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Zhao J, Zhang Y, Wang JY, Wei B, Liu YG. Expression pattern of serum interleukin-7 in elderly septic patients and its prognostic value for predicting short-term mortality. Cytokine 2024; 180:156664. [PMID: 38795605 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The identification of novel prognostic biomarkers in elderly septic patients are essential for the improvement of mortality in sepsis in the context of precision medicine. The purpose of this study was to explore the expression pattern and prognostic value of serum interleukin-7 (IL-7) in predicting 28-day mortality in elderly patients with sepsis. METHODS Patients were retrospectively enrolled according to the sepsis-3.0 diagnostic criteria and divided into the survival group and non-survival group based on the clinical outcome at the 28-day interval. The baseline characteristic data, samples for the laboratory tests, and the SOFA, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II), as well as Glasgow coma scale (GCS) scores, were recorded within 24 h after admission to the emergency department. Serum levels of IL-7 and TNF-α of the patients were quantified by the Luminex assay. Spearman correlation analysis, logistic regressive analysis and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis were performed, respectively. RESULTS Totally, 220 elderly patients with sepsis were enrolled, 151 of whom died in a 28-day period. Albumin (ALB), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), systolic pressure (SBP), and platelet (PLT) were found to be significantly higher in the survival group (p < 0.05). IL-7 was shown to be correlated with TNF-α in the non-survival group (p = 0.030) but not in the survival group (p = 0.194). No correlation was shown between IL-7 and other factors (p > 0.05). IL-7 and TNF-α were found to be independent risk factors associated with the 28-day mortality (OR = 1.215, 1.420). Combination of IL-7, SOFA and ALB can make an AUROC of 0.874 with the specificity of 90.77 %. Combination of IL-7 and TNF-α can make an AUROC of 0.901 with the sensitivity of 90.41 % while the combination of IL-7, TNF-α, and ALB can make an AUROC of 0.898 with the sensitivity of 94.52 %. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the importance of monitoring the serum level of IL-7 and TNF-α in elderly septic patients as well as evaluating the combinations with other routine risk factors which can be potentially used for the identification of elderly septic patients with higher risk of mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhao
- Department of Infectious Disease and Clinical Microbiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100043, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Emergency Medicine Clinical Research Center, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100043, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Clinical Center for Medicine in Acute Infection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100043, China
| | - Jun-Yu Wang
- Emergency Medicine Clinical Research Center, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100043, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Clinical Center for Medicine in Acute Infection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100043, China
| | - Bing Wei
- Emergency Medicine Clinical Research Center, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100043, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Clinical Center for Medicine in Acute Infection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100043, China.
| | - Yu-Geng Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease and Clinical Microbiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100043, China; Emergency Medicine Clinical Research Center, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100043, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Clinical Center for Medicine in Acute Infection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100043, China.
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Xie Q, Namba MD, Buck LA, Park K, Jackson JG, Barker JM. Effects of Antiretroviral Treatment on Central and Peripheral Immune Response in Mice with EcoHIV Infection. Cells 2024; 13:882. [PMID: 38786105 PMCID: PMC11120433 DOI: 10.3390/cells13100882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
HIV infection is an ongoing global health issue, despite increased access to antiretroviral therapy (ART). People living with HIV (PLWH) who are virally suppressed through ART still experience negative health outcomes, including neurocognitive impairment. It is increasingly evident that ART may act independently or in combination with HIV infection to alter the immune state, though this is difficult to disentangle in the clinical population. Thus, these experiments used multiplexed chemokine/cytokine arrays to assess peripheral (plasma) and brain (nucleus accumbens; NAc) expression of immune targets in the presence and absence of ART treatment in the EcoHIV mouse model. The findings identify the effects of EcoHIV infection and of treatment with bictegravir (B), emtricitabine (F), and tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) on the expression of numerous immune targets. In the NAc, this included EcoHIV-induced increases in IL-1α and IL-13 expression and B/F/TAF-induced reductions in KC/CXCL1. In the periphery, EcoHIV suppressed IL-6 and LIF expression, while B/F/TAF reduced IL-12p40 expression. In the absence of ART, IBA-1 expression was negatively correlated with CX3CL1 expression in the NAc of EcoHIV-infected mice. These findings identify distinct effects of ART and EcoHIV infection on peripheral and central immune factors and emphasize the need to consider ART effects on neural and immune outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaowei Xie
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA; (Q.X.); (M.D.N.); (L.A.B.); (J.G.J.)
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Mark D. Namba
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA; (Q.X.); (M.D.N.); (L.A.B.); (J.G.J.)
| | - Lauren A. Buck
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA; (Q.X.); (M.D.N.); (L.A.B.); (J.G.J.)
| | - Kyewon Park
- Center for AIDS Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Joshua G. Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA; (Q.X.); (M.D.N.); (L.A.B.); (J.G.J.)
| | - Jacqueline M. Barker
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA; (Q.X.); (M.D.N.); (L.A.B.); (J.G.J.)
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3
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Assogba YP, Adechina AP, Tchiakpe E, Nouatin OP, Kèkè RK, Bachabi M, Bankole HS, Yessoufou A. Advanced in immunological monitoring of HIV infection: profile of immune cells and cytokines in people living with HIV-1 in Benin. BMC Immunol 2024; 25:22. [PMID: 38643073 PMCID: PMC11031881 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-024-00615-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune cells and cytokines have been linked to viremia dynamic and immune status during HIV infection. They may serve as useful biomarkers in the monitoring of people living with HIV-1 (PLHIV-1). The present work was aimed to assess whether cytokines and immune cell profiles may help in the therapeutic follow-up of PLHIV-1. METHODS Forty PLHIV-1 in treatment success (PLHIV-1s) and fifty PLHIV-1 in treatment failure (PLHIV-1f) followed at the University Hospital of Abomey-Calavi/Sô-Ava in Benin were enrolled. Twenty healthy persons were also recruited as control group. Circulating cytokines and immune cells were quantified respectively by ELISA and flow cytometry. RESULTS PLHIV-1 exhibited low proportions of CD4 + T cells, NK, NKT, granulocytes, classical and non-classical monocytes, and high proportions of CD8 + T cells, particularly in the PLHIV-1f group, compared to control subjects. Eosinophils, neutrophils and B cell frequencies did not change between the study groups. Circulating IFN-γ decreased whereas IL-4 significantly increased in PLHIV-1s compared to PLHIV-1f and control subjects even though the HIV infection in PLHIV-1s downregulated the high Th1 phenotype observed in control subjects. However, Th1/Th2 ratio remained biased to a Th1 phenotype in PLHIV-1f, suggesting that high viral load may have maintained a potential pro-inflammatory status in these patients. Data on inflammatory cytokines showed that IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations were significantly higher in PLHIV-1s and PLHIV-1f groups than in control subjects. Significant high levels of IL-5 and IL-7 were observed in PLHIV-1f compared to controls whereas PLHIV-1s presented only a high level of IL-5. No change was observed in IL-13 levels between the study groups. CONCLUSION Our study shows that, in addition to CD4/CD8 T cell ratio, NK and NKT cells along with IL-6, TNF-α, IL-5 and IL-7 cytokines could serve as valuable immunological biomarkers in the therapeutic monitoring of PLHIV-1 although a larger number of patients would be necessary to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaou Pierrot Assogba
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology (FAST), Institute of Applied Biomedical Sciences (ISBA), University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Cotonou, 01 BP 526, Benin
| | - Adefounke Prudencia Adechina
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology (FAST), Institute of Applied Biomedical Sciences (ISBA), University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Cotonou, 01 BP 526, Benin
| | - Edmond Tchiakpe
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology (FAST), Institute of Applied Biomedical Sciences (ISBA), University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Cotonou, 01 BP 526, Benin
- National Reference Laboratory of Health Program Fighting Against AIDS in Benin (LNR/PSLS), Ministry of Health, Cotonou, BP 1258, Benin
| | | | - René K Kèkè
- National Reference Laboratory of Health Program Fighting Against AIDS in Benin (LNR/PSLS), Ministry of Health, Cotonou, BP 1258, Benin
| | - Moussa Bachabi
- National Reference Laboratory of Health Program Fighting Against AIDS in Benin (LNR/PSLS), Ministry of Health, Cotonou, BP 1258, Benin
| | - Honoré Sourou Bankole
- The Laboratory of Research and Applied Biology (LARBA), Unité de Recherche en Microbiologie Appliquée et Pharmacologie des Substances Naturelles, EPAC, Université d'Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Cotonou, 01 BP 2009, Bénin
| | - Akadiri Yessoufou
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology (FAST), Institute of Applied Biomedical Sciences (ISBA), University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Cotonou, 01 BP 526, Benin.
- Centre de Recherche pour la lutte contre les Maladies Infectieuses Tropicales (CReMIT), Université d'Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Cotonou, 01 BP 526, Benin.
- Institute of Applied Biomedical Sciences (ISBA), Ministry of High Education and Scientific Research, Cotonou, 01 BP 918, Bénin.
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Xie Q, Namba MD, Buck LA, Park K, Jackson JG, Barker JM. Effects of antiretroviral treatment on central and peripheral immune response in mice with EcoHIV infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.11.589109. [PMID: 38645059 PMCID: PMC11030421 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.11.589109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
HIV infection is an ongoing global health issue despite increased access to antiretroviral therapy (ART). People living with HIV (PLWH) who are virally suppressed through ART still experience negative health outcomes, including neurocognitive impairment. It is increasingly evident that ART may act independently or in combination with HIV infection to alter immune state, though this is difficult to disentangle in the clinical population. Thus, these experiments used multiplexed chemokine/cytokine arrays to assess peripheral (plasma) and brain (nucleus accumbens; NAc) expression of immune targets in the presence and absence of ART treatment in the EcoHIV mouse model. The findings identify effects of EcoHIV infection and of treatment with bictegravir (B), emtricitabine (F) and tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) on expression of numerous immune targets. In the NAc, this included EcoHIV-induced increases in IL-1α and IL-13 expression and B/F/TAF-induced reductions in KC/CXCL1. In the periphery, EcoHIV suppressed IL-6 and LIF expression, while B/F/TAF reduced IL-12p40 expression. In absence of ART, IBA-1 expression was negatively correlated with CX3CL1 expression in the NAc of EcoHIV-infected mice. These findings identify distinct effects of ART and EcoHIV infection on peripheral and central immune factors and emphasize the need to consider ART effects on neural and immune outcomes.
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5
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Gunst JD, Goonetilleke N, Rasmussen TA, Søgaard OS. Immunomodulation with IL-7 and IL-15 in HIV-1 infection. J Virus Erad 2023; 9:100347. [PMID: 37767312 PMCID: PMC10520363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jve.2023.100347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulating agents are substances that modify the host immune responses in diseases such as infections, autoimmune conditions and cancers. Immunomodulators can be divided into two main groups: 1) immunostimulators that activate the immune system such as cytokines, toll-like receptor agonists and immune checkpoint blockers; and 2) immunosuppressors that dampen an overactive immune system such as corticosteroids and cytokine-blocking antibodies. In this review, we have focussed on the two primarily T and natural killer (NK) cell homeostatic cytokines: interleukin-7 (IL-7) and -15 (IL-15). These cytokines are immunostimulators which act on immune cells independently of the presence or absence of antigen. In vivo studies have shown that IL-7 administration enhances proliferation of circulating T cells whereas IL-15 agonists enhance the proliferation and function of NK and CD8+ T cells. Both IL-7 and IL-15 therapies have been tested as single interventions in HIV-1 cure-related clinical trials. In this review, we explore whether IL-7 and IL-15 could be part of the therapeutic approaches towards HIV-1 remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper D. Gunst
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nilu Goonetilleke
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Thomas A. Rasmussen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ole S. Søgaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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6
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Kayesh MEH, Kohara M, Tsukiyama-Kohara K. Toll-like Receptor Response to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 or Co-Infection with Hepatitis B or C Virus: An Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119624. [PMID: 37298575 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are evolutionarily conserved pattern recognition receptors that play important roles in the early detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns and shaping innate and adaptive immune responses, which may influence the consequences of infection. Similarly to other viral infections, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) also modulates the host TLR response; therefore, a proper understanding of the response induced by human HIV-1 or co-infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV), due to the common mode of transmission of these viruses, is essential for understanding HIV-1 pathogenesis during mono- or co-infection with HBV or HCV, as well as for HIV-1 cure strategies. In this review, we discuss the host TLR response during HIV-1 infection and the innate immune evasion mechanisms adopted by HIV-1 for infection establishment. We also examine changes in the host TLR response during HIV-1 co-infection with HBV or HCV; however, this type of study is extremely scarce. Moreover, we discuss studies investigating TLR agonists as latency-reverting agents and immune stimulators towards new strategies for curing HIV. This understanding will help develop a new strategy for curing HIV-1 mono-infection or co-infection with HBV or HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Enamul Hoque Kayesh
- Department of Microbiology and Public Health, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Barishal 8210, Bangladesh
| | - Michinori Kohara
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Centre, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
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7
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Kobayashi-Ishihara M, Frazão Smutná K, Alonso FE, Argilaguet J, Esteve-Codina A, Geiger K, Genescà M, Grau-Expósito J, Duran-Castells C, Rogenmoser S, Böttcher R, Jungfleisch J, Oliva B, Martinez JP, Li M, David M, Yamagishi M, Ruiz-Riol M, Brander C, Tsunetsugu-Yokota Y, Buzon MJ, Díez J, Meyerhans A. Schlafen 12 restricts HIV-1 latency reversal by a codon-usage dependent post-transcriptional block in CD4+ T cells. Commun Biol 2023; 6:487. [PMID: 37165099 PMCID: PMC10172343 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04841-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Latency is a major barrier towards virus elimination in HIV-1-infected individuals. Yet, the mechanisms that contribute to the maintenance of HIV-1 latency are incompletely understood. Here we describe the Schlafen 12 protein (SLFN12) as an HIV-1 restriction factor that establishes a post-transcriptional block in HIV-1-infected cells and thereby inhibits HIV-1 replication and virus reactivation from latently infected cells. The inhibitory activity is dependent on the HIV-1 codon usage and on the SLFN12 RNase active sites. Within HIV-1-infected individuals, SLFN12 expression in PBMCs correlated with HIV-1 plasma viral loads and proviral loads suggesting a link with the general activation of the immune system. Using an RNA FISH-Flow HIV-1 reactivation assay, we demonstrate that SLFN12 expression is enriched in infected cells positive for HIV-1 transcripts but negative for HIV-1 proteins. Thus, codon-usage dependent translation inhibition of HIV-1 proteins participates in HIV-1 latency and can restrict the amount of virus release after latency reversal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mie Kobayashi-Ishihara
- Infection Biology Group, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Molecular Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Katarína Frazão Smutná
- Infection Biology Group, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Florencia E Alonso
- Infection Biology Group, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Argilaguet
- Infection Biology Group, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Unitat mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
- IRTA. Programa de Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Anna Esteve-Codina
- Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG-CRG), Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kerstin Geiger
- Infection Biology Group, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Meritxell Genescà
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judith Grau-Expósito
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Duran-Castells
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Selina Rogenmoser
- Infection Biology Group, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - René Böttcher
- Molecular Virology Group, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jennifer Jungfleisch
- Molecular Virology Group, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Baldomero Oliva
- Structural Bioinformatics Group, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier P Martinez
- Infection Biology Group, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manqing Li
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael David
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Makoto Yamagishi
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Marta Ruiz-Riol
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian Brander
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
- Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
- Institució de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yasuko Tsunetsugu-Yokota
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Human Sciences, Tokyo University of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maria J Buzon
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juana Díez
- Molecular Virology Group, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Andreas Meyerhans
- Infection Biology Group, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institució de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
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8
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Vimali J, Yong YK, Murugesan A, Vishnupriya K, Ashwin R, Daniel EA, Balakrishnan P, Raju S, Rosmawati M, Velu V, Larsson M, Shankar EM. Plasma interleukin-7 correlation with human immunodeficiency virus RNA and CD4+ T cell counts, and interleukin-5 with circulating hepatitis B virus DNA may have implications in viral control. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1019230. [PMID: 36405584 PMCID: PMC9668853 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1019230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic viral infections represent a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. Chronic HBV, HCV, and HIV infections result in cytokine perturbations that may hold key implications in understanding the complex disease mechanisms driving virus persistence and/or resolution. Here, we determined the levels of various plasma cytokines using a commercial Bio-Plex Luminex cytokine array in chronic HBV (n = 30), HCV (n = 15), and HIV (n = 40) infections and correlated with corresponding plasma viral loads (PVLs) and liver parameters. We observed differential perturbations in cytokine profiles among the study groups. The cytokines levels positively correlated with PVL and liver transaminases. The monocyte-derived cytokines viz., MIP-1β, IL-8, and TNF-α, and Th2 cytokines like IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 showed a better correlation with liver enzymes as compared to their corresponding PVLs. Our investigation also identified two cytokines viz., IL-5 and IL-7 that inversely correlated with HBV DNA and HIV PVLs, respectively. Regression analysis adjusted for age showed that every increase of IL-5 by one unit was associated with a reduction in HBV PVL by log10 0.4, whereas, every elevation by a unit of IL-7 was associated with decreased HIV PVL by log10 2.5. We also found that IL-7 levels correlated positively with absolute CD4+ T cell counts in HIV-infected patients. We concluded that plasma IL-5 and IL-7 may likely have a key role on viral control in HBV and HIV infections, respectively. A noteworthy increase in cytokines appears to bear protective and pathological significance, and indeed is reflective of the host's versatile immune armory against viral persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaisheela Vimali
- Infection Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Yean Kong Yong
- Laboratory Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Amudhan Murugesan
- Department of Microbiology, Government Theni Medical College and Hospital, Theni, India
| | | | - Rajeev Ashwin
- Infection Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Evangeline Ann Daniel
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, India
| | - Pachamuthu Balakrishnan
- Department of Microbiology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India
| | - Sivadoss Raju
- State Public Health Laboratory, Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Chennai, India
| | - Mohamed Rosmawati
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Marie Larsson
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedicine and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Esaki M. Shankar
- Infection Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
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9
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Xiao Q, Yu F, Yan L, Zhao H, Zhang F. Alterations in circulating markers in HIV/AIDS patients with poor immune reconstitution: Novel insights from microbial translocation and innate immunity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1026070. [PMID: 36325329 PMCID: PMC9618587 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1026070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
After long-term anti-retroviral therapy (ART) treatment, most human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/Acquired Immure Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) patients can achieve virological suppression and gradual recovery of CD4+ T-lymphocyte (CD4+ T cell) counts. However, some patients still fail to attain normal CD4+ T cell counts; this group of patients are called immune non-responders (INRs), and these patients show severe immune dysfunction. The potential mechanism of poor immune reconstitution (PIR) remains unclear and the identification of uniform biomarkers to predict the occurrence of PIR is particularly vital. But limited information is available on the relationship between circulating markers of INRs and immune recovery. Hence, this review summarises alterations in the intestine microbiota and associated markers in the setting of PIR to better understand host-microbiota-metabolite interactions in HIV immune reconstitution and to identify biomarkers that can predict recovery of CD4+ T cell counts in INRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xiao
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center for HIV/AIDS, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fengting Yu
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center for HIV/AIDS, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liting Yan
- Infectious Disease Department, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongxin Zhao
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center for HIV/AIDS, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fujie Zhang
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center for HIV/AIDS, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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10
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Oyelade T, Raya RP, Latief K. HIV infection and the implication for COVID-19 vaccination. PUBLIC HEALTH CHALLENGES 2022; 1:e14. [PMID: 37521727 PMCID: PMC9353425 DOI: 10.1002/puh2.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is associated with altered cellular and humoral immune response, especially in patients with an untreated or chronic infection. This may be due to direct and/or indirect HIV viral activities resulting in T- and B-cells dysfunctions. Although still unclear, various studies have proposed that HIV infection may exacerbate the clinical outcomes of COVID-19. Indeed, COVID-19 vaccines were developed in record time and have been shown to reduce the severity of COVID-19 in the general population. These vaccines were also earmarked as a solution to global disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. HIV infection has been reported to reduce the efficacy of various other vaccines including those used against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Clostridium tetani, and influenza viruses. However, current guidelines for the administration of available COVID-19 vaccines do not account for the immune-compromised state of people living with HIV (PLWH). We discuss here the potentials, nature, and implications of this HIV-induced dampening of the humoral immune response on COVID-19 vaccines by first reviewing the literature about efficacy of previous vaccines in PLWH, and then assessing the proportion of PLWH included in phase III clinical trials of the COVID-19 vaccines currently available. The clinical and public health implications as well as suggestions for governments and non-governmental organizations are also proposed in the context of whether findings on the safety and efficacy of the vaccines could be extended to PLWH. Impacts The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is characterized by attenuated humoral immunity that may reduce the efficacy of vaccines in people living with HIV (PLWH). Vaccination against the SARS-CoV-2 infection remains the main public health answer to the COVID-19 pandemic.Although no significant safety concerns have been raised regarding the COVID-19 vaccines in PLWH, the efficacy of these vaccines in PLWH has not received due attention. Indeed, phase III clinical trials for the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines involved a significantly low number of PLWH.There are major gaps in knowledge on the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines in PLWH and until further research is carried out, PLWH should be prioritized along with other at-risk groups for repeated vaccination and safeguard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tope Oyelade
- Institute for Liver and Digestive HealthDivision of MedicineUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Reynie Purnama Raya
- Institute for Global HealthFaculty of Population Health SciencesUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Faculty of ScienceUniversitas ‘Aisyiyah BandungBandungIndonesia
| | - Kamaluddin Latief
- Global Health and Health Security DepartmentCollege of Public HealthTaipei Medical UniversityTaipei CityTaiwan
- Centre for Family WelfareFaculty of Public HealthUniversity of IndonesiaDepokIndonesia
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11
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Abstract
Nonhuman primates are critically important animal models in which to study complex human diseases, understand biological functions, and address the safety of new diagnostics and therapies proposed for human use. They have genetic, physiologic, immunologic, and developmental similarities when compared to humans and therefore provide important preclinical models of human health and disease. This review highlights select research areas that demonstrate the importance of nonhuman primates in translational research. These include pregnancy and developmental disorders, infectious diseases, gene therapy, somatic cell genome editing, and applications of in vivo imaging. The power of the immune system and our increasing understanding of the role it plays in acute and chronic illnesses are being leveraged to produce new treatments for a range of medical conditions. Given the importance of the human immune system in health and disease, detailed study of the immune system of nonhuman primates is essential to advance preclinical translational research. The need for nonhuman primates continues to remain a high priority, which has been acutely evident during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) global pandemic. Nonhuman primates will continue to address key questions and provide predictive models to identify the safety and efficiency of new diagnostics and therapies for human use across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice F Tarantal
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis, California, USA;
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Stephen C Noctor
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA;
| | - Dennis J Hartigan-O'Connor
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California, USA
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA;
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12
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Uebelhoer LS, Gwela A, Thiel B, Nalukwago S, Mukisa J, Lwanga C, Getonto J, Nyatichi E, Dena G, Makazi A, Mwaringa S, Mupere E, Berkley JA, Lancioni CL. Toll-Like Receptor-Induced Immune Responses During Early Childhood and Their Associations With Clinical Outcomes Following Acute Illness Among Infants in Sub-Saharan Africa. Front Immunol 2022; 12:748996. [PMID: 35185860 PMCID: PMC8850627 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.748996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Severely ill children in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) experience high rates of mortality from a broad range of infectious diseases, with the risk of infection-related death compounded by co-existing undernutrition. How undernutrition and acute illness impact immune responses in young children in LMICs remains understudied, and it is unclear what aspects of immunity are compromised in this highly vulnerable population. To address this knowledge gap, we profiled longitudinal whole blood cytokine responses to Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands among severely ill children (n=63; 2-23 months old) with varied nutritional backgrounds, enrolled in the CHAIN Network cohort from Kampala, Uganda, and Kilifi, Kenya, and compared these responses to similar-aged well children in local communities (n=41). Cytokine responses to ligands for TLR-4 and TLR-7/8, as well as Staphylococcus enterotoxin B (SEB), demonstrated transient impairment in T cell function among acutely ill children, whereas innate cytokine responses were exaggerated during both acute illness and following clinical recovery. Nutritional status was associated with the magnitude of cytokine responses in all stimulated conditions. Among children who died following hospital discharge or required hospital re-admission, exaggerated production of interleukin-7 (IL-7) to all stimulation conditions, as well as leukopenia with reduced lymphocyte and monocyte counts, were observed. Overall, our findings demonstrate exaggerated innate immune responses to pathogen-associated molecules among acutely ill young children that persist during recovery. Heightened innate immune responses to TLR ligands may contribute to chronic systemic inflammation and dysregulated responses to subsequent infectious challenges. Further delineating mechanisms of innate immune dysregulation in this population should be prioritized to identify novel interventions that promote immune homeostasis and improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke S. Uebelhoer
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Agnes Gwela
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Bonnie Thiel
- Tuberculosis Research Unit (TBRU), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Sophie Nalukwago
- Uganda-Case Western Reserve University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - John Mukisa
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Christopher Lwanga
- Uganda-Case Western Reserve University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - Grace Dena
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Ezekiel Mupere
- Uganda-Case Western Reserve University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - James A. Berkley
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christina L. Lancioni
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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13
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Campian JL, Ghosh S, Kapoor V, Yan R, Thotala S, Jash A, Hu T, Mahadevan A, Rifai K, Page L, Lee BH, Ferrando-Martinez S, Wolfarth AA, Yang SH, Hallahan D, Chheda MG, Thotala D. Long-acting recombinant human interleukin-7, NT-I7, increases cytotoxic CD8 + T cells and enhances survival in mouse glioma models. Clin Cancer Res 2022; 28:1229-1239. [PMID: 35031547 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-0947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Patients with glioblastoma (GBM) are treated with radiation therapy (RT) and temozolomide (TMZ). These treatments may cause prolonged systemic lymphopenia, which itself is associated with poor outcomes. NT-I7 is a long-acting IL-7 that expands CD4 and CD8 T cell numbers in humans and mice. We tested whether NT-I7 prevents systemic lymphopenia and improves survival in mouse models of GBM. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN C57BL/6 mice bearing intracranial tumors (GL261 or CT2A) were treated with RT (1.8 Gy/day x 5 days), TMZ (33 mg/kg/day x 5 days), and/or NT-I7 (10 mg/kg on the final day of RT). We followed the mice for survival while serially analyzing levels of circulating T lymphocytes. We assessed regulatory T cells (Treg) and cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the tumor microenvironment, cervical lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus; and hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) in the bone marrow. RESULTS GBM tumor-bearing mice treated with RT+NT-I7 increased T lymphocytes in the lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen, enhanced IFNγ production, and decreased Treg cells in the tumor which was associated with a significant increase in survival. NT-I7 also enhanced central memory and effector memory CD8 T cells in lymphoid organs and tumor. Depleting CD8 T cells abrogated the effects of NT-I7. Furthermore, NT-I7 treatment decreased progenitor cells in the bone marrow. CONCLUSION In orthotopic glioma-bearing mice, NT-I7 mitigates radiation-related lymphopenia, increases cytotoxic CD8 T lymphocytes systemically and in the tumor, and improves survival. A phase I/II trial to evaluate NT-I7 in patients with high-grade gliomas is ongoing (NCT03687957).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Subhajit Ghosh
- Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine
| | - Vaishali Kapoor
- Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine
| | - Ran Yan
- Washington University in St. Louis
| | | | | | - Tong Hu
- Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Anita Mahadevan
- Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine
| | - Kasem Rifai
- Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine
| | - Logan Page
- Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine
| | - Byung Ha Lee
- Translational Research Division, NeoImmuneTech, Inc
| | | | | | | | - Dennis Hallahan
- Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine
| | | | - Dinesh Thotala
- Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine
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14
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Deng L, Song C, Niu Y, Li Q, Wang M, Wu YF, Ye XS. Synthesis and biological evaluation of bergenin derivatives as new immunosuppressants. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:1968-1976. [PMID: 34825192 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00210d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bergenin, which is isolated from Bergenia species, exhibits various pharmacological properties. In the search for new types of immunosuppressants, a series of bergenin derivatives were designed and synthesized, and their immunosuppressive effects were evaluated by the CCK-8 assay. The experimental data demonstrated that compounds 7 and 13 showed the strongest inhibition effects on mouse splenocyte proliferation (IC50 = 3.52 and 5.39 μM, respectively). Further studies revealed that the inhibitory effect may come from the suppression of both IFN-γ and IL-4 cytokines. Alkylated derivatives of bergenin with n-hexyl and n-heptyl on the two phenolic hydroxyl groups showed better inhibitory activities. The hydrophobicity of bergenin derivatives, the configuration of the 4-OH in bergenin, and the ability to form hydrogen bonds of the substituents on the C-4 position are important to the immunosuppressive activity. This work proved that the modifications of bergenin may represent a new route to the discovery of a new class of immunosuppressive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Xue Yuan Road No. 38 Beijing 100191 China
| | - Chengcheng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Xue Yuan Road No. 38 Beijing 100191 China .,Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 China
| | - Youhong Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Xue Yuan Road No. 38 Beijing 100191 China
| | - Qin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Xue Yuan Road No. 38 Beijing 100191 China
| | - Meng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Xue Yuan Road No. 38 Beijing 100191 China
| | - Yan-Fen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Xue Yuan Road No. 38 Beijing 100191 China
| | - Xin-Shan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Xue Yuan Road No. 38 Beijing 100191 China
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15
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Kim SH, Cho E, Kim YI, Han C, Choi BK, Kwon BS. Adoptive immunotherapy with transient anti-CD4 treatment enhances anti-tumor response by increasing IL-18Rα hi CD8 + T cells. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5314. [PMID: 34493727 PMCID: PMC8423719 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25559-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) requires lymphodepletion preconditioning to eliminate immune-suppressive elements and enable efficient engraftment of adoptively transferred tumor-reactive T cells. As anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody depletes CD4+ immune-suppressive cells, the combination of anti-CD4 treatment and ACT has synergistic potential in cancer therapy. Here, we demonstrate a post-ACT conditioning regimen that involves transient anti-CD4 treatment (CD4post). Using murine melanoma, the combined effect of cyclophosphamide preconditioning (CTXpre), CD4post, and ex vivo primed tumor-reactive CD8+ T-cell infusion is presented. CTXpre/CD4post increases tumor suppression and host survival by accelerating the proliferation and differentiation of ex vivo primed CD8+ T cells and endogenous CD8+ T cells. Endogenous CD8+ T cells enhance effector profile and tumor-reactivity, indicating skewing of the TCR repertoire. Notably, enrichment of polyfunctional IL-18Rαhi CD8+ T cell subset is the key event in CTXpre/CD4post-induced tumor suppression. Mechanistically, the anti-tumor effect of IL-18Rαhi subset is mediated by IL-18 signaling and TCR–MHC I interaction. This study highlights the clinical relevance of CD4post in ACT and provides insights regarding the immunological nature of anti-CD4 treatment, which enhances anti-tumor response of CD8+ T cells. Lymphodepleting preconditioning is generally required prior to adoptive T cell therapy (ACT). Here the authors show in a preclinical melanoma model that anti-CD4 treatment as a post-conditioning regimen enhances the anti-tumor efficacy of ACT by promoting the expansion of IL-18Rαhi CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Hee Kim
- Division of Tumor Immunology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjung Cho
- Division of Tumor Immunology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu I Kim
- Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Chungyong Han
- Division of Tumor Immunology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea. .,Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea.
| | - Beom K Choi
- Biomedicine Production Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byoung S Kwon
- Eutilex Institute for Biomedical Research, Eutilex Co., Ltd, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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16
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Koritzinsky EH, Tsuda H, Fairchild RL. Endogenous memory T cells with donor-reactivity: early post-transplant mediators of acute graft injury in unsensitized recipients. Transpl Int 2021; 34:1360-1373. [PMID: 33963616 PMCID: PMC8389524 DOI: 10.1111/tri.13900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The pretransplant presence of endogenous donor-reactive memory T cells is an established risk factor for acute rejection and poorer transplant outcomes. A major source of these memory T cells in unsensitized recipients is heterologously generated memory T cells expressing reactivity to donor allogeneic MHC molecules. Multiple clinical studies have shown that the pretransplant presence of high numbers of circulating endogenous donor-reactive memory T cells correlates with higher incidence of acute rejection and decreased graft function during the first-year post-transplant. These findings have spurred investigation in preclinical models to better understand mechanisms underlying endogenous donor-reactive memory T-cell-mediated allograft injury in unsensitized graft recipients. These studies have led to the identification of unique mechanisms underlying the activation of these memory T cells within allografts at early times after transplant. In particular, optimal activation to mediate acute allograft injury is dependent on the intensity of ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Therapeutic strategies directed at the recruitment and activation of endogenous donor-reactive memory T cells are effective in attenuating acute injury in allografts experiencing increased ischaemia-reperfusion injury in preclinical models and should be translatable to clinical transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik H. Koritzinsky
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Hidetoshi Tsuda
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Robert L. Fairchild
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
- Transplant Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
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17
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Taylor HE, Calantone N, Lichon D, Hudson H, Clerc I, Campbell EM, D'Aquila RT. mTOR Overcomes Multiple Metabolic Restrictions to Enable HIV-1 Reverse Transcription and Intracellular Transport. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107810. [PMID: 32579936 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular metabolism governs the susceptibility of CD4 T cells to HIV-1 infection. Multiple early post-fusion steps of HIV-1 replication are restricted in resting peripheral blood CD4 T cells; however, molecular mechanisms that underlie metabolic control of these steps remain undefined. Here, we show that mTOR activity following T cell stimulatory signals overcomes metabolic restrictions in these cells by enabling the expansion of dNTPs to fuel HIV-1 reverse transcription (RT), as well as increasing acetyl-CoA to stabilize microtubules that transport RT products. We find that catalytic mTOR inhibition diminishes the expansion of pools of both of these metabolites by limiting glucose and glutamine utilization in several pathways, thereby suppressing HIV-1 infection. We demonstrate how mTOR-coordinated biosyntheses enable the early steps of HIV-1 replication, add metabolic mechanisms by which mTOR inhibitors block HIV-1, and identify some metabolic modules downstream of mTOR as druggable targets for HIV-1 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry E Taylor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
| | - Nina Calantone
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Translational Research Center, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Drew Lichon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Hannah Hudson
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Translational Research Center, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Isabelle Clerc
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Translational Research Center, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Edward M Campbell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Richard T D'Aquila
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Translational Research Center, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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18
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Baliu-Piqué M, van Hoeven V, Drylewicz J, van der Wagen LE, Janssen A, Otto SA, van Zelm MC, de Boer RJ, Kuball J, Borghans JA, Tesselaar K. Cell-density independent increased lymphocyte production and loss rates post-autologous HSCT. eLife 2021; 10:59775. [PMID: 33538246 PMCID: PMC7886352 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocyte numbers need to be quite tightly regulated. It is generally assumed that lymphocyte production and lifespan increase homeostatically when lymphocyte numbers are low and, vice versa, return to normal once cell numbers have normalized. This widely accepted concept is largely based on experiments in mice, but is hardly investigated in vivo in humans. Here we quantified lymphocyte production and loss rates in vivo in patients 0.5–1 year after their autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (autoHSCT). We indeed found that the production rates of most T- and B-cell subsets in autoHSCT-patients were two to eight times higher than in healthy controls, but went hand in hand with a threefold to ninefold increase in cell loss rates. Both rates also did not normalize when cell numbers did. This shows that increased lymphocyte production and loss rates occur even long after autoHSCT and can persist in the face of apparently normal cell numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariona Baliu-Piqué
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Vera van Hoeven
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Julia Drylewicz
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Anke Janssen
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sigrid A Otto
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Menno C van Zelm
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University and Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rob J de Boer
- Theoretical Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jürgen Kuball
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jose Am Borghans
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Kiki Tesselaar
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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19
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Jacobson D, Liu JZ, Lindsey JC, Shiau S, Coull B, Aldrovandi G. Immune Markers and Their Association with Bone Density in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults with Perinatally Acquired HIV. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2021; 37:122-129. [PMID: 33066711 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2020.0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To describe distributions of immune markers in children and young adults by sex and HIV status, and within groups, investigate associations of immune markers with bone density across Tanner stage. Using data and samples from 353 participants in a cross-sectional study in youth with perinatally acquired HIV (PHIV) and matched HIV-negative controls, distributions of inflammation and activation immune markers were described by sex and HIV status. Correlations and structural equation models (SEM) were used to explore marginal and multivariable associations of the immune markers with bone density and to assess whether patterns of association varied by sex and HIV status. Immune marker distributions did not differ by sex, but there were some differences by HIV status. Correlation patterns among bone, body composition, and immune markers were similar across the sex and HIV status groups. Conclusions from SEMs were limited by small sample sizes, but there was some indication that patterns of association between bone density and certain immune markers differed in male PHIV with more advanced Tanner stage compared to the other three groups. In conclusion, distributions of bone density, body composition, and immune markers may vary by sex and HIV status, although associations among these outcomes within sex and HIV status groups appear similar. Bone density of male PHIV appears to be more negatively affected than females, regardless of female HIV status. Larger longitudinal studies across Tanner stages are needed to further explore potential biological relationships between immune markers and bone density in youth living with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Jacobson
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research; Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeremiah Zhe Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jane C. Lindsey
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research; Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephanie Shiau
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Brent Coull
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Grace Aldrovandi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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20
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Bacchus-Souffan C, Fitch M, Symons J, Abdel-Mohsen M, Reeves DB, Hoh R, Stone M, Hiatt J, Kim P, Chopra A, Ahn H, York VA, Cameron DL, Hecht FM, Martin JN, Yukl SA, Mallal S, Cameron PU, Deeks SG, Schiffer JT, Lewin SR, Hellerstein MK, McCune JM, Hunt PW. Relationship between CD4 T cell turnover, cellular differentiation and HIV persistence during ART. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009214. [PMID: 33465157 PMCID: PMC7846027 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise role of CD4 T cell turnover in maintaining HIV persistence during antiretroviral therapy (ART) has not yet been well characterized. In resting CD4 T cell subpopulations from 24 HIV-infected ART-suppressed and 6 HIV-uninfected individuals, we directly measured cellular turnover by heavy water labeling, HIV reservoir size by integrated HIV-DNA (intDNA) and cell-associated HIV-RNA (caRNA), and HIV reservoir clonality by proviral integration site sequencing. Compared to HIV-negatives, ART-suppressed individuals had similar fractional replacement rates in all subpopulations, but lower absolute proliferation rates of all subpopulations other than effector memory (TEM) cells, and lower plasma IL-7 levels (p = 0.0004). Median CD4 T cell half-lives decreased with cell differentiation from naïve to TEM cells (3 years to 3 months, p<0.001). TEM had the fastest replacement rates, were most highly enriched for intDNA and caRNA, and contained the most clonal proviral expansion. Clonal proviruses detected in less mature subpopulations were more expanded in TEM, suggesting that they were maintained through cell differentiation. Earlier ART initiation was associated with lower levels of intDNA, caRNA and fractional replacement rates. In conclusion, circulating integrated HIV proviruses appear to be maintained both by slow turnover of immature CD4 subpopulations, and by clonal expansion as well as cell differentiation into effector cells with faster replacement rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charline Bacchus-Souffan
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mark Fitch
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Jori Symons
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Daniel B. Reeves
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Hoh
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mars Stone
- Vitalant Research Institute and Department of Laboratory Medicine at the University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph Hiatt
- Medical Scientist Training Program & Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Peggy Kim
- Infectious Diseases Section, Medical Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, California, United States of America
| | - Abha Chopra
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
- Center for Translational Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Haelee Ahn
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Vanessa A. York
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel L. Cameron
- Division of Bioinformatics, Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
| | - Frederick M. Hecht
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey N. Martin
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Steven A. Yukl
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Infectious Diseases Section, Medical Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, California, United States of America
| | - Simon Mallal
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
- Center for Translational Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Paul U. Cameron
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Joshua T. Schiffer
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sharon R. Lewin
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Marc K. Hellerstein
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph M. McCune
- Global Health Innovative Technology Solutions/HIV Frontiers, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Peter W. Hunt
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Orta-Resendiz A, Viveros-Rogel M, Fuentes-Romero LL, Vergara-Mendoza M, Romero-Rodriguez DP, Muñoz-Lopez M, Zancatl-Diaz ML, Vidal-Laurencio EY, Rodriguez-Diaz RA, Soto-Ramirez LE. Persistent high levels of immune activation and their correlation with the HIV-1 proviral DNA and 2-LTR circles loads, in a cohort of Mexican individuals following long-term and fully suppressive treatment. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 100:184-192. [PMID: 32829045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between the HIV-1 reservoir and the levels of immune activation in chronic patients under fully suppressive cART. METHODS We quantified the HIV proviral DNA and 2-LTR circles loads from PBMCs, the levels of CD38+ and Ki-67+ T-cells, and the levels of IL-7 in a cohort of patients with more than 5 years of ART at enrollment and after 1 year. RESULTS In 29 participants with a median of 8 years (IQR, 6.9-9.4) under suppressive cART we found higher levels of CD8+ CD38+ T-cells after 1-year (P = .000). There was a non-statistically significant poor correlation between the levels of immune activation and the proviral DNA of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells. Ki-67+ T-cells declined without significant differences, and there was no significant correlation with the proportion of CD38+. IL-7 decreased at the follow-up observation (P = .094), but there was no correlation with the levels of CD38+ and Ki-67+ T-cells. CONCLUSIONS We found a weak but non-statistically significant correlation of the levels of T-cell activation with the proviral DNA and 2-LTR circles. This suggests the likely occurrence of further mechanisms driving chronic versus early immune activation other than viral replication by itself in chronic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio Orta-Resendiz
- Molecular Virology Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Monica Viveros-Rogel
- Molecular Virology Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis L Fuentes-Romero
- Molecular Virology Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Moises Vergara-Mendoza
- Molecular Virology Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Damaris P Romero-Rodriguez
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Monica Muñoz-Lopez
- Molecular Virology Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Martha L Zancatl-Diaz
- Molecular Virology Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elsa Y Vidal-Laurencio
- Molecular Virology Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Roberto A Rodriguez-Diaz
- Molecular Virology Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis E Soto-Ramirez
- Molecular Virology Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.
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22
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Immature/transitional B-cell expansion is associated with bone loss in HIV-infected individuals with severe CD4+ T-cell lymphopenia. AIDS 2020; 34:1475-1483. [PMID: 32675561 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has led to a significant decline in HIV-related morbidity and mortality in people living with HIV (PLWH). PLWH however experience non-AIDS ageing-associated comorbidities, including decreased bone mass and osteoporosis, earlier and more severely, than uninfected people. We previously reported that total B-cell production of the key osteoclastogenic cytokine receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) was elevated in PLWH, concurrent with a decrease in total B-cell production of RANKL's physiological moderator Osteoprotegerin (OPG). The resulting increased total B-cell RANKL/OPG ratio was significantly associated with bone loss in the appendicular (long bones), but not axial (spine) skeletons of PLWH. A role for immature/transitional B cells (BImm) in HIV-induced bone loss has not been reported. METHODS BImm frequency was determined by flow cytometry; plasma IL-7 was quantified by ELISA and bone mineral density (BMD) measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in a cross-sectional study of 62 ART-naive HIV-infected and 58 HIV-negative individuals. RESULTS BImm expansion correlated with the total B-cell RANKL/OPG ratio in HIV-infected individuals and inversely with BMD at the total hip, femoral neck and the lumbar spine, and with IL-7. CONCLUSION These data suggest that BImm contribute to the increased B-cell RANKL/OPG ratio in PLWH, and reveal a previously unrecognized link between BImm expansion and HIV-induced bone loss in the axial and appendicular skeletons of severely immunocompromised HIV-infected individuals. BImm expansion may be a novel biomarker for screening patients at risk of osteoporosis.
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23
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Keller HR, Kim HK, Jo Y, Gress RE, Hong C, Park JH. The Abundance and Availability of Cytokine Receptor IL-2Rβ (CD122) Constrain the Lymphopenia-Induced Homeostatic Proliferation of Naive CD4 T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:3227-3235. [PMID: 32393513 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lymphopenia-induced homeostatic proliferation (LIP) is a critical mechanism for restoring T cell immunity upon lymphodepleting insults or infections. LIP is primarily driven by homeostatic cytokines, such as IL-7 and IL-15, but not all T cells respond with the same efficiency to homeostatic proliferative cues. Although CD8 T cells vigorously proliferate under lymphopenic conditions, naive CD4 T cells are substantially impaired in their response to homeostatic cytokines, and they fail to fully expand. In this study, we show that the availability of IL-2Rβ (CD122), which is a receptor subunit shared by IL-2 and IL-15, affects both the cytokine responsiveness and the LIP of naive CD4 T cells in the mouse. The enumeration of surface IL-2Rβ molecules on murine naive CD4 and naive CD8 T cells revealed a 5-fold difference in IL-2Rβ abundance. Notably, it was the limited availability of IL-2Rβ that impaired CD4 T cell responsiveness to IL-15 and suppressed their LIP. As such, forced IL-2Rβ expression on CD4 T cells by transgenesis bestowed IL-15 responsiveness onto naive CD4 T cells, which thus acquired the ability to undergo robust LIP. Collectively, these results identify IL-2Rβ availability as a new regulatory mechanism to control cytokine responsiveness and the homeostatic proliferation of murine CD4 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary R Keller
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.,Department of Surgery, Guthrie Robert Packer Hospital, Sayre, PA 18840
| | - Hye Kyung Kim
- Experimental and Transplantation Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Yuna Jo
- Department of Anatomy, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, South Korea
| | - Ronald E Gress
- Experimental and Transplantation Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Changwan Hong
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; .,Department of Anatomy, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Park
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
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24
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Singh AK, Salwe S, Padwal V, Velhal S, Sutar J, Bhowmick S, Mukherjee S, Nagar V, Patil P, Patel V. Delineation of Homeostatic Immune Signatures Defining Viremic Non-progression in HIV-1 Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:182. [PMID: 32194543 PMCID: PMC7066316 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Viremic non-progressors (VNPs), a distinct group of HIV-1-infected individuals, exhibit no signs of disease progression and maintain persistently elevated CD4+ T cell counts for several years despite high viral replication. Comprehensive characterization of homeostatic cellular immune signatures in VNPs can provide unique insights into mechanisms responsible for coping with viral pathogenesis as well as identifying strategies for immune restoration under clinically relevant settings such as antiretroviral therapy (ART) failure. We report a novel homeostatic signature in VNPs, the preservation of the central memory CD4+ T cell (CD4+ TCM) compartment. In addition, CD4+ TCM preservation was supported by ongoing interleukin-7 (IL-7)-mediated thymic repopulation of naive CD4+ T cells leading to intact CD4+ T cell homeostasis in VNPs. Regulatory T cell (Treg) expansion was found to be a function of preserved CD4+ T cell count and CD4+ T cell activation independent of disease status. However, in light of continual depletion of CD4+ T cell count in progressors but not in VNPs, Tregs appear to be involved in lack of disease progression despite high viremia. In addition to these homeostatic mechanisms resisting CD4+ T cell depletion in VNPs, a relative diminution of terminally differentiated effector subset was observed exclusively in these individuals that might ameliorate consequences of high viral replication. VNPs also shared signatures of impaired CD8+ T cell cytotoxic function with progressors evidenced by increased exhaustion (PD-1 upregulation) and CD127 (IL-7Rα) downregulation contributing to persistent viremia. Thus, the homeostatic immune signatures reported in our study suggest a complex multifactorial mechanism accounting for non-progression in VNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Virology, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Sukeshani Salwe
- Department of Biochemistry and Virology, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Varsha Padwal
- Department of Biochemistry and Virology, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Shilpa Velhal
- Department of Biochemistry and Virology, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Jyoti Sutar
- Department of Biochemistry and Virology, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Shilpa Bhowmick
- Department of Biochemistry and Virology, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Srabani Mukherjee
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Vidya Nagar
- Department of Medicine, Grant Medical College & Sir J. J. Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, India
| | - Priya Patil
- Department of Medicine, Grant Medical College & Sir J. J. Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, India
| | - Vainav Patel
- Department of Biochemistry and Virology, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
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25
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Kared H, Tan SW, Lau MC, Chevrier M, Tan C, How W, Wong G, Strickland M, Malleret B, Amoah A, Pilipow K, Zanon V, Govern NM, Lum J, Chen JM, Lee B, Florian MC, Geiger H, Ginhoux F, Ruiz-Mateos E, Fulop T, Rajasuriar R, Kamarulzaman A, Ng TP, Lugli E, Larbi A. Immunological history governs human stem cell memory CD4 heterogeneity via the Wnt signaling pathway. Nat Commun 2020; 11:821. [PMID: 32041953 PMCID: PMC7010798 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14442-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of the naïve T cell repertoire drives the replenishment potential and capacity of memory T cells to respond to immune challenges. Attrition of the immune system is associated with an increased prevalence of pathologies in aged individuals, but whether stem cell memory T lymphocytes (TSCM) contribute to such attrition is still unclear. Using single cells RNA sequencing and high-dimensional flow cytometry, we demonstrate that TSCM heterogeneity results from differential engagement of Wnt signaling. In humans, aging is associated with the coupled loss of Wnt/β-catenin signature in CD4 TSCM and systemic increase in the levels of Dickkopf-related protein 1, a natural inhibitor of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Functional assays support recent thymic emigrants as the precursors of CD4 TSCM. Our data thus hint that reversing TSCM defects by metabolic targeting of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway may be a viable approach to restore and preserve immune homeostasis in the context of immunological history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassen Kared
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, 8A Biomedical Grove, Biopolis, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Shu Wen Tan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, 8A Biomedical Grove, Biopolis, Republic of Singapore
| | - Mai Chan Lau
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, 8A Biomedical Grove, Biopolis, Republic of Singapore
| | - Marion Chevrier
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, 8A Biomedical Grove, Biopolis, Republic of Singapore
| | - Crystal Tan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, 8A Biomedical Grove, Biopolis, Republic of Singapore
| | - Wilson How
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, 8A Biomedical Grove, Biopolis, Republic of Singapore
| | - Glenn Wong
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, 8A Biomedical Grove, Biopolis, Republic of Singapore
| | - Marie Strickland
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, 8A Biomedical Grove, Biopolis, Republic of Singapore
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Benoit Malleret
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, 8A Biomedical Grove, Biopolis, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Amanda Amoah
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Karolina Pilipow
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Laboratory of Translational Immunology (LTI), Rozzano, Italy
| | - Veronica Zanon
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Laboratory of Translational Immunology (LTI), Rozzano, Italy
| | - Naomi Mc Govern
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, 8A Biomedical Grove, Biopolis, Republic of Singapore
| | - Josephine Lum
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, 8A Biomedical Grove, Biopolis, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jin Miao Chen
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, 8A Biomedical Grove, Biopolis, Republic of Singapore
| | - Bernett Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, 8A Biomedical Grove, Biopolis, Republic of Singapore
| | | | - Hartmut Geiger
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, CCHMC, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, 8A Biomedical Grove, Biopolis, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ezequiel Ruiz-Mateos
- Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, CSIC, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Tamas Fulop
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Reena Rajasuriar
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Adeeba Kamarulzaman
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tze Pin Ng
- Gerontology Research Programme and Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Enrico Lugli
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Laboratory of Translational Immunology (LTI), Rozzano, Italy
| | - Anis Larbi
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, 8A Biomedical Grove, Biopolis, Republic of Singapore.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.
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26
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Yang X, Su B, Zhang X, Liu Y, Wu H, Zhang T. Incomplete immune reconstitution in HIV/AIDS patients on antiretroviral therapy: Challenges of immunological non-responders. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 107:597-612. [PMID: 31965635 PMCID: PMC7187275 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4mr1019-189r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The morbidity and mortality of HIV type-1 (HIV-1)-related diseases were dramatically diminished by the grounds of the introduction of potent antiretroviral therapy, which induces persistent suppression of HIV-1 replication and gradual recovery of CD4+ T-cell counts. However, ∼10-40% of HIV-1-infected individuals fail to achieve normalization of CD4+ T-cell counts despite persistent virological suppression. These patients are referred to as "inadequate immunological responders," "immunodiscordant responders," or "immunological non-responders (INRs)" who show severe immunological dysfunction. Indeed, INRs are at an increased risk of clinical progression to AIDS and non-AIDS events and present higher rates of mortality than HIV-1-infected individuals with adequate immune reconstitution. To date, the underlying mechanism of incomplete immune reconstitution in HIV-1-infected patients has not been fully elucidated. In light of this limitation, it is of substantial practical significance to deeply understand the mechanism of immune reconstitution and design effective individualized treatment strategies. Therefore, in this review, we aim to highlight the mechanism and risk factors of incomplete immune reconstitution and strategies to intervene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Yang
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Su
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, China
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27
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IL7RA genetic variants differentially affect IL-7Rα expression and alternative splicing: a role in autoimmune and infectious diseases? Genes Immun 2020; 21:83-90. [PMID: 31929513 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-019-0091-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-7 receptor α chain (IL-7Rα) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with susceptibility to immunopathologies like autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. The current hypothesis about underlying mechanisms is based on the regulation of IL-7 availability for self-reactive T cells by influencing the generation of a soluble (s)IL-7Rα variant. This assumption was mainly predicated on the well-defined IL7RA SNP rs6897932, which affects alternative splicing and causes aberrant generation of the sIL-7Rα variant with potential effects on the IL-7 serum reservoir. However, more recent studies shed light on novel functions of autoimmunity risk-associated IL7RA SNPs and characterized the largely neglected effect of rs6897932 on membrane (m)IL-7Rα expression. These findings as well as a described role of impaired mIL-7Rα expression and IL7RA SNP influence on chronic infectious diseases necessitates the reevaluation of previous findings on the role of IL7RA SNPs in immunopathology.
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28
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Liu R, Simonetti FR, Ho YC. The forces driving clonal expansion of the HIV-1 latent reservoir. Virol J 2020; 17:4. [PMID: 31910871 PMCID: PMC6947923 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1276-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite antiretroviral therapy (ART) which halts HIV-1 replication and reduces plasma viral load to clinically undetectable levels, viral rebound inevitably occurs once ART is interrupted. HIV-1-infected cells can undergo clonal expansion, and these clonally expanded cells increase over time. Over 50% of latent reservoirs are maintained through clonal expansion. The clonally expanding HIV-1-infected cells, both in the blood and in the lymphoid tissues, contribute to viral rebound. The major drivers of clonal expansion of HIV-1-infected cells include antigen-driven proliferation, homeostatic proliferation and HIV-1 integration site-dependent proliferation. Here, we reviewed how viral, immunologic and genomic factors contribute to clonal expansion of HIV-1-infected cells, and how clonal expansion shapes the HIV-1 latent reservoir. Antigen-specific CD4+ T cells specific for different pathogens have different clonal expansion dynamics, depending on antigen exposure, cytokine profiles and exhaustion phenotypes. Homeostatic proliferation replenishes the HIV-1 latent reservoir without inducing viral expression and immune clearance. Integration site-dependent proliferation, a mechanism also deployed by other retroviruses, leads to slow but steady increase of HIV-1-infected cells harboring HIV-1 proviruses integrated in the same orientation at specific sites of certain cancer-related genes. Targeting clonally expanding HIV-1 latent reservoir without disrupting CD4+ T cell function is a top priority for HIV-1 eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runxia Liu
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | | | - Ya-Chi Ho
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA.
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Ceausu A, Rodríguez-Gallego E, Peraire J, López-Dupla M, Domingo P, Viladés C, Vidal-Gonzalez J, Peraire M, Perpiñán C, Pacheco YM, Veloso S, Alba V, Vargas M, Castellano AJ, Ruiz-Mateos E, Mallolas J, Vidal F, Rull A. IL-7/IL-7R gene variants impact circulating IL-7/IL-7R homeostasis and ART-associated immune recovery status. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15722. [PMID: 31673011 PMCID: PMC6823538 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52025-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A relationship between polymorphisms in genes encoding interleukin 7 (IL-7) and its cellular receptor (IL-7R) and antiretroviral therapy (ART)-associated immune recovery in HIV subjects has been previously reported. However, details of this relationship remain unclear, and the association of these polymorphisms with circulating IL-7/IL-7R levels is scarce. Here, we explored whether IL-7/IL-7R axis was associated with quantitative CD4+ T-cell recovery in HIV-infected subjects. IL-7/IL-7R polymorphisms were assessed by genotyping, and multiple inheritance models were used to estimate both, their association with low pre-ART CD4+ T-cell counts and incomplete immune recovery status after 48 weeks of suppressive ART. Integrated data from genetic variants association and soluble plasma IL-7/IL-7R quantification suggest that IL-7/IL-7R genotype expression could alter the homeostatic balance between soluble and membrane-bound receptors. The haplotype analyses indicates that allele combinations impacts pre-ART circulating CD4+ T-cell counts, immune recovery status and the absolute increment of CD4+ T-cell counts. The knowledge about how IL-7/IL-7R axis is related to quantitative CD4+ T-cell recovery and immune recovery status after initiating ART could be useful regarding T-cell reservoirs investigations in HIV subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andra Ceausu
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Esther Rodríguez-Gallego
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Peraire
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Miguel López-Dupla
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Pere Domingo
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Consuelo Viladés
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Judit Vidal-Gonzalez
- Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Servei de Medicina Interna-Hepatologia, Hospital Universitari de la Vall d'Hebron, VHIR, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Peraire
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Carles Perpiñán
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- Current address: Atenció Primària ICS, Cap Sant Pere, Reus, Spain
| | - Yolanda María Pacheco
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, UGC Clinical Laboratories, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Sergi Veloso
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Verónica Alba
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Vargas
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Alfonso J Castellano
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ezequiel Ruiz-Mateos
- Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Josep Mallolas
- HIV Unit. Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Vidal
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Anna Rull
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
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Bordoni V, Sacchi A, Casetti R, Cimini E, Tartaglia E, Pinnetti C, Mondi A, Gruber CEM, Antinori A, Agrati C. Impact of ART on dynamics of growth factors and cytokines in primary HIV infection. Cytokine 2019; 125:154839. [PMID: 31542514 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Antiretroviral treatment (ART) of Primary HIV Infection (PHI) has demonstrated virological and immunological benefits. The effect of early ART during PHI on the level of growth factors and chemokines modulating immune cell functions remains to be established. The aim of our work was to analyze the dynamics of 27 cytokines, chemokines and growth/regulation factors in plasma of HIV infected patients treated during PHI. Patients with PHI (n = 43) were enrolled before, 24 and 48 weeks after therapy initiation. Quantification of soluble immune mediators was performed in plasma from HIV infected patients and healthy donors (HD, n = 7) by Luminex technology. The cytokines profile was strongly perturbed in primary HIV infected patients when compared to healthy donors (HD). After 48 weeks of ART, some of these factors were restored to HD level (IL-2, IL-5, IL-7, IL-9, IL12p70, TNFα) while others persisted higher than HD (IL-6, IL-10, IL-13). Interestingly, a subset of chemokines, such as IL-8, MCP-1, RANTES and CCL27, and growth factors such as HGF, SCF and GM-CSF, increased during ART, reaching values significantly higher than HD after 48 weeks. Moreover, the G-CSF and MIP-1β soluble mediators were persistently altered and showed an inverse correlation with the CD4/CD8 T cell ratio. The increase of chemokines with antiviral activity and of growth factors with hematopoietic and immunomodulatory properties may have beneficial effects. Other studies are mandatory to evaluate the effects of long lasting levels of these factors to clarify their possible role in the context of protection/pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Bordoni
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Sacchi
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Casetti
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cimini
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Tartaglia
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Pinnetti
- Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Mondi
- Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Cesare E M Gruber
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Antinori
- Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Agrati
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
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Xie Z, Zheng J, Wang Y, Li D, Maermaer T, Li Y, Tu J, Xu Q, Liang H, Cai W, Shen T. Deficient IL-2 Produced by Activated CD56 + T Cells Contributes to Impaired NK Cell-Mediated ADCC Function in Chronic HIV-1 Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1647. [PMID: 31379845 PMCID: PMC6648879 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), which mainly mediated by natural killer (NK) cells, may play a critical role in human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) disease progression. However, the potential mechanisms that affecting NK-mediated ADCC response are still not well-elucidated. Methods: Antigen-antibody complex model of Ab-opsonized P815 cells was adopted to induce a typical non-specific ADCC response. The capacities of HIV-1 specific NK-ADCC were measured by using the combination model of gp120 protein and plasma of HIV-1 elite controllers. The levels of plasma cytokine were measured by ELISA. Anti-IL-2 blocking antibody was used to analyze the impact of activated CD56+ T cells on NK-ADCC response. Results: IL-2, IL-15, IFN-α, and IFN-β could effectively enhance the non-specific and HIV-1-specific NK-ADCC responses. Compared with healthy controls, HIV-1-infected patients showed decreased plasma IL-2 levels, while no differences of plasma IFN-α, IL-15, and IFN-β were presented. IL-2 production was detected from CD56+ T cells activated through antibody-dependent manner. The capability of NK-ADCC could be weakened by blocking IL-2 secretion from activated CD56+ T cells. Although no difference of frequencies of CD56+ T cells was found between HIV-1-infected patients and healthy controls, deficient IL-2 secretion from activated CD56+ T were found in chronic HIV-1 infection. Conclusions: The impaired ability of activated CD56+ T cells to secreting IL-2 might contribute to the attenuated NK cell-mediated ADCC function in HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Xie
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiajia Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuya Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, China CDC, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Tuohutaerbieke Maermaer
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuantao Li
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Tu
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, China CDC, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Weiping Cai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Shen
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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IL-7 is a Key Driver Cytokine in Spondyloarthritis? J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:7453236. [PMID: 31276000 PMCID: PMC6560328 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7453236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The rationale for a type 17 signature in the pathogenesis of spondyloarthritis (SpA) has been increasing and being ratified in studies recently. IL-7 is a cytokine whose ability to stimulate IL-17 production in both innate and adaptive immunity cells has made it a promising target not only for a better understanding of the disease as well as an important potential therapeutic target in patients with SpA.
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33
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Knop L, Frommer C, Stoycheva D, Deiser K, Kalinke U, Blankenstein T, Kammertoens T, Dunay IR, Schüler T. Interferon-γ Receptor Signaling in Dendritic Cells Restrains Spontaneous Proliferation of CD4 + T Cells in Chronic Lymphopenic Mice. Front Immunol 2019; 10:140. [PMID: 30792713 PMCID: PMC6374634 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In lymphopenic mice, T cells become activated and undergo lymphopenia-induced proliferation (LIP). However, not all T cells are equally sensitive to lymphopenia. Several lymphopenia-insensitive T cell clones were described and their non-responsiveness was mainly attributed to clone-specific properties. Here, we provide evidence for an additional, host-dependent mechanism restraining LIP of lymphopenia-insensitive CD4+ T cells. We show that such cells undergo LIP in lymphopenic mice lacking IFN-γ receptor (IFN-γR) expression, a process, which is promoted by the autocrine action of T cell-derived IFN-γ. Additionally, LIP of lymphopenia-insensitive CD4+ T cells requires an intact microflora and is accompanied by the massive accumulation of IL-6 and dendritic cells (DCs). Consistent with these results, IL-6 neutralization and the DC-specific restoration of IFN-γR expression are both sufficient to restrict LIP. Hence, the insensitivity of CD4+ T cells to lymphopenia relies on cell-intrinsic properties and a complex interplay between the commensal microflora, IL-6, IFN-γR+ DCs, and T cell-derived IFN-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Knop
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Frommer
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Diana Stoycheva
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Deiser
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Medical School Hannover, Institute for Experimental Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Blankenstein
- Institute of Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Kammertoens
- Institute of Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ildiko Rita Dunay
- Institute of Inflammation and Neurodegeneration, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Schüler
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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Goropevšek A, Holcar M, Pahor A, Avčin T. STAT signaling as a marker of SLE disease severity and implications for clinical therapy. Autoimmun Rev 2019; 18:144-154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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35
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Mucosal T follicular helper cells in SIV-infected rhesus macaques: contributing role of IL-27. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:1038-1054. [PMID: 31114010 PMCID: PMC7746526 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0174-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), that drain the large and small intestine, are critical sites for the induction of oral tolerance. Although depletion of CD4 T cells in the intestinal lamina propria is a hallmark of HIV infection, CD4 T cell dynamics in MLNs is less known due to the lack of accessibility to these LNs. We demonstrate the early loss of memory CD4 T cells, including T follicular helper cells (Tfh) and a remodeling of MLN architecture in SIV-infected rhesus macaques (RMs). Along with the loss of Tfh cells, we observe the loss of memory B cells and of germinal center B cells. Tfh cells display a Th1 profile with increased levels of the transcription factors that negatively impact on Tfh differentiation and of Stat5 phosphorylation. MLNs of SIV-infected RMs display lower mRNA transcripts encoding for IL-12, IL-23, and IL-35, whereas those coding for IL-27 are not impaired in MLNs. In vitro, IL-27 negatively impacts on Tfh cells and recapitulates the profile observed in SIV-infected RMs. Therefore, early defects of memory CD4 T cells, as well of Tfh cells in MLNs, which play a central role in regulating the mucosal immune response, may have major implications for Aids.
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mTOR signaling mediates effects of common gamma-chain cytokines on T cell proliferation and exhaustion: implications for HIV-1 persistence and cure research. AIDS 2018; 32:2847-2851. [PMID: 30234610 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
: Chronic elevation of plasma cytokines is a key feature of HIV infection. The physiological consequences of this response to infection and its role in HIV persistence are not fully understood. Here, we show that common gamma chain (γc)-cytokines induce both proliferation and expression of T cell exhaustion markers in a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-dependent fashion, suggesting a possible therapeutic target that, if inhibited, could diminish HIV reservoir expansion, persistence, and resistance to immune surveillance.
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37
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Anderson EM, Maldarelli F. The role of integration and clonal expansion in HIV infection: live long and prosper. Retrovirology 2018; 15:71. [PMID: 30352600 PMCID: PMC6199739 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-018-0448-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Integration of viral DNA into the host genome is a central event in the replication cycle and the pathogenesis of retroviruses, including HIV. Although most cells infected with HIV are rapidly eliminated in vivo, HIV also infects long-lived cells that persist during combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Cells with replication competent HIV proviruses form a reservoir that persists despite cART and such reservoirs are at the center of efforts to eradicate or control infection without cART. The mechanisms of persistence of these chronically infected long-lived cells is uncertain, but recent research has demonstrated that the presence of the HIV provirus has enduring effects on infected cells. Cells with integrated proviruses may persist for many years, undergo clonal expansion, and produce replication competent HIV. Even proviruses with defective genomes can produce HIV RNA and may contribute to ongoing HIV pathogenesis. New analyses of HIV infected cells suggest that over time on cART, there is a shift in the composition of the population of HIV infected cells, with the infected cells that persist over prolonged periods having proviruses integrated in genes associated with regulation of cell growth. In several cases, strong evidence indicates the presence of the provirus in specific genes may determine persistence, proliferation, or both. These data have raised the intriguing possibility that after cART is introduced, a selection process enriches for cells with proviruses integrated in genes associated with cell growth regulation. The dynamic nature of populations of cells infected with HIV during cART is not well understood, but is likely to have a profound influence on the composition of the HIV reservoir with critical consequences for HIV eradication and control strategies. As such, integration studies will shed light on understanding viral persistence and inform eradication and control strategies. Here we review the process of HIV integration, the role that integration plays in persistence, clonal expansion of the HIV reservoir, and highlight current challenges and outstanding questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank Maldarelli
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
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38
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Abstract
HIV integrates into the host genome to create a persistent viral reservoir. Stimulation of CD4+ memory T lymphocytes with common γc-chain cytokines renders these cells more susceptible to HIV infection, making them a key component of the reservoir itself. IL-15 is up-regulated during primary HIV infection, a time when the HIV reservoir established. Therefore, we investigated the molecular and cellular impact of IL-15 on CD4+ T-cell infection. We found that IL-15 stimulation induces SAM domain and HD domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) phosphorylation due to cell cycle entry, relieving an early block to infection. Perturbation of the pathways downstream of IL-15 receptor (IL-15R) indicated that SAMHD1 phosphorylation after IL-15 stimulation is JAK dependent. Treating CD4+ T cells with Ruxolitinib, an inhibitor of JAK1 and JAK2, effectively blocked IL-15-induced SAMHD1 phosphorylation and protected CD4+ T cells from HIV infection. Using high-resolution single-cell immune profiling using mass cytometry by TOF (CyTOF), we found that IL-15 stimulation altered the composition of CD4+ T-cell memory populations by increasing proliferation of memory CD4+ T cells, including CD4+ T memory stem cells (TSCM). IL-15-stimulated CD4+ TSCM, harboring phosphorylated SAMHD1, were preferentially infected. We propose that IL-15 plays a pivotal role in creating a self-renewing, persistent HIV reservoir by facilitating infection of CD4+ T cells with stem cell-like properties. Time-limited interventions with JAK1 inhibitors, such as Ruxolitinib, should prevent the inactivation of the endogenous restriction factor SAMHD1 and protect this long-lived CD4+ T-memory cell population from HIV infection.
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Chen L, Keppler OT, Schölz C. Post-translational Modification-Based Regulation of HIV Replication. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2131. [PMID: 30254620 PMCID: PMC6141784 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) relies heavily on the host cellular machinery for production of viral progeny. To exploit cellular proteins for replication and to overcome host factors with antiviral activity, HIV has evolved a set of regulatory and accessory proteins to shape an optimized environment for its replication and to facilitate evasion from the immune system. Several cellular pathways are hijacked by the virus to modulate critical steps during the viral life cycle. Thereby, post-translational modifications (PTMs) of viral and cellular proteins gain increasingly attention as modifying enzymes regulate virtually every step of the viral replication cycle. This review summarizes the current knowledge of HIV-host interactions influenced by PTMs with a special focus on acetylation, ubiquitination, and phosphorylation of proteins linked to cellular signaling and viral replication. Insights into these interactions are surmised to aid development of new intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver T Keppler
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Schölz
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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40
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CCR5 Revisited: How Mechanisms of HIV Entry Govern AIDS Pathogenesis. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:2557-2589. [PMID: 29932942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CCR5 has been the focus of intensive studies since its role as a coreceptor for HIV entry was discovered in 1996. These studies lead to the development of small molecular drugs targeting CCR5, with maraviroc becoming in 2007 the first clinically approved chemokine receptor inhibitor. More recently, the apparent HIV cure in a patient transplanted with hematopoietic stem cells devoid of functional CCR5 rekindled the interest for inactivating CCR5 through gene therapy and pharmacological approaches. Fundamental research on CCR5 has also been boosted by key advances in the field of G-protein coupled receptor research, with the realization that CCR5 adopts a variety of conformations, and that only a subset of these conformations may be targeted by chemokine ligands. In addition, recent genetic and pathogenesis studies have emphasized the central role of CCR5 expression levels in determining the risk of HIV and SIV acquisition and disease progression. In this article, we propose to review the key properties of CCR5 that account for its central role in HIV pathogenesis, with a focus on mechanisms that regulate CCR5 expression, conformation, and interaction with HIV envelope glycoproteins.
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41
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Hu Z. Temporal trends of biomarkers and between‐biomarker associations. J R Stat Soc Ser C Appl Stat 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/rssc.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zonghui Hu
- National Institutes of Health Rockville USA
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Piotrowski AF, Nirschl TR, Velarde E, Blosser L, Ganguly S, Burns KH, Luznik L, Wong J, Drake CG, Grossman SA. Systemic depletion of lymphocytes following focal radiation to the brain in a murine model. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1445951. [PMID: 29900062 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1445951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe radiation-related lymphopenia is common and associated with decreased survival in patients with several solid tumors. As the mechanisms underlying systemic lymphopenia are poorly understood, we developed an animal model to study the effects of brain radiation on lymphocytes and cytokines. C57 BL/6 and BALB/c mice received focal brain irradiation (4 Gy x 10 fractions or 2 Gy x 30 fractions). Weekly total lymphocyte counts (TLC), lymphocyte subsets and cytokines in blood and lymph nodes were measured. Non-irradiated lymph nodes were collected and examined before, during, and after radiation. We found that systemic TLC decreased rapidly irrespective of mouse strain or radiation schedule. 4 Gy x 10 resulted in a 42% and 75% & 70% and 49% TLC reduction in C57 BL/6 and BALB/c mice respectively. 2 Gy x 30 caused a 70% / 49% decrease in TLC in C57 BL/6 and BALB/c. Similar trends were seen for total T cells, CD4+, regulatory T and CD8+ cells. Changes in lymph node architecture and cellular composition correlated with the development of systemic lymphopenia. Three weeks after radiation, TLC returned to 60-80% of baseline, preceded by increased IL-7 levels in the lymph nodes. Focal brain radiation in mice results in significant systemic lymphodepletion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lee Blosser
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | | | | | - Leo Luznik
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - John Wong
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Eftimie R, Hassanein E. Improving cancer detection through combinations of cancer and immune biomarkers: a modelling approach. J Transl Med 2018; 16:73. [PMID: 29554938 PMCID: PMC5859525 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1432-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Early cancer diagnosis is one of the most important challenges of cancer research, since in many cancers it can lead to cure for patients with early stage diseases. For epithelial ovarian cancer (which is the leading cause of death among gynaecologic malignancies) the classical detection approach is based on measurements of CA-125 biomarker. However, the poor sensitivity and specificity of this biomarker impacts the detection of early-stage cancers. Methods Here we use a computational approach to investigate the effect of combining multiple biomarkers for ovarian cancer (e.g., CA-125 and IL-7), to improve early cancer detection. Results We show that this combined biomarkers approach could lead indeed to earlier cancer detection. However, the immune response (which influences the level of secreted IL-7 biomarker) plays an important role in improving and/or delaying cancer detection. Moreover, the detection level of IL-7 immune biomarker could be in a range that would not allow to distinguish between a healthy state and a cancerous state. In this case, the construction of solution diagrams in the space generated by the IL-7 and CA-125 biomarkers could allow us predict the long-term evolution of cancer biomarkers, thus allowing us to make predictions on cancer detection times. Conclusions Combining cancer and immune biomarkers could improve cancer detection times, and any predictions that could be made (at least through the use of CA-125/IL-7 biomarkers) are patient specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raluca Eftimie
- Division of Mathematics, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK.
| | - Esraa Hassanein
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, 12613, Giza, Egypt
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Abstract
Abnormal immune activation and expansion of CD8+ T cells, especially of memory and effector phenotypes, take place during HIV-1 infection, and these abnormal features persist during administration of antiretroviral therapy (ART) to infected patients. The molecular mechanisms for CD8+ T-cell expansion remain poorly characterized. In this article, we review the literature addressing features of CD8+ T-cell immune pathology and present an integrated view on the mechanisms leading to abnormal CD8+ T-cell expansion during HIV-1 infection. The expression of molecules important for directing the homing of CD8+ T cells between the circulation and lymphoid tissues, in particular CCR5 and CXCR3, is increased in CD8+ T cells in circulation and in inflamed tissues during HIV-1 infection; these disturbances in the homing capacity of CD8+ T cells have been linked to increased CD8+ T-cell proliferation. The production of IL-15, a cytokine responsible for physiological proliferation of CD8+ T cells, is increased in lymphoid tissues during HIV-1 infection as result of microbial translocation and severe inflammation. IL-15, and additional inflammatory cytokines, may lead to deregulated proliferation of CD8+ T cells and explain the accumulation of CD8+ T cells in circulation. The decreased capacity of CD8+ T cells to localize to gut-associated lymphoid tissue also contributes to the accumulation of these cells in blood. Control of inflammation, through ART administration during primary HIV-1 infection or therapies aimed at controlling inflammation during HIV-1 infection, is pivotal to prevent abnormal expansion of CD8+ T cells during HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nasi
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F Chiodi
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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45
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Foreign antigen-independent memory-phenotype CD4 + T cells: a new player in innate immunity? Nat Rev Immunol 2018; 18:1. [PMID: 29480288 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2018.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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46
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Wrangle JM, Patterson A, Johnson CB, Neitzke DJ, Mehrotra S, Denlinger CE, Paulos CM, Li Z, Cole DJ, Rubinstein MP. IL-2 and Beyond in Cancer Immunotherapy. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2018; 38:45-68. [PMID: 29443657 PMCID: PMC5815463 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2017.0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the T- and natural killer (NK) cell growth factor IL-2 has been a sentinel force ushering in the era of immunotherapy in cancer. With the advent of clinical grade recombinant IL-2 in the mid-1980s, oncologists could for the first time directly manipulate lymphocyte populations with systemic therapy. By itself, recombinant IL-2 can induce clinical responses in up to 15% of patients with metastatic cancer or renal cell carcinoma. When administered with adoptively transferred tumor-reactive lymphocytes, IL-2 promotes T cell engraftment and response rates of up to 50% in metastatic melanoma patients. Importantly, these IL-2-driven responses can yield complete and durable responses in a subset of patients. However, the use of IL-2 is limited by toxicity and concern of the expansion of T regulatory cells. To overcome these limitations and improve response rates, other T cell growth factors, including IL-15 and modified forms of IL-2, are in clinical development. Administering T cell growth factors in combination with other agents, such as immune checkpoint pathway inhibitors, may also improve efficacy. In this study, we review the development of T- and NK cell growth factors and highlight current combinatorial approaches based on these reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Wrangle
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Alicia Patterson
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - C. Bryce Johnson
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Daniel J. Neitzke
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Shikhar Mehrotra
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Chadrick E. Denlinger
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Chrystal M. Paulos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Zihai Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - David J. Cole
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Mark P. Rubinstein
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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47
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Steele AK, Carrasco-Medina L, Sodora DL, Crawley AM. Increased soluble IL-7 receptor concentrations associate with improved IL-7 therapy outcomes in SIV-infected ART-treated Rhesus macaques. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188427. [PMID: 29261677 PMCID: PMC5736176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of interleukin-7 (IL-7) as an immunorestorative therapeutic has proven effective in HIV infection, cancer and bone marrow transplantation. Mediating its activity through membrane-bound IL-7 receptor α (mCD127), IL-7 therapy increases T-cell numbers and survival. A soluble form, sCD127, is found in plasma, and we have previously identified increased plasma sCD127 concentrations in HIV infection. Furthermore, patients with high sCD127 exhibited the best viral control, implicating a role for IL-7 or sCD127 directly in improved virologic/immunologic outcomes. The role of the cytokine IL-7 in elevating sCD127 levels was addressed here through assessment of retrospective samples obtained from SIV-infected antiretroviral (ART)-treated Rhesus macaques. IL-7 was administered in clustered weekly doses, allowing for an assessment prior, during and following IL-7 administration. The levels of sCD127 remained relatively unchanged during both early SIV infection and following initiation of ART. However, treatment with IL-7 increased sCD127 concentrations in most animals, transiently or persistently, paralleling increased T-cell numbers, correlating significantly with CD8+ T-cell levels. In addition, proliferating CD4+ or CD8+ T-cells (measured by Ki67) increased in association with elevated sCD127 concentrations. Finally, a high concentration of sCD127 in IL7-treated animals was associated with increased retention of T-cells (measured by BrDU). In addition, a lack, or loss of viral control was associated with more pronounced and frequent elevations in plasma sCD127 concentrations with IL-7 therapy. In summary, plasma sCD127 levels in SIV-infected ART-treated macaques was associated with therapeutic IL-7 administration, with higher sCD127 levels in macaques demonstrating the best T-cell responses. This study furthers our knowledge regarding the interrelationship between increased IL-7 levels and elevated sCD127 levels that may have implications for future IL-7 immunotherapeutic approaches in HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K. Steele
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Collegiate Peaks Science Writing, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - Lorna Carrasco-Medina
- The Ottawa Hospital–General Campus, Division of Infectious Diseases, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Donald L. Sodora
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Angela M. Crawley
- The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- University of Ottawa, Dept. Biochem., Microbiol., and Immunol., Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Carleton University, Dept. Biol., Ottawa, ON, Canada
- * E-mail:
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48
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Palmer CS, Henstridge DC, Yu D, Singh A, Balderson B, Duette G, Cherry CL, Anzinger JJ, Ostrowski M, Crowe SM. Emerging Role and Characterization of Immunometabolism: Relevance to HIV Pathogenesis, Serious Non-AIDS Events, and a Cure. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 196:4437-44. [PMID: 27207806 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Immune cells cycle between a resting and an activated state. Their metabolism is tightly linked to their activation status and, consequently, functions. Ag recognition induces T lymphocyte activation and proliferation and acquisition of effector functions that require and depend on cellular metabolic reprogramming. Likewise, recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns by monocytes and macrophages induces changes in cellular metabolism. As obligate intracellular parasites, viruses manipulate the metabolism of infected cells to meet their structural and functional requirements. For example, HIV-induced changes in immune cell metabolism and redox state are associated with CD4(+) T cell depletion, immune activation, and inflammation. In this review, we highlight how HIV modifies immunometabolism with potential implications for cure research and pathogenesis of comorbidities observed in HIV-infected patients, including those with virologic suppression. In addition, we highlight recently described key methods that can be applied to study the metabolic dysregulation of immune cells in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clovis S Palmer
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia;
| | - Darren C Henstridge
- Cellular and Molecular Metabolism Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Di Yu
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunomodulation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease and Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Brad Balderson
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Gabriel Duette
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas en Retrovirus y SIDA, Facultad de Medicina, C1121ABG Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Catherine L Cherry
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; Infectious Diseases Department, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng 2000, South Africa; and
| | - Joshua J Anzinger
- Department of Microbiology, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
| | - Matias Ostrowski
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas en Retrovirus y SIDA, Facultad de Medicina, C1121ABG Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Suzanne M Crowe
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; Infectious Diseases Department, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
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49
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Kielsen K, Shamim Z, Thiant S, Faucher S, Decker W, Christensen IJ, Ryder LP, Yakoub-Agha I, Müller K. Soluble Interleukin-7 receptor levels and risk of acute graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Clin Immunol 2017; 187:26-32. [PMID: 28863969 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-7 is a cytokine essential for T cell homeostasis. IL-7 binds to cellular IL-7 receptors in competition with a soluble form of the receptor (sIL-7Rα). We hypothesized that altered sIL-7Rα levels may cause adverse outcomes in patients undergoing HSCT. In parallel, we investigated the impact of the IL-7Rα SNP rs6897932, which has been associated with release of IL-7R. The sIL-7Rα levels decreased during HSCT (from 114ng/ml before to 48ng/ml at day +14 (P<0.0001)). This pattern was inversely mirrored by IL-7. The IL-7/sIL-7Rα ratio at day +14 was significantly higher in patients developing grades II-IV aGVHD (OR=4.3, P=0.026). Furthermore, donor carriage of the rs6897932 T allele was associated with reduced sIL-7Rα levels, increased risk of grades II-IV aGVHD (OR=2.4, P=0.055) and increased transplant-related mortality (CC=4.5%, CT=21.4% and TT=27.3%, P=0.0037). In conclusion, this study suggests an impact of sIL-7Rα levels and rs6897932 donor genotype on alloreactivity and outcome after HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine Kielsen
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen, Denmark; Haematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Primary Immune Deficiency, Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Zaiba Shamim
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen, Denmark; The Tissue Typing Laboratory, Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stephanie Thiant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Boulevard de l'Assomption 5415, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sylvie Faucher
- Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Address Locator 0900C2, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wendy Decker
- National HIV and Retrovirology Laboratories, Public Health Agency of Canada, Eglantine Drw 100, Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ib Jarle Christensen
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Hvidovre Hospital, Kettegård Allé 30, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Lars Peter Ryder
- The Tissue Typing Laboratory, Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ibrahim Yakoub-Agha
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Biology and Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, Avenue Oscar Lambret 1, 59037 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Klaus Müller
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen, Denmark; Haematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Primary Immune Deficiency, Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen, Denmark
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50
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Aberrant plasma IL-7 and soluble IL-7 receptor levels indicate impaired T-cell response to IL-7 in human tuberculosis. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006425. [PMID: 28582466 PMCID: PMC5472333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell proliferation and generation of protective memory during chronic infections depend on Interleukin-7 (IL-7) availability and receptivity. Regulation of IL-7 receptor (IL-7R) expression and signalling are key for IL-7-modulated T-cell functions. Aberrant expression of soluble (s) and membrane-associated (m) IL-7R molecules is associated with development of autoimmunity and immune failure in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. Here we investigated the role of IL-7/IL-7R on T-cell immunity in human tuberculosis. We performed two independent case-control studies comparing tuberculosis patients and healthy contacts. This was combined with follow-up examinations for a subgroup of tuberculosis patients under therapy and recovery. Blood plasma and T cells were characterised for IL-7/sIL-7R and mIL-7R expression, respectively. IL-7-dependent T-cell functions were determined by analysing STAT5 phosphorylation, antigen-specific cytokine release and by analysing markers of T-cell exhaustion and inflammation. Tuberculosis patients had lower soluble IL-7R (p < 0.001) and higher IL-7 (p < 0.001) plasma concentrations as compared to healthy contacts. Both markers were largely independent and aberrant expression normalised during therapy and recovery. Furthermore, tuberculosis patients had lower levels of mIL-7R in T cells caused by post-transcriptional mechanisms. Functional in vitro tests indicated diminished IL-7-induced STAT5 phosphorylation and impaired IL-7-promoted cytokine release of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific CD4+ T cells from tuberculosis patients. Finally, we determined T-cell exhaustion markers PD-1 and SOCS3 and detected increased SOCS3 expression during therapy. Only moderate correlation of PD-1 and SOCS3 with IL-7 expression was observed. We conclude that diminished soluble IL-7R and increased IL-7 plasma concentrations, as well as decreased membrane-associated IL-7R expression in T cells, reflect impaired T-cell sensitivity to IL-7 in tuberculosis patients. These findings show similarities to pathognomonic features of impaired T-cell functions and immune failure described in AIDS patients. IL-7 is important for the development and homeostasis of T cells and promotes antigen-specific T-cell responses. Aberrant expression of plasma IL-7 and soluble IL-7R are found in autoimmune diseases and chronic viral infections. In AIDS patients—especially those who fail to reconstitute T-cell numbers during therapy—impaired IL-7-promoted T-cell functions indicated T-cell exhaustion/senescence. In order to evaluate the potential impact of IL-7 on tuberculosis, we characterised various parameters involved in the IL-7-response of tuberculosis patients and healthy contacts. Despite IL-7 being available at higher plasma levels among tuberculosis patients, the T-cell response to IL-7 was impaired when compared to healthy contacts. Soluble IL-7R levels were aberrantly low in plasma during acute tuberculosis but did not account for impaired IL-7 usage. Chronic inflammation in tuberculosis patients—reflected by increased IL-6 plasma levels—did not account for dysfunctional T-cell responses and analysed T-cell exhaustion markers were only moderately correlated. Our findings demonstrate that availability of IL-7 alone is not sufficient to promote protective T-cell immunity against tuberculosis. We describe aberrant IL-7/soluble IL-7R expression and impaired IL-7-mediated T-cell functions in tuberculosis patients with similarities and differences to described IL-7 dysregulation seen in patients with AIDS.
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