos sumariamente os mecanismos envolvidos com a perda do controle homeostático do balanço energético em modelos animais de obesidade e as evidências atuais de disfunção hipotalâmica em humanos obesos.
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