51
|
Oliver A, Conrado FO, Nolen-Walston R. Equine Granulocytic Anaplasmosis. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2023; 39:133-145. [PMID: 36737288 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2022.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine granulocytic anaplasmosis is a clinically significant and common disease of equids that has a broader prevalence than was once thought. The most common clinical signs include high fever and edema, with mild to mderate thrombocytopenia and lymphopenia typically noted on complete blood count. Subclinical cases are reported and many are self-limiting. Rare clinical presentations include neurologic disease, vasculitis, dysphagia, rhabdomyolysis, or bicavitary effusion. Most cases resolve rapidly with appropriate antimicrobial intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Oliver
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA
| | - Francisco O Conrado
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Tufts University, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
| | - Rose Nolen-Walston
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Kellon EM, Gustafson KM. Hypertriglyceridemia in equines with refractory hyperinsulinemia treated with SGLT2 inhibitors. Open Vet J 2023; 13:365-375. [PMID: 37026076 PMCID: PMC10072834 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2023.v13.i3.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background:
Sodium-Glucose CoTransporter-2 [SGLT2] inhibitors, the -flozin group of drugs, which block glucose reuptake in the renal proximal tubule, are being increasingly used off-label to treat horses with refractory hyperinsulinemia. After two years of use by animals in our group, a horse on canagliflozin was incidentally noted to be hyperlipemic.
Case Description:
We have been following a cohort of equines (n=20) treated with SGLT2 inhibitors due to refractory hyperinsulinemia. The animals are owned by members of the Equine Cushing’s and Insulin Resistance Group (ECIR) and treated by their attending veterinarians. The index case was a 23 year old gelding with a 2 year history of recurring laminitis that began canagliflozin therapy to control hyperinsulinemia which was no longer responsive to metformin. Between 6-10 weeks post therapy, significant weight loss was noticed. Two days later he was hospitalized with colic symptoms and hyperlipemia but was bright, alert and eating well throughout. Canagliflozin was discontinued and triglycerides returned to normal reference values within 10 days. Subsequent study of 19 other horses on SGLT2 inhibitors revealed varying degrees of hypertriglyceridemia, all asymptomatic.
Conclusion:
While this class of drugs holds great promise for cases of refractory hyperinsulinemia and laminitis that do not respond to diet or metformin therapy, hypertriglyceridemia is a potential side effect. In our experience, animals remained asymptomatic and eating well. Further study of hypertriglyceridemia in horses on SGLT2 inhibitors and the possible mitigating effect of diet is indicated. To our knowledge, this is the first published report of hypertriglyceridemia with SGLT2 inhibitor treatment in equines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor M. Kellon
- Corresponding Author: Eleanor M. Kellon. Equine Cushing’s and Insulin Resistance Group, Inc, 2307 Rural Road, Tempe, AZ 85282, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
53
|
Cassano JM, Marycz K, Horna M, Nogues MP, Morgan JM, Herrmann DB, Galuppo LD, Vapniarsky N. Evaluating the Safety of Intra-Articular Mitotherapy in the Equine Model: A Potential Novel Treatment for Osteoarthritis. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 120:104164. [PMID: 36384191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
No current treatments available halt osteoarthritis progression in horses or humans. Intra-articular injection of mitochondria is a novel treatment that has the potential to improve cell metabolism and decrease inflammation, but safety of this treatment has yet to be established in the horse. Autologous blood-derived mitochondria isolated using a commercially available kit were injected into the left carpus joint of 3 horses which were monitored for 28 days. Horses received physical examinations, video recorded gait evaluations, joint diameter measurement, synovial fluid collection, and blood collection on day 0 (baseline prior to mitotherapy, day of mitochondria injection), 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28. Systemic inflammation was assessed via complete blood count, fibrinogen, and plasma serum amyloid A (SAA). Local inflammation was assessed via synovial fluid cytology and physical examination parameters. Physical exam parameters remained stable and no joint swelling was observed after mitotherapy. No change was noted in video recorded gait evaluations as determined by a blinded evaluator. Complete blood counts revealed no significant increase in white blood cells. SAA only increased mildly in 1 horse. Fibrinogen became slightly elevated above reference range in 2 horses at day 7, but later normalized. Mild increases in synovial fluid nucleated cell counts and total protein occurred on day 1 and 3, but resolved within 7 days without intervention. Autologous mitochondria injection into the equine intercarpal joint was well tolerated with no signs of inflammation. This safety information allows for future studies evaluating mitotherapy efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Cassano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, Veterinary Institute for Regenerative Cures, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.
| | - Krzysztof Marycz
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, Veterinary Institute for Regenerative Cures, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA; International Institute of Translational Medicine (MIMT), Malin, Wisznia Mała, Poland
| | - Marta Horna
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, Veterinary Institute for Regenerative Cures, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Marcos Perez Nogues
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, Veterinary Institute for Regenerative Cures, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Jessica M Morgan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, Veterinary Institute for Regenerative Cures, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Daniel B Herrmann
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, Veterinary Institute for Regenerative Cures, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Larry D Galuppo
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, Veterinary Institute for Regenerative Cures, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Natalia Vapniarsky
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary Institute for Regenerative Cures, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Nielsen MK, Steuer AE, Anderson HP, Gavriliuc S, Carpenter AB, Redman EM, Gilleard JS, Reinemeyer CR, Poissant J. Shortened egg reappearance periods of equine cyathostomins following ivermectin or moxidectin treatment: morphological and molecular investigation of efficacy and species composition. Int J Parasitol 2022; 52:787-798. [PMID: 36244428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Macrocyclic lactones have been the most widely used drugs for equine parasite control during the past four decades. Unlike ivermectin, moxidectin exhibits efficacy against encysted cyathostomin larvae, and is reported to have persistent efficacy with substantially longer egg reappearance periods. However, shortened egg reappearance periods have been reported recently for both macrocyclic lactones, and these findings have raised several questions: (i) are egg reappearance period patterns different after ivermectin or moxidectin treatment? (ii) Are shortened egg reappearance periods associated with certain cyathostomin species or stages? (iii) How does moxidectin's larvicidal efficacy affect egg reappearance period? To address these questions, 36 horses at pasture, aged 2-5 years old, were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: 1, moxidectin; 2, ivermectin; and 3, untreated control. Strongylid fecal egg counts were measured on a weekly basis, and the egg reappearance period was 5 weeks for both compounds. Strongylid worm counts were determined for all horses: 18 were necropsied at 2 weeks post-treatment (PT), and the remaining 18 at 5 weeks PT. Worms were identified to species morphologically and by internal transcribed spacer-2 (ITS-2) rDNA metabarcoding. Moxidectin and ivermectin were 99.9% and 99.7% efficacious against adults at 2 weeks post treatment, whereas the respective efficacies against luminal L4s were 84.3% and 69.7%. At 5 weeks PT, adulticidal efficacy was 88.3% and 57.6% for moxidectin and ivermectin, respectively, while the efficacy against luminal L4s was 0% for both drugs. Moxidectin reduced early L3 counts by 18.1% and 8.0% at 2 or 5 weeks, while the efficacies against late L3s and mucosal L4s were 60.4% and 21.2% at the same intervals, respectively. The luminal L4s surviving ivermectin treatment were predominantly Cylicocyclus (Cyc.) insigne. The ITS-2 rDNA metabarcoding was in good agreement with morphologic species estimates but suggested differential activity between moxidectin and ivermectin for several species, most notably Cyc. insigne and Cylicocyclus nassatus. This study was a comprehensive investigation of current macrocyclic lactone efficacy patterns and provided important insight into potential mechanisms behind shortened egg reappearance periods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin K Nielsen
- M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Ashley E Steuer
- M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Haley P Anderson
- M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Stefan Gavriliuc
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alyssa B Carpenter
- M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Redman
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - John S Gilleard
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Jocelyn Poissant
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Cota LO, Júnior OS, Oliveira APL, Paz CFR, Maróstica TP, Duarte PC, Leme FOP, Faleiros RR. Oral supplementation with Lithothamnion extract in horses subjected to oligofructose overload intake: effects on systemic inflammation and multiple organ function. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 117:104082. [PMID: 35850436 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is a common condition in horses with gastrointestinal disorders. If not prevented or controlled, SIRS promotes multiple organ dysfunctions that may culminate in serious disabilities or even death. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of Lithothamnion supplementation on systemic inflammatory response and organ function variables in horses undergoing oligofructose overload (OFO) intake. Twelve healthy horses were randomly divided into control and treated groups. The treated group received Lithothamnion (100 mg/kg bw PO BID) for 7 days before oligofructose intake (10 g/kg PO). Horses underwent clinical and laboratory evaluation immediately before and 6, 12, 18, and 24 h following administration of oligofructose. Parametric data were subjected to ANOVA in randomized blocks, followed by Tukey, and Student's t-tests for mean comparsions. Non-parametric data were analyzed by the Friedman, Dunn's, and Mann-Whitney tests (P < .05). Systemic inflammation and organ dysfunction was evident in both groups; however, these changes were milder and delayed in the treated group. Supplementation attenuated and delayed the tachycardia, tachypnea, leukocytosis, hyperproteinemia, hyperbilirubinemia, hyperalbuminemia and hyperglycemia in treated horses undergoing OFO. Furthermore, increases in packed cell volume, red blood cells, hemoglobin, globulin, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, indirect and direct bilirubin and creatinine were observed only in the control group, remaining unchanged in the treated group. These findings demonstrate the potential of oral supplementation with Lithothamnion to ameliorate systemic inflammation and organ dysfunction in horses at risk of acquiring gastrointestinal disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Letícia O Cota
- EQUINOVA Research Group, Veterinary School of Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Odael S Júnior
- EQUINOVA Research Group, Veterinary School of Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alvaro P L Oliveira
- EQUINOVA Research Group, Veterinary School of Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cahuê F R Paz
- EQUINOVA Research Group, Veterinary School of Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thairê P Maróstica
- EQUINOVA Research Group, Veterinary School of Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Patrícia C Duarte
- EQUINOVA Research Group, Veterinary School of Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fabiola O P Leme
- EQUINOVA Research Group, Veterinary School of Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; MULTILAB, Veterinary School of Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rafael R Faleiros
- EQUINOVA Research Group, Veterinary School of Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; MULTILAB, Veterinary School of Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; National Council for Scientific and Technological Development - CNPq, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Hermans H, van den Berg EMH, Slenter IJM, Vendrig DJC, de Nijs‐Tjon LJL, Vernooij JCM, Brommer H, Boevé MH, Gehring R. Penetration of topically administered dexamethasone disodium phosphate and prednisolone acetate into the normal equine ocular fluids. Equine Vet J 2022; 54:965-972. [PMID: 34706129 PMCID: PMC9545554 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Topical dexamethasone and prednisolone are currently the mainstay treatment for equine ophthalmic inflammatory diseases, such as equine recurrent uveitis. Comparative pharmacokinetic studies in horses are lacking and current guidelines are mainly based on empirical data and extrapolation from other species. OBJECTIVES To investigate the penetration and local concentrations of topically applied dexamethasone and prednisolone in normal equine ocular fluids and serum. STUDY DESIGN Prospective randomised experimental pharmacokinetic study. METHODS Twenty-one Shetland ponies without ophthalmic disease were treated bilaterally topically every 2 hours during 24 hours to obtain steady state drug concentrations. One eye was treated with 0.15 mg of dexamethasone disodium phosphate (0.1%), and the other eye was simultaneously treated with 1.5 mg of prednisolone acetate (1%). Serum samples were taken prior to the induction of general anaesthesia. Aqueous and vitreous humour samples were taken during euthanasia at time points after administration of the last dose (t = 5 min, t = 15 min, t = 30 min, t = 60 min, t = 90 min, t = 120 min, t = 180 min). Each pony was randomly assigned to one time point, and three ponies were sampled per time point. Dexamethasone and prednisolone concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS The mean dexamethasone concentration in aqueous humour was 32.4 ng/mL (standard deviation [SD] 10.9) and the mean prednisolone concentration was 321.6 ng/mL (SD 96.0). In the vitreous and in serum samples concentrations of both corticosteroids were below the limit of detection (LOD 2.5 ng/mL). MAIN LIMITATIONS The study group was limited to subjects without evidence of current ophthalmic disease. A limited number of time points were measured. CONCLUSIONS Potentially effective dexamethasone and prednisolone concentrations were measured in the anterior chamber, but vitreal concentrations were negligible. Systemic uptake was low. Therefore, treatment with only topically administered corticosteroids is deemed insufficient in horses in cases of posterior uveitis. Further studies evaluating other routes of administration are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanneke Hermans
- Department of Clinical SciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | - Inge J. M. Slenter
- Department of Clinical SciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Dax J. C. Vendrig
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS)Division of Veterinary and Comparative PharmacologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Lilian J. L. de Nijs‐Tjon
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS)Division of Veterinary and Comparative PharmacologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Johannes C. M. Vernooij
- Department of Population Health SciencesFarm Animal HealthFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Harold Brommer
- Department of Clinical SciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Michael H. Boevé
- Department of Clinical SciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Ronette Gehring
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS)Division of Veterinary and Comparative PharmacologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
van Spijk JN, Beckmann K, Wehrli Eser M, Boxler M, Stirn M, Rhyner T, Kaelin D, Saleh L, Schoster A. Adverse effects of polymyxin B administration to healthy horses. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:1525-1534. [PMID: 35801274 PMCID: PMC9308405 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polymyxin B (PolyB) is used to treat endotoxemia in horses; neurologic and nephrogenic adverse effects occur in humans. OBJECTIVES To describe PolyB adverse effects in horses. ANIMALS Five healthy horses (ataxia 0/5), 1 horse with cervical osteoarthritis (ataxia 1/5). METHODS Prospective blinded randomized cross-over trial; 3-weeks wash out. Horses received PolyB (PolyB 6000 IU/kg IV, 7 doses q12h, n = 6) and PolyB/gentamicin (PolyB 6000 IU/kg IV, q12h 7 doses; gentamicin 10 mg/kg IV q24h 4 doses n = 4, or q12-24 h 5 doses because of an additional erroneous dose, n = 2). Daily neurological examinations were video recorded, and ataxia graded by 3 observers. Urine status, urinary GGT/creatinine ratio, plasma creatinine, and urea were assessed every other day, EMG daily. Mixed model analysis was used to evaluate factors associated with ataxia grade and [PolyB]. RESULTS Median ataxia score increased from 0/5 (range 0-2/5) to 2/5 (range 1-3/5) during administration and declined to 0.5/5 (range 0-2/5) after cessation. Gentamicin co-administration (P < .01, effect size: .8), number of PolyB doses (P < .001, effect size: .6), and time since last PolyB dose (P < .001, effect size: .5) had a significant effect on ataxia grades, while horse, day, [Genta], [PolyB], and [PolyB]CSF did not. Gentamicin co-administration and [Genta] Cpeak had no effect on median [PolyB] Cpeak (4.67 and 4.89 μg/ml for PolyB and PolyB/gentamicin, respectively). Urinary GGT/creatinine ratio was elevated in 3/6 horses receiving PolyB/gentamicin. The EMG remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE PolyB caused transient ataxia, worsening with cumulative PolyB doses and gentamicin co-administration. Nephrotoxicity of PolyB was only evident when gentamicin was co-administered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia N. van Spijk
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Department of Veterinary MedicineEquine Clinic, Freie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Katrin Beckmann
- Department of Small Animals, Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Meret Wehrli Eser
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Martina Boxler
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Martina Stirn
- Department of Clinical Services, Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Thea Rhyner
- Equine National Center BerneBerneSwitzerland
| | - Dana Kaelin
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Lanja Saleh
- Institute of Clinical ChemistryUniversity Hospital ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Angelika Schoster
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Timko KJ, Hostnik LD, Watts MR, Chen C, Bercz A, Toribio RE, Belknap JK, Burns TA. Diagnostic evaluation of insulin and glucose dynamics in light-breed horses receiving dexamethasone. Can Vet J 2022; 63:617-626. [PMID: 35656529 PMCID: PMC9112365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective Insulin dysregulation is a hallmark of equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) and increases the risk for development of laminitis. Accurate diagnosis of insulin dysregulation is crucial for implementation of preventative strategies in this population. The objective was to assess the effects of dexamethasone administration on insulin and glucose dynamics in light-breed horses and assess the agreement of various diagnostic tests for insulin dysregulation [basal [insulin] (BI), oral sugar test (OST), and combined glucose-insulin test (CGIT)]. Animal Fourteen adult light-breed horses. Procedure Prospective, experimental study to assess insulin and glucose dynamics by performing basal insulin, OST, and CGIT before (baseline) and post-dexamethasone administration (0.08 mg/kg, PO, q24h) for 7 d. Insulin and glucose dynamics were assessed by the BI, OST, CGIT, and insulin sensitivity proxy measurements (RISQI, QUICKI, FGIR, HOMA-IR, IG) at the baseline and post-dexamethasone time points. Results The OST area under the insulin and glucose curves were increased following dexamethasone treatment (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01, respectively). Basal insulin, OST [insulin] at 60 min and CGIT [insulin] at 45 min were increased at the post-dexamethasone time point (P < 0.001, < 0.001, and < 0.01). Similarly, time spent in the positive glucose phase during the CGIT was longer at the post-dexamethasone time point (P < 0.001). The proxy measurements for insulin sensitivity (RISQI, QUICKI, FGIR) were decreased (P < 0.01) and the proxy measurements for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and β-cell function (IG) were increased after dexamethasone administration (P < 0.01). More horses were classified with following dexamethasone administration, based on the diagnostic criteria for basal insulin (P = 0.03), OST (P = 0.01), and CGIT (P < 0.01). Kappa coefficients, measuring agreement between basal insulin, OST, and CGIT, showed none to moderate agreement at the baseline time point. Conclusion Dexamethasone administration at 0.08 mg/kg, PO, q24h for 7 d worsened insulin dysregulation in adult light-breed horses based on findings of a basal insulin, OST, CGIT, and insulin sensitivity proxy measurements. There was none to moderate agreement between the basal insulin, OST, CGIT for the diagnosis of insulin dysregulation. Clinical relevance Horses administered dexamethasone at a dose of 0.08 mg/kg, PO, q24h for 7 d should be considered insulin dysregulation and appropriate preventative strategies should be implemented. The variability of diagnostic performance of common tests for insulin dysregulation (basal insulin, OST, CGIT) may affect clinical decisions; therefore, performing multiple tests, including proxy measurements, may improve diagnostic accuracy of insulin dysregulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J Timko
- The Ohio State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Laura D Hostnik
- The Ohio State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Mauria R Watts
- The Ohio State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Chiaming Chen
- The Ohio State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Adam Bercz
- The Ohio State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Ramiro E Toribio
- The Ohio State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - James K Belknap
- The Ohio State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Teresa A Burns
- The Ohio State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Durham AE. The effect of pergolide mesylate on adrenocorticotrophic hormone responses to exogenous thyrotropin releasing hormone in horses. Vet J 2022; 285:105831. [PMID: 35477010 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation testing is often used to support a diagnosis of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) in horses although it is unclear whether or not repeat TRH stimulation testing post-treatment is a valid means of assessing response to medical therapy. Laboratory submissions from 64 suspected equine PPID cases were examined including the initial pre-treatment TRH stimulation test and a follow up test within 100 days of starting medical therapy with pergolide. In a subset of cases, further follow-up tests were examined beyond 100 days of starting treatment. Results from tests conducted between 1 July and 30 November 30 were excluded. Significant improvements were seen in both the baseline and TRH-stimulated adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) concentrations within 100 days with no further improvements seen in the subset of cases examined thereafter. Although 88% (n=56/64) of all cases showed a decreased response to TRH post-treatment, only 24% (n=9/38) of horses with positive pre-treatment TRH stimulation tests normalised following treatment, with a further 34% (n=13/38) improving into an equivocal test outcome category. Most commonly (42%; n=16/38), horses with positive pre-treatment TRH stimulation tests remained positive following treatment, although 75% (n=12/16) of these showed a numerically lower post-treatment response to TRH. These results will help inform practitioners of expected changes in TRH stimulation test results when assessing response of horses with PPID to medical therapy with pergolide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A E Durham
- Liphook Equine Hospital, Liphook, Hampshire GU30 7JG, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Mahalingam-Dhingra A, Mazan MR, Bedenice D, Ceresia M, Minuto J, Deveney EF. A CONSORT-guided, randomized, double-blind, controlled pilot clinical trial of inhaled lidocaine for the treatment of equine asthma. Can J Vet Res 2022; 86:116-124. [PMID: 35388235 PMCID: PMC8978287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
There are limited options for treatment of the common disease, equine asthma. The aim of this study was to estimate the feasibility and potential efficacy of using nebulized lidocaine for treating equine asthma, while at the same time treating a separate cohort of asthmatic horses with inhaled budesonide. Nineteen horses with a history consistent with equine asthma were recruited from our referral population for a double-blind, randomized, controlled pilot clinical trial using Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) guidelines. After screening, 16 horses met the inclusion criteria for equine asthma and 13 horses actually completed the study. Horses were treated by their owners at home for 14 d before returning to our hospital for follow-up assessment. Interventions consisted of nebulization q12h for 14 d with 1.0 mg/kg body weight (BW) of lidocaine or corticosteroid treatment (nebulized budesonide 1 μg/kg, q12h). Clinical and tracheal mucus score, pulmonary function testing, and respiratory secretion cytology were assessed after 2 weeks of treatment to determine the outcome. Both lidocaine and budesonide cohorts had significant decreases (P < 0.05) in clinical score; the lidocaine cohort showed a significant decrease in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) neutrophil percentage and tracheal mucus score. Neither treatment resulted in significant changes in lung function parameters. No adverse events occurred. Lidocaine may be an effective and safe treatment for equine asthma in horses that cannot tolerate treatment with corticosteroids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Mahalingam-Dhingra
- Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA (Mahalingam-Dhingra, Mazan, Bedenice, Minuto); Pharmacology, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (Ceresia); Physics, Bridgewater State University, Bartlett College of Science and Mathematics, Bridgewater, Massachusetts, USA (Deveney)
| | - Melissa R Mazan
- Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA (Mahalingam-Dhingra, Mazan, Bedenice, Minuto); Pharmacology, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (Ceresia); Physics, Bridgewater State University, Bartlett College of Science and Mathematics, Bridgewater, Massachusetts, USA (Deveney)
| | - Daniela Bedenice
- Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA (Mahalingam-Dhingra, Mazan, Bedenice, Minuto); Pharmacology, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (Ceresia); Physics, Bridgewater State University, Bartlett College of Science and Mathematics, Bridgewater, Massachusetts, USA (Deveney)
| | - Michelle Ceresia
- Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA (Mahalingam-Dhingra, Mazan, Bedenice, Minuto); Pharmacology, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (Ceresia); Physics, Bridgewater State University, Bartlett College of Science and Mathematics, Bridgewater, Massachusetts, USA (Deveney)
| | - Jill Minuto
- Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA (Mahalingam-Dhingra, Mazan, Bedenice, Minuto); Pharmacology, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (Ceresia); Physics, Bridgewater State University, Bartlett College of Science and Mathematics, Bridgewater, Massachusetts, USA (Deveney)
| | - Edward F Deveney
- Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA (Mahalingam-Dhingra, Mazan, Bedenice, Minuto); Pharmacology, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (Ceresia); Physics, Bridgewater State University, Bartlett College of Science and Mathematics, Bridgewater, Massachusetts, USA (Deveney)
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Kellon EM, Gustafson KM. Use of the SGLT2 inhibitor canagliflozin for control of refractory equine hyperinsulinemia and laminitis. Open Vet J 2022; 12:511-518. [PMID: 36118716 PMCID: PMC9473365 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2022.v12.i4.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hyperinsulinemia associated with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) and/or equine metabolic syndrome is well documented to put horses at high risk of laminitis. While dietary control of simple sugars and starch is the most effective therapy to control hyperinsulinemia, some horses fail to respond. Case Descriptions: Ten horses with hyperinsulinemia refractory to diet control, metformin, levothyroxine, and pergolide (if diagnosed with PPID) were treated with sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor canagliflozin (Invokana®). Nine horses were hyperglycemic (>5.5 mmol/l) or had a history of hyperglycemia. Before instituting therapy, renal function was assessed by determining serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen concentrations. Canagliflozin was administered orally once a day, with food. Dipstick urinalysis was performed every 2 weeks to confirm glucosuria and screen for proteinuria. Owners were also instructed regarding clinical signs consistent with urinary tract infection. All horses responded with a substantial decrease in serum insulin concentrations to normal or near normal values. Laminitis pain resolved in all cases, with regression of fat deposits. Owner satisfaction with outcomes was 100%. Conclusion: Once daily administration of the SGLT2 inhibitor canagliflozin corrected hyperglycemia, reduced insulin to normal or near normal levels, and was 100% effective in reversing or reducing abnormal fat pads and eliminating laminitis pain in horses with refractory hyperinsulinemia and laminitis. The core aspects of therapy–diet control, exercise when possible, and adequate treatment of PPID–must also be maintained if using canagliflozin. Canagliflozin should be reserved for refractory cases. Further controlled trials to investigate canagliflozin pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, efficacy, and safety are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor M. Kellon
- Corresponding Author: Eleanor M. Kellon. Equine Cushing’s and Insulin Resistance Group, Inc, Tempe, AZ.
| | | |
Collapse
|
62
|
Haunhorst FR, Hopster K, Schmicke M, Bienert-Zeit A, Kästner S. Clinical effect of buprenorphine or butorphanol, in combination with detomidine and diazepam, on sedation and postoperative pain after cheek tooth extraction in horses. Can Vet J 2022; 63:39-46. [PMID: 34975166 PMCID: PMC8682929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare effects of butorphanol (BUT) or buprenorphine (BUP), in combination with detomidine and diazepam, on the sedation quality, surgical conditions, and postoperative pain control after cheek tooth extraction in horses, randomly allocated to 2 treatment groups (BUT: n = 20; BUP: n = 20). A bolus of detomidine (15 μg/kg, IV) was followed by either BUP (7.5 μg/kg, IV) or BUT (0.05 mg/kg, IV). After 20 min, diazepam (0.01 mg/kg, IV) was administered and sedation was maintained with a detomidine IV infusion (20 μg/kg/h), with rate adjusted based on scores to 5 variables. All horses received a nerve block (maxillary or mandibular), and gingival infiltration with mepivacaine. Sedation quality was assessed by the surgeon from 1 (excellent) to 10 (surgery not feasible). A pain scoring system (EQUUS-FAP) was used to assess postoperative pain. Serum cortisol concentrations and locomotor activity (pedometers) were measured. Horses in BUP and BUT required a median detomidine infusion rate of 30.2 μg/kg/h (20 to 74.4 μg/kg/h) and 32.2 μg/kg/h (20 to 48.1 μg/kg/h), respectively (P = 0.22). Horses in the BUP group had better sedation quality (P < 0.05) during surgery and higher step counts (P < 0.001) postoperatively. Buprenorphine combined with detomidine provided a more reliable sedation than butorphanol. However, the EQUUS-FAP pain scale became unreliable because of BUP-induced excitement behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska R Haunhorst
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 9, 30559 Hannover, Germany (Haunhorst, Bienert-Zeit); Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19348, USA (Hopster); Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 11, 06120 Halle, Germany (Schmicke); Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 9, 30559 Hannover, Germany (Kästner)
| | - Klaus Hopster
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 9, 30559 Hannover, Germany (Haunhorst, Bienert-Zeit); Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19348, USA (Hopster); Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 11, 06120 Halle, Germany (Schmicke); Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 9, 30559 Hannover, Germany (Kästner)
| | - Marion Schmicke
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 9, 30559 Hannover, Germany (Haunhorst, Bienert-Zeit); Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19348, USA (Hopster); Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 11, 06120 Halle, Germany (Schmicke); Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 9, 30559 Hannover, Germany (Kästner)
| | - Astrid Bienert-Zeit
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 9, 30559 Hannover, Germany (Haunhorst, Bienert-Zeit); Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19348, USA (Hopster); Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 11, 06120 Halle, Germany (Schmicke); Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 9, 30559 Hannover, Germany (Kästner)
| | - Sabine Kästner
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 9, 30559 Hannover, Germany (Haunhorst, Bienert-Zeit); Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19348, USA (Hopster); Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 11, 06120 Halle, Germany (Schmicke); Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 9, 30559 Hannover, Germany (Kästner)
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Butler AJ, Greenbank H, Parrish R, Nielsen MK, Stoughton WB. Prevalence of anthelmintic resistant cyathostomins in Prince Edward Island, Canada. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2021; 26:100629. [PMID: 34879940 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cyathostomins are the most common parasites of adult horses worldwide. Currently, the three classes of anthelmintics used to treat cyathostomin infections includes benzimidazoles, pyrimidines and macrocyclic lactones. However, due to widespread overuse, cyathostomins have developed varying degrees of resistance to all classes of anthelmintics. Fecal egg count reduction tests (FECRT) are currently used to determine the presence of anthelmintic resistance (AR), while egg reappearance periods (ERP) are used to investigate early macrocyclic lactone resistance. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of cyathostomin pyrantel pamoate and ivermectin resistance, and to determine ERP at Prince Edward Island (PEI), Canada horse farms. In addition, fecal cultures and larval identification were performed to evaluate the prevalence of small and large strongyle egg shedding in PEI. Fecal egg counts (FEC) were performed on 270 horses on 14 horse farms across PEI. Horses with≥ 200 eggs per gram (EPG) met the inclusion criteria and were enrolled in the study (n = 101). The median (range) horses per farm was 7.5 (4-11) and 6.0 (4-8) for pyrantel pamoate and ivermectin groups, respectively. Horses were initially treated with 6.6 mg/kg of pyrantel pamoate orally (n = 101). Fecal egg counts were conducted every two weeks for 8 weeks post treatment. Once individual FEC were ≥ 200 EPG, horses were dewormed with 0.2 mg/kg of ivermectin orally (n = 80), and FEC were performed every 2-3 weeks for seven weeks. In this study the ERP was defined as the week the mean FECR were 10% below the initial mean two-week post treatment FECR. Fecal egg count reduction tests and ERP were used to evaluate the efficacy of each anthelmintic. Fecal culture was performed to confirm the shedding of cyathostomin eggs. Fecal egg count reduction tests detected pyrantel pamoate resistance on 5/14 farms. No signs of ivermectin AR were detected, while reappearance of eggs occurred at 4-6 weeks and 7-9 weeks for pyrantel pamoate and ivermectin, respectively. Fecal culture detected large strongyles on 5/14 farms, which accounted for 0.3% of strongyle type eggs cultured. The prevalence of Strongylus vulgaris among individual horses in this study was 2.8% and was detected on 2/14 farms. These findings will allow us to educate owners and veterinarians on appropriate anthelmintic protocols in PEI and can be used as a baseline for continued monitoring of ERP and anthelmintic resistance in this region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Jaimie Butler
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Haley Greenbank
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Rebecca Parrish
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Martin K Nielsen
- M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky. Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - William B Stoughton
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Gómez-Cabrera K, Salas-Romero J, Sifontes JA, de la Torre Cánova R, Salas JE, Nielsen MK. Feasibility of selective anthelmintic therapy to horses in tropical conditions: the Cuban scenario. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:545. [PMID: 34779918 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02966-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
For the past several decades, selective anthelmintic therapy (SAT) has been recommended in temperate climate countries for controlling gastrointestinal parasites in horses. However, the feasibility of this approach in tropical climates remains unknown, given the very different parasite transmission patterns and a larger representation of working equids. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bio-economic feasibility of SAT in horses kept under tropical conditions of Camagüey, Cuba. Fecal egg counts were determined from 794 adult horses and used for evaluating three different putative treatment thresholds; > 500 strongylid eggs per gram of feces (EPG); > 1000 EPG; and treatments yielding > 80% of the total herd egg output. These scenarios were evaluated under three treatment frequencies (every 2, 6, and 12 months). The bio-economic feasibility of these nine possible selective anthelmintic therapy scenarios was evaluated taking into account the cost of parasitological tests, and the mean cost of anthelmintic treatment in Camagüey. The majority (96.7%) of the samples tested were positive for strongyle eggs, with a mean of 1549 EPG. The percentage of horses exceeding the cut-off points at the nine scenarios varied between 40.1 and 93.8%. All owners surveyed used extra-label anthelmintic product in their horses on a routine basis. The economic analysis demonstrated that selective therapy generally was much more costly than deworming the entire herd without determining egg counts. However, we consider that the deworming every 6 months of the horses that expel 80% of the eggs in the herd allows a reduction of the treatment intensity without increasing costs, and it can be considered as a viable selective deworming scheme under similar conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karel Gómez-Cabrera
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Ignacio Agramonte Loynáz University of Camagüey, Carretera de Circunvalación Km 5 1/2, 74 650, Camagüey, Cuba
| | - Josmel Salas-Romero
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Ignacio Agramonte Loynáz University of Camagüey, Carretera de Circunvalación Km 5 1/2, 74 650, Camagüey, Cuba.
| | | | - Ramón de la Torre Cánova
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Ignacio Agramonte Loynáz University of Camagüey, Carretera de Circunvalación Km 5 1/2, 74 650, Camagüey, Cuba
| | - Jorge E Salas
- Fiscal College, National Educational Unit, Napo, Sucumbios, Ecuador
| | - Martin K Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary Science, M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Abstract
One of the biggest challenges in managing laminitis in horses remains the control of pain. The best analgesic approach is a multimodal approach, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opioids, and/or constant rate infusions of α-2 agonists, ketamine, and lidocaine. Recent literature indicates that amitriptyline and soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor might be beneficial. Clinically oriented studies will be needed if they have a place in laminitis pain management. The systemic pain control can be combined with local techniques such as long-acting local anesthetics or epidural catheterization that allows for administration of potent analgesic therapy with a lower risk of negative side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Hopster
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA.
| | - Bernd Driessen
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Bertuglia A, Basano I, Pagliara E, Bottegaro NB, Spinella G, Bullone M. Effect of intravenous tiludronate disodium administration on the radiographic progression of osteoarthritis of the fetlock joint in Standardbred racehorses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 259:651-661. [PMID: 34448617 DOI: 10.2460/javma.259.6.651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of tiludronate disodium and 3 other medical treatments on clinical and radiographic findings and biomarkers of disease progression in horses with osteoarthritis of the fetlock joint. ANIMALS 100 Standardbred racehorses with spontaneous traumatic injury of the fetlock joint. PROCEDURES Horses were retrospectively grouped by whether they received tiludronate IV or triamcinolone acetonide and hyaluronan, polysulfated glycosaminoglycan, or interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein intra-articularly. Data were collected on clinical, radiographic, and ultrasonographic findings and results for serum and synovial samples obtained before and 6 months after treatment. Lameness score, joint flexion test response, radiographic score, serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α and carboxy-terminal telopeptides of collagen types I and II (CTX-I and II, respectively), and synovial fluid concentrations of interleukin-1β, prostaglandin E2, and CTX-II were compared among treatments. RESULTS All treatments resulted in a significant improvement in lameness score and joint flexion test response at 6 months. In horses that received triamcinolone acetonide and hyaluronan, synovial fluid interleukin-1β, prostaglandin E2, and CTX-II concentrations decreased after treatment, suggesting this treatment inhibited progression of hyaline cartilage degeneration and inflammatory processes. Horses that received tiludronate were the only group that had a decrease in radiographic score and serum CTX-I concentration after treatment, supporting the effect of tiludronate on bone metabolism. Tiludronate treatment was also followed by increases in serum and synovial fluid concentrations of CTX-II, a marker of cartilage damage. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Tiludronate appeared to inhibit the radiographic progression of osteoarthritis in high-motion joints of racehorses at 6 months after treatment by inhibiting subchondral bone remodeling. Whether this effect was associated with a worsening of progressive cartilage damage remains to be ascertained.
Collapse
|
67
|
Temple-Wong MM, Raleigh AR, Frisbie DD, Sah RL, McIlwraith CW. Effects of an articular cartilage lubrication with a viscosupplement in vitro and in vivo following osteochondral fractures in horses. Am J Vet Res 2021; 82:611-618. [PMID: 34296945 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.82.8.611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether the combination of hyaluronan, sodium chondroitin sulfate, and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (HCSG) lubricates articular cartilage in vitro and modulates joint lubrication in vivo. ANIMALS 16 healthy adult horses. PROCEDURES The effects of HCSG injections on SF lubricant properties and joint health, immediately after injury and 2 weeks later, were analyzed by use an equine osteochondral fracture model of post-traumatic osteoarthritis (OA). Middle carpal joints of adult horses were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 surgical treatment groups as follows: normal nonsurgical group (n = 8), normal sham-surgical group (8), OA-induced surgical group with HCSG injection (8), or OA-induced surgical group with saline (0.9% NaCl) solution injection (8). Synovial fluid was aspirated periodically and analyzed for boundary lubrication function and lubricant molecules. At 17 days, joints were screened for gross pathological changes. RESULTS Induction of OA led to an impairment of SF lubrication function and diminished hyaluronan concentration in a time-dependent manner following surgery, with HCSG injection lessening these effects. Certain friction coefficients approached those of unaffected normal equine SF. Induction of OA also caused synovial hemorrhage at 17 days, which was lower in joints treated with HCSG. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE After induction of OA, equine SF lubricant function was impaired. Hyaluronan-sodium chondroitin sulfate-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine injection restored lubricant properties at certain time points and reduced pathological joint changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele M Temple-Wong
- From the Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Engineering in Medicine-Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Aimee R Raleigh
- From the Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Engineering in Medicine-Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - David D Frisbie
- Orthopaedic Research Center, C. Wayne McIlwraith Translational Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Robert L Sah
- From the Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Engineering in Medicine-Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - C Wayne McIlwraith
- Orthopaedic Research Center, C. Wayne McIlwraith Translational Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Hu D, Chao Y, Zhang B, Wang C, Qi Y, Ente M, Zhang D, Li K, Mok KM. Effects of Gasterophilus pecorum infestation on the intestinal microbiota of the rewilded Przewalski's horses in China. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251512. [PMID: 33974667 PMCID: PMC8112688 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Horse botflies have been a threat to the Przewalski’s horses in the Kalamaili Nature Reserve in Xinjiang of China since their reintroduction to the original range. As larvae of these parasites could infest the intestine of a horse for months, they could interact with and alter the structure and composition of its intestinal microbiota, affecting adversely its health. Nonetheless, there are no such studies on the rewilded Przewalski’s horses yet. For the first time, this study characterizes the composition of the intestinal microbiota of 7 rewilded Przewalski’s horses infected severely by Gasterophilus pecorum following and prior to their anthelmintic treatment. Bioinformatics analyses of the sequence data obtained by amplicon high throughput sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes showed that G. pecorum infestation significantly increased the richness of the intestinal microbial community but not its diversity. Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were found the dominant phyla as in other animals, and the parasitic infestation decreased the F/B ratio largely by over 50%. Large reduction in relative abundances of the two genera Streptococcus and Lactobacillus observed with G. pecorum infestation suggested possible changes in colic and digestion related conditions of the infected horses. Variations on the relative abundance of the genus groups known to be pathogenic or symbiotic showed that adverse impact of the G. pecorum infestation could be associated with reduction of the symbiotic genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium that are probiotics and able to promote immunity against parasitic infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dini Hu
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuzhu Chao
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Boru Zhang
- Qinhuangdao Forestry Bureau, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Altay Management Station of Mt. Kalamaili Ungulate Nature Reserve, Altay, China
| | - Yingjie Qi
- Altay Management Station of Mt. Kalamaili Ungulate Nature Reserve, Altay, China
| | - Make Ente
- Xinjiang Research Centre for Breeding Przewalski’s Horse, Urumqi, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Li
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (KL); (KMM)
| | - Kai Meng Mok
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Macau, Macao, China
- * E-mail: (KL); (KMM)
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Huber L, Giguère S, Hart KA, Slovis NM, Greiter ME, Dailey CA, Cohen ND. Association between antimicrobial treatment of subclinical pneumonia in foals and selection of macrolide- and rifampicin-resistant Rhodococcus equi strains at horse-breeding farms in central Kentucky. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 258:648-653. [PMID: 33683955 DOI: 10.2460/javma.258.6.648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare soil concentrations of macrolide- and rifampicin-resistant Rhodococcus equi strains (MRRE) on horse-breeding farms that used thoracic ultrasonographic screening (TUS) to identify foals with subclinical pneumonia combined with subsequent administration of macrolides and rifampin to affected foals (TUS farms) versus soil concentrations on farms that did not (non-TUS farms), determine whether the combined use of TUS and antimicrobial treatment of subclinically affected foals was associated with soil concentration of MRRE, and assess whether there were temporal effects on soil concentrations of MRRE during the foaling season. SAMPLES 720 soil samples and 20 completed questionnaires from 20 horse-breeding farms (10 TUS farms and 10 non-TUS farms) in central Kentucky. PROCEDURES A questionnaire was used to gather information from participating farms about their 2019 foaling season. Soil samples were collected during January, March, May, and July 2019 for bacterial culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing to identify any isolates of MRRE. Results were compared for TUS farms versus non-TUS farms. Linear mixed-effects modeling was used to evaluate for potential associations between the soil concentration of MRRE and the use of TUS. RESULTS Overall, the sum of the mean soil concentrations of MRRE was significantly higher for TUS farms (8.85 log10-transformed CFUs/g) versus non-TUS farms (7.37 log10-transformed CFUs/g). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Our findings indicated that farms that use TUS to identify foals with subclinical pneumonia for antimicrobial treatment select for antimicrobial-resistant R equi strains. Because prognosis is worse for foals infected with resistant versus nonresistant strains of R equi, prudent use of antimicrobials to treat foals with subclinical pulmonary lesions attributed to R equi is recommended.
Collapse
|
70
|
Sullivan SN, Cole SL, Stewart MC, Brokken MT, Durgam S. Ex vivo effects of corticosteroids on equine deep digital flexor and navicular fibrocartilage explant cell viability. Am J Vet Res 2021; 82:125-131. [PMID: 33480274 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.82.2.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) and methylprednisolone acetate (MPA) on the viability of resident cells within the fibrocartilage on the dorsal surface of the deep digital flexor tendon (FC-DDFT) and fibrocartilage on the flexor surface of the navicular bone (FC-NB) of horses. SAMPLE 12 to 14 explants of FC-DDFT and of FC-NB from grossly normal forelimbs of 5 cadavers of horses aged 9 to 15 years without evidence of musculoskeletal disease. PROCEDURES Explants were incubated with culture medium (control) or TA-supplemented (0.6 or 6 mg/mL) or MPA-supplemented (0.5 or 5 mg/mL) medium for 6 or 24 hours. Explant metabolic activity and percentage of dead cells were assessed with a resazurin-based assay and live-dead cell staining, respectively, at each time point. Drug effects were assessed relative to findings for the respective control group. RESULTS Application of TA (at both concentrations) did not significantly change the cell viability of FC-DDFT explants. For FC-NB explants, TA at 6 mg/mL significantly reduced the metabolic activity and increased the percentage of dead cells at both time points. With either MPA concentration, FC-DDFT and FC-NB explants had reduced metabolic activity and an increased percentage of dead cells at 24 hours, whereas only MPA at 5 mg/mL was cytotoxic at the 6-hour time point. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In ex vivo explants, TA was less cytotoxic to equine FC-DDFT and FC-NB cells, compared with MPA. Further work is warranted to characterize the drugs' transcriptional and translational effects as well as investigate their cytotoxicity at lower concentrations.
Collapse
|
71
|
Miller AB, Loynachan AT, Bush HM, Hart KA, Barker VD, Campana-Emard AG, Grubbs ST, Adams AA. Effects of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction and Prascend (pergolide tablets) treatment on endocrine and immune function in horses. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2021; 74:106531. [PMID: 32942194 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
It remains unclear how pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) and pergolide treatment (Prascend [pergolide tablets]) affect endocrine and immune function in horses. To evaluate these effects, blood was collected regularly from 28 university-owned horses (10 Non-PPID, 9 PPID control [PC], and 9 PPID treatment [PT]) over approximately 15 mo. Pergolide treatment was initiated after Day 0 collections. Analyses included ACTH, insulin, total cortisol, free cortisol, complete blood counts, plasma myeloperoxidase, and cytokine/receptor gene expression in basal whole blood and in vitro stimulations (PMA/ionomycin, heat-inactivated Rhodococcus equi, and heat-inactivated Escherichia coli) of whole blood and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The results were analyzed using a linear mixed model (SAS 9.4) with significance set at P < 0.05. Significant group (P = 0.0014) and group-by-time (P = 0.0004) effects were observed in resting ACTH such that PT horses differed from Non-PPID horses only at Day 0. PT horses had significantly lower changes in ACTH responses to thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation tests than PC horses at non-fall time points only, mid-late February 2018 (P = 0.016) and early April 2018 (P = 0.0172). When PT and PC horses did not differ, they were combined before comparison to Non-PPID horses. No significant group or group-by-time effects were seen in resting insulin, total cortisol, or free cortisol; however, significant time effects were observed in these measures. PPID horses had lower absolute lymphocyte (P = 0.028) and red blood cell (P = 0.0203) counts than Non-PPID horses. In unstimulated whole blood, PPID horses had increased IL-8 expression compared with Non-PPID horses (P = 0.0102). In addition, PPID horses had decreased interferon γ production from PBMCs after stimulation with R. equi (P = 0.0063) and E. coli (P = 0.0057) and showed increased transforming growth factor β expression after E. coli stimulation (P = 0.0399). The main limitations of this study were a limited sample size and an inability to truly randomize the PPID horses into treatment groups. Resting ACTH is likely the best choice for determining successful responses to pergolide. Neither PPID nor pergolide appears to influence insulin, total cortisol, and free cortisol. As measured, systemic immune function was altered in PPID horses, and it is likely that these horses are indeed at increased risk of opportunistic infection. Despite reducing ACTH, pergolide treatment did not appear to influence immune function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A B Miller
- M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - A T Loynachan
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - H M Bush
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - K A Hart
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - V D Barker
- M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - A G Campana-Emard
- M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - S T Grubbs
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA, Inc, Duluth, GA, USA
| | - A A Adams
- M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Rahnama S, Vathsangam N, Spence R, Anderson ST, de Laat MA, Bailey S, Sillence MN. Identification of monoclonal antibodies suitable for blocking IGF-1 receptors in the horse. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2021; 74:106510. [PMID: 32652390 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged hyperinsulinemia is thought to be the cause of equine endocrinopathic laminitis, a common and crippling disease of the foot, for which there are no pharmacologic treatments other than pain relief. It has been suggested that insulin causes its effects on the lamellae by activating IGF-1 receptors (IGF-1R), as insulin receptors (InsR) are scarce in this tissue, whereas IGF-1R are abundant and become downregulated after prolonged insulin infusion. As a first step toward confirming this mechanism and beginning to develop a therapeutic anti-IGF-1R monoclonal antibody (mAb) for horses, it was necessary to identify available human IGF-1R mAbs that would recognize equine receptors. Four IGF-1R mAbs were tested using soluble equine IGF-1R, with ELISA and flow cytometry. Frozen equine lamellar and liver tissue was also used in radioligand binding assays. The results demonstrated that only one of the mAbs tested (mAb1) was able to compete effectively with IGF-1 for binding to its receptors in equine lamellar tissue, with an IC50 of 5 to 159 ng/mL. None of the 4 mAbs were able to bind to equine hepatic InsR. This study has generated valuable structure-activity information and has identified a prototype anti-IGF-1R mAb suitable for further development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Rahnama
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - N Vathsangam
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - R Spence
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - S T Anderson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - M A de Laat
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - S Bailey
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - M N Sillence
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Pye J, Galuppo L, Whitcomb MB, Clothier K, Byrne B. Isolation of Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus from an abdominal abscess in an adult mare. Can Vet J 2020; 61:1307-1311. [PMID: 33299249 PMCID: PMC7659885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A 12-year-old Warmblood mare was referred for evaluation of behavioral changes not explained by general physical examination or lameness evaluation. Transrectal ultrasound examination was performed to determine if the behavioral changes were related to ovarian abnormalities, and a large abscess was found near the base of the cecum. Laparoscopic-guided aspiration and lavage of the abscess cavity followed by injection of benzyl penicillin G was carried out. Culture of the lavage sample yielded Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus, an organism not previously reported as an etiological agent in abdominal abscesses in horses. The mare was treated after surgery with an extended course of antibiotics (minocycline per os q12h for 10 days followed by enrofloxacin per os q24h for 42 days). The mare resumed work in competitive eventing 10 months after surgery, and the behavioral complaints had resolved according to the owner. Key clinical message: We describe the diagnosis and treatment of a mare with an abdominal abscess from which Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus was cultured. This organism has not previously been reported as an etiological agent in abdominal abscesses in horses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jannah Pye
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (Pye), Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences (Galuppo, Whitcomb), Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology (Clothier, Byrne), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Larry Galuppo
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (Pye), Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences (Galuppo, Whitcomb), Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology (Clothier, Byrne), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Mary Beth Whitcomb
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (Pye), Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences (Galuppo, Whitcomb), Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology (Clothier, Byrne), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Kirsten Clothier
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (Pye), Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences (Galuppo, Whitcomb), Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology (Clothier, Byrne), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Barbara Byrne
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (Pye), Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences (Galuppo, Whitcomb), Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology (Clothier, Byrne), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Weber LA, Funtan A, Paschke R, Delarocque J, Kalbitz J, Meißner J, Feige K, Kietzmann M, Cavalleri JMV. In vitro assessment of triterpenoids NVX-207 and betulinyl-bis-sulfamate as a topical treatment for equine skin cancer. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241448. [PMID: 33151949 PMCID: PMC7643960 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine sarcoid (ES) is the most prevalent skin tumor in equids worldwide. Additionally, aging grey horses frequently suffer from equine malignant melanoma (EMM). Current local therapies targeting these skin tumors remain challenging. Therefore, more feasible topical treatment options should be considered. In order to develop a topical therapy against ES and EMM, betulinyl-bis-sulfamate and NVX-207, derivatives of the naturally occurring betulin and betulinic acid, respectively, were evaluated for their antiproliferative (crystal violet staining assay), cytotoxic (MTS assay) and apoptotic (AnnexinV staining, cell cycle investigations) effects on primary ES cells, EMM cells and equine dermal fibroblasts in vitro. The more potent derivative was assessed for its in vitro penetration and permeation on isolated equine skin within 30 min and 24 h using Franz-type diffusion cells and HPLC analysis. Betulinyl-bis-sulfamate and NVX-207 inhibited the proliferation and metabolism in ES cells, EMM cells and fibroblasts significantly (p < 0.001) in a time- and dose-dependent manner. NVX-207 had superior anticancer effects compared to betulinyl-bis-sulfamate. Both compounds led to the externalization of phosphatidylserines on the cell membrane and DNA fragmentation, demonstrating that the effective mode of action was apoptosis. After 48 h of treatment with NVX-207, the number of necrotic cells was less than 2% in all cell types. Detected amounts of NVX-207 in the different skin layers exceeded the half-maximal inhibitory concentrations calculated by far. Even though data obtained in vitro are auspicious, the results are not unconditionally applicable to the clinical situation. Consequently, in vivo studies are required to address the antitumoral effects of topically applied NVX-207 in ES and EMM patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Annabel Weber
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anne Funtan
- Biozentrum, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Reinhard Paschke
- Biozentrum, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Julien Delarocque
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Jessica Meißner
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Karsten Feige
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Manfred Kietzmann
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
75
|
Cerri S, Taminiau B, de Lusancay AH, Lecoq L, Amory H, Daube G, Cesarini C. Effect of oral administration of omeprazole on the microbiota of the gastric glandular mucosa and feces of healthy horses. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:2727-2737. [PMID: 33063923 PMCID: PMC7694827 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Omeprazole administration is associated with changes in gastric and fecal microbiota and increased incidence of Clostridioides difficile enterocolitis in humans and dogs. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Study purpose was to assess the effect of omeprazole on gastric glandular and fecal microbiota in healthy adult horses. ANIMALS Eight healthy horses stabled on straw and fed 100% haylage. METHODS Prospective controlled study. Transendoscopic gastric glandular biopsies, gastric fluid, and fecal samples were obtained from each horse twice at a 7-day interval before the administration of omeprazole. Samples were taken on the same horses before and after a 7-day administration of omeprazole (4 mg/kg PO q24h). pH was assessed on fresh gastric fluid and other samples were kept at -20°C until analysis. Bacterial taxonomy profiling was obtained by V1V3 16S amplicon sequencing from feces and gastric glandular biopsies. Analysis of alpha, beta diversity, and comparison between time points were performed with MOTHUR and results were considered significant when P < .05. RESULTS Gastric pH increased significantly after 7 days of omeprazole administration (P = .006). Omeprazole did not induce significant major changes in composition of fecal or gastric glandular microbiota, however, after administration, certain microbial genera became more predominant in the gastric glandular mucosa (lower Simpson's evenness, P = .05). Only the genus Clostridium sensu strictu_1 had a significant shift in the glandular gastric mucosa after omeprazole administration (P = .002). No population shifts were observed in feces. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Oral administration of omeprazole could have fewer effects in gastrointestinal microbiota in the horse compared to other species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Cerri
- FARAH Center, Comparative Veterinary Medicine Section, Clinical Department of Companion Animals and EquidsFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of LiegeLiègeBelgium
| | - Bernard Taminiau
- FARAH Center, Veterinary Public Health Section, Department of Food Sciences – MicrobiologyFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of LiegeLiègeBelgium
| | - Alexandra Hache‐Carré de Lusancay
- FARAH Center, Comparative Veterinary Medicine Section, Clinical Department of Companion Animals and EquidsFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of LiegeLiègeBelgium
| | - Laureline Lecoq
- FARAH Center, Comparative Veterinary Medicine Section, Clinical Department of Companion Animals and EquidsFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of LiegeLiègeBelgium
| | - Hélène Amory
- FARAH Center, Comparative Veterinary Medicine Section, Clinical Department of Companion Animals and EquidsFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of LiegeLiègeBelgium
| | - Georges Daube
- FARAH Center, Veterinary Public Health Section, Department of Food Sciences – MicrobiologyFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of LiegeLiègeBelgium
| | - Carla Cesarini
- FARAH Center, Comparative Veterinary Medicine Section, Clinical Department of Companion Animals and EquidsFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of LiegeLiègeBelgium
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Alonso JDM, Martins ES, Peccinini RG, Rosa GS, Guerra ST, Ribeiro MG, Santos B, García HDM, Watanabe MJ, Takahira RK, Rodrigues CA, Alves ALG, Hussni CA. Plasma and Peritoneal Ceftriaxone Concentrations After Intraperitoneal Administration in Horses With Septic Peritonitis. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 96:103310. [PMID: 33349404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Intraperitoneal ceftriaxone administration in healthy horses results in high and prolonged peritoneal concentrations. Recent findings suggest that intraperitoneal ceftriaxone might increase survival rates in horses affected by peritonitis. The present study aimed to evaluate plasma and peritoneal concentrations of ceftriaxone after intraperitoneal administration in horses with septic peritonitis. Twenty-six horses presenting clinical, laboratorial, and sonographic findings compatible with the disease were included. All horses received daily intraperitoneal ceftriaxone (25 mg/kg bwt) in addition or not with other antibiotics and support therapies. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to determine plasma and peritoneal ceftriaxone concentrations before and after 12 and 24 hours of ceftriaxone administration. Mean plasma concentrations 12 and 24 hours after administration were, respectively, 1.84 ± 0.43 and 0.37 ± 0.07 μg/mL, and mean peritoneal concentrations were 5.7 ± 2.84 and 0.42 ± 0.13 μg/mL. Ceftriaxone concentration was lower in comparison with previous studies in healthy horses and presented under the minimal inhibitory concentration for enterobacteria (≤1 μg/mL) and for gram-positive isolates (≤0.5 μg/mL) at 24 hours. The variation of the results obtained between healthy horses and with septic peritonitis demonstrated that pharmacokinetics/dynamics are different between these patients and suggests the use of an interval of dose of 12 hours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana de M Alonso
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Univ. Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Evelin S Martins
- Department of Natural Active Principles and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Univ. Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Rosangela G Peccinini
- Department of Natural Active Principles and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Univ. Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Gustavo S Rosa
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Univ. Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Simony T Guerra
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Univ. Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Márcio G Ribeiro
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Univ. Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Bruna Santos
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Univ. Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Henry D M García
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Univ. Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Marcos J Watanabe
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Univ. Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Regina K Takahira
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Univ. Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Celso A Rodrigues
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Univ. Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Ana Liz G Alves
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Univ. Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Hussni
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Univ. Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Botucatu, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Mainguy-Seers S, Vargas A, Labrecque O, Bédard C, Hélie P, Lavoie JP. Randomised study of the immunomodulatory effects of azithromycin in severely asthmatic horses. Vet Rec 2020; 185:143. [PMID: 31371681 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophilic inflammation is believed to contribute to the airway obstruction and remodelling in equine asthma. Azithromycin, an antibiotic with immunomodulatory properties, reduces pulmonary neutrophilia and hyper-responsiveness in human asthmatics and decreases airway remodelling in rodent models of asthma. It was therefore hypothesised that azithromycin would improve lung function, mucus accumulation and central airway remodelling by decreasing luminal neutrophilia in severe equine asthma. The effects of a 10-day treatment with either azithromycin or ceftiofur, an antimicrobial without immune-modulating activity, were assessed using a blind, randomised, crossover design with six severe asthmatic horses in clinical exacerbation. Lung function, tracheal mucus accumulation, tracheal wash bacteriology, bronchial remodelling, airway neutrophilia and mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-8, IL-17A, IL-1β, tumour necrosis factor-α) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were evaluated. Azithromycin decreased the expression of IL-8 (P=0.03, one-tailed) and IL-1β (P=0.047, one-tailed) but failed to improve the other variables evaluated. Ceftiofur had no effect on any parameter. The reduction of neutrophilic chemoattractants (IL-8, IL-1β) justifies further efforts to investigate the effects of a prolonged treatment with macrolides on airway neutrophilia and remodelling. The lack of efficacy of ceftiofur suggests that severe equine asthma should not be treated with antibiotics at first-line therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Mainguy-Seers
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Amandine Vargas
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Olivia Labrecque
- Laboratoire d'epidemiosurveillance animale du Quebec, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christian Bédard
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pierre Hélie
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Lavoie
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Miagkoff L, Archambault M, Bonilla AG. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacterial isolates cultured from synovial fluid samples from horses with suspected septic synovitis: 108 cases (2008-2017). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 256:800-807. [PMID: 32176585 DOI: 10.2460/javma.256.7.800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the most commonly isolated bacteria cultured from synovial fluid samples from horses with suspected septic synovitis treated at an equine referral hospital between May 1, 2008, and September 24, 2017. SAMPLE 131 synovial fluid samples from 108 client-owned horses. PROCEDURES A retrospective medical record search was conducted to identify horses with suspected septic synovitis and results of synovial fluid bacterial culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Data collected included signalment, known or suspected origin of synovial contamination, synovial structures affected, antimicrobial treatment, and results of synovial fluid cytologic evaluation and bacterial culture and susceptibility testing. Horses were grouped as adults (≥ 6 months old) or foals (< 6 months old). RESULTS Results of bacterial culture were positive for 34 of 70 (49%) and 18 of 61 (30%) samples from 68 adult horses and 40 foals, respectively. Gram-positive bacteria were more common in adult horses, whereas gram-negative bacteria were more common in foals. No multidrug-resistant microorganisms were identified. For adult horses, 92% (23/25) of gram-positive isolates tested with penicillin and gentamicin were susceptible to the combination. For foals, 94% (15/16) of isolates tested with penicillin, gentamicin, or both had susceptibility to 1 or both antimicrobials. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Periodic review of bacterial profiles and antimicrobial susceptibility in horses with septic synovitis can help to detect early changes in bacterial pressure and antimicrobial resistance. Findings suggested that in the geographic area we serve, a combination of penicillin and gentamicin would be an effective empirical antimicrobial treatment for most horses with septic synovitis while results of bacterial culture and susceptibility are pending.
Collapse
|
79
|
Adler DMT, Serteyn D, Franck T, Jørgensen E, Christophersen MT, Denwood M, Verwilghen DR. Effects of intra-articular administration of lidocaine, mepivacaine, and the preservative methyl parahydroxybenzoate on synovial fluid biomarkers of horses. Am J Vet Res 2020; 81:479-487. [PMID: 32436793 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.81.6.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the extent of inflammation and catabolic collagen response in the middle carpal joints (MCJs) of healthy horses following intra-articular injection of 2% lidocaine, 2% mepivacaine, lactated Ringer solution (LRS), or 0.1% methyl parahydroxybenzoate. ANIMALS 17 adult horses. PROCEDURES In the first of 2 experiments, the left middle carpal joint (MCJ) of each of 12 horses was injected with 10 mL of 2% lidocaine (n = 3), 2% mepivacaine (3), or LRS (control; 6). After a 4-week washout period, the right MCJ of the horses that received lidocaine or mepivacaine was injected with 10 mL of LRS, and the right MCJ of horses that received LRS was injected with 10 mL of 2% lidocaine (n = 3) or 2% mepivacaine (3). In experiment 2, the left MCJ of each of 5 horses was injected with 10 mL of 0.1% methyl parahydroxybenzoate. After a 48-hour washout period, the right MCJ of each horse was injected with 10 mL of LRS. Synovial fluid (SF) samples were aseptically collected before and at predetermined times after each injection. Synovial fluid WBC count, neutrophil percentage, and total protein, neutrophil myeloperoxidase, neutrophil elastase, and Coll2-1 concentrations were compared among treatments. RESULTS Both lidocaine and mepivacaine induced SF changes indicative of inflammation and a catabolic collagen response, but the magnitude of those changes was more pronounced for lidocaine. Methyl parahydroxybenzoate did not cause any SF changes indicative of inflammation. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that mepivacaine was safer than lidocaine for intra-articular injection in horses.
Collapse
|
80
|
Lawless SP, Cohen ND, Lawhon SD, Chamoun-Emanuelli AM, Wu J, Rivera-Vélez A, Weeks BR, Whitfield-Cargile CM. Effect of gallium maltolate on a model of chronic, infected equine distal limb wounds. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235006. [PMID: 32559258 PMCID: PMC7304909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Distal limb wounds are common injuries sustained by horses and their healing is fraught with complications due to equine anatomy, prevalence of infection, and challenges associated with wound management. Gallium is a semi-metallic element that has been shown to possess antimicrobial properties and aid in wound healing in various preclinical models. The effects of Gallium have not been studied in equine wound healing. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare healing rates between gallium-treated and untreated wounds of equine distal limbs and to demonstrate the antimicrobial effects of gallium on wounds inoculated with S. aureus. Using an established model of equine wound healing we demonstrated beneficial effects of 0.5% topical gallium maltolate on equine wound healing. Specifically we documented reduced healing times, reduced bioburden, and reduced formation of exuberant granulation tissue in wounds treated with gallium maltolate as compared with untreated wounds. Gallium appeared to exert its beneficial effects via its well-described antimicrobial actions as well as by altering the expression of specific genes known to be involved in wound healing of horses and other animals. Specifically, gallium maltolate appeared to increase expression of transforming growth factor-β in both infected and un-infected wounds. Further work is needed to document the effects of gallium on naturally occurring equine wounds and to compare the effects of gallium with other wound treatment options. These data, however, suggest that gallium may be an attractive and novel means of improving equine distal limb wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shauna P. Lawless
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Noah D. Cohen
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sara D. Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ana M. Chamoun-Emanuelli
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jing Wu
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Andrés Rivera-Vélez
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Brad R. Weeks
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Canaan M. Whitfield-Cargile
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Boone LH, DeGraves FJ, Klein CE, Cole RC, Schumacher J. Effect of 3% chloroprocaine hydrochloride when used for median and ulnar regional nerve blocks in lame horses. Am J Vet Res 2020; 81:13-16. [PMID: 31887088 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.81.1.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess onset of analgesia for 3% chloroprocaine hydrochloride and 2% mepivacaine hydrochloride when used for median and ulnar nerve blocks in lame horses. ANIMALS 6 naturally lame horses. PROCEDURES A crossover experiment was conducted. Horses were assigned to 1 of 2 treatment groups (3% chloroprocaine or 2% mepivacaine first). Median and ulnar nerve blocks were performed in the lame limb with the assigned treatment. Lameness was objectively evaluated before treatment administration and at various points for 120 minutes after treatment with a wireless inertial sensor-based motion analysis system. Following a 7-day washout period, horses then received the other treatment and lameness evaluations were repeated. RESULTS Median and ulnar nerve blocks performed with 3% chloroprocaine resulted in more consistent, rapid, and profound amelioration of lameness than did blocks performed with 2% mepivacaine. Lameness decreased more between 20 and 40 minutes after injection when 3% chloroprocaine was used than when 2% mepivacaine was used. Complete resolution of lameness was detected a mean of 9 minutes after injection when median and ulnar nerve blocks were performed with 3% chloroprocaine and a mean of 28 minutes after injection when performed with 2% mepivacaine. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE 3% chloroprocaine had a more rapid onset and provided better analgesia for median and ulnar nerve blocks in horses with naturally occurring lameness, compared with 2% mepivacaine. These favorable properties suggest that 3% chloroprocaine would be useful for performance of median and ulnar regional nerve blocks during complicated lameness evaluations.
Collapse
|
82
|
Gough S, Hallowell G, Rendle D. A study investigating the treatment of equine squamous gastric disease with long-acting injectable or oral omeprazole. Vet Med Sci 2020; 6:235-241. [PMID: 31945806 PMCID: PMC7196684 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine squamous gastric disease (ESGD) is a highly prevalent disease in horses, particularly in elite athletes. Some horses respond slowly, or fail to respond, to the licensed treatment, oral omeprazole (ORLO). OBJECTIVES To compare rates of ESGD healing and improvement between ORLO and a long-acting injectable omeprazole preparation (LAIO). STUDY DESIGN Retrospective clinical study. METHODS The case records and gastroscopy images of horses presenting to Rainbow Equine Hospital over a 12-month period were reviewed, with images being reviewed blind by one of the authors (David Rendle). Treatment responses were compared between horses that received 2 or 4 injections of 4 mg/kg LAIO at weekly intervals, and horses that received ORLO at 4 mg/kg PO SID for 4 weeks. Data were compared using a Mann-Whitney test with post hoc Dunn's test, chi-squared test or Fisher's exact test. RESULTS Fifty-six horses met the inclusion criteria: 29 received LAIO and 27 received ORLO. Treatment groups were comparable in terms of signalment and ESGD lesions. There was a difference in rate of healing when LAIO and ORLO treatment groups were compared at 28 days (LAIO-97%; ORLO-67%; p = .005; OR = 14(1.8-158)), but no difference between LAIO at 14 days and ORLO at 28 days (LAIO-86%; ORLO-67%; p = .12; OR = 3.1 (0.9-10)). Five localised and self-limiting injection site reactions were identified in 3 horses out of 98 injections (5.1%). MAIN LIMITATIONS The study was limited by its retrospective nature, absence of randomisation and limited numbers. CONCLUSIONS Four weeks of treatment with LAIO resulted in better rates of ESGD healing than 4 weeks of ORLO. Larger more robust studies of LAIO are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Gough
- Rainbow Equine HospitalMaltonNorth YorkshireUnited Kingdom
| | - Gayle Hallowell
- School of Veterinary Medicine and ScienceUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUnited Kingdom
| | - David Rendle
- Rainbow Equine HospitalMaltonNorth YorkshireUnited Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Hassel DM, Curley T, Hoaglund EL. Evaluation of Fecal Sand Clearance in Horses With Naturally Acquired Colonic Sand Accumulation With a Product Containing Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Psyllium. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 90:102970. [PMID: 32534763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.102970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of sand and dirt in horses can cause chronic diarrhea and colic because of irritation and obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract of horses. Prevention has primarily focused on changes in management to reduce the intake of sand and feeding of psyllium products. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a product containing probiotics, prebiotics, and psyllium in the clearance of colonic sand in horses with naturally acquired sand accumulation using a randomized, placebo-controlled, blinded clinical trial format. After identification of 10 horses with sand accumulation as determined by both auscultation and abdominal radiography, quantitative assessment of changes in colonic sand content in response to management changes combined with treatment with the probiotic/psyllium product or no treatment was assessed by blinded observers. Fecal sand output was monitored in both groups via sand sedimentation analysis of fecal samples every 3 days for 35 days and with pre- and post-treatment abdominal radiography. There was a significant reduction in sand accumulation in both treatment and control groups, but there were no significant differences between treatment and control groups in clearance of colonic sand as measured by both fecal sand sedimentation and quantitative radiography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Hassel
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO.
| | - Taylor Curley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Elizabeth L Hoaglund
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Weber LA, Meißner J, Delarocque J, Kalbitz J, Feige K, Kietzmann M, Michaelis A, Paschke R, Michael J, Pratscher B, Cavalleri JMV. Betulinic acid shows anticancer activity against equine melanoma cells and permeates isolated equine skin in vitro. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:44. [PMID: 32024502 PMCID: PMC7003431 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-2262-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine malignant melanoma (EMM) is a frequently occurring dermoepidermal tumor in grey horses. Currently available therapies are either challenging or inefficient. Betulinic acid (BA), a naturally occurring triterpenoid, is a promising compound for cancer treatment. To evaluate the potential of BA as a topical therapy for EMM, its anticancer effects on primary equine melanoma cells and dermal fibroblasts and its percutaneous permeation through isolated equine skin were assessed in vitro. RESULTS BA showed antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects on both primary equine melanoma cells and fibroblasts in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The lowest half-maximal inhibitory concentrations were obtained 96 h after the beginning of drug exposure (12.7 μmol/L and 23.6 μmol/L for melanoma cells eRGO1 and MelDuWi, respectively, in cytotoxicity assay). High concentrations of the compound were reached in the required skin layers in vitro. CONCLUSION BA is a promising substance for topical EMM treatment. Further clinical studies in horses are necessary to assess safety and antitumoral effects in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Weber
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jessica Meißner
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hanover, Germany.
| | - Julien Delarocque
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jutta Kalbitz
- Biosolutions Halle GmbH, Weinbergweg 22, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Karsten Feige
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Manfred Kietzmann
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hanover, Germany
| | - Anne Michaelis
- Biozentrum, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 22, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Reinhard Paschke
- Biozentrum, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 22, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Julia Michael
- Skinomics GmbH, Weinbergweg 23, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Barbara Pratscher
- University Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
- University Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jessika-M V Cavalleri
- University Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Mertenat D, Cero MD, Vogl CR, Ivemeyer S, Meier B, Maeschli A, Hamburger M, Walkenhorst M. Ethnoveterinary knowledge of farmers in bilingual regions of Switzerland - is there potential to extend veterinary options to reduce antimicrobial use? J Ethnopharmacol 2020; 246:112184. [PMID: 31465817 PMCID: PMC7185669 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In the pre-antibiotic era, a broad spectrum of medicinal plants was used to treat livestock. This knowledge was neglected in European veterinary medicine for decades but kept alive by farmers. Emergence of multidrug resistant bacterial strains requires a severely restricted use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine. We conducted a survey on the ethnoveterinary knowledge of farmers in the bilingual (French and German speaking) Western region of Switzerland, namely the cantons of Fribourg, Neuchâtel and Jura, and in the French speaking part of the canton of Bern. AIM OF THE STUDY To find out whether differences exist in plants used by farmers in French speaking and bilingual regions of Switzerland as compared to our earlier studies conducted in Switzerland. Additional focus was on plants that are used in diseases which commonly are treated with antimicrobials, on plants used in skin afflictions, and on plants used in animal species such as horses, for which the range of veterinary medicinal products is limited. MATERIAL AND METHODS We conducted in 2015 semistructured interviews with 62 dialog partners, mainly cattle keeping farmers but also 18 horse keeping farmers. Of these, 41 were native French (FNS) and 21 native German speakers (GNS). Detailed information about homemade herbal remedies (plant species, plant part, manufacturing process) and the corresponding use reports (target animal species, category of use, route of administration, dosage, source of knowledge, frequency of use, last time of use and farmers satisfaction) were collected. RESULTS A total of 345 homemade remedies were reported, of which 240 contained only one plant species (Homemade Single Species Herbal Remedy Reports; HSHR). A total of 289 use reports (UR) were mentioned for the 240 HSHR, and they comprised 77 plant species belonging to 41 botanical families. Of these, 35 plant species were solely reported from FNS, 20 from GNS, and 22 from both. Taking into account earlier ethnoveterinary studies conducted in Switzerland only 10 (FNS) and 6 (GNS) plant species connected with 7% of FNS and GNS UR respectively were "unique" to the respective language group. The majority of the UR (219) was for treatment of cattle, while 38 UR were intended to treat horses. The most UR were for treatment of gastrointestinal and skin diseases. The most frequently mentioned plants were Linum usitatissimum L., Coffea L., Matricaria chamomilla L., Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, and Quercus robur L. for gastrointestinal diseases, and Calendula officinalis L., Hypericum perforatum L. and Sanicula europaea L. for skin afflictions. CONCLUSION No clear differences were found between the medicinal plants used by French native speakers and German native speakers. Several of the reported plants seem to be justified to widen the spectrum of veterinary therapeutic options in gastrointestinal and dermatological disorders in cattle and horses, and to reduce, at least to a certain degree, the need for antibiotic treatments. Our findings may help to strengthen the role of medicinal plants in veterinary research and practice, and to consider them as a further measure in official strategies for lowering the use of antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doréane Mertenat
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maja Dal Cero
- University of Zurich, Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christan R Vogl
- Division of Organic Farming, Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Silvia Ivemeyer
- Farm Animal Behaviour and Husbandry Section, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Beat Meier
- Unit of Phytopharmacy and Natural Product Research, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Ariane Maeschli
- Department of Livestock Science, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture, Ackerstrasse 113, Postfach, CH-5070, Frick, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Hamburger
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Michael Walkenhorst
- Department of Livestock Science, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture, Ackerstrasse 113, Postfach, CH-5070, Frick, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Ellerbrock RE, Canisso IF, Podico G, Roady PJ, Uhl E, Lima FS, Li Z. Diffusion of fluoroquinolones into equine fetal fluids did not induce fetal lesions after enrofloxacin treatment in early gestation. Vet J 2019; 253:105376. [PMID: 31685134 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.105376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
While recent work demonstrated that enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin reach the fetoplacental unit without causing obvious lesions in the 9-month-old equine fetus or resulting foal, many practitioners still hesitate to prescribe a fluoroquinolone during pregnancy. Since early gestation is a critical time for fetal skeletal development, if fluoroquinolones are chondrotoxic to the fetus at any point during gestation, this period would be important. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of 2 weeks' exposure to enrofloxacin on the equine fetus between 46 and 60 days gestation. Twelve pregnancies from nine healthy mares were allocated into two groups: untreated (n=7), or treatment (7.5mg/kg enrofloxacin, PO×14days, n=6). Abortion was induced with prostaglandin 24h after the last enrofloxacin dose, or on the equivalent day of gestation for untreated mares. Four of nine mares were rebred for a second cycle and were assigned to the opposite treatment to serve as their own controls. Fetal fluids from treated mares were analysed for enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin concentrations. Fetal organs (heart, lungs, spleen, kidney, and liver) and limbs were examined histopathologically. Enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin diffused to the fetal fluids during early gestation and did not result in detectable abnormalities in the fetus after 14 days of treatment. While current research does not determine long-term foal outcomes, enrofloxacin may be useful for select bacterial infections in pregnant mares.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R E Ellerbrock
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - I F Canisso
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - G Podico
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - P J Roady
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - E Uhl
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - F S Lima
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Z Li
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Abstract
Francesca Martelli, Sue Kidd and Joanna Lawes of the APHA discuss surveillance findings relating to Salmonella isolates from horses, and also the antimicrobial resistance patterns being seen.
Collapse
|
88
|
Argüelles D, Saitua A, de Medina AS, Muñoz JA, Muñoz A. Clinical efficacy of clodronic acid in horses diagnosed with navicular syndrome: A field study using objective and subjective lameness evaluation. Res Vet Sci 2019; 125:298-304. [PMID: 31351199 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Navicular syndrome, a common cause of equine forelimb lameness, is associated with pathological changes in the navicular bone. Consequently, administration of bisphosphonates (BPs) has been advocated in order to modify the rate of bone turnover. The present study aimed to assess the clinical efficacy of intramuscularly administered clodronic acid for the treatment of 11 horses with clinical and radiographic findings compatible with navicular syndrome. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed in 5 of the 11 horses. The animals were treated with an intramuscular dose of clodronic acid of 765 mg/horse, administered over three separate injection sites. Before and at 7, 30 and 90 days after treatment, horses were subjected to lameness and accelerometric evaluations. A clinical improvement was observed in 6 of the 11 horses. These 6 horses showed a mean reduction of two degrees in lameness score. Accelerometry in these horses revealed increased velocity, stride length, stride regularity and dorsoventral displacement of the gravity of centre together with a reduction in stride frequency, suggesting a gait improvement. This study demonstrates that intramuscular clodronic acid can be useful for lameness reduction in some horses with navicular syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Argüelles
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Córdoba, Spain
| | - Aritz Saitua
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Equine Sport Medicine Centre CEMEDE, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonia Sánchez de Medina
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Córdoba, Spain; Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juan A Muñoz
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Muñoz
- Equine Sport Medicine Centre CEMEDE, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Spain; Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Rendle DI, Doran G, Ireland J, Edwards S. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of pergolide mesylate after oral administration in horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2019; 68:135-141. [PMID: 31082785 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Published information on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of pergolide is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of oral pergolide in horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID). The study design was a nonrandomized clinical trial. Six horses with PPID diagnosed by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation tests received pergolide at 4 μg/kg for 18 d. Plasma samples for determination of pergolide and ACTH concentration were collected 0.5 h before and 2 and 12 h after each administration of pergolide. Maximum plasma concentrations after the first oral dose of pergolide (0.104-0.684 ng/mL; median 0.261 ng/mL; interquartile range [IQR] 0.184-0.416 ng/mL) were not significantly different to the maximum steady-state concentration at day 18 (0.197-0.628 ng/mL; median 0.274; IQR 0.232-0.458 ng/mL). Chronic administration was not associated with drug accumulation (R = 1.09) and pergolide concentration reached steady state within 3 d. Throughout, concentrations of pergolide fluctuated considerably, with median plasma peak concentrations more than four times higher than median trough concentrations. Plasma ACTH concentration reduced significantly within 12 h of administration with further reductions occurring up to 10 d after the initiation of treatment. Although there were parallel fluctuations in the concentrations of pergolide and ACTH, timing of ACTH measurement in relation to the administration of pergolide did not have a significant effect. Alterations in the response to TRH were identified at 8 d with no further change being identified at 18 d. A small number of horses were studied. Oral pergolide results in significant suppression of pars intermedia activity within hours. Pergolide and ACTH concentrations fluctuated in tandem although correlation was poor. Fluctuations in pergolide concentration were consistent with a terminal elimination half-life of less than 12 h. To reduce the level of fluctuation of ACTH, twice-daily dosing of pergolide may be more appropriate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D I Rendle
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, EH Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2650, Australia.
| | - G Doran
- School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, EH Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2650, Australia
| | - J Ireland
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - S Edwards
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, EH Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2650, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Hellander Edman A, Ström L, Ekesten B. Corneal cross-linking (CXL)-A clinical study to evaluate CXL as a treatment in comparison with medical treatment for ulcerative keratitis in horses. Vet Ophthalmol 2019; 22:552-562. [PMID: 31012258 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Compare CXL treatment with medical treatment alone in horses with stromal, ulcerative keratitis. ANIMALS STUDIED 24 horses (24 eyes) with stromal, ulcerative keratitis were included. PROCEDURE 12 horses were initially treated with CXL, and 12 horses were given conventional medical treatment. Topical medical treatment was added to horses in the CXL group if necessary. Parameters including cytology, microbial growth, time to fluorescein negativity, and time to inhibition of stromal melting were evaluated. RESULTS After the first day of treatments, a decrease in inflammatory signs and pain from the eye was observed in both groups. Stromal melting ceased within 24 hours regardless of treatment. CXL treatment alone was sufficient in 3 horses with noninfectious, superficial stromal ulcerations. Clinical signs of impaired wound healing were seen after 3-14 days in corneas with suspected or proven bacterial infection treated with CXL only, most likely because of insufficient elimination of bacteria deeper in the corneal stroma or because of re-infection from bacteria in the conjunctiva. The average decrease in stromal ulcer area per day after onset of treatment was almost identical between the groups, and no significant difference in time to fluorescein negativity was found. CONCLUSIONS We consider CXL a possible useful adjunct treatment of corneal stromal ulcers in horses, especially for melting ulcers and as a potential alternative to prophylactic antibiotic treatment for noninfected stromal ulcers. However, CXL should not be used alone for infected or suspected infected stromal ulcers, because topical antibiotics were required in all horses with proven infectious keratitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hellander Edman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Ström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Björn Ekesten
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Onyiche TE, Suganuma K, Igarashi I, Yokoyama N, Xuan X, Thekisoe O. A Review on Equine Piroplasmosis: Epidemiology, Vector Ecology, Risk Factors, Host Immunity, Diagnosis and Control. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:E1736. [PMID: 31100920 PMCID: PMC6572709 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16101736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Equine Piroplasmosis (EP) is a tick-borne disease caused by apicomplexan protozoan parasites, Babesia caballi and Theileria equi. The disease is responsible for serious economic losses to the equine industry. It principally affects donkeys, horses, mules, and zebra but DNA of the parasites has also been detected in dogs and camels raising doubt about their host specificity. The disease is endemic in tropical and temperate regions of the world where the competent tick vectors are prevalent. Infected equids remain carrier for life with T. equi infection, whilst, infection with B. caballi is cleared within a few years. This review focuses on all aspects of the disease from the historical overview, biology of the parasite, epidemiology of the disease (specifically highlighting other non-equine hosts, such as dogs and camels), vector, clinical manifestations, risk factors, immunology, genetic diversity, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- ThankGod E Onyiche
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, University of Maiduguri, P. M. B. 1069, Maiduguri 600230, Nigeria.
| | - Keisuke Suganuma
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Ikuo Igarashi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Naoaki Yokoyama
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Oriel Thekisoe
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Sayed-Ahmed MZ, Ahdy AM, Younis EE, El-Khodery SA, Baraka HN. Comparative effectiveness of Sumaq and Neem extract cream, Eniloconazole and glycerine iodine on dermatophytosis in Arabian horses: a randomized clinical trial. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 51:905-910. [PMID: 30554365 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1773-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Dermatophytosis is a contagious fungal disease among animal communities. The major concerns of dermatophytosis are cost of treatment, difficulty of control, and the public health consequences. The objective of the present study was to compare the clinical efficacy of Sumaq and Neem extract cream with that of traditional treatments, eniloconazole and glycerine iodine, on dermatophytosis in Arabian horses. For this purpose, 37 Arabian horses with dermatophytosis had been used. Fungal isolation and identification for each horse were carried out by standard microbiological procedures. Sumaq (Rhus coriaria Linn.) and Neem (Azadirachta indica) seed extracts were selected based on in vitro effectiveness. Horses were randomly allocated into four groups. The first group (n = 8) was treated with glycerine iodine 10% daily for 7 days. The second group (n = 10) was treated using eniloconazole 10% emulsified concentrate four times with 2 days interval. The third group (n = 11) was treated with Neem seeds extract (20% cream) daily for 10 days, and the fourth group (n = 8) was treated with Sumaq extract (5% cream) daily for 10 days. Clinical and mycological evaluations were assessed at 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days post-treatment. The Sumaq and eniloconazole were more effective on clinical index score after 7 days of treatment followed by Neem seed 20% cream. At 28 days post-treatment, a complete healing was obtained by Sumaq 5% cream and eniloconazole (median clinical sum score = zero) followed by Neem (median clinical sum score = 1.5). Moreover, Dermatophytes spp. was isolated only from two horses, one from Neem group and the other from glycerin iodine group. The present results indicate that Sumaq 5% and Neem seed extract are effective alternative treatment for dermatophytosis in Arabian horses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Z Sayed-Ahmed
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmed M Ahdy
- Veterinarian at Elzahraa State stud, Giza, Egypt
| | - Emad E Younis
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Sabry A El-Khodery
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Hany N Baraka
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Martin EM, Schirmer JM, Jones SL, Davis JL. Pharmacokinetics and ex vivo anti-inflammatory effects of oral misoprostol in horses. Equine Vet J 2019; 51:415-421. [PMID: 30256450 PMCID: PMC6587934 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Misoprostol is an E prostanoid (EP) 2, 3 and 4 receptor agonist that is anecdotally used to treat and prevent NSAID-induced GI injury in horses. Misoprostol elicits anti-inflammatory effects in vivo in men and rodents, and inhibits TNFα production in equine leucocytes in vitro. OBJECTIVE Define the pharmacokinetic parameters of oral misoprostol in horses, and determine the inhibitory effect of oral misoprostol administration on equine leucocyte TNFα production in an ex vivo inflammation model. STUDY DESIGN Pharmacokinetic study, ex vivo experimental study. METHODS Six healthy adult horses of mixed breeds were used. In phase one, horses were given 5 μg/kg misoprostol orally, and blood was collected at predetermined times for determination of misoprostol free acid (MFA) by UHPLC-MS/MS. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. In phase two, horses were dosed as in phase one, and blood was collected at T0, 0.5, 1 and 4 h following misoprostol administration for leucocyte isolation. Leucocytes were stimulated with 100 ng/mL LPS, and TNFα mRNA concentrations were determined via quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS About 5 μg/kg oral misoprostol produced a rapid time to maximum concentration (Tmax ) of 23.4 ± 2.4 min, with a maximum concentration (Cmax ) of 0.29 ± 0.07 ng/mL and area under the curve (AUC0-∞ ) of 0.4 ± 0.12 h ng/mL. LPS stimulation of equine leucocytes ex vivo significantly increased TNFα mRNA concentrations, and there was no significant effect of misoprostol even at the Tmax . MAIN LIMITATIONS Only a single dose was used, and sample size was small. CONCLUSIONS Misoprostol is rapidly absorbed following oral administration in horses, and a single 5 μg/kg dose had no significant inhibitory effect on ex vivo LPS-stimulated TNFα mRNA production in leucocytes. Further studies analysing different dosing strategies, including repeat administration or combination with other anti-inflammatory drugs, are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E. M. Martin
- North Carolina State University College of Veterinary MedicineRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - J. M. Schirmer
- North Carolina State University College of Veterinary MedicineRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - S. L. Jones
- North Carolina State University College of Veterinary MedicineRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - J. L. Davis
- VA‐MD College of Veterinary MedicineBlacksburgVirginiaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Sauermann CW, Nielsen MK, Luo D, Leathwick DM. Modelling the development of anthelmintic resistance in cyathostomin parasites: The importance of genetic and fitness parameters. Vet Parasitol 2019; 269:28-33. [PMID: 31079825 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Previously described models for the free-living and parasitic phases of the cyathostomin life-cycle were combined into a single model for the complete life-cycle. The model simulates a single free-living population on pasture utilising parasite egg output from the horses and localised temperature and rainfall data to estimate infective larval density on herbage. Multiple horses of different ages are possible, each with an individualised anthelmintic treatment programme. Genotypes for anthelmintic resistance are included allowing for up to three resistance genes with 2 alleles each. Because little is known of the genetics of resistance to anthelmintics in cyathostomins, the first use of this model was to compare the effect of different assumptions regarding the inheritance of resistance on model outputs. Comparisons were made between single and two-gene inheritance, where the heterozygote survival was dominant, intermediate or recessive under treatment, and with or without a fitness disadvantage associated with the resistance mechanism. Resistance developed fastest when the heterozygotes survived anthelmintic treatment (i.e., were dominant) and slowest when they did not (i.e., were recessive). Resistance was slower to develop when inheritance was poly-genic compared to a single gene, and when there was a fitness cost associated with the resistance mechanism, although the latter variable was the least influential. Importantly, while these genetic factors sometimes had a large influence on the rate at which resistant genotypes built up in the model populations, their order of ranking was always the same, when different anthelmintic use strategies were compared. Therefore, the described model is a useful tool for evaluating different treatment and management strategies on their potential to select for resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin K Nielsen
- M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Dongwen Luo
- AgResearch Grasslands, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Dave M Leathwick
- AgResearch Grasslands, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Takahashi Y, Ishikawa Y, Ohmura H. Treatment of recent-onset atrial fibrillation with quinidine and flecainide in Thoroughbred racehorses: 107 cases (1987-2014). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2019; 252:1409-1414. [PMID: 29772981 DOI: 10.2460/javma.252.11.1409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy of quinidine and flecainide in treating naturally occurring, recent-onset atrial fibrillation (AF) in Thoroughbred racehorses. DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 107 Thoroughbred racehorses. PROCEDURES Medical records of racehorses with AF that were treated with quinidine or flecainide between 1987 and 2014 were reviewed. Signalment, history, treatments, complications, and outcome data were collected. Horses were allocated to 2 groups according to the initial treatment: initial treatment with quinidine (group 1) or initial treatment with flecainide (group 2). Horses in group 2 that did not convert to sinus rhythm with flecainide were then administered quinidine (group 3). Complications, total quinidine dose, and duration of treatment were compared. Rates of conversion for horses treated with quinidine versus flecainide were also compared. RESULTS Overall rate of cardioversion was 91% (97/107). There was a significant difference in the rate of cardioversion for quinidine alone (91% [71/78]), compared with flecainide alone (41% [12/29]). In group 3, the conversion rate after the addition of quinidine treatment was 82% (14/17). Total quinidine dose and treatment duration did not differ significantly between groups 1 and 3. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Overall rate of cardioversion for Thoroughbred racehorses with AF was similar to that in previous reports. Flecainide treatment was less effective than quinidine treatment, but the frequency of complications did not differ between quinidine and flecainide. Further investigation is suggested to evaluate the efficacy of flecainide for cardioversion in athletic horses.
Collapse
|
96
|
Cullen M, Jacob ME, Cornish V, VanderSchel IQ, Cotter HVT, Cubeta MA, Carbone I, Gilger BC. Multi-locus DNA sequence analysis, antifungal agent susceptibility, and fungal keratitis outcome in horses from Southeastern United States. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214214. [PMID: 30921394 PMCID: PMC6438541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphological characterization and multi-locus DNA sequence analysis of fungal isolates obtained from 32 clinical cases of equine fungal keratitis (FK) was performed to identify species and determine associations with antifungal susceptibility, response to therapy and clinical outcome. Two species of Aspergillus (A. flavus and A. fumigatus) and three species of Fusarium (F. falciforme, F. keratoplasticum, and F. proliferatum) were the most common fungi isolated and identified from FK horses. Most (91%) equine FK Fusarium nested within the Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) with nine genetically diverse strains/lineages, while 83% of equine FK Aspergillus nested within the A. flavus clade with three genetically diverse lineages. Fungal species and evolutionary lineage were not associated with clinical outcome. However, species of equine FK Fusarium were more likely (p = 0.045) to be associated with stromal keratitis. Species of Aspergillus were more susceptible to voriconazole and terbinafine than species of Fusarium, while species of Fusarium were more susceptible to thiabendazole than species of Aspergillus. At the species level, A. fumigatus and A. flavus were more susceptible to voriconazole and terbinafine than F. falciforme. Natamycin susceptibility was higher for F. falciforme and A. fumigatus compared to A. flavus. Furthermore, F. falciforme was more susceptible to thiabendazole than A. flavus and A. fumigatus. These observed associations of antifungal sensitivity to natamycin, terbinafine, and thiabendazole demonstrate the importance of fungal identification to the species rather than genus level. The results of this study suggest that treatment of equine FK with antifungal agents requires accurate fungal species identification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan Cullen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Megan E. Jacob
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Vicki Cornish
- Center for Integrated Fungal Research, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Ian Q. VanderSchel
- Center for Integrated Fungal Research, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Henry Van T. Cotter
- Center for Integrated Fungal Research, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Marc A. Cubeta
- Center for Integrated Fungal Research, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Ignazio Carbone
- Center for Integrated Fungal Research, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Brian C. Gilger
- Department of Clinical Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Raftery AG, Jallow S, Rodgers J, Sutton DGM. Safety and efficacy of three trypanocides in confirmed field cases of trypanosomiasis in working equines in The Gambia: a prospective, randomised, non-inferiority trial. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007175. [PMID: 30901321 PMCID: PMC6447232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Globally, working equines have a continued and growing socioeconomic role in supporting the livelihoods of between 300–600 million people in low income countries which is rarely recognised at a national or international level. Infectious diseases have significant impact on welfare and productivity in this population and equine trypanosomiasis is a priority disease due to its severity and prevalence. Strategies are required to improve the prevention, diagnosis, management and treatment of trypanosomiasis in equines and more data are required on the efficacy and safety of current trypanocidal drugs. Methods A prospective randomised, open-label non-inferiority trial was performed in The Gambia on horses and donkeys that fulfilled 2/5 clinical inclusion criteria (anaemia, poor body condition, pyrexia, history of abortion, oedema). Following randomised trypanocidal treatment (diminazene diaceturate, melarsomine dihydrochloride or isometamidium chloride), animals were observed for immediate adverse drug reactions and follow-up assessment was performed at 1 and 2 weeks. Blood samples underwent PCR analysis with specific Trypanosoma sp. primers. Treatment efficacy was assessed by measuring changes in clinical parameters, clinicopathological results and PCR-status post-treatment after evaluating for bias. Using PCR status as the outcome variable, non-inferiority of isometamidium treatment was determined if the upper bound limit of a 2-sided 95% CI was less than 10%. Results There was a significant beneficial effect upon the Trypanosoma sp. PCR positive population following trypanocidal treatment for all groups. The findings of clinical evaluation and PCR status supported a superior treatment effect for isometamidium. Melarsomine dihydrochloride efficacy was inferior to isometamidium. There were immediate, self-limiting side effects to isometamidium in donkeys (26%). Diminazene had the longest duration of action as judged by PCR status. Conclusions The data support the continued use of isometamidium following careful dose titration in donkeys and diminazene for trypanosomiasis in equines using the doses and routes of administration reported. Equine trypanosomiasis is endemic in many areas of the world with high morbidity and mortality in affected populations. Trypanocides form an essential part of current treatment strategies but evidence regarding efficacy in equines is scarce. In order to inform disease management, the efficacy of three trypanocidal drugs was assessed in horses and donkeys that fulfilled 2/5 clinical inclusion criteria for trypanosomiasis in The Gambia. Selected equines received randomised treatment with either isometamidium, diminazene or melarsomine dihydrochloride and were observed for adverse drug reactions. Follow-up was performed at 1 and 2 weeks. Blood collected at each timepoint was analysed for Trypanosoma spp. using a PCR approach. Within the selected population 66% were PCR positive pre-treatment for Trypanosoma spp.. Trypanosome positive individuals responded favourably to each treatment, but clinical evaluation and PCR status post-treatment supported a superior effect for isometamidium. Melarsomine dihydrochloride had inferior efficacy to isometamidium. Immediate adverse side effects were only documented following isometamidium administration in donkeys (26%) and these were self-limiting. Diminazene had the longest duration of action as judged by PCR status. The data support the continued use of isometamidium and diminazene but not melarsomine dihydrochloride for trypanosomiasis in equines at the doses and routes of administration reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra G. Raftery
- The Weipers Centre Equine Hospital, Large Animal Clinical Science and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Saloum Jallow
- Gambia Horse and Donkey Trust, Sambel Kunda, Central River District, The Gambia
| | - Jean Rodgers
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - David G. M. Sutton
- The Weipers Centre Equine Hospital, Large Animal Clinical Science and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Meier A, de Laat M, Reiche D, Fitzgerald D, Sillence M. The efficacy and safety of velagliflozin over 16 weeks as a treatment for insulin dysregulation in ponies. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:65. [PMID: 30808423 PMCID: PMC6390376 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1811-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A previous six-week (wk) study demonstrated the potential of the sodium-glucose linked transport inhibitor velagliflozin as a novel treatment for equine insulin dysregulation. The present study examined the safety and efficacy of velagliflozin over 16 wk. of treatment, and over 4 wk. of withdrawal. Twenty-four insulin dysregulated ponies were selected, based on their hyper-responsiveness to a diet challenge meal containing 3.8 g non-structural carbohydrates (NSC)/kg bodyweight (BW). Ponies with serum insulin > 90 μIU/mL either 2 or 4 h after feeding were enrolled, and randomly allocated to receive either velagliflozin (0.3 mg/kg BW orally once daily, n = 12), or a placebo (n = 10-12) for 16 wk. The subjects were fed 7.5 g NSC/kg BW/day to maintain a fat body condition. Safety was assessed through daily monitoring, veterinary examination, and the measurement of fasting blood glucose, biochemistry and haematology. Efficacy at reducing post-prandial hyperinsulinemia was assessed using a diet challenge every 8 wk. during treatment and 4 wk. after withdrawal. RESULTS Velagliflozin was well accepted by all subjects and caused no adverse effects or hypoglycaemia. Post-prandial serum insulin (insulin Cmax) did not change significantly in the control animals over the entire study period (P = 0.101). In contrast, insulin Cmax (mean ± SE) concentrations fell over time in the velagliflozin-treated group from 205 ± 25 μIU/mL in wk. 0, to 119 ± 19 μIU/mL (P = 0.015) and 117 ± 15 μIU/ml (P = 0.029) after 8 and 16 wk. of treatment, respectively. Although the insulin Cmax in this group was not significantly lower than in controls at wk-8 (P = 0.061), it was lower at wk-16 (P = 0.003), and all 12 treated ponies were below the previously-determined risk threshold for laminitis at this time. After 4 wk. withdrawal, the insulin Cmax returned to 199 ± 36 μIU/mL in the treated group, with no rebound effect. CONCLUSIONS Velagliflozin appears to be a promising and safe treatment for equine insulin dysregulation, bringing post-prandial insulin concentrations below the laminitis risk threshold, albeit without normalising them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. Meier
- Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences School, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4000 Australia
| | - M. de Laat
- Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences School, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4000 Australia
| | - D. Reiche
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, 55218 Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - D. Fitzgerald
- Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences School, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4000 Australia
| | - M. Sillence
- Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences School, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4000 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
Kunz IGZ, Reed KJ, Metcalf JL, Hassel DM, Coleman RJ, Hess TM, Coleman SJ. Equine Fecal Microbiota Changes Associated With Anthelmintic Administration. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 77:98-106. [PMID: 31133326 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal microbiota (GIM) plays an essential role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis with disruptions having profound effects on the wellbeing of the host animal. Parasitic infection is a long-standing issue for the equine industry, and the use of anthelmintic drugs for parasite control has long been standard practice. The impact of anthelmintic treatment on the GIM in healthy horses is not well known. This study evaluated the hypothesis that anthelmintic administration will alter the equine fecal microbiota in horses without an observed helminth infection. Ten horses were treated with a single dose of QUEST PLUS (active ingredients: Moxidectin and Praziquantel) (Zoetis), and fecal samples were collected before and after treatment. Amplicon sequencing data were quality filtered, processed, and analyzed using QIIME2. Anthelmintic treatment corresponded with a small but significant decrease in alpha diversity (P-value < .05). Analysis of taxonomic abundances before and after treatment with DESeq2 identified 21 features that were significantly different after treatment (Padj-value < .05). Differences in beta diversity associated with treatment were not significant and potentially suggest factors unique to the individual may play an essential role in the specific responses observed. Overall, the present study does not indicate a broad, large-scale impact on the GIM after anthelmintic treatment. The results do, however, suggest the potential of individualized responses that are based instead on host factors. Identification of these factors and investigation of their impact on the host/microbiota relationship will contribute significantly to our understanding of the role of the microbiome in horse health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle G Z Kunz
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Kailee J Reed
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Jessica L Metcalf
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Diana M Hassel
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Robert J Coleman
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Tanja M Hess
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Stephen J Coleman
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO.
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Durham ME, Elfenbein JR. Evaluation of vaporized hydrogen peroxide sterilization on the in vitro efficacy of meropenem-impregnated polymethyl methacrylate beads. Am J Vet Res 2019; 80:45-50. [PMID: 30605028 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.80.1.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of vaporized hydrogen peroxide (VHP) sterilization on the in vitro antimicrobial efficacy of meropenem-impregnated polymethyl methacrylate (M-PMMA) beads. SAMPLE 6-mm-diameter polymethyl methacrylate beads that were or were not impregnated with meropenem. PROCEDURES Meropenem-free polymethyl methacrylate and M-PMMA beads were sterilized by use of an autoclave or VHP or remained unsterilized. To determine the antimicrobial efficacy of each bead-sterilization combination (treatment), Mueller-Hinton agar plates were inoculated with 1 of 6 common equine pathogens, and 1 bead from each treatment was applied to a sixth of each plate. The zone of bacterial inhibition for each treatment was measured after 24 hours. To estimate the duration of antimicrobial elution into a solid or liquid medium, 1 bead from each treatment was transferred every 24 hours to a new Staphylococcus aureus-inoculated agar plate or a tube with PBS solution, and an aliquot of the eluent from each tube was then applied to a paper disc on an S aureus-inoculated agar plate. All agar plates were incubated for 24 hours, and the zone of bacterial inhibition was measured for each treatment. RESULTS In vitro antimicrobial efficacy of M-PMMA beads was retained following VHP sterilization. The duration of antimicrobial elution in solid and liquid media did not differ significantly between unsterilized and VHP-sterilized M-PMMA beads. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that M-PMMA beads retained in vitro antimicrobial activity and eluted the drug for up to 2 weeks after VHP sterilization.
Collapse
|