101
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Hospital food ruins staff health. Nurs Times 2016; 112:4. [PMID: 27344886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
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102
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Patterson RE, Kalavalapalli S, Williams CM, Nautiyal M, Mathew JT, Martinez J, Reinhard MK, McDougall DJ, Rocca JR, Yost RA, Cusi K, Garrett TJ, Sunny NE. Lipotoxicity in steatohepatitis occurs despite an increase in tricarboxylic acid cycle activity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 310:E484-94. [PMID: 26814015 PMCID: PMC4824140 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00492.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The hepatic tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle is central to integrating macronutrient metabolism and is closely coupled to cellular respiration, free radical generation, and inflammation. Oxidative flux through the TCA cycle is induced during hepatic insulin resistance, in mice and humans with simple steatosis, reflecting early compensatory remodeling of mitochondrial energetics. We hypothesized that progressive severity of hepatic insulin resistance and the onset of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) would impair oxidative flux through the hepatic TCA cycle. Mice (C57/BL6) were fed a high-trans-fat high-fructose diet (TFD) for 8 wk to induce simple steatosis and NASH by 24 wk. In vivo fasting hepatic mitochondrial fluxes were determined by(13)C-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based isotopomer analysis. Hepatic metabolic intermediates were quantified using mass spectrometry-based targeted metabolomics. Hepatic triglyceride accumulation and insulin resistance preceded alterations in mitochondrial metabolism, since TCA cycle fluxes remained normal during simple steatosis. However, mice with NASH had a twofold induction (P< 0.05) of mitochondrial fluxes (μmol/min) through the TCA cycle (2.6 ± 0.5 vs. 5.4 ± 0.6), anaplerosis (9.1 ± 1.2 vs. 16.9 ± 2.2), and pyruvate cycling (4.9 ± 1.0 vs. 11.1 ± 1.9) compared with their age-matched controls. Induction of the TCA cycle activity during NASH was concurrent with blunted ketogenesis and accumulation of hepatic diacylglycerols (DAGs), ceramides (Cer), and long-chain acylcarnitines, suggesting inefficient oxidation and disposal of excess free fatty acids (FFA). Sustained induction of mitochondrial TCA cycle failed to prevent accretion of "lipotoxic" metabolites in the liver and could hasten inflammation and the metabolic transition to NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Srilaxmi Kalavalapalli
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Caroline M Williams
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Manisha Nautiyal
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Justin T Mathew
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Janie Martinez
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Mary K Reinhard
- Animal Care Services, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | | | - James R Rocca
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Facility, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Richard A Yost
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Kenneth Cusi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Malcom Randall Veterans Administration Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida; Division of Diabetes, the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas; Division of Diabetes, Audie L. Murphy Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Antonio, Texas; and
| | - Timothy J Garrett
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Nishanth E Sunny
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida;
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103
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Torjesen I. Children's fruit drinks are laden with sugar, study finds. BMJ 2016; 352:i1729. [PMID: 27013524 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.i1729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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104
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Luo Y, Burrington CM, Graff EC, Zhang J, Judd RL, Suksaranjit P, Kaewpoowat Q, Davenport SK, O'Neill AM, Greene MW. Metabolic phenotype and adipose and liver features in a high-fat Western diet-induced mouse model of obesity-linked NAFLD. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 310:E418-39. [PMID: 26670487 PMCID: PMC4796265 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00319.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), an obesity and insulin resistance associated clinical condition - ranges from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. To model the human condition, a high-fat Western diet that includes liquid sugar consumption has been used in mice. Even though liver pathophysiology has been well characterized in the model, little is known about the metabolic phenotype (e.g., energy expenditure, activity, or food intake). Furthermore, whether the consumption of liquid sugar exacerbates the development of glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and adipose tissue dysfunction in the model is currently in question. In our study, a high-fat Western diet (HFWD) with liquid sugar [fructose and sucrose (F/S)] induced acute hyperphagia above that observed in HFWD-fed mice, yet without changes in energy expenditure. Liquid sugar (F/S) exacerbated HFWD-induced glucose intolerance and insulin resistance and impaired the storage capacity of epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT). Hepatic TG, plasma alanine aminotransferase, and normalized liver weight were significantly increased only in HFWD+F/S-fed mice. HFWD+F/S also resulted in increased hepatic fibrosis and elevated collagen 1a2, collagen 3a1, and TGFβ gene expression. Furthermore, HWFD+F/S-fed mice developed more profound eWAT inflammation characterized by adipocyte hypertrophy, macrophage infiltration, a dramatic increase in crown-like structures, and upregulated proinflammatory gene expression. An early hypoxia response in the eWAT led to reduced vascularization and increased fibrosis gene expression in the HFWD+F/S-fed mice. Our results demonstrate that sugary water consumption induces acute hyperphagia, limits adipose tissue expansion, and exacerbates glucose intolerance and insulin resistance, which are associated with NAFLD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Luo
- Department of Nutrition, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | | | - Emily C Graff
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; and
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Robert L Judd
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; and Boshell Metabolic Diseases and Diabetes Program, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Promporn Suksaranjit
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bassett Medical Center, Cooperstown, New York, and
| | | | | | | | - Michael W Greene
- Department of Nutrition, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; Boshell Metabolic Diseases and Diabetes Program, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; Bassett Research Institute, Bassett Medical Center, Cooperstown, New York;
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105
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Mercau ME, Repetto EM, Perez MN, Martinez Calejman C, Sanchez Puch S, Finkielstein CV, Cymeryng CB. Moderate Exercise Prevents Functional Remodeling of the Anterior Pituitary Gland in Diet-Induced Insulin Resistance in Rats: Role of Oxidative Stress and Autophagy. Endocrinology 2016; 157:1135-45. [PMID: 26672805 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A sustained elevation of glucocorticoid production, associated with the establishment of insulin resistance (IR) could add to the deleterious effects of the IR state. The aim of this study is to analyze the consequences of long-term feeding with a sucrose-rich diet (SRD) on Pomc/ACTH production, define the underlying cellular processes, and determine the effects of moderate exercise (ME) on these parameters. Animals fed a standard chow with or without 30% sucrose in the drinking water were subjected to ME. Circulating hormone levels were determined, and pituitary tissues were processed and analyzed by immunobloting and quantitative real-time PCR. Parameters of oxidative stress (OxS), endoplasmic reticulum stress, and autophagy were also determined. Rats fed SRD developed a decrease in pituitary Pomc/ACTH expression levels, increased expression of antioxidant enzymes, and induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy. ME prevented pituitary dysfunction as well as induction of antioxidant enzymes and autophagy. Reporter assays were performed in AtT-20 corticotroph cells incubated in the presence of palmitic acid. Pomc transcription was inhibited by palmitic acid-dependent induction of OxS and autophagy, as judged by the effect of activators and inhibitors of both processes. Long-term feeding with SRD triggers the generation of OxS and autophagy in the pituitary gland, which could lead to a decline in Pomc/ACTH/glucocorticoid production. These effects could be attributed to an increase in fatty acids availability to the pituitary gland. ME was able to prevent these alterations, suggesting additional beneficial effects of ME as a therapeutic strategy in the management of IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- María E Mercau
- Departamento de Bioquímica Humana (M.E.M., E.M.R., M.N.P., C.M.C., S.S.P., C.B.C.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de Estudios Farmacologicos y Botanicos-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina; and Integrated Cellular Responses Laboratory (M.E.M., C.V.F.), Department of Biological Sciences and Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - Esteban M Repetto
- Departamento de Bioquímica Humana (M.E.M., E.M.R., M.N.P., C.M.C., S.S.P., C.B.C.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de Estudios Farmacologicos y Botanicos-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina; and Integrated Cellular Responses Laboratory (M.E.M., C.V.F.), Department of Biological Sciences and Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - Matías N Perez
- Departamento de Bioquímica Humana (M.E.M., E.M.R., M.N.P., C.M.C., S.S.P., C.B.C.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de Estudios Farmacologicos y Botanicos-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina; and Integrated Cellular Responses Laboratory (M.E.M., C.V.F.), Department of Biological Sciences and Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - Camila Martinez Calejman
- Departamento de Bioquímica Humana (M.E.M., E.M.R., M.N.P., C.M.C., S.S.P., C.B.C.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de Estudios Farmacologicos y Botanicos-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina; and Integrated Cellular Responses Laboratory (M.E.M., C.V.F.), Department of Biological Sciences and Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - Silvia Sanchez Puch
- Departamento de Bioquímica Humana (M.E.M., E.M.R., M.N.P., C.M.C., S.S.P., C.B.C.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de Estudios Farmacologicos y Botanicos-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina; and Integrated Cellular Responses Laboratory (M.E.M., C.V.F.), Department of Biological Sciences and Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - Carla V Finkielstein
- Departamento de Bioquímica Humana (M.E.M., E.M.R., M.N.P., C.M.C., S.S.P., C.B.C.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de Estudios Farmacologicos y Botanicos-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina; and Integrated Cellular Responses Laboratory (M.E.M., C.V.F.), Department of Biological Sciences and Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - Cora B Cymeryng
- Departamento de Bioquímica Humana (M.E.M., E.M.R., M.N.P., C.M.C., S.S.P., C.B.C.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de Estudios Farmacologicos y Botanicos-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina; and Integrated Cellular Responses Laboratory (M.E.M., C.V.F.), Department of Biological Sciences and Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
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106
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Affiliation(s)
- W Philip T James
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
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107
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FDI World Dental Federation. FDI policy statement on dietary free sugars and dental caries: Adopted by the FDI General Assembly: 24 September 2015, Bangkok, Thailand. Int Dent J 2016; 66:9-10. [PMID: 26803942 DOI: 10.1111/idj.12232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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108
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Iacobucci G. Sugar tax campaigners plea for action ahead of obesity strategy. BMJ 2016; 532:i453. [PMID: 26801606 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.i453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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109
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Abstract
An old idea with a new place in the fight against obesity?
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Sassi
- OECD Public Health Programme, Health Division, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 75016 Paris, France
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110
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Abstract
STUDY QUESTION What has been the effect on purchases of beverages from stores in Mexico one year after implementation of the excise tax on sugar sweetened beverages? METHODS In this observational study the authors used data on the purchase of beverages in Mexico from January 2012 to December 2014 from an unbalanced panel of 6253 households providing 205 112 observations in 53 cities with more than 50 000 inhabitants. To test whether the post-tax trend in purchases was significantly different from the pretax trend, the authors used a difference in difference fixed effects model, which adjusts for both macroeconomic variables that can affect the purchase of beverages over time, and pre-existing trends. The variables used in the analysis included demographic information on household composition (age and sex of household members) and socioeconomic status (low, middle, and high). The authors compared the predicted volumes (mL/capita/day) of taxed and untaxed beverages purchased in 2014-the observed post-tax period-with the estimated volumes that would have been purchased if the tax had not been implemented (counterfactual) based on pretax trends. STUDY ANSWER AND LIMITATIONS Relative to the counterfactual in 2014, purchases of taxed beverages decreased by an average of 6% (-12 mL/capita/day), and decreased at an increasing rate up to a 12% decline by December 2014. All three socioeconomic groups reduced purchases of taxed beverages, but reductions were higher among the households of low socioeconomic status, averaging a 9% decline during 2014, and up to a 17% decrease by December 2014 compared with pretax trends. Purchases of untaxed beverages were 4% (36 mL/capita/day) higher than the counterfactual, mainly driven by an increase in purchases of bottled plain water. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS The tax on sugar sweetened beverages was associated with reductions in purchases of taxed beverages and increases in purchases of untaxed beverages. Continued monitoring is needed to understand purchases longer term, potential substitutions, and health implications. FUNDING, COMPETING INTERESTS, DATA SHARING This work was supported by grants from Bloomberg Philanthropies and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and by the Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública and the Carolina Population Center. The authors have no competing interests. No additional data are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Arantxa Colchero
- Center for Health Systems Research, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Universidad No 655 Colonia Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Barry M Popkin
- Department of Nutrition and Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA
| | - Juan A Rivera
- Nutrition and Health Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Mexico
| | - Shu Wen Ng
- Department of Nutrition and Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA
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111
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Lima MLRP, Leite LHR, Gioda CR, Leme FOP, Couto CA, Coimbra CC, Leite VHR, Ferrari TCA. A Novel Wistar Rat Model of Obesity-Related Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Induced by Sucrose-Rich Diet. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:9127076. [PMID: 26788524 PMCID: PMC4691608 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9127076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is not fully understood, and experimental models are an alternative to study this issue. We investigated the effects of a simple carbohydrate-rich diet on the development of obesity-related NAFLD and the impact of physical training on the metabolic abnormalities associated with this disorder. Sixty Wistar rats were randomly separated into experimental and control groups, which were fed with sucrose-enriched (18% simple carbohydrates) and standard diet, respectively. At the end of each experimental period (5, 10, 20, and 30 weeks), 6 animals from each group were sacrificed for blood tests and liver histology and immunohistochemistry. From weeks 25 to 30, 6 animals from each group underwent physical training. The experimental group animals developed obesity and NAFLD, characterized histopathologically by steatosis and hepatocellular ballooning, clinically by increased thoracic circumference and body mass index associated with hyperleptinemia, and metabolically by hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, increased levels of very low-density lipoprotein- (VLDL-) cholesterol, depletion of the antioxidants liver enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase, and increased hepatic levels of malondialdehyde, an oxidative stress marker. Rats that underwent physical training showed increased high-density lipoprotein- (HDL-) cholesterol levels. In conclusion, a sucrose-rich diet induced obesity, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and NAFLD in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luíza R. P. Lima
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Professor Alfredo Balena 190, 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Laura H. R. Leite
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Carolina R. Gioda
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Carreiros, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabíola O. P. Leme
- Departamento de Veterinária Clínica e Cirúrgica, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Claudia A. Couto
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Professor Alfredo Balena 190, 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Cândido C. Coimbra
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Virginia H. R. Leite
- Departamento de Anatomia Patológica e Medicina Legal, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Teresa Cristina A. Ferrari
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Professor Alfredo Balena 190, 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- *Teresa Cristina A. Ferrari:
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112
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Weaver RG, Beets MW, Hutto B, Saunders RP, Moore JB, Turner-McGrievy G, Huberty JL, Ward DS, Pate RR, Beighle A, Freedman D. Making healthy eating and physical activity policy practice: process evaluation of a group randomized controlled intervention in afterschool programs. Health Educ Res 2015; 30:849-65. [PMID: 26590240 PMCID: PMC4836399 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyv052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the link between level of implementation and outcomes from an intervention to increase afterschool programs' (ASPs) achievement of healthy eating and physical activity (HE-PA) Standards. Ten intervention ASPs implemented the Strategies-To-Enhance-Practice (STEPs), a multi-component, adaptive intervention framework identifying factors essential to meeting HE-PA Standards, while 10 control ASPs continued routine practice. All programs, intervention and control, were assigned a STEPs for HE-PA index score based on implementation. Mixed-effects linear regressions showed high implementation ASPs had the greatest percentage of boys and girls achieving 30 min of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (47.3 and 29.3%), followed by low implementation ASPs (41.3 and 25.0%), and control ASPs (34.8 and 18.5%). For healthy eating, high/low implementation programs served fruits and vegetables an equivalent number of days, but more days than control programs (74.0 and 79.1% of days versus 14.2%). A similar pattern emerged for the percent of days sugar-sweetened foods and beverages were served, with high and low implementation programs serving sugar-sweetened foods (8.0 and 8.4% of days versus 52.2%), and beverages (8.7 and 2.9% of days versus 34.7%) equivalently, but less often than control programs. Differences in characteristics and implementation of STEPs for HE-PA between high/low implementers were also identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Justin B Moore
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Office of Practice and Community Engagement, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | | | - Jennifer L Huberty
- School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Dianne S Ward
- Department of Nutrition, Schools of Public Health and Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Aaron Beighle
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA and
| | - Darcy Freedman
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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113
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Joyner MA, Gearhardt AN, White MA. Food craving as a mediator between addictive-like eating and problematic eating outcomes. Eat Behav 2015; 19:98-101. [PMID: 26262570 PMCID: PMC4644434 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing interest and debate about whether an addictive process contributes to problematic eating outcomes, such as obesity. Craving is a core component of addiction, but there has been little research on the relationship between addictive-like eating, craving, and eating-related concerns. In the current study, we examine the effect of both overall food craving and craving for different types of food on the relationship between addictive-like eating symptoms and elevated body mass index (BMI) and binge eating episodes. METHODS In a community sample (n=283), we conducted analyses to examine whether overall craving mediated the association between addictive-like eating and elevated BMI, as well as binge eating frequency. We also ran separate mediational models examining the indirect effect of cravings for sweets, fats, carbohydrates, and fast food fats on these same associations. RESULTS Overall food craving was a significant partial mediator in the relationships between addictive-like eating and both elevated BMI and binge eating episodes. Cravings for sweets and other carbohydrates significantly mediated the relationship between addictive-like eating and binge eating episodes, while cravings for fats significantly mediated the relationship between addictive-like eating and elevated BMI. CONCLUSIONS Craving appears to be an important component in the pathway between addictive-like eating and problematic eating outcomes. The current results highlight the importance of further evaluating the role of an addictive process in problematic eating behaviors and potentially targeting food cravings in intervention approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Joyner
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1043, USA.
| | - Ashley N Gearhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1043, USA
| | - Marney A White
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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114
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Abdesselam I, Pepino P, Troalen T, Macia M, Ancel P, Masi B, Fourny N, Gaborit B, Giannesini B, Kober F, Dutour A, Bernard M. Time course of cardiometabolic alterations in a high fat high sucrose diet mice model and improvement after GLP-1 analog treatment using multimodal cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2015; 17:95. [PMID: 26546347 PMCID: PMC4636800 DOI: 10.1186/s12968-015-0198-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular complications of obesity and diabetes are major health problems. Assessing their development, their link with ectopic fat deposition and their flexibility with therapeutic intervention is essential. The aim of this study was to longitudinally investigate cardiac alterations and ectopic fat accumulation associated with diet-induced obesity using multimodal cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) in mice. The second objective was to monitor cardiac response to exendin-4 (GLP-1 receptor agonist). METHODS Male C57BL6R mice subjected to a high fat (35 %) high sucrose (34 %) (HFHSD) or a standard diet (SD) during 4 months were explored every month with multimodal CMR to determine hepatic and myocardial triglyceride content (HTGC, MTGC) using proton MR spectroscopy, cardiac function with cine cardiac MR (CMR) and myocardial perfusion with arterial spin labeling CMR. Furthermore, mice treated with exendin-4 (30 μg/kg SC BID) after 4 months of diet were explored before and 14 days post-treatment with multimodal CMR. RESULTS HFHSD mice became significantly heavier (+33 %) and displayed glucose homeostasis impairment (1-month) as compared to SD mice, and developed early increase in HTGC (1 month, +59 %) and MTGC (2-month, +63 %). After 3 months, HFHSD mice developed cardiac dysfunction with significantly higher diastolic septum wall thickness (sWtnD) (1.28 ± 0.03 mm vs. 1.12 ± 0.03 mm) and lower cardiac index (0.45 ± 0.06 mL/min/g vs. 0.68 ± 0.07 mL/min/g, p = 0.02) compared to SD mice. A significantly lower cardiac perfusion was also observed (4 months:7.5 ± 0.8 mL/g/min vs. 10.0 ± 0.7 mL/g/min, p = 0.03). Cardiac function at 4 months was negatively correlated to both HTGC and MTGC (p < 0.05). 14-day treatment with Exendin-4 (Ex-4) dramatically reversed all these alterations in comparison with placebo-treated HFHSD. Ex-4 diminished myocardial triglyceride content (-57.8 ± 4.1 %), improved cardiac index (+38.9 ± 10.9 %) and restored myocardial perfusion (+52.8 ± 16.4 %) under isoflurane anesthesia. Interestingly, increased wall thickness and hepatic steatosis reductions were independent of weight loss and glycemia decrease in multivariate analysis (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION CMR longitudinal follow-up of cardiac consequences of obesity and diabetes showed early accumulation of ectopic fat in mice before the occurrence of microvascular and contractile dysfunction. This study also supports a cardioprotective effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inès Abdesselam
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CRMBM, UMR7339, 27, Bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, NORT, Inserm U1062/Inra1260, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - Pauline Pepino
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CRMBM, UMR7339, 27, Bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - Thomas Troalen
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CRMBM, UMR7339, 27, Bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - Michael Macia
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CRMBM, UMR7339, 27, Bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - Patricia Ancel
- Aix-Marseille Université, NORT, Inserm U1062/Inra1260, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - Brice Masi
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CRMBM, UMR7339, 27, Bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - Natacha Fourny
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CRMBM, UMR7339, 27, Bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - Bénédicte Gaborit
- Aix-Marseille Université, NORT, Inserm U1062/Inra1260, 13385, Marseille, France
- Endocrinology, Metabolic diseases and nutrition, CHU Nord, Marseille, France
| | - Benoît Giannesini
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CRMBM, UMR7339, 27, Bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - Frank Kober
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CRMBM, UMR7339, 27, Bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - Anne Dutour
- Aix-Marseille Université, NORT, Inserm U1062/Inra1260, 13385, Marseille, France
- Endocrinology, Metabolic diseases and nutrition, CHU Nord, Marseille, France
| | - Monique Bernard
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CRMBM, UMR7339, 27, Bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, France.
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Pomeranz JL. Implications of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Tax Exemption on Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Taxes. Am J Public Health 2015; 105:2191-3. [PMID: 26378844 PMCID: PMC4605190 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2015.302850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
US state and local governments are debating sugar-sweetened beverage excise taxes to support public health. A related issue is whether such taxes would apply to beverage purchases made by Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) participants. Federal law proscribes states from collecting excise taxes on SNAP purchases, but the law is confined to taxes at the point of sale. I provide legal analysis and recommendations for policymakers to enact taxes that are not subject to the SNAP tax exemption to potentially deter consumption by all consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Pomeranz
- Jennifer L. Pomeranz is with the College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY
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116
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El Ansari W, Suominen S, Berg-Beckhoff G. Is Healthier Nutrition Behaviour Associated with Better Self-Reported Health and Less Health Complaints? Evidence from Turku, Finland. Nutrients 2015; 7:8478-90. [PMID: 26473918 PMCID: PMC4632429 DOI: 10.3390/nu7105409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined nutrition behaviour, self-reported health and 20 health complaints of undergraduates in Finland. Students at the University of Turku in Finland participated in a cross-sectional online survey (N = 1189). For nutrition behaviour, we computed two composite food intake pattern scores (sweets, cakes and snacks; and fruits and vegetables), a dietary guideline adherence index and the subjective importance of healthy eating. Multinomial logistic regression assessed the association of students' nutrition behaviour with three levels of self-reported health, controlling for many potential confounders (age, sex, living with partner, economic situation, moderate physical activity, Faculty and BMI). Factor analysis of the 20 health complaints revealed three components (psychological, pains/aches and circulatory/breathing symptoms). Multiple linear regression tested the association of students' eating habits with the three components of health complaints, controlling for the same confounders. Fruits and raw and cooked vegetable consumption, dietary guideline adherence index and subjective importance of healthy eating were highest among students with excellent/very good self-reported health, exhibiting a decreasing trend for those individuals with poor/fair self-reported health. High levels of psychological symptoms were associated with decreased consumption of fruits and vegetables, less dietary guideline adherence and less subjective importance of healthy eating. Pain/aches symptoms were associated with a higher consumption of sweets, cookies and snacks and a lower adherence to dietary guidelines. More healthy nutrition behaviour was consistently associated with better self-reported health and less health complaints. Of the four nutrition behaviour indicators we employed, the dietary guideline adherence index was the best indicator and exhibited the most consistent associations with self-reported health and health complaints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid El Ansari
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester GL2-9HW, UK.
| | - Sakari Suominen
- Department of Public Health, University of Turku, Turku FIN-20014, Finland.
- Department of Public Health, University of Skövde, Skövde S-54128, Sweden.
- Folkhälsan Research Center, FIN-00251 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Gabriele Berg-Beckhoff
- Unit for Health Promotion Research, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark.
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VanKim NA, Erickson DJ, Laska MN. Food shopping profiles and their association with dietary patterns: a latent class analysis. J Acad Nutr Diet 2015; 115:1109-16. [PMID: 25704262 PMCID: PMC4484312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food shopping is a complex behavior that consists of multiple dimensions. Little research has explored multiple dimensions of food shopping or examined how it relates to dietary intake. OBJECTIVE To identify patterns (or classes) of food shopping across four domains (fresh food purchasing, conscientious food shopping, food shopping locations, and food/beverage purchasing on or near campus) and explore how these patterns relate to dietary intake among college students. DESIGN A cross-sectional online survey was administered. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING Students attending a public 4-year university and a 2-year community college in the Twin Cities (Minnesota) metropolitan area (N=1,201) participated in this study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Fast-food and soda consumption as well as meeting fruit and vegetable, fiber, added sugar, calcium, dairy, and fat recommendations. STATISTICAL ANALYSES Crude and adjusted latent class models and adjusted logistic regression models were fit. RESULTS An eight-class solution was identified: "traditional shopper" (14.9%), "fresh food and supermarket shopper" (14.1%), "convenience shopper" (18.8%), "conscientious convenience shopper" (13.8%), "conscientious, fresh food, convenience shopper" (11.8%), "conscientious fresh food shopper" (6.6%), "conscientious nonshopper" (10.2%), and "nonshopper" (9.8%). "Fresh food and supermarket shoppers" and "conscientious fresh food shoppers" had better dietary intake (for fast food, calcium, dairy, and added sugar), whereas "convenience shoppers" and "conscientious convenience shoppers," and "nonshoppers" had worse dietary intake (for soda, calcium, dairy, fiber, and fat) than "traditional shoppers." CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight unique patterns in food shopping and associated dietary patterns that could inform tailoring of nutrition interventions for college students. Additional research is needed to understand modifiable contextual influences of healthy food shopping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A. VanKim
- Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Institute for Behavior and Community Health, San Diego State University, 9245 Sky Park Ct., Suite 100, San Diego, CA 92123, Phone: 619-594-3470, Fax: 619-594-1462
| | - Darin J. Erickson
- Assistant Professor, Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, 1300 S. Second St., Suite 300, Minneapolis, MN 55454, Phone: 612-626-0516, Fax: 612-624-0315
| | - Melissa N. Laska
- Associate Professor, Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, 1300 S. Second St., Suite 300, Minneapolis, MN 55454, Phone: 612-624-8832, Fax: 612-624-0315
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118
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Raynaud A, Meunier N, Acquistapace A, Bombail V. Chronic variable stress exposure in male Wistar rats affects the first step of olfactory detection. Behav Brain Res 2015; 291:36-45. [PMID: 26003942 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
For most animal species, olfaction plays a paramount role in their perception of the environment. Odours are initially detected in neurons located in the olfactory mucosa. This tissue is regulated by several physiological signals and can be altered in pathology. A number of clinical studies suggest an association between depressive disorders and olfactory sensory loss. In rodents, depressive-like states can be observed in models of chronic stress. We tested the hypothesis that olfactory function might be altered in a rat model of depression, induced by chronic variable stress (CVS). While CVS rats exhibited several symptoms consistent with chronic stress exposure and depressive-like states (increased sucrose intake in sucrose preference test, increased immobility in forced swim test, hyperlocomotion), their odorant responses recorded at the olfactory mucosa level by electro-olfactogram were decreased. In addition we observed increased apoptosis markers in the olfactory mucosa using Western Blot. Our data are consistent with reduced olfactory capacities in a laboratory rat model of chronic stress and depression, in agreement with human clinical data; this warrants further mechanistic studies. Furthermore, this works raises the possibility that altered olfactory function might be a confounding factor in the behavioural testing of chronically stressed or depressed rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Raynaud
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR 1197 NeuroBiologie de l'Olfaction, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Nicolas Meunier
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR 1197 NeuroBiologie de l'Olfaction, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France; Université de Versailles St-Quentin en Yvelines, Versailles, France
| | - Adrien Acquistapace
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR 1197 NeuroBiologie de l'Olfaction, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Vincent Bombail
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR 1197 NeuroBiologie de l'Olfaction, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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119
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New concerns about diet sodas. They're linked to calorie absorption, high blood pressure, and heart trouble. Harv Health Lett 2015; 40:5. [PMID: 26237790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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120
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Remus JL, Stewart LT, Camp RM, Novak CM, Johnson JD. Interaction of metabolic stress with chronic mild stress in altering brain cytokines and sucrose preference. Behav Neurosci 2015; 129:321-30. [PMID: 25914924 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that metabolic stressors increase an organism's risk of depression. Chronic mild stress is a popular animal model of depression and several serendipitous findings have suggested that food deprivation prior to sucrose testing in this model is necessary to observe anhedonic behaviors. Here, we directly tested this hypothesis by exposing animals to chronic mild stress and used an overnight 2-bottle sucrose test (food ad libitum) on Day 5 and 10, then food and water deprive animals overnight and tested their sucrose consumption and preference in a 1-hr sucrose test the following morning. Approximately 65% of stressed animals consumed sucrose and showed a sucrose preference similar to nonstressed controls in an overnight sucrose test, and 35% showed a decrease in sucrose intake and preference. Following overnight food and water deprivation the previously "resilient" animals showed a significant decrease in sucrose preference and greatly reduced sucrose intake. In addition, we evaluated whether the onset of anhedonia following food and water deprivation corresponds to alterations in corticosterone, epinephrine, circulating glucose, or interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) expression in limbic brain areas. Although all stressed animals showed adrenal hypertrophy and elevated circulating epinephrine, only stressed animals that were food deprived were hypoglycemic compared with food-deprived controls. Additionally, food and water deprivation significantly increased hippocampus IL-1β while food and water deprivation only increased hypothalamus IL-1β in stress-susceptible animals. These data demonstrate that metabolic stress of food and water deprivation interacts with chronic stressor exposure to induce physiological and anhedonic responses.
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121
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Löffler A, Luck T, Then FS, Luppa M, Sikorski C, Kovacs P, Tönjes A, Böttcher Y, Breitfeld J, Horstmann A, Löffler M, Engel C, Thiery J, Stumvoll M, Riedel-Heller SG. Age- and gender-specific norms for the German version of the Three-Factor Eating-Questionnaire (TFEQ). Appetite 2015; 91:241-7. [PMID: 25889877 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The 'Fragebogen zum Essverhalten' (FEV) is the German version of the Three-factor-Eating-Questionnaire (TFEQ). This questionnaire covers three domains of eating behaviour ('cognitive restraint', 'disinhibition' and 'hunger') as well as common problems (e.g. craving for sweets). So far, there is a lack of normative data of the FEV especially for the middle-aged and older population. Aim of this study therefore was to provide age- and gender-specific norms of the FEV for the general population aged 40-79 years. We studied 3144 participants of the ongoing large community-based Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases (LIFE) Health Care Study. We provided age- (four age groups: 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, and 70-79 years) and gender-specific percentile ranks and T-scores for the three domains of the FEV as well as age- and gender-specific frequencies of the common problems in eating behaviour. Females scored significantly higher than males in all three domains of the FEV (p < 0.001). Older individuals showed significantly higher mean scores than the younger ones in the domain of cognitive restraint, but lower mean scores in disinhibition and hunger (p < 0.001). 45.1% of the males and 69.9% of the females reported specific problems in eating. The main problem in both genders was craving for sweets (38.6%). Eating in response to stress was mostly reported in younger individuals. The present study offers current normative data for the FEV in the middle-aged and older general population that can be applied in clinical and non-clinical settings. Information on eating behaviour can be helpful in understanding body weight modulation, and thus, may help to improve interventive and preventive programmes for overweight, obesity, and eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Löffler
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 55, Leipzig 04103, Germany; LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Universität Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Straße 27, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
| | - Tobias Luck
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 55, Leipzig 04103, Germany; LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Universität Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Straße 27, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Francisca S Then
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 55, Leipzig 04103, Germany; LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Universität Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Straße 27, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Melanie Luppa
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 55, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Claudia Sikorski
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 55, Leipzig 04103, Germany; Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Peter Kovacs
- Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Anke Tönjes
- Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Yvonne Böttcher
- Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Jana Breitfeld
- Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Annette Horstmann
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1a, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Markus Löffler
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE), University of Leipzig, Härtelstraße 16-18, Leipzig 04107, Germany
| | - Christoph Engel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE), University of Leipzig, Härtelstraße 16-18, Leipzig 04107, Germany
| | - Joachim Thiery
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 27 b, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Steffi G Riedel-Heller
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 55, Leipzig 04103, Germany
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How Sweet It Isn't. Newly Discovered Documents Reveal Sugar Industry's Efforts 60-Plus Years Ago to Influence Federal Policy Regarding Sugar Consumption. Dent Today 2015; 34:56, 58. [PMID: 26473250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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123
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Aveyard P. Attacking scientists who lead work on reducing sugar intake damages the cause. BMJ 2015; 350:h1133. [PMID: 25739589 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.h1133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Aveyard
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
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124
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Evans CEL, Greenwood D, Burley V, Cade J. Merits of collaboration between industry and academia. BMJ 2015; 350:h1138. [PMID: 25739868 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.h1138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte E L Evans
- Nutritional Epidemiology Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Darren Greenwood
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Victoria Burley
- Nutritional Epidemiology Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Janet Cade
- Nutritional Epidemiology Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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125
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Affiliation(s)
- John Savill
- Medical Research Council, London WC2B 4AN, UK
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126
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Araneda J, Bustos P, Cerecera F, Amigo H. [Intake of sugar-sweetened non-alcoholic beverages and body mass index: A national sample of Chilean school children]. Salud Publica Mex 2015; 57:128-134. [PMID: 26235773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the association between the intake of sugar-sweetened non-alcoholic beverages and body mass index (BMI) in Chilean school children. MATERIALS AND METHODS Food consumption frequency data were analyzed for school children aged 6 to 18. The association between consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and BMI was estimated by multivariate lineal regression models. RESULTS Sugar-sweetened beverages are consumed on a daily basis by 92% (95%CI:90-94) of subjects with daily intake medians of 424 mL (p25-p75:212-707). Every extra daily portion of sugar-sweetened beverages consumed by school children aged 6 to 13 is associated with 0.13 BMI z-scores (95%CI:0.04-0.2;p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS School children consume sugar-sweetened beverages daily with intake medians close to 0.5L. There is an association between sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and higher BMI in Chilean school children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Araneda
- Departamento de Nutrición y Salud Pública, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud y de los Alimentos, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Concepción, Chile
| | - Patricia Bustos
- Departamento de Nutrición, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Francisco Cerecera
- Departamento de Nutrición, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Hugo Amigo
- Departamento de Nutrición, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
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127
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Yasoshima Y, Yoshizawa H, Shimura T, Miyamoto T. The basolateral nucleus of the amygdala mediates caloric sugar preference over a non-caloric sweetener in mice. Neuroscience 2015; 291:203-15. [PMID: 25684750 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neurobiological and genetic mechanisms underlying increased intake of and preference for nutritive sugars over non-nutritive sweeteners are not fully understood. We examined the roles of subnuclei of the amygdala in the shift in preference for a nutritive sugar. Food-deprived mice alternately received caloric sucrose (1.0 M) on odd-numbered training days and a non-caloric artificial sweetener (2.5 mM saccharin) on even-numbered training days. During training, mice with sham lesions of the basolateral (BLA) or central (CeA) nucleus of the amygdala increased their intake of 1.0 M sucrose, but not saccharin. Trained mice with sham lesions showed a significant shift in preference toward less concentrated sucrose (0.075 M) over the saccharin in a two-bottle choice test, although the mice showed an equivalent preference for these sweeteners before training. No increased intake of or preference for sucrose before and after the alternating training was observed in non-food-deprived mice. Excitotoxic lesions centered in the BLA impaired the increase in 1.0M sucrose intake and shift in preference toward 0.075 M sucrose over saccharin. Microlesions with iontophoretic excitotoxin injections into the CeA did not block the training-dependent changes. These results suggest that food-deprived animals selectively shift their preference for a caloric sugar over a non-caloric sweetener through the alternate consumption of caloric and non-caloric sweet substances. The present data also suggest that the BLA, but not CeA, plays a role in the selective shift in sweetener preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yasoshima
- Division of Behavioral Physiology, Department of Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, 1-2 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan.
| | - H Yoshizawa
- Division of Material and Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8681, Japan.
| | - T Shimura
- Division of Behavioral Physiology, Department of Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, 1-2 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan.
| | - T Miyamoto
- Division of Material and Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8681, Japan; Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8681, Japan.
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Card MM, Abela JF. Just a Spoonful of Sugar Will Land You Six Feet Underground: Should the Food and Drug Administration Revoke Added Sugar's GRAS Status? Food Drug Law J 2015; 70:395-i. [PMID: 26630822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This article assesses whether added sugar meets FDA's standard to be generally recognized as safe ("GRAS"). If added sugar is not GRAS, then manufacturers are subject to premarket approval prior to using added sugar in their products. This article advocates that FDA should issue a Federal Register notice determining that added sugar is not GRAS, allowing FDA to regulate the amount of added sugar used in processed foods, decreasing the health adversities that stem from added sugar consumption.
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Abstract
This manuscript summarizes the proceedings of the symposium entitled, "Stress, Palatable Food and Reward", that was chaired by Drs. Linda Rinaman and Yvonne Ulrich-Lai at the 2014 Neurobiology of Stress Workshop held in Cincinnati, OH. This symposium comprised research presentations by four neuroscientists whose work focuses on the biological bases for complex interactions among stress, food intake and emotion. First, Dr Ulrich-Lai describes her rodent research exploring mechanisms by which the rewarding properties of sweet palatable foods confer stress relief. Second, Dr Stephanie Fulton discusses her work in which excessive, long-term intake of dietary lipids, as well as their subsequent withdrawal, promotes stress-related outcomes in mice. Third, Dr Mark Wilson describes his group's research examining the effects of social hierarchy-related stress on food intake and diet choice in group-housed female rhesus macaques, and compared the data from monkeys to results obtained in analogous work using rodents. Finally, Dr Gorica Petrovich discusses her research program that is aimed at defining cortical-amygdalar-hypothalamic circuitry responsible for curbing food intake during emotional threat (i.e. fear anticipation) in rats. Their collective results reveal the complexity of physiological and behavioral interactions that link stress, food intake and emotional state, and suggest new avenues of research to probe the impact of genetic, metabolic, social, experiential and environmental factors on these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne M. Ulrich-Lai
- Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219
| | - Stephanie Fulton
- CRCHUM, Dept. of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada, H1W 4A4
| | - Mark Wilson
- Division of Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience, Emory, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | | | - Linda Rinaman
- Dept. of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
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McDonough SP. Sweet Knowledge: How Declaring Added Sugars Will Help Consumers Make Informed Food Choices. Food Drug Law J 2015; 70:553-ii. [PMID: 26827391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper argues that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has the authority to require a declaration of "added sugars" on the nutrition label. FDA has relied on scientific evidence from well-respected sources that concluded that "added sugars" pose a public health concern for Americans; its rule is not arbitrary or capricious. At the same time, there are certain limits on the effectiveness of the "added sugars" rule, especially consumer comprehension. Therefore, FDA should consider more effective front-of-package labeling to clearly communicate the public health risks of "added sugars".
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Thrailkill EA, Epstein LH, Bouton ME. Effects of inter-food interval on the variety effect in an instrumental food-seeking task. Clarifying the role of habituation. Appetite 2014; 84:43-53. [PMID: 25261732 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Food variety increases consumption and the rate of instrumental behavior that is reinforced by food in humans and animals. The present experiment investigated the relationship between the variety effect and habituation to food by testing the role of the interval between successive food presentations on responding in an operant food-seeking task. Habituation to food was expected at short, but not long, interfood intervals. The effects of variety on food's long-term reinforcing value were also tested. Four groups of rats were trained to lever-press on different random-interval (RI) schedules of reinforcement to earn 45-mg food pellets. Half the rats in each group received an unpredictable mix of grain and sucrose pellets, while the other half consistently received sucrose pellets. Response rate began at a high rate and then decreased within each 30-min session for groups that received short inter-pellet intervals (i.e., RI-3 s and RI-6 s reinforcement schedules) but not in groups that received longer inter-pellet intervals (i.e., RI-12 s and RI-24 s). A variety effect in the form of higher responding in the mix group than the sucrose-only group was also only evident at the shorter intervals. Habituation and variety effects were also most evident with the short intervals when we controlled for the number of reinforcers earned, suggesting that they were not merely due to rapid satiation. The variety effect also appeared quickly when groups trained with longer inter-pellet intervals (RI-12 s and RI-24 s) were transitioned to shorter intervals (RI-3 s and RI-6 s). There was no effect of variety on resistance to extinction or on resistance to the response-suppressing effects of pre-session feeding. The results more clearly link this version of the variety effect to the short-term effect of variety on food habituation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Thrailkill
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, 2 Colchester Ave., Burlington, VT 05405-0134, USA.
| | - Leonard H Epstein
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Farber Hall, Room G56, 3435 Main Street, Building #26, Buffalo, New York 14214-3000, USA
| | - Mark E Bouton
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, 2 Colchester Ave., Burlington, VT 05405-0134, USA
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Althuis MD, Weed DL, Frankenfeld CL. Evidence-based mapping of design heterogeneity prior to meta-analysis: a systematic review and evidence synthesis. Syst Rev 2014; 3:80. [PMID: 25055879 PMCID: PMC4128504 DOI: 10.1186/2046-4053-3-80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessment of design heterogeneity conducted prior to meta-analysis is infrequently reported; it is often presented post hoc to explain statistical heterogeneity. However, design heterogeneity determines the mix of included studies and how they are analyzed in a meta-analysis, which in turn can importantly influence the results. The goal of this work is to introduce ways to improve the assessment and reporting of design heterogeneity prior to statistical summarization of epidemiologic studies. METHODS In this paper, we use an assessment of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) as an example to show how a technique called 'evidence mapping' can be used to organize studies and evaluate design heterogeneity prior to meta-analysis.. Employing a systematic and reproducible approach, we evaluated the following elements across 11 selected cohort studies: variation in definitions of SSB, T2D, and co-variables, design features and population characteristics associated with specific definitions of SSB, and diversity in modeling strategies. RESULTS Evidence mapping strategies effectively organized complex data and clearly depicted design heterogeneity. For example, across 11 studies of SSB and T2D, 7 measured diet only once (with 7 to 16 years of disease follow-up), 5 included primarily low SSB consumers, and 3 defined the study variable (SSB) as consumption of either sugar or artificially-sweetened beverages. This exercise also identified diversity in analysis strategies, such as adjustment for 11 to 17 co-variables and a large degree of fluctuation in SSB-T2D risk estimates depending on variables selected for multivariable models (2 to 95% change in the risk estimate from the age-adjusted model). CONCLUSIONS Meta-analysis seeks to understand heterogeneity in addition to computing a summary risk estimate. This strategy effectively documents design heterogeneity, thus improving the practice of meta-analysis by aiding in: 1) protocol and analysis planning, 2) transparent reporting of differences in study designs, and 3) interpretation of pooled estimates. We recommend expanding the practice of meta-analysis reporting to include a table that summarizes design heterogeneity. This would provide readers with more evidence to interpret the summary risk estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Douglas L Weed
- DLW Consulting Services, LLC, Salt Lake City, UT 84103, USA
| | - Cara L Frankenfeld
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, MS 5B7, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
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133
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison C Sylvetsky
- From the Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences (A.C.S.) and the Sumner M. Redstone Global Center for Prevention and Wellness (W.H.D.), Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC
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134
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Burisch J, Pedersen N, Cukovic-Cavka S, Turk N, Kaimakliotis I, Duricova D, Bortlik M, Shonová O, Vind I, Avnstrøm S, Thorsgaard N, Krabbe S, Andersen V, Dahlerup JF, Kjeldsen J, Salupere R, Olsen J, Nielsen KR, Manninen P, Collin P, Katsanos KH, Tsianos EV, Ladefoged K, Lakatos L, Ragnarsson G, Björnsson E, Bailey Y, O'Morain C, Schwartz D, Odes S, Giannotta M, Girardin G, Kiudelis G, Kupcinskas L, Turcan S, Barros L, Magro F, Lazar D, Goldis A, Nikulina I, Belousova E, Martinez-Ares D, Hernandez V, Almer S, Zhulina Y, Halfvarson J, Arebi N, Tsai HH, Sebastian S, Lakatos PL, Langholz E, Munkholm P. Environmental factors in a population-based inception cohort of inflammatory bowel disease patients in Europe--an ECCO-EpiCom study. J Crohns Colitis 2014; 8:607-16. [PMID: 24315795 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2013.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is increasing in Eastern Europe possibly due to changes in environmental factors towards a more "westernised" standard of living. The aim of this study was to investigate differences in exposure to environmental factors prior to diagnosis in Eastern and Western European IBD patients. METHODS The EpiCom cohort is a population-based, prospective inception cohort of 1560 unselected IBD patients from 31 European countries covering a background population of 10.1 million. At the time of diagnosis patients were asked to complete an 87-item questionnaire concerning environmental factors. RESULTS A total of 1182 patients (76%) answered the questionnaire, 444 (38%) had Crohn's disease (CD), 627 (53%) ulcerative colitis (UC), and 111 (9%) IBD unclassified. No geographic differences regarding smoking status, caffeine intake, use of oral contraceptives, or number of first-degree relatives with IBD were found. Sugar intake was higher in CD and UC patients from Eastern Europe than in Western Europe while fibre intake was lower (p<0.01). Daily consumption of fast food as well as appendectomy before the age of 20 was more frequent in Eastern European than in Western European UC patients (p<0.01). Eastern European CD and UC patients had received more vaccinations and experienced fewer childhood infections than Western European patients (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS In this European population-based inception cohort of unselected IBD patients, Eastern and Western European patients differed in environmental factors prior to diagnosis. Eastern European patients exhibited higher occurrences of suspected risk factors for IBD included in the Western lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Burisch
- Digestive Disease Centre, Medical Section, Herlev University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - N Pedersen
- Digestive Disease Centre, Medical Section, Herlev University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Cukovic-Cavka
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - N Turk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - D Duricova
- IBD Center ISCARE, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Bortlik
- IBD Center ISCARE, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - O Shonová
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - I Vind
- Department of Medicine, Amager Hospital, Amager, Denmark
| | - S Avnstrøm
- Department of Medicine, Amager Hospital, Amager, Denmark
| | - N Thorsgaard
- Department of Medicine, Herning Central Hospital, Herning, Denmark
| | - S Krabbe
- Medical Department, Viborg Regional Hospital, Viborg, Denmark
| | - V Andersen
- Medical Department, Viborg Regional Hospital, Viborg, Denmark; Organ Centre, Hospital of Southern Jutland, Aabenraa, Denmark; Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - J F Dahlerup
- Department of Medicine V (Hepatology and Gastroenterology), Aarhus University Hospital, Arhus, Denmark
| | - J Kjeldsen
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - R Salupere
- Division of Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - J Olsen
- Medical Department, The National Hospital of the Faroe Islands, Torshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - K R Nielsen
- Medical Department, The National Hospital of the Faroe Islands, Torshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - P Manninen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Alimentary Tract Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - P Collin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Alimentary Tract Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - K H Katsanos
- 1st Division of Internal Medicine and Hepato-Gastroenterology Unit, University Hospital, Ioannina, Greece
| | - E V Tsianos
- 1st Division of Internal Medicine and Hepato-Gastroenterology Unit, University Hospital, Ioannina, Greece
| | - K Ladefoged
- Medical Department, Dronning Ingrids Hospital, Nuuk, Greenland
| | - L Lakatos
- 1st Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - G Ragnarsson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - E Björnsson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Y Bailey
- Department of Gastroenterology, Adelaide and Meath Hospital, TCD, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C O'Morain
- Department of Gastroenterology, Adelaide and Meath Hospital, TCD, Dublin, Ireland
| | - D Schwartz
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Soroka Medical Center and Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - S Odes
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Soroka Medical Center and Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - M Giannotta
- Gastroenterology Unit, Careggi Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - G Girardin
- U.O. Gastroenterologia, Azienda Ospedaliera - Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - G Kiudelis
- Institute for Digestive Research, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - L Kupcinskas
- Institute for Digestive Research, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - S Turcan
- Department of Gastroenterology, State University of Medicine and Pharmacy of the Republic of Moldova, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - L Barros
- Hospital de Vale de Sousa, Porto, Portugal
| | - F Magro
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal; Institute of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Oporto Medical School, Porto, Portugal; Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - D Lazar
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, University of Medicine 'Victor Babes', Timisoara, Romania
| | - A Goldis
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, University of Medicine 'Victor Babes', Timisoara, Romania
| | - I Nikulina
- Department of Gastroenterology, Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - E Belousova
- Department of Gastroenterology, Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - D Martinez-Ares
- Gastroenterology Department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - V Hernandez
- Gastroenterology Department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - S Almer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Gastroenterology/UHL, County Council of Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Y Zhulina
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden
| | - J Halfvarson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden; School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - N Arebi
- St. Mark's Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - H H Tsai
- Hull and East Yorkshire NHS Trust, Hull and York Medical School, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, UK
| | - S Sebastian
- Hull and East Yorkshire NHS Trust, Hull and York Medical School, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, UK
| | - P L Lakatos
- 1st Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - E Langholz
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - P Munkholm
- Digestive Disease Centre, Medical Section, Herlev University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Xu Z, Liu S, Lu X, Rao S, Kang Z, Li J, Wang M, Chen J. Thermal inactivation of a recombinant lipoxygenase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa BBE in the absence and presence of additives. J Sci Food Agric 2014; 94:1753-1757. [PMID: 24272925 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial lipoxygenase (EC 1.13.11.12, LOX) is an important enzyme used as a brightener and strengthening agent during breadmaking. In this study, thermal inactivation of a recombinant LOX of Pseudomonas aeruginosa BBE was characterized by kinetic and thermodynamic analysis in the absence and presence of additives. RESULTS As the heating temperature increased from 25 to 55 °C, the thermal inactivation rate (k) values for LOX without the additives ranged from 0.0407 to 0.2627 min(-1), while the half-life (t1/2) values were between 17.08 and 3.25 min. The activation energy (ΔE) values were increased with rise in heating temperatures from 13.26 to 108.9 kJ mol(-1) . Separate tests at 45 °C in the presence of additives (polyols, sugars and ions) at specific concentrations showed that xylitol (1 mol L(-1)) was the most effective stabilizer for recombinant LOX and increased the t1/2 value by 297%. CONCLUSION Recombinant LOX was sensitive to heat treatment, and addition of polyols, sugars and ions could enhance its thermal stability. Our findings may provide useful information for stabilizing emerging bacterial LOXs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, China
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Gatou T, Mamai-Homata E, Polychronopoulou A, Koletsi-Kounari H. The extent of food advertising to children on Greek television: focus on foods potentially detrimental to oral health. Community Dent Health 2014; 31:68-74. [PMID: 25055602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the extent and nature of food advertising to children on Greek television, focusing on the adverts for foods with potential harmful effects on oral health, and to examine the persuasive marketing techniques used to promote food products. METHODS Advertisements broadcast on six TV-channels during children's peak viewing times on two weekdays and two weekend days in the period May-June 2010 were recorded (166.7 hours). Each advertisement was coded according to: date, day, length, type of program in which the ad appeared, type of product advertised and promotional technique used. Food advertisements were subdivided according to their sugar and/or acid content as potentially harmful or non-harmful to teeth. RESULTS Food advertisements had an average frequency of 8.0 per hour during children's peak viewing times with highest frequency (11.4 per hour) on weekends during child-focused programs. Of all advertisements, 1330 (26.7%) were for foods, and 595 (44.7%) of these deemed to be potentially harmful to teeth. The most commonly advertised food product during children's programs was confectionery, 80 (27.7%). Of food advertisements, 199 (15.0%) used at least one of the promotional techniques likely to appeal to children. Advertisements for foods potentially harmful for teeth were more likely to be shown during child-focused programs (OR 2.92, 95% CI 2.04-4.16) and to promise a free gift with purchase (OR 35.43, 95% CI 10.83-115.88). CONCLUSION Children in Greece are exposed to a large volume of advertisements for unhealthy foods and drinks, which intensively use persuasive techniques proved to affect children's food preferences and consumption. Our study provides evidence that could support advocacy and interventions for the regulation of food advertising.
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137
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Carbonation influences sweet taste perception. Mayo Clin Health Lett 2014; 32:4. [PMID: 25029745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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Kass N, Hecht K, Paul A, Birnbach K. Ethics and obesity prevention: ethical considerations in 3 approaches to reducing consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages. Am J Public Health 2014; 104:787-95. [PMID: 24625154 PMCID: PMC3987604 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2013.301708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and overweight prevalence soared to unprecedented levels in the United States, with 1 in 3 adults and 1 in 6 children currently categorized as obese. Although many approaches have been taken to encourage individual behavior change, policies increasingly attempt to modify environments to have a more positive influence on individuals' food and drink choices. Several policy proposals target sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), consumption of which has become the largest contributor to Americans' caloric intake. Yet proposals have been criticized for unduly inhibiting choice, being overly paternalistic, and stigmatizing low-income populations. We explored the ethical acceptability of 3 approaches to reduce SSB consumption: restricting sale of SSBs in public schools, levying significant taxes on SSBs, and prohibiting the use of Supplemental Nutrition and Assistance Program (formerly food stamps) benefits for SSB purchases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Kass
- Nancy Kass is with the Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics and the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. At the time of the study, Kenneth Hecht was with California Food Policy Advocates, Oakland, CA. Amy Paul is with the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics. Kerry Birnbach is with California Food Policy Advocates, Oakland, CA
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Larson N, DeWolfe J, Story M, Neumark-Sztainer D. Adolescent consumption of sports and energy drinks: linkages to higher physical activity, unhealthy beverage patterns, cigarette smoking, and screen media use. J Nutr Educ Behav 2014; 46:181-187. [PMID: 24809865 PMCID: PMC4023868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine patterns of adolescent sports and energy drink (SED) consumption and identify behavioral correlates. DESIGN Data were drawn from Eating and Activity in Teens, a population-based study. SETTING Adolescents from 20 middle and high schools in Minneapolis/St Paul, MN completed classroom-administered surveys. PARTICIPANTS A total of 2,793 adolescents (53.2% girls) in grades 6-12. VARIABLES MEASURED Beverage patterns; breakfast frequency; moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA); media use; sleep; and cigarette smoking. ANALYSIS Linear and logistic regression models were used to estimate associations between health behaviors and SED consumption, adjusting for demographics. RESULTS Over a third of adolescents consumed sports drinks and 14.7% consumed energy drinks at least once a week. Among boys and girls, both sports and energy drink consumption were related to higher video game use; sugar-sweetened beverage and fruit juice intake; and smoking (P < .05). Sports drink consumption was also significantly related to higher MVPA and organized sport participation for both genders (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Although sports drink consumption was associated with higher MVPA, adolescents should be reminded of recommendations to consume these beverages only after vigorous, prolonged activity. There is also a need for future interventions designed to reduce SED consumption, to address the clustering of unhealthy behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Larson
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
| | - Jessica DeWolfe
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Mary Story
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Global Health and Community and Family Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Dianne Neumark-Sztainer
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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Davis JN, Koleilat M, Shearrer GE, Whaley SE. Association of infant feeding and dietary intake on obesity prevalence in low-income toddlers. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:1103-11. [PMID: 24123802 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This cross-sectional study assesses the independent and combined effects of breastfeeding (BF) and dietary intake, specifically sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB), on obesity prevalence in low-income, primarily Hispanic toddlers. METHODS The following data were collected in 2011 via phone surveys with caregivers of 2295 low-income children (2-4 years) from Los Angeles County Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) programs: infant feeding, dietary intake, gestational diabetes status, birth weight, gestational age, and mother's BMI. WIC staff measured children's height and weight. Chi-square tests and binary logistic regressions assessed the independent and combined effects of BF and dietary intake on obesity prevalence. RESULTS Compared to no BF, BF ≥ 12 mos was associated with a 47% reduction in obesity prevalence (AOR = 0.53, 95% CI 0.4-0.8, P = 0.004). Compared to 2 + SSB/d, no SSB/d intake was associated with a 28% reduction in obesity prevalence (AOR = 0.72, 95% CI 0.5-1.0, P = 0.03). High intake of soda, diet soda, and fruit drinks were linked to increases in obesity prevalence. There was no effect of 100% juice, milk (plain or flavored) fruit, vegetable, fast food, or sweetened grain intake on obesity prevalence. CONCLUSIONS These findings support encouragement of BF ≥ 12 mos and no SSB intake to prevent obesity in low-income, primarily Hispanic, toddlers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaimie N Davis
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Texas, Austin Texas, USA
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Thornley S, Sundborn G. The story of FiZZ: an advocacy group to end the sale of sugar sweetened beverages in New Zealand. Pac Health Dialog 2014; 20:95-97. [PMID: 25929004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
FIZZ (which stands for fighting sugar in soft-drinks) is a new advocacy group started to reduce population consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks in New Zealand. The vision of FIZZ is for New Zealand to be sugary drink free by 2025. This means that sugar sweetened beverages will comprise < or = 5% of the total beverage market, and sugar free drinks will be the norm. In this paper, we outline the story of FIZZ: to reiterate why we believe the group is needed, reflect on what the group has achieved to date, consider what it aims to accomplish, and outline what methods it will seek to achieve these aims. Put simply, we believe that the epidemiological evidence that sugar intake, particularly in liquid form, causes poor physical and mental health is overwhelming. Swapping sugar sweetened drinks for sugar free alternatives, water or milk, is, in our view, an urgently needed and important step which is likely to reduce the epidemic of unhealthy weight (obesity) and its sequelae. The nutrition environment in New Zealand is now out of step with scientific evidence, with virtually unrestricted access to, and sales and marketing of, sugary drinks to both children and adults. FIZZ is seeking the implementation of local and nationwide policy, similar to those implemented for tobacco, to limit advertising, restrict marketing, raise purchase prices and ultimately curb the sales of sugary drinks in New Zealand. FIZZ is also working in communities to raise people's awareness of the harms sugary drinks pose to health. We at FIZZ also acknowledge that the beverage industry may play an important role in accomplishing this vision, and have established that there is common ground upon which FIZZ and industry can engage to reduce the sugary drink intake.
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143
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Torjesen I. UK campaign calls for 20-30% cut in sugar content of foods. BMJ 2014; 348:g154. [PMID: 24412839 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.g154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Wise J. Conflicts of interest may bias research into sugary drinks and obesity. BMJ 2014; 348:f7654. [PMID: 24385551 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.f7654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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145
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Morakinyo AO, Adekunbi DA, Dada KA, Adegoke OA. Coffee consumption attenuates insulin resistance and glucose intolerance in rats fed on high-sucrose diet. Niger J Physiol Sci 2013; 28:179-185. [PMID: 24937394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Several epidemiological evidences indicate that consumption of coffee is associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) however; there is dearth of experimental data to support these observations. Given that associations do not necessarily infer causality, the present study was designed to investigate the effect of coffee consumption on glucose regulation, T2DM and the probable mechanisms of action, using an animal model. The effect of coffee (2-fold dilution) by oral gavage on normal and high sucrose-solution (HSS) fed (30 % w/v) rats was evaluated. The results showed that consumption of coffee significantly increase glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity (p<0.05) along with significant improvement in SOD and GSH activities. In addition, lipid indices such as TG and LDL as well as the lipid peroxidation marker (MDA) were markedly reduced (p<0.05) in rats fed with coffee compared with that of the HSS fed rats. These findings suggest that coffee consumption improves insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance in HSS-fed rat possibly via inhibition of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Morakinyo
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine of the University of Lagos, Lagos.
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Cordero P, Milagro FI, Campion J, Martinez JA. Maternal methyl donors supplementation during lactation prevents the hyperhomocysteinemia induced by a high-fat-sucrose intake by dams. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:24422-37. [PMID: 24351826 PMCID: PMC3876120 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141224422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal perinatal nutrition may program offspring metabolic features. Epigenetic regulation is one of the candidate mechanisms that may be affected by maternal dietary methyl donors intake as potential controllers of plasma homocysteine levels. Thirty-two Wistar pregnant rats were randomly assigned into four dietary groups during lactation: control, control supplemented with methyl donors, high-fat-sucrose and high-fat-sucrose supplemented with methyl donors. Physiological outcomes in the offspring were measured, including hepatic mRNA expression and global DNA methylation after weaning. The newborns whose mothers were fed the obesogenic diet were heavier longer and with a higher adiposity and intrahepatic fat content. Interestingly, increased levels of plasma homocysteine induced by the maternal high-fat-sucrose dietary intake were prevented in both sexes by maternal methyl donors supplementation. Total hepatic DNA methylation decreased in females due to maternal methyl donors administration, while Dnmt3a hepatic mRNA levels decreased accompanying the high-fat-sucrose consumption. Furthermore, a negative association between Dnmt3a liver mRNA levels and plasma homocysteine concentrations was found. Maternal high-fat-sucrose diet during lactation could program offspring obesity features, while methyl donors supplementation prevented the onset of high hyperhomocysteinemia. Maternal dietary intake also affected hepatic DNA methylation metabolism, which could be linked with the regulation of the methionine-homocysteine cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Cordero
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; E-Mails: (P.C.); (F.I.M.); (J.C.)
| | - Fermin I. Milagro
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; E-Mails: (P.C.); (F.I.M.); (J.C.)
- CIBERobn, Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Centre of Biomedical Research Network, 29029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Campion
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; E-Mails: (P.C.); (F.I.M.); (J.C.)
- CIBERobn, Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Centre of Biomedical Research Network, 29029 Madrid, Spain
| | - J. Alfredo Martinez
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; E-Mails: (P.C.); (F.I.M.); (J.C.)
- CIBERobn, Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Centre of Biomedical Research Network, 29029 Madrid, Spain
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +34-948-425-600 (ext. 806424); Fax: +34-948-425-649
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147
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Neithercott T. The art of indulging. Diabetes Forecast 2013; 66:80-83. [PMID: 24303542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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148
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Goodson JM, Tavares M, Wang X, Niederman R, Cugini M, Hasturk H, Barake R, Alsmadi O, Al-Mutawa S, Ariga J, Soparkar P, Behbehani J, Behbehani K. Obesity and dental decay: inference on the role of dietary sugar. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74461. [PMID: 24130667 PMCID: PMC3795155 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relationship of children's obesity and dental decay. METHODS We measured parameters related to obesity and dental decay in 8,275 4(th) and 5(th) grade Kuwaiti children (average age = 11.36 years) in a cross-sectional study. First to determine body weight, height, age for computation of BMI . Second, to determine numbers of teeth, numbers of fillings and numbers of untreated decayed teeth to determine extent and severity of dental disease. From these measurements, we computed measures of dental decay in children from four body weight categories; obese, overweight, normal healthy weight and underweight children. RESULTS The percentage of children with decayed or filled teeth varied inversely with the body weight category. The percentage of decayed or filled teeth decreased from 15.61% (n=193) in underweight children, to 13.03% (n=4,094) in normal healthy weight children, to 9.73% (n=1,786) in overweight children to 7.87% (n=2,202) in obese children. Differences between all groups were statistically significant. Male children in this population had more dental decay than female children but the reduction of tooth decay as a function of BMI was greater in male children. CONCLUSIONS The finding of an inverse obesity-dental decay relationship contradicts the obesity-sugar and the obesity-dental decay relationship hypotheses. Sugar is well recognized as necessary and sufficient for dental decay. Sugar is also hypothesized to be a leading co-factor in obesity. If the later hypothesis is true, one would expect dental decay to increase with obesity. This was not found. The reasons for this inverse relationship are not currently clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Max Goodson
- Applied Oral Sciences, the Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Abstract
In response to concerns about childhood obesity, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) released two reports documenting food and beverage marketing expenditures to children and adolescents. The recently released 2012 report found an inflation-adjusted 19.5% reduction in marketing expenditures targeted to youth from $2.1 billion in 2006 to $1.8 billion in 2009. The current article highlights features of the FTC's analysis, examines how expenditures relate to youth exposure to food marketing, and assesses changes in the nutritional content of marketed products. Of the $304.0 million decline in expenditures, $117.8 million (38.7%) was from a decline in premium (i.e., restaurant children's meal toys) expenditures rather than direct marketing. Although inflation-adjusted TV expenditures fell by 19.4%, children and teens still see 12-16 TV advertisements (ads)/day for products generally high in saturated fat, sugar, or sodium. In addition, newer digital forms of unhealthy food and beverage marketing to youths are increasing; the FTC reported an inflation-adjusted 50.7% increase in new media marketing expenditures. The self-regulatory Children's Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative (CFBAI) is limited in scope and effectiveness: expenditures increased for many noncovered marketing techniques (i.e., product placement, movie/video, cross-promotion licenses, athletic sponsorship, celebrity fees, events, philanthropy, and other); only two restaurants are members of CFBAI, and nonpremium restaurant marketing expenditures were up by $86.0 million (22.5% inflation-adjusted increase); industry pledges do not protect children aged >11 years, and some marketing appears to have shifted to older children; and, nutritional content remains poor. Continued monitoring of and improvements to food marketing to youth are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Powell
- Health Policy and Administration (Powell), School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
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150
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Fiori JL, Shin YK, Kim W, Krzysik-Walker SM, González-Mariscal I, Carlson OD, Sanghvi M, Moaddel R, Farhang K, Gadkaree SK, Doyle ME, Pearson KJ, Mattison JA, de Cabo R, Egan JM. Resveratrol prevents β-cell dedifferentiation in nonhuman primates given a high-fat/high-sugar diet. Diabetes 2013; 62:3500-13. [PMID: 23884882 PMCID: PMC3781448 DOI: 10.2337/db13-0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Eating a "Westernized" diet high in fat and sugar leads to weight gain and numerous health problems, including the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Rodent studies have shown that resveratrol supplementation reduces blood glucose levels, preserves β-cells in islets of Langerhans, and improves insulin action. Although rodent models are helpful for understanding β-cell biology and certain aspects of T2DM pathology, they fail to reproduce the complexity of the human disease as well as that of nonhuman primates. Rhesus monkeys were fed a standard diet (SD), or a high-fat/high-sugar diet in combination with either placebo (HFS) or resveratrol (HFS+Resv) for 24 months, and pancreata were examined before overt dysglycemia occurred. Increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and insulin resistance occurred in both HFS and HFS+Resv diets compared with SD. Although islet size was unaffected, there was a significant decrease in β-cells and an increase in α-cells containing glucagon and glucagon-like peptide 1 with HFS diets. Islets from HFS+Resv monkeys were morphologically similar to SD. HFS diets also resulted in decreased expression of essential β-cell transcription factors forkhead box O1 (FOXO1), NKX6-1, NKX2-2, and PDX1, which did not occur with resveratrol supplementation. Similar changes were observed in human islets where the effects of resveratrol were mediated through Sirtuin 1. These findings have implications for the management of humans with insulin resistance, prediabetes, and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Fiori
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yu-Kyong Shin
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
- Biochemistry Department, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Wook Kim
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Susan M. Krzysik-Walker
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Isabel González-Mariscal
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Olga D. Carlson
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mitesh Sanghvi
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ruin Moaddel
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kathleen Farhang
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Shekhar K. Gadkaree
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Maire E. Doyle
- Division of Endocrinology, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kevin J. Pearson
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Julie A. Mattison
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Josephine M. Egan
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
- Corresponding author: Josephine M. Egan,
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