201
|
Shin J, Jung J. Comparative population genetics of the invasive mosquito Aedes albopictus and the native mosquito Aedes flavopictus in the Korean peninsula. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:377. [PMID: 34315478 PMCID: PMC8314453 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04873-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes mosquitoes are important invasive species contributing to the spread of chikungunya, dengue fever, yellow fever, zika virus, and other dangerous vector-borne diseases. Aedes albopictus is native to southeast Asia, with rapid expansion due to human activity, showing a wide distribution in the Korean peninsula. Aedes flavopictus is considered to be native to East Asia, with a broad distribution in the region, including the Korean peninsula. A better understanding of the genetic diversity of these species is critical for establishing strategies for disease prevention and vector control. METHODS We obtained DNA from 148 specimens of Ae. albopictus and 166 specimens of Ae. flavopictus in Korea, and amplified two mitochondrial genes (COI and ND5) to compare the genetic diversity and structure of the two species. RESULTS We obtained a 658-bp sequence of COI and a 423-bp sequence of ND5 from both mosquito species. We found low diversity and a nonsignificant population genetic structure in Ae. albopictus, and high diversity and a nonsignificant structure in Ae. flavopictus for these two mitochondrial genes. Aedes albopictus had fewer haplotypes with respect to the number of individuals, and a slight mismatch distribution was confirmed. By contrast, Ae. flavopictus had a large number of haplotypes compared with the number of individuals, and a large unimodal-type mismatch distribution was confirmed. Although the genetic structure of both species was nonsignificant, Ae. flavopictus exhibited higher genetic diversity than Ae. albopictus. CONCLUSIONS Aedes albopictus appears to be an introduced species, whereas Ae. flavopictus is endemic to the Korean peninsula, and the difference in genetic diversity between the two species is related to their adaptability and introduction history. Further studies on the genetic structure and diversity of these mosquitos will provide useful data for vector control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeong Shin
- The Division of EcoCreative, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760 South Korea
| | - Jongwoo Jung
- The Division of EcoCreative, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760 South Korea
- Department of Science Education, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760 South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
202
|
Bhattacharya T, Rice DW, Crawford JM, Hardy RW, Newton ILG. Evidence of Adaptive Evolution in Wolbachia-Regulated Gene DNMT2 and Its Role in the Dipteran Immune Response and Pathogen Blocking. Viruses 2021; 13:1464. [PMID: 34452330 PMCID: PMC8402854 DOI: 10.3390/v13081464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic nucleic acid methyltransferase (MTase) proteins are essential mediators of epigenetic and epitranscriptomic regulation. DNMT2 belongs to a large, conserved family of DNA MTases found in many organisms, including holometabolous insects such as fruit flies and mosquitoes, where it is the lone MTase. Interestingly, despite its nomenclature, DNMT2 is not a DNA MTase, but instead targets and methylates RNA species. A growing body of literature suggests that DNMT2 mediates the host immune response against a wide range of pathogens, including RNA viruses. Curiously, although DNMT2 is antiviral in Drosophila, its expression promotes virus replication in mosquito species. We, therefore, sought to understand the divergent regulation, function, and evolution of these orthologs. We describe the role of the Drosophila-specific host protein IPOD in regulating the expression and function of fruit fly DNMT2. Heterologous expression of these orthologs suggests that DNMT2's role as an antiviral is host-dependent, indicating a requirement for additional host-specific factors. Finally, we identify and describe potential evidence of positive selection at different times throughout DNMT2 evolution within dipteran insects. We identify specific codons within each ortholog that are under positive selection and find that they are restricted to four distinct protein domains, which likely influence substrate binding, target recognition, and adaptation of unique intermolecular interactions. Collectively, our findings highlight the evolution of DNMT2 in Dipteran insects and point to structural, regulatory, and functional differences between mosquito and fruit fly homologs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamanash Bhattacharya
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (T.B.); (D.W.R.); (J.M.C.)
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Danny W. Rice
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (T.B.); (D.W.R.); (J.M.C.)
| | - John M. Crawford
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (T.B.); (D.W.R.); (J.M.C.)
| | - Richard W. Hardy
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (T.B.); (D.W.R.); (J.M.C.)
| | - Irene L. G. Newton
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (T.B.); (D.W.R.); (J.M.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
203
|
Abstract
The ability to express a gene in all neurons is a crucial tool for studying the nervous system. Zhao et al., 2021 unlock genetic access to all neurons in mosquitoes by generating the first pan-neuronal transgenes in this non-model insect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Potter
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
204
|
Zhao Z, Tian D, McBride CS. Development of a pan-neuronal genetic driver in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Cell Rep Methods 2021; 1:100042. [PMID: 34590074 PMCID: PMC8478256 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2021.100042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The recent development of neurogenetic tools in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes is beginning to shed light on the neural basis of behaviors that make this species a major vector of human disease. However, we still lack a pan-neuronal expression driver-a key tool that provides genetic access to all neurons. Here, we describe our efforts to fill this gap via CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock-in of reporters to broadly expressed neural genes and report on the generation of two strains, a Syt1:GCaMP6s strain that expresses synaptically localized GCaMP and a brp-T2A-QF2w driver strain that can be used to drive and amplify expression of any effector via the Q binary system. Both manipulations broadly and uniformly label the nervous system with only modest effects on behavior. We expect these strains to facilitate neurobiological research in Ae. aegypti mosquitoes and document both successful and failed manipulations as a roadmap for similar tool development in other non-model species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhilei Zhao
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - David Tian
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Carolyn S. McBride
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| |
Collapse
|
205
|
Konan LY, Oumbouke WA, Silué UG, Coulibaly IZ, Ziogba JCT, N'Guessan RK, Coulibaly D, Bénié JBV, Lenhart A. Insecticide Resistance Patterns and Mechanisms in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Populations Across Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire Reveal Emergent Pyrethroid Resistance. J Med Entomol 2021; 58:1808-1816. [PMID: 33876233 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
From 2008 to 2017, the city of Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire experienced several Aedes-borne disease epidemics which required control of the vector mosquito population based on the reduction of larval habitats and insecticidal sprays for adult mosquitoes. This study was undertaken to assess the insecticide susceptibility status of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) in the city of Abidjan. Immature Ae. aegypti were sampled from several larval habitats within seven communes of Abidjan and reared to adults. Three to five days old F1 emerged adults were tested for susceptibility using insecticide-impregnated papers and the synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO) following WHO bioassay guidelines. The results showed that Ae. aegypti populations from Abidjan were resistant to 0.1% propoxur, and 1% fenitrothion, with mortality rates ranging from 0% to 54.2%. Reduced susceptibility (93.4-97.5% mortality) was observed to 0.05% deltamethrin, 0.75% permethrin, 0.05% lambda-cyhalothrin, 5% malathion, and 0.8% chlorpyrifos-methyl. This reduced susceptibility varied depending on the insecticide and the collection site. The restoration of mortality when the mosquitoes were pre-exposed to the synergist PBO suggests that increased activity of oxidases could be contributing to resistance. Three kdr mutations (V410L, V1016I, and F1534C) were present in populations tested, with low frequencies for the Leu410 (0.28) and Ile1016 (0.32) alleles and high frequencies for the Cys1534 allele (0.96). These findings will be used to inform future arbovirus vector control activities in Abidjan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Urbain Garhapié Silué
- National Institute of Public Hygiene, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
- Laboratory of Zoology and Animal Biology, UFR Biosciences, Felix Houphouet-Boigny University, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Audrey Lenhart
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
206
|
Fang Y, Tambo E, Xue JB, Zhang Y, Zhou XN, Khater EIM. Molecular Analysis of Targeted Insecticide Resistance Gene Mutations in Field-Caught Mosquitos of Medical Importance From Saudi Arabia. J Med Entomol 2021; 58:1839-1848. [PMID: 33864372 PMCID: PMC8285008 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Gene mutations on target sites can be a valuable indicator of the status of insecticide resistance. Jeddah, a global commercial and major port-of-entry city, is bearing the brunt of dengue disease burden in Saudi Arabia. In the current study, six genotypes of three codon combinations (989, 1016, and 1534) were observed on voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene in Jeddah's Aedes aegypti population, with PGF/PGC as the dominant one. Two types of introns between exon 20 and 21 on VGSC have been identified for the first time in Ae. aegypti in Saudi Arabia. Statistical and phylogenetic analyses showed that the intron type was significantly associated with the 1016 allele and may reflect the history of insecticide treatment in different continents. In addition, fixation of the L1014F allele on VGSC and G119S on acetylcholinesterase 1 gene was detected in local Culex quinquefasciatus populations, with frequencies of 95.24 and 100%, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of resistant-associated mutations in field-caught Cx. quinquefasciatus in Saudi Arabia. The high prevalence of insecticide resistance gene mutations in local primary mosquito vector species highlights the urgent need to carry out comprehensive insecticide resistance surveillance in Saudi Arabia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200025, China
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai 200025, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200025, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, China
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention–Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention Joint Laboratory for Imported Tropical Disease Control, Shanghai 200025, China
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ernest Tambo
- Public Health Pests Laboratory, Municipality of Jeddah Governorate, Jeddah 21577, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jing-Bo Xue
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200025, China
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai 200025, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200025, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, China
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention–Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention Joint Laboratory for Imported Tropical Disease Control, Shanghai 200025, China
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200025, China
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai 200025, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200025, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, China
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention–Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention Joint Laboratory for Imported Tropical Disease Control, Shanghai 200025, China
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Corresponding author, tel: +86 021-64665048, e-mail:
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200025, China
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai 200025, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200025, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, China
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention–Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention Joint Laboratory for Imported Tropical Disease Control, Shanghai 200025, China
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Emad I M Khater
- Public Health Pests Laboratory, Municipality of Jeddah Governorate, Jeddah 21577, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo 12413, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
207
|
Silva JJ, Kouam CN, Scott JG. Levels of cross-resistance to pyrethroids conferred by the Vssc knockdown resistance allele 410L+1016I+1534C in Aedes aegypti. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009549. [PMID: 34252110 PMCID: PMC8274910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is a primary vector of viral pathogens and is responsible for millions of human infections annually that represent critical public health and economic costs. Pyrethroids are one of the most commonly used classes of insecticides to control adult A. aegypti. The insecticidal activity of pyrethroids depends on their ability to bind and disrupt the voltage-sensitive sodium channel (VSSC). In mosquitoes, a common mechanism of resistance to pyrethroids is due to mutations in Vssc (hereafter referred as knockdown resistance, kdr). In this study, we found that a kdr (410L+V1016I+1534C) allele was the main mechanism of resistance in a pyrethroid-resistant strain of A. aegypti collected in Colombia. To characterize the level of resistance these mutations confer, we isolated a pyrethroid resistant strain (LMRKDR:RK, LKR) that was congenic to the susceptible Rockefeller (ROCK) strain. The full-length cDNA of Vssc was cloned from LKR and no additional resistance mutations were present. The levels of resistance to different pyrethroids varied from 3.9- to 56-fold. We compared the levels of resistance to pyrethroids, DCJW and DDT between LKR and what was previously reported in two other congenic strains that share the same pyrethroid-susceptible background (the ROCK strain), but carry different kdr alleles (F1534C or S989P + V1016G). The resistance conferred by kdr alleles can vary depending on the stereochemistry of the pyrethroid. The 410L+1016I+1534C kdr allele does not confer higher levels of resistance to six of ten pyrethroids, relative to the 1534C allele. The importance of these results to understand the evolution of insecticide resistance and mosquito control are discussed. Aedes aegypti is a primary vector of viral pathogens and is responsible for millions of human infections and pyrethroids are one of the most commonly used classes of insecticides to control adult A. aegypti. The insecticidal activity of pyrethroids depends on their ability to bind and disrupt the voltage-sensitive sodium channel (VSSC). A common mechanism of resistance to pyrethroids is due to mutations in Vssc (hereafter referred as knockdown resistance mutations, kdr). In this study, we found that a kdr (410L+1016I+154C) allele was the main mechanism of resistance in a pyrethroid-resistant strain of A. aegypti collected in Colombia. We determined the levels of resistance to pyrethroids, DCJW and DDT conferred by this allele. The 410L+1016I+1534C kdr allele does not confer higher levels of resistance to six out of 10 pyrethroids relative to the 1534C allele. Resistance conferred by kdr alleles can vary between pyrethroids and can vary between the stereoisomers. Knowing the levels of resistance conferred by different alleles to different insecticides provides valuable information for pest control and for understanding the evolution of resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan J. Silva
- Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Cedric N. Kouam
- Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey G. Scott
- Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
208
|
Andreazza F, Valbon WR, Wang Q, Liu F, Xu P, Bandason E, Chen M, Wu S, Smith LB, Scott JG, Jiang Y, Jiang D, Zhang A, Oliveira EE, Dong K. Sodium channel activation underlies transfluthrin repellency in Aedes aegypti. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009546. [PMID: 34237076 PMCID: PMC8266078 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Volatile pyrethroid insecticides, such as transfluthrin, have received increasing attention for their potent repellent activities in recent years for controlling human disease vectors. It has been long understood that pyrethroids kill insects by promoting activation and inhibiting inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels. However, the mechanism of pyrethroid repellency remains poorly understood and controversial. Methodology/Principal findings Here, we show that transfluthrin repels Aedes aegypti in a hand-in-cage assay at nonlethal concentrations as low as 1 ppm. Contrary to a previous report, transfluthrin does not elicit any electroantennogram (EAG) responses, indicating that it does not activate olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). The 1S-cis isomer of transfluthrin, which does not activate sodium channels, does not elicit repellency. Mutations in the sodium channel gene that reduce the potency of transfluthrin on sodium channels decrease transfluthrin repellency but do not affect repellency by DEET. Furthermore, transfluthrin enhances DEET repellency. Conclusions/Significance These results provide a surprising example that sodium channel activation alone is sufficient to potently repel mosquitoes. Our findings of sodium channel activation as the principal mechanism of transfluthrin repellency and potentiation of DEET repellency have broad implications in future development of a new generation of dual-target repellent formulations to more effectively repel a variety of human disease vectors. Vector-transmitted human diseases, such as dengue fever, represent serious global health burdens. Pyrethroids, including transfluthrin, are widely used as insecticides and repellents due to their low mammalian toxicity and relatively benign environmental impact. Pyrethroids target voltage-gated sodium channels for their insecticidal action. However, the mechanism of pyrethroid repellency remains unclear and controversial. Insect repellency is traditionally thought to be mediated by olfactory receptors. We made two important discoveries in this study, showing that transfluthrin repellency is via activation of sodium channels and transfluthrin enhances DEET repellency. Discovery of sodium channel activation as a major mechanism of pyrethroid repellency has broad significance in insect olfaction study, repellents development, and control of human disease vectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Andreazza
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Entomology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Wilson R. Valbon
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Entomology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Bandason
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Mengli Chen
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaoying Wu
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Leticia B. Smith
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey G. Scott
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Youfa Jiang
- Jiangsu Yangnong Chemical Co., Ltd., Jiangsu, China
| | - Dingxin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aijun Zhang
- Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center-West, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eugenio E. Oliveira
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Entomology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Ke Dong
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
209
|
League GP, Harrington LC, Pitcher SA, Geyer JK, Baxter LL, Montijo J, Rowland JG, Johnson LM, Murdock CC, Cator LJ. Sexual selection theory meets disease vector control: Testing harmonic convergence as a "good genes" signal in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009540. [PMID: 34214096 PMCID: PMC8282061 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The mosquito Aedes aegypti is a medically important, globally distributed vector of the viruses that cause dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya, and Zika. Although reproduction and mate choice are key components of vector population dynamics and control, our understanding of the mechanisms of sexual selection in mosquitoes remains poor. In “good genes” models of sexual selection, females use male cues as an indicator of both mate and offspring genetic quality. Recent studies in Ae. aegypti provide evidence that male wingbeats may signal aspects of offspring quality and performance during mate selection in a process known as harmonic convergence. However, the extent to which harmonic convergence may signal overall inherent quality of mates and their offspring remains unknown. Methodology/Principal findings To examine this, we measured the relationship between acoustic signaling and a broad panel of parent and offspring fitness traits in two generations of field-derived Ae. aegypti originating from dengue-endemic field sites in Thailand. Our data show that in this population of mosquitoes, harmonic convergence does not signal male fertility, female fecundity, or male flight performance traits, which despite displaying robust variability in both parents and their offspring were only weakly heritable. Conclusions/Significance Together, our findings suggest that vector reproductive control programs should treat harmonic convergence as an indicator of some, but not all aspects of inherent quality, and that sexual selection likely affects Ae. aegypti in a trait-, population-, and environment-dependent manner. Mosquitoes transmit numerous pathogens that disproportionately impact developing countries. The mosquito Aedes aegypti, studied here, transmits viruses that cause neglected tropical diseases such as dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya, and Zika. Disease prevention programs rely heavily upon mosquito vector control. To successfully interrupt disease transmission, several control methods depend upon the ability of laboratory-modified male mosquitoes to successfully mate with wild females to suppress or replace natural populations. However, our understanding of what determines mating success in mosquitoes is far from complete. Our study addresses the question of whether female Ae. aegypti mosquitoes use male acoustic signals to select higher quality mates and improve their offspring’s fitness. We find that acoustic signals do not serve as universal indicators of fitness. Further, the fitness metrics we measured were only weakly heritable, suggesting that females that mate with high quality males do not necessarily produce fitter offspring. Our study provides a nuanced understanding of mate choice, mating acoustic signals, and parent and offspring reproductive fitness in a key disease-transmitting mosquito species. These discoveries improve our grasp of sexual selection in mosquitoes and can be leveraged by the vector control community to improve vitally important disease prevention programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Garrett P. League
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Laura C. Harrington
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Sylvie A. Pitcher
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Julie K. Geyer
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Lindsay L. Baxter
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Julian Montijo
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - John G. Rowland
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Ascot, United Kingdom
| | - Lynn M. Johnson
- Cornell Statistical Consulting Unit, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Courtney C. Murdock
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lauren J. Cator
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Ascot, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
210
|
Rigby LM, Johnson BJ, Peatey CL, Beebe NW, Devine GJ. The impact of sublethal permethrin exposure on susceptible and resistant genotypes of the urban disease vector Aedes aegypti. Pest Manag Sci 2021; 77:3450-3457. [PMID: 33818874 PMCID: PMC8252650 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In urban environments, some of the most common control tools used against the mosquito disease vector Aedes aegypti are pyrethroid insecticides applied as aerosols, fogs or residual sprays. Their efficacy is compromised by patchy deployment, aging residues, and the evolution and invasion of pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes. A large proportion of mosquitoes in a given environment will therefore receive sublethal doses of insecticide. The potential impact of this sublethal exposure on the behaviour and biology of Ae. aegypti carrying commonly reported resistance alleles is poorly documented. RESULTS In susceptible insects, sublethal exposure to permethrin resulted in reductions in egg viability (13.9%), blood avidity (16.7%) and male mating success (28.3%). It caused a 70% decrease in the lifespan of exposed susceptible females and a 66% decrease in the insecticide-resistant females from the parental strain. Exposure to the same dose of insecticide in the presence of the isolated kdr genotype resulted in a smaller impact on female longevity (a 58% decrease) but a 26% increase in eggs per female and a 37% increase in male mating success. Sublethal permethrin exposure reduced host-location success by 20-30% in all strains. CONCLUSION The detrimental effects of exposure on susceptible insects were expected, but resistant insects demonstrated a less predictable range of responses, including negative effects on longevity and host-location but increases in fecundity and mating competitiveness. Overall, sublethal insecticide exposure is expected to increase the competitiveness of resistant phenotypes, acting as a selection pressure for the evolution of permethrin resistance. © 2021 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Rigby
- Australian Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease InstituteGallipoli Barracks, EnoggeraQLDAustralia
- Mosquito Control LaboratoryQIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteHerstonQLDAustralia
- School of MedicineUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Brian J Johnson
- Mosquito Control LaboratoryQIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteHerstonQLDAustralia
| | - Christopher L Peatey
- Australian Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease InstituteGallipoli Barracks, EnoggeraQLDAustralia
| | - Nigel W Beebe
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
- CSIROBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Gregor J Devine
- Mosquito Control LaboratoryQIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteHerstonQLDAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
211
|
He YZ, Ding Y, Wang X, Zou Z, Raikhel AS. E93 confers steroid hormone responsiveness of digestive enzymes to promote blood meal digestion in the midgut of the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 134:103580. [PMID: 33901693 PMCID: PMC8947147 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2021.103580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Anautogenous female mosquitoes obtain the nutrients needed for egg development from vertebrate blood, and consequently they transmit numerous pathogens of devastating human diseases. Digestion of blood proteins into amino acids that are used for energy production, egg maturation and replenishment of maternal reserves is an essential part of the female mosquito reproductive cycle. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying this process remain largely unknown. Here, we report that the transcription factor E93 is a critical factor promoting blood meal digestion in adult females of the major arboviral vector Aedes aegypti in response to the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). E93 was upregulated in the female mosquito midgut after a blood meal, and RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated knockdown of E93 inhibited midgut blood digestion. E93 RNAi depletion repressed late trypsin (LT), serine protease I (SPI), SPVI and SPVII, and activated early trypsin (ET) expression in the female mosquito midgut after a blood meal. Injection of 20E activated E93, LT, SPI, SPVI and SPVII, and repressed ET expression, whereas RNAi knockdown of the ecdysone receptor (EcR) repressed E93, LT, SPI, SPVI and SPVII, and activated ET expression in the midgut. Furthermore, E93 depletion resulted in a complete loss of 20E responsiveness of LT, SPVI and SPVII. Our findings reveal important mechanisms regulating blood meal digestion in disease-transmitting mosquitoes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Zhou He
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA; Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Yike Ding
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA; Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Xueli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Alexander S Raikhel
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA; Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
212
|
Durant AC, Grieco Guardian E, Kolosov D, Donini A. The transcriptome of anal papillae of Aedes aegypti reveals their importance in xenobiotic detoxification and adds significant knowledge on ion, water and ammonia transport mechanisms. J Insect Physiol 2021; 132:104269. [PMID: 34174320 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The anal papillae of mosquito larvae are osmoregulatory organs in direct contact with the external aquatic environment that actively sequester ions and take up water in dilute freshwater. In the disease vector Aedes aegypti mechanisms of ion, water and ammonia transport have only been partially resolved. Furthermore, A. aegypti larvae are known to reside in high ammonia sewage and high salt brackish waters, and understanding of anal papillae function in these conditions is in its infancy. The objective of this study was to identify the complement of ion and water transport genes expressed by the anal papillae of freshwater larvae by sequencing their transcriptome, and comparing their expression in anal papillae of larvae abruptly transferred to brackish water for 24 h. Results identified a number of ion and water transport proteins, ammonia detoxifying enzymes, a full suite of xenobiotic detoxifying enzymes and transporters, and G-protein coupled receptors of specific hormones. We identified a marked increase in transcript and protein abundance of aquaporin AaAQP2 in the anal papillae with abrupt transfer to brackish water. We present an updated and more comprehensive model for ion and water transport with additional putative transporters for Na+ and Cl- uptake in the anal papillae. These are organs which are actively engaged in Na+, Cl- and water uptake and regulation when the aquatic larvae encounter fluctuating salinities over the course of their development. Furthermore the transcriptome of the anal papillae includes a full set of xenobiotic detoxification genes suggesting that these are important detoxification organs which is particularly important when larvae reside in polluted water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Durant
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Elia Grieco Guardian
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Dennis Kolosov
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, 333 S. Twin Oaks Valley Rd., San Marcos, CA 92096, USA
| | - Andrew Donini
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
213
|
Artigas P, Reguera-Gomez M, Valero MA, Osca D, da Silva Pacheco R, Rosa-Freitas MG, Fernandes Silva-do-Nascimento T, Paredes-Esquivel C, Lucientes J, Mas-Coma S, Bargues MD. Aedes albopictus diversity and relationships in south-western Europe and Brazil by rDNA/mtDNA and phenotypic analyses: ITS-2, a useful marker for spread studies. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:333. [PMID: 34174940 PMCID: PMC8235640 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04829-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes albopictus is a very invasive mosquito, which has recently colonized tropical and temperate regions worldwide. Of concern is its role in the spread of emerging or re-emerging mosquito-borne diseases. Ae. albopictus from south-western Europe and Brazil were studied to infer genetic and phenetic diversity at intra-individual, intra-population and inter-population levels, and to analyse its spread. METHODS Genotyping was made by rDNA 5.8S-ITS-2 and mtDNA cox1 sequencing to assess haplotype and nucleotide diversity, genetic distances and phylogenetic networks. Male and female phenotyping included combined landmark-and outlined-based geometric morphometrics of wing size and shape. RESULTS Specimens from seven populations from Spain, France and Brazil provided 12 cox1 and 162 5.8S-ITS-2 haplotypes, with great genetic variability difference between both markers (0.9% vs 31.2%). Five cox1 haplotypes were shared with other countries, mainly Italy, USA and China, but none was shared between Europe and Brazil. The 5.8S-ITS-2 showed 2-7 intra-individual (mean 4.7) and 16-34 intra-/inter-population haplotypes (24.7), including haplotypes shared between Spain, France and Brazil. A 4.3% of ITS-2 haplotypes were shared, mainly with Italy, USA and Thailand, evidencing worldwide spread and introductions from areas where recent outbreaks of Ae. albopictus-transmitted pathogens occurred. Wing size showed sex differences. Wing shape distinguished between Brazilian and European specimens. Both genetic and morphometric markers showed differences between insular Spain and continental Spain, France and Brazil. CONCLUSIONS ITS-2 proves to be a useful marker to assess Ae. albopictus spread, providing pronouncedly more information than cox1, including intra-individual, intra-population and inter-population levels, furnishing a complete overview of the evolutionary exchanges followed by this mosquito. Wing morphometry proves to be a useful phenotyping marker, allowing to distinguish different populations at the level of both male and female specimens. Results indicate the need for periodic surveillance monitorings to verify that no Ae. albopictus with high virus transmission capacity is introduced into Europe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Artigas
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia Spain
| | - Marta Reguera-Gomez
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia Spain
| | - María Adela Valero
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia Spain
| | - David Osca
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia Spain
| | - Raquel da Silva Pacheco
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia Spain
- Laboratõrio de Pesquisa Clínica e Vigilância em Leishmanioses, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, INI, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - María Goreti Rosa-Freitas
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Claudia Paredes-Esquivel
- Grupo de Zoología Aplicada y de La Conservación, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de las Islas Baleares, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Javier Lucientes
- Instituto de Investigación Agroalimentario de Aragón IA2, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Santiago Mas-Coma
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia Spain
| | - María Dolores Bargues
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia Spain
| |
Collapse
|
214
|
Spadar A, Phelan JE, Benavente ED, Campos M, Gomez LF, Mohareb F, Clark TG, Campino S. Flavivirus integrations in Aedes aegypti are limited and highly conserved across samples from different geographic regions unlike integrations in Aedes albopictus. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:332. [PMID: 34174947 PMCID: PMC8235865 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04828-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes of the genus Aedes are the main vectors of many viruses, e.g. dengue and Zika, which affect millions of people each year and for which there are limited treatment options. Understanding how Aedes mosquitoes tolerate high viral loads may lead to better disease control strategies. Elucidating endogenous viral elements (EVEs) within vector genomes may give exploitable biological insights. Previous studies have reported the presence of a large number of EVEs in Aedes genomes. Here we investigated if flavivirus EVEs are conserved across populations and different Aedes species by using ~ 500 whole genome sequence libraries from Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, sourced from colonies and field mosquitoes across continents. We found that nearly all flavivirus EVEs in the Ae. aegypti reference genome originate from four separate putative viral integration events, and that they are highly conserved across geographically diverse samples. By contrast, flavivirus EVEs in the Ae. albopictus reference genome originate from up to nine distinct integration events and show low levels of conservation, even within samples from narrow geographical ranges. Our analysis suggests that flaviviruses integrated as long sequences and were subsequently fragmented and shuffled by transposable elements. Given that EVEs of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus belong to different phylogenetic clades and have very differing levels of conservation, they may have different evolutionary origins and potentially different functional roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Spadar
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Jody E Phelan
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Ernest Diez Benavente
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Monica Campos
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Lara Ferrero Gomez
- Unidade de Ciências da Natureza, da Vida e do Ambiente, Universidade Jean Piaget de Cabo Verde, Praia, Cabo Verde
| | - Fady Mohareb
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Bedford, UK
| | - Taane G Clark
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Susana Campino
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
215
|
Borovsky D, Deckers K, Vanhove AC, Verstraete M, Rougé P, Shatters RG, Powell CA. Cloning and Characterization of Aedes aegypti Trypsin Modulating Oostatic Factor (TMOF) Gut Receptor. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11070934. [PMID: 34201823 PMCID: PMC8301768 DOI: 10.3390/biom11070934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypsin Modulating Oostatic Factor (TMOF) receptor was solubilized from the guts of female Ae. Aegypti and cross linked to His6-TMOF and purified by Ni affinity chromatography. SDS PAGE identified two protein bands (45 and 61 kDa). The bands were cut digested and analyzed using MS/MS identifying a protein sequence (1306 amino acids) in the genome of Ae. aegypti. The mRNA of the receptor was extracted, the cDNA sequenced and cloned into pTAC-MAT-2. E. coli SbmA− was transformed with the recombinant plasmid and the receptor was expressed in the inner membrane of the bacterial cell. The binding kinetics of TMOF-FITC was then followed showing that the cloned receptor exhibits high affinity to TMOF (KD = 113.7 ± 18 nM ± SEM and Bmax = 28.7 ± 1.8 pmol ± SEM). Incubation of TMOF-FITC with E. coli cells that express the receptor show that the receptor binds TMOF and imports it into the bacterial cells, indicating that in mosquitoes the receptor imports TMOF into the gut epithelial cells. A 3D modeling of the receptor indicates that the receptor has ATP binding sites and TMOF transport into recombinant E. coli cells is inhibited with ATPase inhibitors Na Arsenate and Na Azide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dov Borovsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Kato Deckers
- Zoological Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (K.D.); (A.C.V.); (M.V.)
| | - Anne Catherine Vanhove
- Zoological Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (K.D.); (A.C.V.); (M.V.)
| | - Maud Verstraete
- Zoological Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (K.D.); (A.C.V.); (M.V.)
| | - Pierre Rougé
- UMR 152 Pharma-Dev, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Institut de Recherche et Développement, Université Toulouse 3, F-31062 Toulouse, France;
| | - Robert G. Shatters
- USDA ARS, Subtropical Horticultural Laboratory, 2001 Rock Road, Ft. Pierce, FL 34945, USA;
| | - Charles A. Powell
- UF-IFAS Indian River Research and Education Center, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
216
|
Abstract
Implementation of CRISPR/Cas9 methodologies for mosquito gene editing has not yet become widespread. This protocol details the procedure for Aedes aegypti mosquito gene editing using homology-directed repair and fluorescent marker insertion, which facilitates the generation and screening of mutant mosquito lines for gene function testing. We describe optimized methods for single guide RNA plasmid preparation, homologous recombination donor plasmid construction, embryo microinjection, and precise gene knock-in confirmation. We also provide general guidance for establishing mutant mosquito lines. For details on the practical use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Li et al. (2020).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-Han Li
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 350401, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Chiuan Li
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 350401, Taiwan
| | - Matthew P. Su
- Department of Biological Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Kun-Lin Liu
- National Mosquito-Borne Diseases Control Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 350401, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hong Chen
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 350401, Taiwan
- National Mosquito-Borne Diseases Control Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 350401, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
217
|
Halbach R, Miesen P, van Rij RP. Zooming in on targets of mosquito small RNAs. Trends Parasitol 2021; 37:687-689. [PMID: 34147336 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Small RNAs are crucial for the regulation of basic cellular processes and protection against viruses and transposons in mosquitoes. Rozen-Gagnon et al. established CLIP (cross-linking and immunoprecipitation) for Argonaute proteins in Aedes aegypti. Their study sheds light on small RNA-target interactions in mosquitoes and provides an important resource for further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Halbach
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Miesen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P van Rij
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
218
|
Itokawa K, Furutani S, Takaoka A, Maekawa Y, Sawabe K, Komagata O, Tomita T, de Lima Filho JL, Alves LC, Kasai S. A first, naturally occurring substitution at the second pyrethroid receptor of voltage-gated sodium channel of Aedes aegypti. Pest Manag Sci 2021; 77:2887-2893. [PMID: 33559956 PMCID: PMC8247860 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes aegypti is a remarkably effective mosquito vector of epidemiologically important arboviral diseases including dengue fever, yellow fever and Zika. The present spread of resistance against pyrethroids, the primary insecticides used for mosquito control, in global populations of this species is of great concern. The voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) in the nervous system is the known target site of pyrethroids in insects. Past studies have revealed several amino-acid substitutions in this channel that confer pyrethroid resistance, which are known as knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations. RESULTS This study investigated a laboratory colony of Ae. aegypti, MCNaeg, established from larvae collected in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 2016. The MCNaeg colony showed strong resistance against pyrethroids without laboratory selection. Of the two VGSC gene haplotypes present within this colony, one harbored three known kdr mutations, V410L, V1016I, and F1534C, and the other harbored only the known F1534C mutation. In latter haplotype, we also found novel amino-acid substations including V253F. Previous molecular modeling and electrophysiological studies suggest that this residue serves a pyrethroid-sensing site in the second receptor, PyR2. Our genetical analysis showed that the haplotype harboring V253F and F1534C is associated with equal or slightly stronger resistance than the other triple kdr haplotype to both Type I and Type II pyrethroids. CONCLUSION The novel substitution V253F is potentially involved in pyrethroid resistance in Ae. aegypti. Further studies are needed to elucidate the role of this substitution in the pyrethroid susceptibility of VGSC. © 2021 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Itokawa
- Pathogen Genomics CenterNational Institute of Infectious DiseasesTokyoJapan
| | - Shogo Furutani
- Department of Medical EntomologyNational Institute of Infectious DiseasesTokyoJapan
| | - Aki Takaoka
- Department of Medical EntomologyNational Institute of Infectious DiseasesTokyoJapan
| | - Yoshihide Maekawa
- Department of Medical EntomologyNational Institute of Infectious DiseasesTokyoJapan
| | - Kyoko Sawabe
- Department of Medical EntomologyNational Institute of Infectious DiseasesTokyoJapan
| | - Osamu Komagata
- Department of Medical EntomologyNational Institute of Infectious DiseasesTokyoJapan
| | - Takashi Tomita
- Department of Medical EntomologyNational Institute of Infectious DiseasesTokyoJapan
| | | | - Luiz Carlos Alves
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo AsamiUniversidade Federal de PernambucoRecifeBrazil
- Instituto Aggeu Magalhães‐FIOCRUZ/PERecifeBrazil
| | - Shinji Kasai
- Department of Medical EntomologyNational Institute of Infectious DiseasesTokyoJapan
| |
Collapse
|
219
|
Marin-Lopez A, Jiang J, Wang Y, Cao Y, MacNeil T, Hastings AK, Fikrig E. Aedes aegypti SNAP and a calcium transporter ATPase influence dengue virus dissemination. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009442. [PMID: 34115766 PMCID: PMC8195420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is a flavivirus that causes marked human morbidity and mortality worldwide, and is transmitted to humans by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Habitat expansion of Aedes, mainly due to climate change and increasing overlap between urban and wild habitats, places nearly half of the world's population at risk for DENV infection. After a bloodmeal from a DENV-infected host, the virus enters the mosquito midgut. Next, the virus migrates to, and replicates in, other tissues, like salivary glands. Successful viral transmission occurs when the infected mosquito takes another blood meal on a susceptible host and DENV is released from the salivary gland via saliva into the skin. During viral dissemination in the mosquito and transmission to a new mammalian host, DENV interacts with a variety of vector proteins, which are uniquely important during each phase of the viral cycle. Our study focuses on the interaction between DENV particles and protein components in the A. aegypti vector. We performed a mass spectrometry assay where we identified a set of A. aegypti salivary gland proteins which potentially interact with the DENV virion. Using dsRNA to silence gene expression, we analyzed the role of these proteins in viral infectivity. Two of these candidates, a synaptosomal-associated protein (AeSNAP) and a calcium transporter ATPase (ATPase) appear to play a role in viral replication both in vitro and in vivo, observing a ubiquitous expression of these proteins in the mosquito. These findings suggest that AeSNAP plays a protective role during DENV infection of mosquitoes and that ATPase protein is required for DENV during amplification within the vector.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Marin-Lopez
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Junjun Jiang
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yuchen Wang
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yongguo Cao
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, and Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tyler MacNeil
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Andrew K. Hastings
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Erol Fikrig
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
220
|
McFarlane M, Laureti M, Levée T, Terry S, Kohl A, Pondeville E. Improved transient silencing of gene expression in the mosquito female Aedes aegypti. Insect Mol Biol 2021; 30:355-365. [PMID: 33715239 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Gene silencing using RNA interference (RNAi) has become a widely used genetic technique to study gene function in many organisms. In insects, this technique is often applied through the delivery of dsRNA. In the adult female Aedes aegypti, a main vector of human-infecting arboviruses, efficiency of gene silencing following dsRNA injection varies greatly according to targeted genes. Difficult knockdowns using dsRNA can thus hamper gene function analysis. Here, by analysing silencing of three different genes in female Ae. aegypti (p400, ago2 and E75), we show that gene silencing can indeed be dsRNA sequence dependent but different efficiencies do not correlate with dsRNA length. Our findings suggest that silencing is likely also gene dependent, probably due to gene-specific tissue expression and/or feedback mechanisms. We demonstrate that use of high doses of dsRNA can improve knockdown efficiency, and injection of a transfection reagent along with dsRNA reduces the variability in efficiency between replicates. Finally, we show that gene silencing cannot be achieved using siRNA injection in Ae. aegypti adult females. Overall, this work should help future gene function analyses using RNAi in adult females Ae. aegypti, leading toward a better understanding of physiological and infectious processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M McFarlane
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - M Laureti
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - T Levée
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - S Terry
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - A Kohl
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - E Pondeville
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
221
|
Saavedra-Rodriguez K, Campbell CL, Lozano S, Penilla-Navarro P, Lopez-Solis A, Solis-Santoyo F, Rodriguez AD, Perera R, Black IV WC. Permethrin resistance in Aedes aegypti: Genomic variants that confer knockdown resistance, recovery, and death. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009606. [PMID: 34138859 PMCID: PMC8211209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrethroids are one of the few classes of insecticides available to control Aedes aegypti, the major vector of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses. Unfortunately, evolving mechanisms of pyrethroid resistance in mosquito populations threaten our ability to control disease outbreaks. Two common pyrethroid resistance mechanisms occur in Ae. aegypti: 1) knockdown resistance, which involves amino acid substitutions at the pyrethroid target site-the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC)-and 2) enhanced metabolism by detoxification enzymes. When a heterogeneous population of mosquitoes is exposed to pyrethroids, different responses occur. During exposure, a proportion of mosquitoes exhibit immediate knockdown, whereas others are not knocked-down and are designated knockdown resistant (kdr). When these individuals are removed from the source of insecticide, the knocked-down mosquitoes can either remain in this status and lead to dead or recover within a few hours. The proportion of these phenotypic responses is dependent on the pyrethroid concentration and the genetic background of the population tested. In this study, we sequenced and performed pairwise genome comparisons between kdr, recovered, and dead phenotypes in a pyrethroid-resistant colony from Tapachula, Mexico. We identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with each phenotype and identified genes that are likely associated with the mechanisms of pyrethroid resistance, including detoxification, the cuticle, and insecticide target sites. We identified high association between kdr and mutations at VGSC and moderate association with additional insecticide target site, detoxification, and cuticle protein coding genes. Recovery was associated with cuticle proteins, the voltage-dependent calcium channel, and a different group of detoxification genes. We provide a list of detoxification genes under directional selection in this field-resistant population. Their functional roles in pyrethroid metabolism and their potential uses as genomic markers of resistance require validation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karla Saavedra-Rodriguez
- Colorado State University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Center of Vector-borne and Infectious Diseases, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Corey L. Campbell
- Colorado State University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Center of Vector-borne and Infectious Diseases, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Saul Lozano
- Centers for Diseases Prevention and Control, Arboviral Diseases Branch, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Patricia Penilla-Navarro
- Centro Regional de Investigacion en Salud Publica, Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Tapachula, Mexico
| | - Alma Lopez-Solis
- Centro Regional de Investigacion en Salud Publica, Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Tapachula, Mexico
| | - Francisco Solis-Santoyo
- Centro Regional de Investigacion en Salud Publica, Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Tapachula, Mexico
| | - Americo D. Rodriguez
- Centro Regional de Investigacion en Salud Publica, Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Tapachula, Mexico
| | - Rushika Perera
- Colorado State University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Center of Vector-borne and Infectious Diseases, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - William C. Black IV
- Colorado State University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Center of Vector-borne and Infectious Diseases, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
222
|
Bušić N, Kučinić M, Merdić E, Bruvo-Mađarić B. Diversity of mosquito fauna (Diptera, Culicidae) in higher-altitude regions of Croatia. J Vector Ecol 2021; 46:65-75. [PMID: 35229583 DOI: 10.52707/1081-1710-46.1.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change and the accompanying rise in temperature could affect the biology and ecology of a number of vectors, including mosquitoes. High altitude areas that were previously unsuitable for the spread of mosquito vector populations could become suitable. The aim of this research was to study the distribution of mosquito species in higher altitude regions of Croatia. Samples were collected in three areas: Slavonian Mountains, Gorski Kotar, and Middle Velebit. Specimens were morphologically determined and confirmed by DNA barcoding and other genetic markers and showed the presence of 16 species belonging to six genera. The most abundant species were the Culex pipiens complex with 50% of the collected specimens. Both pipiens (Linnaeus, 1758) and molestus (Forskal, 1775) biotypes and their hybrids were identified within the complex, followed by Culex torrentium (Martini, 1925) (20.2%), Culiseta longiareolata (Macquart, 1838) (8.5%), and the invasive species Aedes japonicus (Theobald, 1901) (7.8% of the total number of collected specimens). The remaining 12 species made up 14.7% of the collected specimens. Intraspecific COI p-distances were within the standard barcoding threshold for OTUs, while interspecific genetic distances were much higher, confirming the existence of barcoding gaps. Mosquito fauna of Croatian mountains showed a moderate variety and made 30.8% of the total number of recorded mosquito species in Croatia thus far.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Bušić
- Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Department of Biology, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Mladen Kučinić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Enrih Merdić
- Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Department of Biology, Osijek, Croatia
| | | |
Collapse
|
223
|
Djiappi-Tchamen B, Nana-Ndjangwo MS, Mavridis K, Talipouo A, Nchoutpouen E, Makoudjou I, Bamou R, Mayi AMP, Awono-Ambene P, Tchuinkam T, Vontas J, Antonio-Nkondjio C. Analyses of Insecticide Resistance Genes in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus Mosquito Populations from Cameroon. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12060828. [PMID: 34071214 PMCID: PMC8229692 DOI: 10.3390/genes12060828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of insecticide resistance in Aedes mosquitoes could pose major challenges for arboviral-borne disease control. In this paper, insecticide susceptibility level and resistance mechanisms were assessed in Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894) from urban settings of Cameroon. The F1 progeny of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus collected in Douala, Yaoundé and Dschang from August to December 2020 was tested using WHO tube assays with four insecticides: deltamethrin 0.05%, permethrin 0.75%, DDT 4% and bendiocarb 0.1%. TaqMan, qPCR and RT-qPCR assays were used to detect kdr mutations and the expression profiles of eight detoxification genes. Aedes aegypti mosquitoes from Douala were found to be resistant to DDT, permethrin and deltamethrin. Three kdr mutations, F1534C, V1016G and V1016I were detected in Aedes aegypti populations from Douala and Dschang. The kdr allele F1534C was predominant (90%) in Aedes aegypti and was detected for the first time in Aedes albopictus (2.08%). P450s genes, Cyp9J28 (2.23-7.03 folds), Cyp9M6 (1.49-2.59 folds), Cyp9J32 (1.29-3.75 folds) and GSTD4 (1.34-55.3 folds) were found overexpressed in the Douala and Yaoundé Aedes aegypti populations. The emergence of insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus calls for alternative strategies towards the control and prevention of arboviral vector-borne diseases in Cameroon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Borel Djiappi-Tchamen
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 067 Dschang, Cameroon; (R.B.); (A.M.P.M.); (T.T.)
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288 Yaoundé, Cameroon; (M.S.N.-N.); (A.T.); (E.N.); (I.M.); (P.A.-A.)
- Correspondence: (B.D.-T.); (C.A.-N.)
| | - Mariette Stella Nana-Ndjangwo
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288 Yaoundé, Cameroon; (M.S.N.-N.); (A.T.); (E.N.); (I.M.); (P.A.-A.)
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337 Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Konstantinos Mavridis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Greece; (K.M.); (J.V.)
| | - Abdou Talipouo
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288 Yaoundé, Cameroon; (M.S.N.-N.); (A.T.); (E.N.); (I.M.); (P.A.-A.)
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337 Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Elysée Nchoutpouen
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288 Yaoundé, Cameroon; (M.S.N.-N.); (A.T.); (E.N.); (I.M.); (P.A.-A.)
| | - Idene Makoudjou
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288 Yaoundé, Cameroon; (M.S.N.-N.); (A.T.); (E.N.); (I.M.); (P.A.-A.)
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337 Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Roland Bamou
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 067 Dschang, Cameroon; (R.B.); (A.M.P.M.); (T.T.)
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288 Yaoundé, Cameroon; (M.S.N.-N.); (A.T.); (E.N.); (I.M.); (P.A.-A.)
| | - Audrey Marie Paul Mayi
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 067 Dschang, Cameroon; (R.B.); (A.M.P.M.); (T.T.)
| | - Parfait Awono-Ambene
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288 Yaoundé, Cameroon; (M.S.N.-N.); (A.T.); (E.N.); (I.M.); (P.A.-A.)
| | - Timoléon Tchuinkam
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 067 Dschang, Cameroon; (R.B.); (A.M.P.M.); (T.T.)
| | - John Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Greece; (K.M.); (J.V.)
- Pesticide Science Laboratory, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288 Yaoundé, Cameroon; (M.S.N.-N.); (A.T.); (E.N.); (I.M.); (P.A.-A.)
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
- Correspondence: (B.D.-T.); (C.A.-N.)
| |
Collapse
|
224
|
Somboon P, Phanitchakun T, Saingamsook J, Namgay R, Harbach RE. Reinertia, a New Subgenus of the Genus Aedes Meigen and Its Type Species Aedes (Reinertia) suffusus (Diptera: Culicidae), Newly Recorded From Bhutan. J Med Entomol 2021; 58:1138-1148. [PMID: 33472216 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A new subgenus, Reinertia Somboon, Namgay & Harbach, of the genus Aedes Meigen and its type species, Ae. suffusus Edwards, are described from specimens reared from larvae and pupae found in a tree hole in Bhutan. The scutum of the adults is mostly covered with narrow pale falcate scales. The proboscis, maxillary palpus, tibiae, and tarsi are dark-scaled. The gonocoxite of the male genitalia bears a unique setose basomesal sclerite. The larva closely resembles larvae of the subgenus Downsiomyia Vargus in having setae 4-6-C with numerous branches and inserted more or less on level with seta 7-C, abdominal seta 12-I is present and the comb is composed of 6-10 spine-like scales arranged in an irregular row. Surprisingly, Reinertia shares features of the adult habitus, male genitalia, and larva with the Palearctic subgenus Dahliana Reinert, Harbach & Kitching. However, in phylogenetic analyses of the mitochondrial COI gene of species representing 38 subgenera of Aedes and six other genera of the tribe Aedini Neveu-Lemaire, Reinertia was not associated with Dahliana or Downsiomyia. In both maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses of the data, Ae. suffusus was recovered as the weakly supported sister of a clade composed of five species of the subgenus Protomacleaya Theobald. In the absence of strong support, and because Protomacleaya is an unnatural group of species that resemble each other phenetically by virtue of what they lack, Ae. suffusus cannot be placed in the subgenus Protomacleaya. Thus, the morphological and molecular data attest the uniqueness of Ae. suffusus and its recognition as a monobasic subgeneric lineage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pradya Somboon
- Center of Insect Vector Study, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Thanari Phanitchakun
- Center of Insect Vector Study, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Jassada Saingamsook
- Center of Insect Vector Study, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Rinzin Namgay
- Vector-Borne Disease Control Programme, Ministry of Health, Gelephu, Bhutan
| | - Ralph E Harbach
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
225
|
Sene NM, Mavridis K, Ndiaye EH, Diagne CT, Gaye A, Ngom EHM, Ba Y, Diallo D, Vontas J, Dia I, Diallo M. Insecticide resistance status and mechanisms in Aedes aegypti populations from Senegal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009393. [PMID: 33970904 PMCID: PMC8136859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is the main epidemic vector of arboviruses in Africa. In Senegal, control activities are mainly limited to mitigation of epidemics, with limited information available for Ae. aegypti populations. A better understanding of the current Ae. aegypti susceptibility status to various insecticides and relevant resistance mechanisms involved is needed for the implementation of effective vector control strategies. The present study focuses on the detection of insecticide resistance and reveals the related mechanisms in Ae. aegypti populations from Senegal. Bioassays were performed on Ae. aegypti adults from nine Senegalese localities (Matam, Louga, Barkedji, Ziguinchor, Mbour, Fatick, Dakar, Kédougou and Touba). Mosquitoes were exposed to four classes of insecticides using the standard WHO protocols. Resistance mechanisms were investigated by genotyping for pyrethroid target site resistance mutations (V1016G, V1016I, F1534C and S989P) and measuring gene expression levels of key detoxification genes (CYP6BB2, CYP9J26, CYP9J28, CYP9J32, CYP9M6, CCEae3a and GSTD4). All collected populations were resistant to DDT and carbamates except for the ones in Matam (Northern region). Resistance to permethrin was uniformly detected in mosquitoes from all areas. Except for Barkédji and Touba, all populations were characterized by a susceptibility to 0.75% Permethrin. Susceptibility to type II pyrethroids was detected only in the Southern regions (Kédougou and Ziguinchor). All mosquito populations were susceptible to 5% Malathion, but only Kédougou and Matam mosquitoes were susceptible to 0.8% Malathion. All populations were resistant to 0.05% Pirimiphos-methyl, whereas those from Louga, Mbour and Barkédji, also exhibited resistance to 1% Fenitrothion. None of the known target site pyrethroid resistance mutations was present in the mosquito samples included in the genotyping analysis (performed in > 1500 samples). In contrast, a remarkably high (20-70-fold) overexpression of major detoxification genes was observed, suggesting that insecticide resistance is mostly mediated through metabolic mechanisms. These data provide important evidence to support dengue vector control in Senegal. In Senegal, as in most African countries, the arbovirus epidemics control policy relies on the control of the main vector Ae. aegypti though insecticide applications. Vector control strategies have been largely adopted without information on the vector populations’ insecticide resistance mechanisms. We profiled here the resistance status of nine Ae. aegypti populations from Senegal to four classes of insecticides and their related mechanisms. Our findings revealed high resistance to carbamates, a relative susceptibility of southern populations to pyrethroids and a variable efficacy of organophosphates. Resistance to pyrethroids was driven by a significant overexpression of detoxification genes linked to insecticide metabolism. Our results contribute towards a more targeted and efficient control of Ae. aegypti populations and thus of arbovirus epidemics in Senegal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Konstantinos Mavridis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Crete, Greece
| | - El Hadji Ndiaye
- Medical Zoology Pole, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Cheikh Tidiane Diagne
- Medical Zoology Pole, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
- MIVEGEC (Infectious Diseases and Vector: Ecology, Genetics, Evolution and Control), IRD (Institut de recherché pour le Développement), Montpellier, France
| | - Alioune Gaye
- Medical Zoology Pole, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | | | - Yamar Ba
- Medical Zoology Pole, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Diawo Diallo
- Medical Zoology Pole, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - John Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Crete, Greece
- Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ibrahima Dia
- Medical Zoology Pole, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Mawlouth Diallo
- Medical Zoology Pole, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
226
|
Yang X, Zhou Y, Sun Y, Liu J, Jiang D. Multiple insecticide resistance and associated mechanisms to volatile pyrethroid in an Aedes albopictus population collected in southern China. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2021; 174:104823. [PMID: 33838716 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Conventional and volatile pyrethroids are widely used to control the vectors of dengue arboviral diseases, Aedes albopictus in China. The development of resistance to conventional pyrethroids has become an increasing problem, potentially affecting the use of volatile pyrethroid. The Ae. albopictus dimefluthrin-resistant (R) strain by selecting the field population with dimefluthrin were investigated the multiple and cross-resistance levels between conventional and volatile pyrethroids and analyzed both target-site and metabolic resistant mechanisms to dimefluthrin compared with three volatile pyrethroids metofluthrin, meperfluthrin and esbiothrin and type II pyrethroid deltamethrin. The R strain displayed moderate to low resistance to selected pyrethroids (dimefluthrin, metofluthrin, meperfluthrin, esbiothrin and deltamethrin) associated with metabolic enzymes, but less distinctly to selected pyrethroids (dimefluthrin and metofluthrin) associated with a high frequency of sodium channel gene mutation (F1534S). Profiles of the multiple and cross-resistance of the R strain to other three volatile pyrethroids and type II pyrethroid deltamethrin were detected. Both synergistic and enzyme activity studies indicated that multifunctional oxidase (MFO) played an important role in this resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Insect Toxicology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Yulei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Insect Toxicology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Yanan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Insect Toxicology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Jiali Liu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Insect Toxicology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Dingxin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Insect Toxicology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
227
|
Ahmed T, Liaqat I, Hyder MZ, Akhtar S, Bhatti AH, Butt SB, Imran Z, Yasmin T, Abbas S. Elucidation of larvicidal potential of metallic and environment friendly food-grade nanostructures against Aedes albopictus. Environ Geochem Health 2021; 43:1903-1925. [PMID: 33179203 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00771-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To combat health challenges associated with mosquito-borne diseases, the larvicidal activity of metallic nanoparticles, food-grade polymeric nano-capsules and insecticides was investigated against larvae of Aedes albopictus as an effective alternate control approach. The Ae. albopictus was identified using sequencing and phylogenetic analyses of COXI, CYTB and ITS2 genes. The characterization of synthesized nanostructures was performed through Zetasizer, UV-VIS spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The mosquito larvae were exposed to varying concentration of nanostructures and insecticides, and their percentage mortality was evaluated at different time intervals of 24 h and 48 h exposure. The highest efficacy was observed in zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) and polymeric nanocapsules FG-Cur E-III (LC50 = 0.24 mg/L, LC90 = 0.6 mg/L) and (LC50 = 3.8 mg/L, LC90 = 9.33 mg/L), respectively, after 24 h; while (LC50 = 0.18 mg/L, LC90 = 0.43 mg/L) and (LC50 = 1.95 mg/L, LC90 = 6.46 mg/L), respectively, after 48 h against fourth instar larvae of Ae. albopictus. Ag, CuO, NiTiO3 and CoTiO3 nanoparticles evaluated in this study also showed promising larvicidal activity. Although ZnO-NPs proved to be effective larvicides, their possible toxicity (producing ROS species) can limit their use. The curcumin nanostructures (FG-Cur E-III) stabilized by food-grade materials are thought to exert their larvicidal activity by binding to sterol carrier protein-2, and depriving the larvae from the essential dietary cholesterol, and bears effective larvicidal potential as safe alternative for chemical larvicides, due to their environment friendly, food-grade and easy biodegradability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toqeer Ahmed
- Centre for Climate Research and Development (CCRD), COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan
| | - Irfan Liaqat
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zeeshan Hyder
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan.
| | - Shaheen Akhtar
- Health Services Academy (HSA), Park Road, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Shahid Bilal Butt
- Preston Institute of Nano Sciences and Technology (PINSAT), Preston University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zahid Imran
- Department of Physics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan
| | - Tayyaba Yasmin
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan
| | - Shabbar Abbas
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
228
|
Chae K, Valentin C, Dawson C, Jakes E, Myles KM, Adelman ZN. A knockout screen of genes expressed specifically in Ae. aegypti pupae reveals a critical role for stretchin in mosquito flight. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 132:103565. [PMID: 33716097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2021.103565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is a critical vector for transmitting Zika, dengue, chikungunya, and yellow fever viruses to humans. Genetic strategies to limit mosquito survival based upon sex distortion or disruption of development may be valuable new tools to control Ae. aegypti populations. We identified six genes with expression limited to pupal development; osi8 and osi11 (Osiris protein family), CPRs and CPF (cuticle protein family), and stretchin (a muscle protein). Heritable CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene knockout of these genes did not reveal any defects in pupal development. However, stretchin-null mutations (strnΔ35/Δ41) resulted in flightless mosquitoes with an abnormal open wing posture. The inability of adult strnΔ35/Δ41 mosquitoes to fly restricted their escape from aquatic rearing media following eclosion, and substantially reduced adult survival rates. Transgenic strains which contain the EGFP marker gene under the control of strn regulatory regions (0.8 kb, 1.4 kb, and 2.2 kb upstream, respectively), revealed the gene expression pattern of strn in muscle-like tissues in the thorax during late morphogenesis from L4 larvae to young adults. We demonstrated that Ae. aegypti pupae-specific strn is critical for adult mosquito flight capability and a key late-acting lethal target for mosquito-borne disease control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keun Chae
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Collin Valentin
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Chanell Dawson
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Emma Jakes
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Kevin M Myles
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Zach N Adelman
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
229
|
Batson J, Dudas G, Haas-Stapleton E, Kistler AL, Li LM, Logan P, Ratnasiri K, Retallack H. Single mosquito metatranscriptomics identifies vectors, emerging pathogens and reservoirs in one assay. eLife 2021; 10:e68353. [PMID: 33904402 PMCID: PMC8110308 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes are major infectious disease-carrying vectors. Assessment of current and future risks associated with the mosquito population requires knowledge of the full repertoire of pathogens they carry, including novel viruses, as well as their blood meal sources. Unbiased metatranscriptomic sequencing of individual mosquitoes offers a straightforward, rapid, and quantitative means to acquire this information. Here, we profile 148 diverse wild-caught mosquitoes collected in California and detect sequences from eukaryotes, prokaryotes, 24 known and 46 novel viral species. Importantly, sequencing individuals greatly enhanced the value of the biological information obtained. It allowed us to (a) speciate host mosquito, (b) compute the prevalence of each microbe and recognize a high frequency of viral co-infections, (c) associate animal pathogens with specific blood meal sources, and (d) apply simple co-occurrence methods to recover previously undetected components of highly prevalent segmented viruses. In the context of emerging diseases, where knowledge about vectors, pathogens, and reservoirs is lacking, the approaches described here can provide actionable information for public health surveillance and intervention decisions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gytis Dudas
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity CentreGothenburgSweden
| | | | | | - Lucy M Li
- Chan Zuckerberg BiohubSan FranciscoUnited States
| | | | - Kalani Ratnasiri
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Hanna Retallack
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
230
|
Jin B, Zhao Y, Liu P, Sun Y, Li X, Zhang X, Chen XG, Gu J. The direct regulation of Aalbdsx on AalVgR is indispensable for ovarian development in Aedes albopictus. Pest Manag Sci 2021; 77:1654-1667. [PMID: 33205515 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes albopictus is an important vector with an extensive worldwide distribution. Only female mosquitoes play a significant role in the transmission of pathogens. Doublesex (dsx) is a central nexus gene in the insect somatic sex determination hierarchy. RESULTS In this study, we characterized the full-length sex-specific splicing forms of the Ae. albopictus dsx (Aalbdsx) gene. Then, we identified 15 direct target genes of DSX in adult females using digital gene expression combined with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) by performing a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay with specific DSX antibodies. Knockdown of Aalbdsx suppressed ovarian development and decreased the transcript levels of the Aalbdsx target vitellogenin receptor (VgR) gene, whereas vitellogenin (Vg) expression showed an increase in the fat body. Genes in the major Vg regulatory pathway were also up-regulated. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that both Vg and VgR are direct target genes of Aalbdsx and that direct regulation of Aalbdsx on VgR is indispensable for ovarian development in Ae. albopictus, which not only provides a reference for the further elucidation of the evolutionarily conserved role of dsx in Ae. albopictus sexual differentiation but also reveals potential molecular targets for application to the development of sterile male mosquitoes to be released for vector control. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Jin
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yijie Zhao
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peiwen Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaocong Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Guang Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinbao Gu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
231
|
Crava CM, Varghese FS, Pischedda E, Halbach R, Palatini U, Marconcini M, Gasmi L, Redmond S, Afrane Y, Ayala D, Paupy C, Carballar‐Lejarazu R, Miesen P, van Rij RP, Bonizzoni M. Population genomics in the arboviral vector Aedes aegypti reveals the genomic architecture and evolution of endogenous viral elements. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:1594-1611. [PMID: 33432714 PMCID: PMC8048955 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Horizontal gene transfer from viruses to eukaryotic cells is a pervasive phenomenon. Somatic viral integrations are linked to persistent viral infection whereas integrations into germline cells are maintained in host genomes by vertical transmission and may be co-opted for host functions. In the arboviral vector Aedes aegypti, an endogenous viral element from a nonretroviral RNA virus (nrEVE) was shown to produce PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) to limit infection with a cognate virus. Thus, nrEVEs may constitute a heritable, sequence-specific mechanism for antiviral immunity, analogous to piRNA-mediated silencing of transposable elements. Here, we combine population genomics and evolutionary approaches to analyse the genomic architecture of nrEVEs in A. aegypti. We conducted a genome-wide screen for adaptive nrEVEs and searched for novel population-specific nrEVEs in the genomes of 80 individual wild-caught mosquitoes from five geographical populations. We show a dynamic landscape of nrEVEs in mosquito genomes and identified five novel nrEVEs derived from two currently circulating viruses, providing evidence of the environmental-dependent modification of a piRNA cluster. Overall, our results show that virus endogenization events are complex with only a few nrEVEs contributing to adaptive evolution in A. aegypti.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M. Crava
- Department of Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of PaviaPaviaItaly
- Present address:
Institute of Biotechnology and BiomedicineUniversitat de ValènciaBurjassotSpain
| | - Finny S. Varghese
- Department of Medical MicrobiologyRadboud University Medical CenterRadboud Institute for Molecular Life SciencesNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Elisa Pischedda
- Department of Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of PaviaPaviaItaly
| | - Rebecca Halbach
- Department of Medical MicrobiologyRadboud University Medical CenterRadboud Institute for Molecular Life SciencesNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Umberto Palatini
- Department of Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of PaviaPaviaItaly
| | | | - Leila Gasmi
- Department of Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of PaviaPaviaItaly
| | - Seth Redmond
- Institute of Vector Borne DiseaseMonash UniversityAustralia
| | - Yaw Afrane
- Department of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity of GhanaAccraGhana
| | - Diego Ayala
- MIVEGECUniv. MontpellierIRDCNRSMontpellierFrance
| | | | - Rebeca Carballar‐Lejarazu
- Department of Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of PaviaPaviaItaly
- Present address:
Department of Molecular Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of California at IrvineIrvineCAUSA
| | - Pascal Miesen
- Department of Medical MicrobiologyRadboud University Medical CenterRadboud Institute for Molecular Life SciencesNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Ronald P. van Rij
- Department of Medical MicrobiologyRadboud University Medical CenterRadboud Institute for Molecular Life SciencesNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
232
|
Mushegian AA, Neupane N, Batz Z, Mogi M, Tuno N, Toma T, Miyagi I, Ries L, Armbruster PA. Ecological mechanism of climate-mediated selection in a rapidly evolving invasive species. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:698-707. [PMID: 33554374 PMCID: PMC8045958 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recurring seasonal changes can lead to the evolution of phenological cues. For example, many arthropods undergo photoperiodic diapause, a programmed developmental arrest induced by short autumnal day length. The selective mechanisms that determine the timing of autumnal diapause initiation have not been empirically identified. We quantified latitudinal clines in genetically determined diapause timing of an invasive mosquito, Aedes albopictus, on two continents. We show that variation in diapause timing within and between continents is explained by a novel application of a growing degree day (GDD) model that delineates a location-specific deadline after which it is not possible to complete an additional full life cycle. GDD models are widely used to predict spring phenology by modelling growth and development as physiological responses to ambient temperatures. Our results show that the energy accumulation dynamics represented by GDD models have also led to the evolution of an anticipatory life-history cue in autumn.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Naresh Neupane
- Department of BiologyGeorgetown University3700 O St NWWashingtonDC20057USA
| | - Zachary Batz
- Department of BiologyGeorgetown University3700 O St NWWashingtonDC20057USA
| | - Motoyoshi Mogi
- Division of ParasitologyFaculty of MedicineSaga UniversityNabeshima 5‐1‐1Saga849‐8501Japan
| | - Nobuko Tuno
- Laboratory of EcologyGraduate School of Natural Science and TechnologyKanazawa UniversityKanazawaJapan
| | - Takako Toma
- University Museum (Fujukan)University of the Ryukyus1 SenbaruNishiharaOkinawa903‐0213Japan
| | - Ichiro Miyagi
- University Museum (Fujukan)University of the Ryukyus1 SenbaruNishiharaOkinawa903‐0213Japan
| | - Leslie Ries
- Department of BiologyGeorgetown University3700 O St NWWashingtonDC20057USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
233
|
Lan J, Wang Z, Chen Z, Zhang L, Zhao J, Guan Q, Liao C, Liu N, Han Q. Identification of the Aedes aegypti nAChR gene family and molecular target of spinosad. Pest Manag Sci 2021; 77:1633-1641. [PMID: 33202106 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinosad is an insecticide with unique mode of action (MOA) of disrupting nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and is efficacious against many insect species. Mutations in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) α6 subunit have been identified that are associated with levels of spinosad resistance, but the molecular characterization of the nAChR gene family and a causative association between nAChR α6 and resistance to spinosad in Aedes aegypti, a primary vector of many arboviruses, have not yet been reported. RESULTS In this study, we identified 10 candidate nAChR subunits in Ae. Aegypti, nAChRα1-α9 and nAChRβ1, showing similarly orthologous relationships with Anopheles gambiae. With the application of the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system, we introduced a 32-bp deletion at the 5' end of the Aaeα6 (Ae. aegypti nAChR α6) gene in a homozygous mutant strain (Aaeα6-KO). The mutation produced two successive pre-mature stop codons, resulting in loss of function in the target receptor. The Aaeα6-KO mutant strain exhibited a 320-fold level of resistance to spinosad compared with wildtype. A recessive mode of inheritance for spinosad resistance was found in the Aaeα6-KO strain. CONCLUSION CRISPR/Cas9 introduced truncated Aaeα6 receptor in Ae. aegypti resulted in an increased level of resistance to spinosad, suggesting that the conserved nAChR α6 subunit is the target for spinosad insecticide. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Lan
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Zihe Wang
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhaohui Chen
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Jianguo Zhao
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Qingfeng Guan
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Chenghong Liao
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Nannan Liu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Qian Han
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| |
Collapse
|
234
|
Tsujimoto H, Anderson MAE, Eggleston H, Myles KM, Adelman ZN. Aedes aegypti dyspepsia encodes a novel member of the SLC16 family of transporters and is critical for reproductive fitness. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009334. [PMID: 33826624 PMCID: PMC8055033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As a key vector for major arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) such as dengue, Zika and chikungunya, control of Aedes aegypti represents a major challenge in public health. Bloodmeal acquisition is necessary for the reproduction of vector mosquitoes and pathogen transmission. Blood contains potentially toxic amounts of iron while it provides nutrients for mosquito offspring; disruption of iron homeostasis in the mosquito may therefore lead to novel control strategies. We previously described a potential iron exporter in Ae. aegypti after a targeted functional screen of ZIP (zinc-regulated transporter/Iron-regulated transporter-like) and ZnT (zinc transporter) family genes. In this study, we performed an RNAseq-based screen in an Ae. aegypti cell line cultured under iron-deficient and iron-excess conditions. A subset of differentially expressed genes were analyzed via a cytosolic iron-sensitive dual-luciferase reporter assay with several gene candidates potentially involved in iron transport. In vivo gene silencing resulted in significant reduction of fecundity (egg number) and fertility (hatch rate) for one gene, termed dyspepsia. Silencing of dyspepsia reduced the induction of ferritin expression in the midgut and also resulted in delayed/impaired excretion and digestion. Further characterization of this gene, including a more direct confirmation of its substrate (iron or otherwise), could inform vector control strategies as well as to contribute to the field of metal biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Tsujimoto
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M Agrilife Research, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | | | - Heather Eggleston
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M Agrilife Research, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kevin M. Myles
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M Agrilife Research, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Zach N. Adelman
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M Agrilife Research, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
235
|
Li Y, Zhou G, Zhong D, Wang X, Hemming‐Schroeder E, David RE, Lee M, Zhong S, Yi G, Liu Z, Cui G, Yan G. Widespread multiple insecticide resistance in the major dengue vector Aedes albopictus in Hainan Province, China. Pest Manag Sci 2021; 77:1945-1953. [PMID: 33301644 PMCID: PMC7986907 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes albopictus is a highly invasive mosquito and has become a potential vector of dengue, chikungunya and Zika viruses. Insecticide-based mosquito interventions are the main tools for vector-borne disease control. However, mosquito resistance to insecticides is a major threat to effective prevention and control. Five Ae. albopictus populations across Hainan Province, China were investigated for susceptibility to multiple insecticide and resistance mechanisms. RESULTS Larval bioassays indicated that resistance to pyrethroids was common in all larval populations. Adult bioassays revealed all populations were either resistant or highly resistant to at least four of the six synthetic insecticides (deltamethrin, permethrin, cyfluthrin, propoxur, malathion, and DDT) tested. Pre-exposure of mosquitoes to the synergistic agent piperonyl butoxide (PBO) increased mosquito mortality by 2.4-43.3% in bioassays to DDT, malathion, and permethrin and rendered mosquito sensitive to deltamethrin, cyfluthrin, and propoxur. The frequency of knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations (F1534S and F1534C) ranged from 69.8% to 89.3% and from 38.1% to 87.0% in field-resistant and sensitive populations, respectively. F1534S mutation was significantly associated with pyrethroid resistance. No mutation was detected in the acetylcholinesterase (ace-1) gene in the two examined populations. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence of widespread resistance to multiple insecticides in Ae. albopictus in Hainan Province, China. Both kdr mutations and metabolic detoxification were potential causes of insecticide resistance for Ae. albopictus. Our findings highlight the need for insecticide resistance management and mosquito control measures that do not entirely depend on synthetic insecticides. © 2020 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiji Li
- Department of Pathogen BiologyHainan Medical UniversityHaikouChina
- Program in Public HealthSchool of Medicine, University of CaliforniaIrvineCAUSA
| | - Guofa Zhou
- Program in Public HealthSchool of Medicine, University of CaliforniaIrvineCAUSA
| | - Daibin Zhong
- Program in Public HealthSchool of Medicine, University of CaliforniaIrvineCAUSA
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Program in Public HealthSchool of Medicine, University of CaliforniaIrvineCAUSA
| | | | - Randy E David
- Program in Public HealthSchool of Medicine, University of CaliforniaIrvineCAUSA
| | - Ming‐Chieh Lee
- Program in Public HealthSchool of Medicine, University of CaliforniaIrvineCAUSA
| | - Saifeng Zhong
- Department of Pathogen BiologyHainan Medical UniversityHaikouChina
| | - Guohui Yi
- Public Research LaboratoryHainan Medical UniversityHaikouChina
| | - Zhuanzhuan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and ImmunologyXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Guzhen Cui
- Key Laboratory for Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of EducationSchool of Basic Medical Science, Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Guiyun Yan
- Program in Public HealthSchool of Medicine, University of CaliforniaIrvineCAUSA
| |
Collapse
|
236
|
Kubik TD, Snell TK, Saavedra-Rodriguez K, Wilusz J, Anderson JR, Lozano-Fuentes S, Black WC, Campbell CL. Aedes aegypti miRNA-33 modulates permethrin induced toxicity by regulating VGSC transcripts. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7301. [PMID: 33790374 PMCID: PMC8012613 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86665-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is a major vector of Zika, dengue, and other arboviruses. Permethrin adulticidal spraying, which targets the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC), is commonly done to reduce local mosquito populations and protect humans from exposure to arbovirus pathogens transmitted by this dangerous pest. Permethrin resistance, however, is a growing problem and understanding its underlying molecular basis may identify avenues to combat it. We identified a single G:C polymorphism in pre-miR-33 that was genetically associated with permethrin resistance; resulting isoforms had structural differences that may affect DICER-1/pre-miRNA processing rates. We then assessed the effects of overexpression of pre-miR-33 isoforms on permethrin toxicological phenotypes, VGSC transcript abundance and protein levels for two genetically related mosquito strains. One strain had its naturally high permethrin resistance levels maintained by periodic treatment, and the other was released from selection. VGSC protein levels were lower in the permethrin resistant strain than in the related permethrin-susceptible strain. Overexpression of the G-pre-miR-33 isoform reduced VGSC expression levels in both strains. To further elucidate changes in gene expression associated with permethrin resistance, exome-capture gDNA deep sequencing, genetic association mapping and subsequent gene set enrichment analysis revealed that transport genes, in particular, were selected in resistant versus susceptible mosquitoes. Collectively, these data indicate that miR-33 regulates VGSC expression as part of a nuanced system of neuronal regulation that contributes to a network of heritable features determining permethrin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tristan D Kubik
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Campus Delivery 1685, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Trey K Snell
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Campus Delivery 1685, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Karla Saavedra-Rodriguez
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Campus Delivery 1685, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Jeffrey Wilusz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Campus Delivery 1685, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - John R Anderson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Campus Delivery 1685, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Saul Lozano-Fuentes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Campus Delivery 1685, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - William C Black
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Campus Delivery 1685, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Corey L Campbell
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Campus Delivery 1685, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
237
|
Reeves LE, Medina J, Miqueli E, Sloyer KE, Petrie W, Vasquez C, Burkett-Cadena ND. Establishment of Aedes (Ochlerotatus) scapularis (Diptera: Culicidae) in Mainland Florida, With Notes on the Ochlerotatus Group in the United States. J Med Entomol 2021; 58:717-729. [PMID: 33225354 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aedes scapularis (Rondani), a widespread neotropical vector mosquito species, has been included in the mosquito fauna of Florida on the basis of just three larval specimens that were collected in the middle Florida Keys in 1945. Here, we report numerous recent collections of immature and adult Ae. scapularis from multiple locations in two counties of southern Florida. These specimens represent the first records of Ae. scapularis from mainland Florida and the first records of the species in the state since the initial detection of the species 75 yr ago. Collections of both larvae and adults across several years indicate that Ae. scapularis is now established in Broward and Miami-Dade Counties. These contemporary records of this species in Florida may represent novel dispersal and subsequent establishment events from populations outside the United States or a recent reemergence of undetected endemic populations. To confirm morphological identification of Ae. scapularis specimens from Florida, the DNA barcoding region of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI) was sequenced and compared to all other Ochlerotatus Group species from the United States, specifically Aedes condolescens Dyar and Knab (Diptera: Culicidae), Aedes infirmatus Dyar and Knab (Diptera: Culicidae), Aedes thelcter Dyar (Diptera: Culicidae), Aedes tortilis (Theobald) (Diptera: Culicidae), and Aedes trivittatus (Coquillett) (Diptera: Culicidae). Molecular assays and sequencing confirm morphological identification of Ae. scapularis specimens. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis of COI and ITS2 sequences place Florida Ae. scapularis in a distinct clade, but was unable to produce distinct clades for Florida specimens of Ae. condolescens and Ae. tortilis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence E Reeves
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL
| | | | | | - Kristin E Sloyer
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL
| | | | | | - Nathan D Burkett-Cadena
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL
| |
Collapse
|
238
|
Janich AJ, Saavedra-Rodriguez K, Vera-Maloof FZ, Kading RC, Rodríguez AD, Penilla-Navarro P, López-Solis AD, Solis-Santoyo F, Perera R, Black WC. Permethrin Resistance Status and Associated Mechanisms in Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) From Chiapas, Mexico. J Med Entomol 2021; 58:739-748. [PMID: 33034352 PMCID: PMC7954096 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
There are major public health concerns regarding the spread of mosquito-borne diseases such as dengue, Zika, and chikungunya, which are mainly controlled by using insecticides against the vectors, Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse). Pyrethroids are the primary class of insecticides used for vector control, due to their rapid knockdown effect and low toxicity to vertebrates. Unfortunately, continued use of pyrethroids has led to widespread insecticide resistance in Ae. aegypti; however, we lack information for Ae. albopictus-a sympatric species in Chiapas since 2002. In this study, we evaluated the permethrin resistance status of Ae. albopictus collected from Mexico and Texas. We also selected for permethrin resistance in the laboratory and investigated the potential mechanisms conferring resistance in this species. Knockdown resistance mutations, specifically F1534C, in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene, and increased activity of detoxifying enzymes were evaluated. Low levels of permethrin resistance (<2.4-fold) were observed in our field populations of Ae. albopictus and the F1534C mutation was not detected in any of the sites. Low levels of resistance were also observed in the artificially selected strain. There was significantly higher cytochrome P450 activity in our permethrin-selected and nonselected strains from Mexico compared to the control strain. Our results suggest the Ae. albopictus sampled from 2016 are mostly susceptible to pyrethroids. These results contrast with the high levels of permethrin resistance (>58-fold) found in Ae. aegypti from the same sites in Mexico. This research indicates the importance of continued monitoring of Ae. albopictus populations to prevent resistance from developing in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley J Janich
- Arthropod Borne Infectious Disease Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | | | - Farah Z Vera-Maloof
- Arthropod Borne Infectious Disease Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Rebekah C Kading
- Arthropod Borne Infectious Disease Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Américo D Rodríguez
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | | | - Alma D López-Solis
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | | | - Rushika Perera
- Arthropod Borne Infectious Disease Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - William C Black
- Arthropod Borne Infectious Disease Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| |
Collapse
|
239
|
Mack LK, Kelly ET, Lee Y, Brisco KK, Shen KV, Zahid A, van Schoor T, Cornel AJ, Attardo GM. Frequency of sodium channel genotypes and association with pyrethrum knockdown time in populations of Californian Aedes aegypti. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:141. [PMID: 33676552 PMCID: PMC7936502 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04627-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since their detection in 2013, Aedes aegypti has become a widespread urban pest in California. The availability of cryptic larval breeding sites in residential areas and resistance to insecticides pose significant challenges to control efforts. Resistance to pyrethroids is largely attributed to mutations in the voltage gated sodium channels (VGSC), the pyrethroid site of action. However, past studies have indicated that VGSC mutations may not be entirely predictive of the observed resistance phenotype. METHODS To investigate the frequencies of VGSC mutations and the relationship with pyrethroid insecticide resistance in California, we sampled Ae. aegypti from four locations in the Central Valley, and the Greater Los Angeles area. Mosquitoes from each location were subjected to an individual pyrethrum bottle bioassay to determine knockdown times. A subset of assayed mosquitoes from each location was then analyzed to determine the composition of 5 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci within the VGSC gene. RESULTS The distribution of knockdown times for each of the five Californian populations sampled was non-parametric with potentially bimodal distributions. One group succumbs to insecticidal effects around 35-45 min and the second group lasts up to and beyond the termination of the assay (120+ min). We detected 5 polymorphic VGSC SNPs within the sampled California populations. One is potentially new and alternatively spliced (I915K), and four are documented and associated with resistance: F1534C, V1016I, V410L and S723T. The Central Valley populations (Clovis, Dinuba, Sanger and Kingsburg) are fairly homogenous with only 5% of the mosquitoes showing heterozygosity at any given position. In the Greater LA mosquitoes, 55% had at least one susceptible allele at any of the five SNP loci. The known resistance allele F1534C was detected in almost all sampled mosquitoes (99.4%). We also observe significant heterogeneity in the knockdown phenotypes of individuals with the identical VGSC haplotypes suggesting the presence of additional undefined resistance mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS Resistance associated VGSC SNPs are prevalent, particularly in the Central Valley. Interestingly, among mosquitoes carrying all 4 resistance associated SNPs, we observe significant heterogeneity in bottle bioassay profiles suggesting that other mechanisms are important to the individual resistance of Ae. aegypti in California.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey K Mack
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Erin Taylor Kelly
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Yoosook Lee
- University of Florida-Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Vero Beach, FL, USA
| | - Katherine K Brisco
- Mosquito Control Research Laboratory, Kearney Agricultural Center, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kaiyuan Victoria Shen
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Aamina Zahid
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Tess van Schoor
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Anthony J Cornel
- Mosquito Control Research Laboratory, Kearney Agricultural Center, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Geoffrey M Attardo
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
240
|
Smith LB, Silva JJ, Chen C, Harrington LC, Scott JG. Fitness costs of individual and combined pyrethroid resistance mechanisms, kdr and CYP-mediated detoxification, in Aedes aegypti. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009271. [PMID: 33760828 PMCID: PMC7990171 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes aegypti is an important vector of many human diseases and a serious threat to human health due to its wide geographic distribution and preference for human hosts. A. aegypti also has evolved widespread resistance to pyrethroids due to the extensive use of this insecticide class over the past decades. Mutations that cause insecticide resistance result in fitness costs in the absence of insecticides. The fitness costs of pyrethroid resistance mutations in A. aegypti are still poorly understood despite their implications for arbovirus transmission. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPLE FINDINGS We evaluated fitness based both on allele-competition and by measuring specific fitness components (i.e. life table and mating competition) to determine the costs of the different resistance mechanisms individually and in combination. We used four congenic A. aegypti strains: Rockefeller (ROCK) is susceptible to insecticides; KDR:ROCK (KR) contains only voltage-sensitive sodium channel (Vssc) mutations S989P+V1016G (kdr); CYP:ROCK (CR) contains only CYP-mediated resistance; and CYP+KDR:ROCK (CKR) contains both CYP-mediated resistance and kdr. The kdr allele frequency decreased over nine generations in the allele-competition study regardless of the presence of CYP-mediated resistance. Specific fitness costs were variable by strain and component measured. CR and CKR had a lower net reproductive rate (R0) than ROCK or KR, and KR was not different than ROCK. There was no correlation between the level of permethrin resistance conferred by the different mechanisms and their fitness cost ratio. We also found that CKR males had a reduced mating success relative to ROCK males when attempting to mate with ROCK females. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Both kdr and CYP-mediated resistance have a fitness cost affecting different physiological aspects of the mosquito. CYP-mediated resistance negatively affected adult longevity and mating competition, whereas the specific fitness costs of kdr remains elusive. Understanding fitness costs helps us determine whether and how quickly resistance will be lost after pesticide application has ceased.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Letícia B. Smith
- Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Juan J. Silva
- Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Connie Chen
- Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Laura C. Harrington
- Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey G. Scott
- Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
241
|
Wang X, Ding Y, Lu X, Geng D, Li S, Raikhel AS, Zou Z. The ecdysone-induced protein 93 is a key factor regulating gonadotrophic cycles in the adult female mosquito Aedes aegypti. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2021910118. [PMID: 33593917 PMCID: PMC7923369 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2021910118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated blood feedings are required for adult female mosquitoes to maintain their gonadotrophic cycles, enabling them to be important pathogen carriers of human diseases. Elucidating the molecular mechanism underlying developmental switches between these mosquito gonadotrophic cycles will provide valuable insight into mosquito reproduction and could aid in the identification of targets to disrupt these cycles, thereby reducing disease transmission. We report here that the transcription factor ecdysone-induced protein 93 (E93), previously implicated in insect metamorphic transitions, plays a key role in determining the gonadotrophic cyclicity in adult females of the major arboviral vector Aedes aegypti Expression of the E93 gene in mosquitoes is down-regulated by juvenile hormone (JH) and up-regulated by 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). We find that E93 controls Hormone Receptor 3 (HR3), the transcription factor linked to the termination of reproductive cycles. Moreover, knockdown of E93 expression via RNAi impaired fat body autophagy, suggesting that E93 governs autophagy-induced termination of vitellogenesis. E93 RNAi silencing prior to the first gonadotrophic cycle affected normal progression of the second cycle. Finally, transcriptomic analysis showed a considerable E93-dependent decline in the expression of genes involved in translation and metabolism at the end of a reproductive cycle. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that E93 acts as a crucial factor in regulating reproductive cycle switches in adult female mosquitoes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yike Ding
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Xiangyang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Danqian Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Alexander S Raikhel
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521;
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Zhen Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, People's Republic of China;
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
242
|
Li M, Xing D, Su D, Wang D, Gao H, Lan C, Gu Z, Zhao T, Li C. Transcriptome Analysis of Responses to Dengue Virus 2 Infection in Aedes albopictus (Skuse) C6/36 Cells. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020343. [PMID: 33671824 PMCID: PMC7926344 DOI: 10.3390/v13020343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV), a member of the Flavivirus genus of the Flaviviridae family, can cause dengue fever (DF) and more serious diseases and thus imposes a heavy burden worldwide. As the main vector of DENV, mosquitoes are a serious hazard. After infection, they induce a complex host–pathogen interaction mechanism. Our goal is to further study the interaction mechanism of viruses in homologous, sensitive, and repeatable C6/36 cell vectors. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) technology was applied to the host transcript profiles of C6/36 cells infected with DENV2. Then, bioinformatics analysis was used to identify significant differentially expressed genes and the associated biological processes. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed to verify the sequencing data. A total of 1239 DEGs were found by transcriptional analysis of Aedes albopictus C6/36 cells that were infected and uninfected with dengue virus, among which 1133 were upregulated and 106 were downregulated. Further bioinformatics analysis showed that the upregulated DEGs were significantly enriched in signaling pathways such as the MAPK, Hippo, FoxO, Wnt, mTOR, and Notch; metabolic pathways and cellular physiological processes such as autophagy, endocytosis, and apoptosis. Downregulated DEGs were mainly enriched in DNA replication, pyrimidine metabolism, and repair pathways, including BER, NER, and MMR. The qRT-PCR results showed that the concordance between the RNA-Seq and RT-qPCR data was very high (92.3%). The results of this study provide more information about DENV2 infection of C6/36 cells at the transcriptome level, laying a foundation for further research on mosquito vector–virus interactions. These data provide candidate antiviral genes that can be used for further functional verification in the future.
Collapse
|
243
|
Rahman RU, Cosme LV, Costa MM, Carrara L, Lima JBP, Martins AJ. Insecticide resistance and genetic structure of Aedes aegypti populations from Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0008492. [PMID: 33591988 PMCID: PMC7909666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vector control largely relies on neurotoxic chemicals, and insecticide resistance (IR) directly threatens their effectiveness. In some cases, specific alleles cause IR, and knowledge of the genetic diversity and gene flow among mosquito populations is crucial to track their arrival, rise, and spread. Here we evaluated Aedes aegypti populations’ susceptibility status, collected in 2016 from six different municipalities of Rio de Janeiro state (RJ), to temephos, pyriproxyfen, malathion, and deltamethrin. We collected eggs of Ae. aegypti in Campos dos Goytacazes (Cgy), Itaperuna (Ipn), Iguaba Grande (Igg), Itaboraí (Ibr), Mangaratiba (Mgr), and Vassouras (Vsr). We followed the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines and investigated the degree of susceptibility/resistance of mosquitoes to these insecticides. We used the Rockefeller strain as a susceptible positive control. We genotyped the V1016I and F1534C knockdown resistance (kdr) alleles using qPCR TaqMan SNP genotyping assay. Besides, with the use of Ae. aegypti SNP-chip, we performed genomic population analyses by genotyping more than 15,000 biallelic SNPs in mosquitoes from each population. We added previous data from populations from other countries to evaluate the ancestry of RJ populations. All RJ Ae. aegypti populations were susceptible to pyriproxyfen and malathion and highly resistant to deltamethrin. The resistance ratios for temephos was below 3,0 in Cgy, Ibr, and Igg populations, representing the lowest rates since IR monitoring started in this Brazilian region. We found the kdr alleles in high frequencies in all populations, partially justifying the observed resistance to pyrethroid. Population genetics analysis showed that Ae. aegypti revealed potential higher migration among some RJ localities and low genetic structure for most of them. Future population genetic studies, together with IR data in Ae aegypti on a broader scale, can help us predict the gene flow within and among the Brazilian States, allowing us to track the dynamics of arrival and changes in the frequency of IR alleles, and providing critical information to improving vector control program. Monitoring of insecticide resistance (IR) is mandatory for the effectiveness of vector control programs. We investigate six populations of Aedes aegypti regarding their IR status towards insecticides previously or currently in use, their frequency of IR alleles and resistance ratio, their genetic ancestry and structure, and the gene flow. We observed that Ae. aegypti populations from RJ are becoming susceptible to the larvicide organophosphate temephos. The resistance ratios of temephos are lower among populations where gene flow might be occurring. All RJ populations are highly resistant to deltamethrin, partially explained by the high frequency of kdr alleles. Besides, all populations are susceptible to pyriproxyfen’s insect growth regulator and the organophosphate malathion. Population genomic analyses using more than 15,000 SNPs identified three potential genetic clusters within RJ populations, with higher gene flow to and out of the touristic region called Região dos Lagos. IR data, together with knowledge of the genetic structure and gene flow among different mosquito populations, can help with vector control program decisions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafi Ur Rahman
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/ FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciano Veiga Cosme
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, United States of America
| | - Monique Melo Costa
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/ FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luana Carrara
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/ FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Bento Pereira Lima
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/ FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ademir Jesus Martins
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/ FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
244
|
Rigby LM, Johnson BJ, Rašić G, Peatey CL, Hugo LE, Beebe NW, Hartel GF, Devine GJ. The presence of knockdown resistance mutations reduces male mating competitiveness in the major arbovirus vector, Aedes aegypti. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009121. [PMID: 33544711 PMCID: PMC7891746 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The development of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes can have pleiotropic effects on key behaviours such as mating competition and host-location. Documenting these effects is crucial for understanding the dynamics and costs of insecticide resistance and may give researchers an evidence base for promoting vector control programs that aim to restore or conserve insecticide susceptibility. Methods and findings We evaluated changes in behaviour in a backcrossed strain of Aedes aegypti, homozygous for two knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations (V1016G and S989P) isolated in an otherwise fully susceptible genetic background. We compared biting activity, host location behaviours, wing beat frequency (WBF) and mating competition between the backcrossed strain, and the fully susceptible and resistant parental strains from which it was derived. The presence of the homozygous kdr mutations did not have significant effects on blood avidity, the time to locate a host, or WBF in females. There was, however, a significant reduction in mean WBF in males and a significant reduction in estimated male mating success (17.3%), associated with the isolated kdr genotype. Conclusions Our results demonstrate a cost of insecticide resistance associated with an isolated kdr genotype and manifest as a reduction in male mating success. While there was no recorded difference in WBF between the females of our strains, the significant reduction in male WBF recorded in our backcrossed strain might contribute to mate-recognition and mating disruption. These consequences of resistance evolution, especially when combined with other pleiotropic fitness costs that have been previously described, may encourage reversion to susceptibility in the absence of insecticide selection pressures. This offers justification for the implementation of insecticide resistance management strategies based on the rotation or alternation of different insecticide classes in space and time. The mosquito Aedes aegypti is the main vector of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika. Its control relies heavily on the use of insecticides but the rapid evolution of resistance to these chemicals compromises their efficacy. The conservation or restoration of insecticide susceptibility in Ae. aegypti populations is therefore of great importance. Insecticide susceptibility can be encouraged if the evolution of resistance is accompanied by fitness costs that favour susceptible mosquitoes in the absence of insecticides. This paper documents the first report of a reduction in mating success directly associated with an isolated mutation that confers insecticide resistance in Ae. aegypti. This change in behaviour appears related to alterations in male wing-beat frequency. Our results provide evidence of behavioural changes related to insecticide resistance in Ae. aegypti, suggesting a competitive advantage of susceptible individuals in the absence of insecticides in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Rigby
- Australian Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute, Gallipoli Barracks, Enoggera, Australia
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Brian J. Johnson
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia
| | - Gordana Rašić
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia
| | - Christopher L. Peatey
- Australian Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute, Gallipoli Barracks, Enoggera, Australia
| | - Leon E. Hugo
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia
| | - Nigel W. Beebe
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- CSIRO, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gunter F. Hartel
- Department of Statistics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia
| | - Gregor J. Devine
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
245
|
Lule-Chávez AN, Carballar-Lejarazú R, Cabrera-Ponce JL, Lanz-Mendoza H, Ibarra JE. Genetic transformation of mosquitoes by microparticle bombardment. Insect Mol Biol 2021; 30:30-41. [PMID: 33009687 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes constitute the major living beings causing human deaths in the world. They are vectors of malaria, yellow fever, dengue, zika, filariases, chikungunya, among other diseases. New strategies to control/eradicate mosquito populations are based on newly developed genetic manipulation techniques. However, genetic transformation of mosquitoes is a major technical bottleneck due to low efficiency, the need of sophisticated equipment, and highly trained personnel. The present report shows the transgenerational genetic transformation of Aedes aegypti, using the particle inflow gun (PIG), by integrating the ecfp gene in the AAEL000582 mosquito gene with the CRISPR-Cas9 technique, achieving a mean efficiency of 44.5% of bombarded individuals (G0) that showed ECFP expression in their tissues, and a mean of 28.5% transformation efficiency measured on G1 individuals. The same transformation technique was used to integrate the egfp/scorpine genes cloned in the Minos transposon pMinHygeGFP into the Anopheles albimanus genome, achieving a mean efficiency of 43.25% of bombarded individuals (G0) that showed EGFP expression in their tissues. Once the technique was standardized, transformation of Ae. aegypti neonate larvae and An. albimanus eggs was achieved when exposed to gold microparticle bombardment. Integration of genes and heterologous protein expression were confirmed by PCR, sequencing, fluorescent microscopy, mass spectrometry, Western blot and dot blot analyses. Transgenerational inheritance of the transgenes was observed only on Ae. aegypti, as all transformed An. albimanus individuals died at the pupal stage of the G0 generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A N Lule-Chávez
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (Cinvestav-IPN), Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - R Carballar-Lejarazú
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (Cinvestav-IPN), Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Mexico
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - J L Cabrera-Ponce
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (Cinvestav-IPN), Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - H Lanz-Mendoza
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - J E Ibarra
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (Cinvestav-IPN), Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
246
|
Regilme MAF, Carvajal TM, Honnen A, Amalin DM, Watanabe K. The influence of roads on the fine-scale population genetic structure of the dengue vector Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009139. [PMID: 33635860 PMCID: PMC7946359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue is endemic in tropical and subtropical countries and is transmitted mainly by Aedes aegypti. Mosquito movement can be affected by human-made structures such as roads that can act as a barrier. Roads can influence the population genetic structure of Ae. aegypti. We investigated the genetic structure and gene flow of Ae. aegypti as influenced by a primary road, España Boulevard (EB) with 2000-meter-long stretch and 24-meters-wide in a very fine spatial scale. We hypothesized that Ae. aegypti populations separated by EB will be different due to the limited gene flow as caused by the barrier effect of the road. A total of 359 adults and 17 larvae Ae. aegypti were collected from June to September 2017 in 13 sites across EB. North (N1-N8) and South (S1-S5) comprised of 211 and 165 individuals, respectively. All mosquitoes were genotyped at 11 microsatellite loci. AMOVA FST indicated significant genetic differentiation across the road. The constructed UPGMA dendrogram found 3 genetic groups revealing the clear separation between North and South sites across the road. On the other hand, Bayesian cluster analysis showed four genetic clusters (K = 4) wherein each individual samples have no distinct genetic cluster thus genetic admixture. Our results suggest that human-made landscape features such as primary roads are potential barriers to mosquito movement thereby limiting its gene flow across the road. This information is valuable in designing an effective mosquito control program in a very fine spatial scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Angenica F. Regilme
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
- Biological Control Research Unit, Center for Natural Science and Environmental Research, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines
- Department of Biology, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines
| | - Thaddeus M. Carvajal
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
- Biological Control Research Unit, Center for Natural Science and Environmental Research, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines
- Department of Biology, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines
| | - Ann–Christin Honnen
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Divina M. Amalin
- Biological Control Research Unit, Center for Natural Science and Environmental Research, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines
- Department of Biology, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines
| | - Kozo Watanabe
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
- Biological Control Research Unit, Center for Natural Science and Environmental Research, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines
- Department of Biology, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines
| |
Collapse
|
247
|
Azlan A, Obeidat SM, Theva Das K, Yunus MA, Azzam G. Genome-wide identification of Aedes albopictus long noncoding RNAs and their association with dengue and Zika virus infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0008351. [PMID: 33481791 PMCID: PMC7872224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Ae. albopictus), is an important vector that transmits arboviruses such as dengue (DENV), Zika (ZIKV) and Chikungunya virus (CHIKV). Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are known to regulate various biological processes. Knowledge on Ae. albopictus lncRNAs and their functional role in virus-host interactions are still limited. Here, we identified and characterized the lncRNAs in the genome of an arbovirus vector, Ae. albopictus, and evaluated their potential involvement in DENV and ZIKV infection. We used 148 public datasets, and identified a total of 10, 867 novel lncRNA transcripts, of which 5,809, 4,139, and 919 were intergenic, intronic and antisense respectively. The Ae. albopictus lncRNAs shared many characteristics with other species such as short length, low GC content, and low sequence conservation. RNA-sequencing of Ae. albopictus cells infected with DENV and ZIKV showed that the expression of lncRNAs was altered upon virus infection. Target prediction analysis revealed that Ae. albopictus lncRNAs may regulate the expression of genes involved in immunity and other metabolic and cellular processes. To verify the role of lncRNAs in virus infection, we generated mutations in lncRNA loci using CRISPR-Cas9, and discovered that two lncRNA loci mutations, namely XLOC_029733 (novel lncRNA transcript id: lncRNA_27639.2) and LOC115270134 (known lncRNA transcript id: XR_003899061.1) resulted in enhancement of DENV and ZIKV replication. The results presented here provide an important foundation for future studies of lncRNAs and their relationship with virus infection in Ae. albopictus. Ae. albopictus is an important vector of arboviruses such as dengue and Zika viruses. Studies on virus-host interaction at gene expression and molecular level are crucial especially in devising methods to inhibit virus replication in Aedes mosquitoes. Previous reports have shown that, besides protein-coding genes, noncoding RNAs such as lncRNAs are also involved in virus-host interaction. In this study, we report a comprehensive catalog of novel lncRNA transcripts in the genome of Ae. albopictus. We also show that the expression of lncRNAs was altered upon infection with dengue and Zika. Additionally, depletion of certain lncRNAs resulted in increased replication of dengue and Zika; hence, suggesting potential association of lncRNAs in virus infection. Results of this study provide a new avenue to the investigation of mosquito-virus interactions, especially in the aspect of noncoding genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azali Azlan
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Sattam M. Obeidat
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Kumitaa Theva Das
- Infectomics Cluster, Advanced Medical & Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Amir Yunus
- Infectomics Cluster, Advanced Medical & Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Ghows Azzam
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
248
|
Wang Y, Qiao J, Zhang D, Zhong C, Wang S, Li X, Feng L, Shi S, Wang B, Liu Q. Systematic identification of autophagy-related proteins in Aedes albopictus. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245694. [PMID: 33465164 PMCID: PMC7815101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved cellular process playing a role in maintenance of cellular homeostasis and response to changing nutrient conditions via degradation and recirculation of cellular redundant components. Autophagy-related proteins (Atg) play important function in autophagy pathway. Aedes albopictus mosquito is an effective vector transmitting multiple viruses which cause serious human diseases. Moreover, Aedes albopictus mosquito is becoming a serious threat to human health due to its widening distribution in recent years and thus worth of more research attention. It was reported that autophagy might play a role in viral infection in Aedes mosquito. To better understand the interaction between autophagy and arbovirus infection in mosquito system, it is necessary to identify autophagy pathway in the system. However, autophagy in Aedes albopictus mosquito is still poorly understood so far. We recently identified AaAtg8, the first Atg protein reported in Aedes albopictus mosquito. This work further identified twelve atg genes in Aedes albopictus mosquito. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the twelve atg genes were performed. Expression profiles of all the twelve Aaatg genes in different developmental stages and genders of Aedes albopictus mosquito were conducted. Effects of chemicals inhibiting or inducing autophagy on the levels of eight identified AaAtg proteins were examined. The function of two identified AaAtg proteins AaAtg6 and AaAtg16 and their response to arbovirus SINV infection were studied preliminarily. Taken together, this work systematically identified Aedes albopictus atg genes and provided basic information which might help to elucidate the autophagy pathway and the role of autophagy in arbovirus infection in Aedes mosquito system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jialu Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chunyan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shengya Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaomei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lingyan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shen Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bingxue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qingzhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
249
|
Scott ML, Hribar LJ, Leal AL, McAllister JC. Characterization of Pyrethroid Resistance Mechanisms in Aedes aegypti from the Florida Keys. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 104:1111-1122. [PMID: 33432904 PMCID: PMC7941856 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The status of insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti is of concern in areas where Aedes-borne arboviruses like chikungunya, dengue, and Zika occur. In recent years, outbreaks involving these arboviruses have occurred, for which vaccines do not exist; therefore, disease prevention is only through vector control and personal protection. Aedes aegypti are present on every inhabited island within the Florida Keys. The resistance status of Ae. aegypti in the Florida Keys was assessed to guide knowledge of the best choice of chemical for use during an outbreak. Mosquito eggs were collected using ovitraps placed on Key West, Stock Island, Vaca Key, Upper Matecumbe Key, Plantation Key, and Key Largo. Bottle bioassays were conducted at the Florida Keys Mosquito Control District using Biomist® 30+30 (Clarke Mosquito Control Products, Inc., Roselle, IL). Further bottle testing using malathion and permethrin occurred at the CDC, Fort Collins, CO, in addition to molecular and biochemical assays. Levels of resistance varied between islands with different underlying mechanisms present. Resistance was seen to Biomist® 30+30 but not to permethrin, indicating that piperonyl butoxide (PBO) or the inert ingredients may be involved in resistance. No study has been conducted to date examining the role of PBO in resistance. Key Largo was treated the most with adulticides and expressed the highest levels of alpha and beta esterases, oxidases, glutathione-S-transferases, and frequency of the V1016I knockdown mutation from all sites tested. Knowledge of localized resistance and underlying mechanisms helps in making rational decisions in selection of appropriate and effective insecticides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariah L. Scott
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | | | - Andrea L. Leal
- Florida Keys Mosquito Control District, Key West, Florida
| | - Janet C. McAllister
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
| |
Collapse
|
250
|
Epelboin Y, Wang L, Giai Gianetto Q, Choumet V, Gaborit P, Issaly J, Guidez A, Douché T, Chaze T, Matondo M, Dusfour I. CYP450 core involvement in multiple resistance strains of Aedes aegypti from French Guiana highlighted by proteomics, molecular and biochemical studies. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0243992. [PMID: 33428654 PMCID: PMC7799788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Insecticide resistance is a worldwide threat for vector control around the world, and Aedes aegypti, the main vector of several arboviruses, is a particular concern. To better understand the mechanisms of resistance, four isofemale strains originally from French Guiana were isolated and analysed using combined approaches. The activity of detoxification enzymes involved in insecticide resistance was assayed, and mutations located at positions 1016 and 1534 of the sodium voltage-gated channel gene, which have been associated with pyrethroid resistance in Aedes aegypti populations in Latin America, were monitored. Resistance to other insecticide families (organophosphates and carbamates) was evaluated. A large-scale proteomic analysis was performed to identify proteins involved in insecticide resistance. Our results revealed a metabolic resistance and resistance associated with a mutation of the sodium voltage-gated channel gene at position 1016. Metabolic resistance was mediated through an increase of esterase activity in most strains but also through the shifts in the abundance of several cytochrome P450 (CYP450s). Overall, resistance to deltamethrin was linked in the isofemale strains to resistance to other class of insecticides, suggesting that cross- and multiple resistance occur through selection of mechanisms of metabolic resistance. These results give some insights into resistance to deltamethrin and into multiple resistance phenomena in populations of Ae. aegypti.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanouk Epelboin
- Unité d’Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
| | - Lanjiao Wang
- Unité d’Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
| | - Quentin Giai Gianetto
- Proteomics Platform, Mass Spectrometry for Biology Unit, USR CNRS 2000, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics HUB, Computational Biology Department, USR CNRS 3756, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Choumet
- Environment and Infectious risks Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Gaborit
- Unité d’Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
| | - Jean Issaly
- Unité d’Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
| | - Amandine Guidez
- Unité d’Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
| | - Thibaut Douché
- Proteomics Platform, Mass Spectrometry for Biology Unit, USR CNRS 2000, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Thibault Chaze
- Proteomics Platform, Mass Spectrometry for Biology Unit, USR CNRS 2000, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Mariette Matondo
- Proteomics Platform, Mass Spectrometry for Biology Unit, USR CNRS 2000, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Dusfour
- Unité d’Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
- Global Health department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|