1
|
Lu TL, Zheng AC, Suzuki K, Lu CC, Wang CY, Fang SH. Supplementation of L-glutamine enhanced mucosal immunity and improved hormonal status of combat-sport athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2024; 21:2300259. [PMID: 38193521 PMCID: PMC10783826 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2300259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maintaining proper immune function and hormone status is important for athletes to avoid upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) and insufficient recovery, which is detrimental to sport performance and health. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether three-week supplementation of L-glutamine could benefit the mucosal immunity and hormonal status of combat-sport athletes as well as their rates of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) and subjective feelings of well-being after intensive training. METHODS Twenty-one combat-sport athletes from the National Taiwan University of Sport were recruited in this study. After intensive training, two groups of the participants were asked to consume powder form of 0.3 g/kg body weight of L-glutamine (GLU group) or maltodextrin (PLA group) with drinking water in a randomized design at the same time every day during 3 weeks. Saliva samples were collected to measure immunoglobulin A (IgA), nitric oxide (NO), testosterone (T) and cortisol (C) before and after three-week supplementation; moreover, Hooper's index questionnaires were completed for wellness assessment. The incidence and duration of URTI were recorded by using a health checklist throughout the entire study period. RESULTS Supplementation of L-glutamine significantly enhanced the concentrations of IgA and NO in saliva; additionally, the incidence of URTI was significantly reduced. Regarding hormones, T concentration was significantly decreased in the PLA group, whereas C concentration was significantly increased, resulting in a significant decrease of T/C ratio. In contrast, the GLU group showed a significant increase of T/C ratio, while the mood scores of the Hooper's index questionnaire were higher in the PLA group. CONCLUSIONS Three-week supplementation of L-glutamine after intensive training enhanced the mucosal immunity, improved hormonal status and reduced the rate of URTI of combat-sport athletes while feelings of well-being were also enhanced. Therefore, L-glutamine would be beneficial for the sports performance and recovery of athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tung-Lin Lu
- Institute of Athletics, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Chi Zheng
- Institute of Athletics, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | - Chi-Cheng Lu
- Institute of Athletics, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yuan Wang
- Department of Combat Sports, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hua Fang
- Institute of Athletics, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Baker LH, Desai T, Green M, Wells AV. Immunosurveillance associated with upper respiratory symptoms in elite swimmers: The 8-month period leading into Commonwealth Games. J Sci Med Sport 2024; 27:143-148. [PMID: 38071136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2023.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To monitor individual mucosal immunity and identify potential risk factors of upper respiratory symptoms in elite swimmers over a competitive season. DESIGN Eight-month longitudinal study, observing mucosal immunity, Epstein-Barr virus status, training loads and illness symptoms of elite international swimmers, leading into the Commonwealth Games 2018. METHODS Participants were fourteen elite swimmers (age ± standard deviation = 19.9 ± 0.8 years, height = 178.9 ± 6.3 cm, and mass = 75.0 ± 7.7 kg). Self-reported upper respiratory symptoms, training load and saliva samples were collected weekly. Venous blood samples were taken at study commencement to determine Epstein-Barr virus status. RESULTS Throughout the study, 70 episodes of upper respiratory symptoms were recorded resulting in 34 days of missed training. Incidence (p = 0.001), severity (p = 0.022), and duration of upper respiratory symptoms (p = 0.001) were significantly higher during high training loads, compared to low. Eight swimmers (61 %) had evidence of past infection with Epstein-Barr virus, but this had no relationship with incidence, severity, or duration of upper respiratory symptoms (p > 0.05). Relative individual salivary immunoglobulin A concentration was 12 % lower when upper respiratory symptoms were present but was not statistically significant (p = 0.101). CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the importance of individual athlete monitoring, to identify swimmers at increased illness risk. Identification of possible risk factors for upper respiratory symptoms, such as increased training load, may allow for modifications in training or other illness preventative strategies for elite swimmers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren H Baker
- University of Hertfordshire, Institute of Sport, United Kingdom.
| | - Terun Desai
- University of Hertfordshire, Institute of Sport, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Green
- Department of Physics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Amy V Wells
- University of Hertfordshire, Institute of Sport, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kobatake E, Iwama Y, Arai T, Tsukisaka Y, Kabuki T. Lactobacillus paragasseri SBT2055 Activates Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells and Improves Subjective Symptoms of Common Cold in Healthy Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Parallel-Group Comparative Trial. Nutrients 2023; 15:4458. [PMID: 37892533 PMCID: PMC10610513 DOI: 10.3390/nu15204458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated whether Lactobacillus paragasseri SBT2055 (LG2055) activates plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and suppresses common cold symptoms in healthy adults. Cell-based experiments showed that a LG2055 treatment upregulated CD86 and HLA-DR expression in pDCs, indicating that LG2055 activates pDCs in vitro. In a subsequent randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group comparative trial, 200 participants were randomly divided into two groups and consumed three capsules with or without LG2055 once daily for 12 weeks. The primary outcome was the score on a daily physical health questionnaire survey of common cold symptoms. Three participants discontinued the trial and six participants were excluded from the analysis, thus 191 participants (95 in the LG2055 group and 96 in the placebo group) were analyzed. The LG2055 group showed a significantly higher ratio of "without symptoms" responses for runny nose, plugged nose, sneezing, sore throat, hoarseness, and chill than the placebo group. Furthermore, a stratified analysis revealed that LG2055 intake enhanced CD86 and HLA-DR expression in the pDCs of the participants with low secretion rates of salivary secretory immunoglobulin A. These data suggest that LG2055 suppresses the subjective symptoms of the common cold by activating pDCs and improving the host's immune system in healthy adults, especially in immune-weakened individuals (UMIN000049183).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Kobatake
- Milk Science Research Institute, MEGMILK SNOW BRAND Co., Ltd., Kawagoe 350-1165, Japan
| | | | - Toshinobu Arai
- Research and Development Planning Department, MEGMILK SNOW BRAND Co., Ltd., Tokyo 160-8575, Japan
| | | | - Toshihide Kabuki
- Milk Science Research Institute, MEGMILK SNOW BRAND Co., Ltd., Kawagoe 350-1165, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cox AJ, Speer H, Radcliffe CR, Masocha K, Ramsey R, West NP, Pyne DB. Immunomodulatory effects of fucoidan in recreationally active adult males undertaking 3-weeks of intensified training. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1875-1882. [PMID: 38247026 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2305007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to determine whether daily fucoidan supplementation (Undaria pinnatifida extract containing >85% fucoidan, 1 g/day) for three-weeks in a double blind-placebo controlled cross-over trial (ACTRN12621000872831) could modulate alterations in faecal (calprotectin, lysozyme and IgA) and salivary (lactoferrin, lysozyme and IgA) markers of mucosal immune competence typically observed in response to both acute physical activity, and a period of intensified exercise training, in healthy recreationally active men (n = 12). Participants responded positively to the intensified training with 16-19% improvement in mean power that was not different between supplement groups. Faecal biomarkers and concentrations of lactoferrin, lysozyme and IgA from resting saliva samples were largely stable over the supplementation period. Concentrations of salivary biomarkers varied significantly over time in response to acute exercise, however differences between supplementation groups were modest. For salivary lysozyme, there was a trend for a lower magnitude of increase post-exercise (p = 0.08) and limited return towards pre-exercise in response to fucoidan. For salivary IgA, a greater acute exercise response was noted for IgA in response to fucoidan (~2.7-fold higher; p = 0.02). Different dosage and supplementation protocols and inclusion of additional immune markers should be considered in subsequent assessments of any potential benefits of fucoidan supplementation in healthy active adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Cox
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Hollie Speer
- Research Institute for Sport & Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Ceridwen R Radcliffe
- Research Institute for Sport & Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Kathleen Masocha
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Rebecca Ramsey
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicholas P West
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - David B Pyne
- Research Institute for Sport & Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Arnocky S, Denomme B, Hodges-Simeon C, Hlay JK, Davis AC, Brennan H. Self-perceived Mate Value is Predicted by Biological and self-reported Indices of Health in Young Adults. ADAPTIVE HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 9:54-71. [PMID: 36686590 PMCID: PMC9838438 DOI: 10.1007/s40750-022-00209-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Immunocompetence can influence an organism's reproductive fitness, and thus presumably their desirability as a mate (i.e., mate value). In humans, the link between immunocompetence and mate value has found circumstantial support by way of both expressed mate preferences for healthy partners, and via preferences for attractive phenotypes that are ostensibly linked to immune functioning. We examined whether a biological marker of immunocompetence, salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA), along with self-reported frequency and severity of symptoms of poor health predicted individuals' reported mate value and mating behavior in a sample of 691 young adults. Our measures of immunocompetence (sIgA and symptoms of poor health) correlated significantly with one another, suggesting sIgA is a viable marker of general immune function in young adults. We then examined the independent contributions of these variables to mate value, controlling for age, sex, and body mass index (BMI). Results showed that sIgA (positively) and poor health (negatively) predicted mate value, but not lifetime number of sex partners or current romantic relationship status. These findings suggest that those with better health and immune function report being more desirable as mating partners but support past research showing null links to reported mating behavior. Together, these findings suggest that more comprehensive work on links between immunocompetence and mating is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Arnocky
- Nipissing University, 100 College Drive, P1B8L7 North Bay, ON Canada
| | - Brittany Denomme
- Nipissing University, 100 College Drive, P1B8L7 North Bay, ON Canada
| | | | | | - Adam C. Davis
- Nipissing University, 100 College Drive, P1B8L7, North Bay, ON Canada
| | - Hillary Brennan
- Nipissing University, 100 College Drive, P1B8L7 North Bay, ON Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
McDougle JM, Mangine GT, Townsend JR, Jajtner AR, Feito Y. Acute physiological outcomes of high-intensity functional training: a scoping review. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14493. [PMID: 36620744 PMCID: PMC9817969 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Systematic reviews and meta-analyses related to high-intensity functional training (HIFT) have been conducted. However, due to a restricted pool of available research, these investigations are often limited in scope. As such, a scoping review investigating the present literature surrounding the acute physiological response to HIFT-based exercise was chosen as a more appropriate structured review. Methodology A scoping review was conducted following Arksey and O'Malley's framework. Three large scale databases were searched to reveal any article pertaining to HIFT and related exercise terminology. Results A total of 2,241 articles were found during the initial search. Following this, titles, then abstracts, and full-texts were reviewed to determine inclusion eligibility. A total of 60 articles which investigated a combined total of 35 unique HIFT workouts were included within this review. Conclusions A variety of physiological parameters and HIFT workouts have been examined. Markers of intensity (e.g., blood lactate concentrations, heart rate) have been most consistently assessed across all studies, and these support the idea that HIFT workouts are typically performed at high-intensity. In contrast, the inclusion of most other measures (e.g., hormonal, markers of inflammation and damage, energy expenditure, performance) has been inconsistent and has thus, limited the possibility for making generalized conclusions. Differences in study methodologies have further impacted conclusions, as different studies have varied in sample population characteristics, workouts assessed, and time points. Though it may be impossible to comprehensively research all possible HIFT workouts, consistent adoption of population definitions and workload quantification may overcome this challenge and assist with future comparisons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M. McDougle
- Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States
| | - Gerald T. Mangine
- Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States
| | - Jeremy R. Townsend
- Exercise and Nutrition Science, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Adam R. Jajtner
- Exercise Physiology, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| | - Yuri Feito
- Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States,American College of Sports Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pérez-Castillo ÍM, Rueda R, Bouzamondo H, López-Chicharro J, Mihic N. Biomarkers of post-match recovery in semi-professional and professional football (soccer). Front Physiol 2023; 14:1167449. [PMID: 37113691 PMCID: PMC10126523 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1167449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
High-level football (soccer) players face intense physical demands that result in acute and residual fatigue, impairing their physical performance in subsequent matches. Further, top-class players are frequently exposed to match-congested periods where sufficient recovery times are not achievable. To evaluate training and recovery strategies, the monitoring of players' recovery profiles is crucial. Along with performance and neuro-mechanical impairments, match-induced fatigue causes metabolic disturbances denoted by changes in chemical analytes that can be quantified in different body fluids such as blood, saliva, and urine, thus acting as biomarkers. The monitoring of these molecules might supplement performance, neuromuscular and cognitive measurements to guide coaches and trainers during the recovery period. The present narrative review aims to comprehensively review the scientific literature on biomarkers of post-match recovery in semi-professional and professional football players as well as provide an outlook on the role that metabolomic studies might play in this field of research. Overall, no single gold-standard biomarker of match-induced fatigue exists, and a range of metabolites are available to assess different aspects of post-match recovery. The use of biomarker panels might be suitable to simultaneously monitoring these broad physiological processes, yet further research on fluctuations of different analytes throughout post-match recovery is warranted. Although important efforts have been made to address the high interindividual heterogeneity of available markers, limitations inherent to these markers might compromise the information they provide to guide recovery protocols. Further research on metabolomics might benefit from evaluating the long-term recovery period from a high-level football match to shed light upon new biomarkers of post-match recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - José López-Chicharro
- Real Madrid, Medical Services, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: José López-Chicharro,
| | - Niko Mihic
- Real Madrid, Medical Services, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tomioka R, Tanaka Y, Suzuki M, Ebihara S. The Effects of Black Tea Consumption on Intestinal Microflora-A Randomized Single-Blind Parallel-Group, Placebo-Controlled Study. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2023; 69:326-339. [PMID: 37940573 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.69.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that black tea consumption for 12 wk reduced the risk of acute upper respiratory tract inflammation, and improved secretory capacity in individuals with low salivary SIgA levels (Tanaka Y et al. 2021. Jpn Pharmacol Ther 49: 273-288). These results suggested that habitual black tea consumption improves mucosal immunity. Therefore, in this study we evaluated the effect of black tea intake on gut microbiota, which is known to be involved in mucosal immunity, by analyzing the bacterial flora and the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) concentration of feces collected during the above clinical study. The clinical design was a randomized, single-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study with 72 healthy Japanese adult males and females, who consumed three cups of black tea (Black Tea Polymerized Polyphenols 76.2 mg per day) or placebo per day for 12 wk. In all subjects intake of black tea significantly increased abundance of Prevotella and decreased fecal acetic acid concentration. Particularly in the subjects with low salivary SIgA levels, the change over time of total bacteria, Prevotella, and butyrate-producing bacteria, which are involved in normalizing immune function, were higher in the black tea group than in the placebo group. In subjects with low abundance of Flavonifractor plautii a butyrate-producing bacteria, black tea consumption significantly increased salivary SIgA concentration and the absolute number of Flavonifractor plautii. In conclusion, our results suggest that improvement of mucosal immunity via an increase in butyrate-producing bacteria in the gut may partly contribute to the suppressive effect of black tea consumption on acute upper respiratory tract inflammation observed in our previous report.
Collapse
|
9
|
Maruyama Y, Seki T, Ando S, Tanabe H, Mori H. Analysis of IGHA1 and other salivary proteins post half marathon in female participants. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15075. [PMID: 37193030 PMCID: PMC10183162 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background High-intensity exercise (HIE), such as that in marathons and triathlons, suppresses transient local and systemic immunity. Serum and salivary immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1 (IGHA1) are major markers of immunosuppression by HIE. Although much is known about the systemic immunosuppressive response, little is known about its local response in the oral cavity, lungs, bronchial tubes, and skin. The oral cavity allows bacteria or viruses to enter the body. Saliva covers the epidermis of the oral cavity and plays an important role in the local stress response by preventing infection. In this study, we examined the properties of saliva secreted during the local stress response for half-marathon (HM) induced IGHA1 protein expression using quantitative proteomics. Methods The Exercise Group (ExG) (19 healthy female university students) participated in a HM race. The Non-Exercise Group (NExG) (16 healthy female university students) did not participate in the ExG. The ExG saliva samples were collected 1 h pre and 2 h and 4 h post-HM. The NExG saliva samples were collected at the same time intervals. The saliva volume, protein concentration, and relative IGHA1 expression were analyzed. In addition, 1 h pre and 2 h post- HM saliva samples were analyzed by iTRAQ. The identified factors in iTRAQ were analyzed for the ExG and the NExG using western blotting. Results We identified kallikrein 1 (KLK1), immunoglobulin kappa chain (IgK), and cystatin S (CST4) as suppression factors, as well as IGHA1, which has been reported to be an immunological stress marker. IGHA1 (p = 0.003), KLK1 (p = 0.011), IGK (p = 0.002), and CST4 (p = 0.003) were suppressed 2 h post-HM compared with their levels pre HM, and IGHA1 (p < 0.001), KLK1 (p = 0.004), and CST4 (p = 0.006) were suppressed 4 h post-HM. There was also a positive correlation between IGHA1, IGK, and CST4 levels at 2 and 4 h post-HM. In addition, KLK1 and IGK levels at 2 h post-HM were positively correlated. Conclusion Our study demonstrated that the salivary proteome is regulated, and antimicrobial proteins are suppressed post-HM. These results suggest that oral immunity was transiently suppressed post-HM. The positive correlation of each protein at 2 and 4 h post-HM suggests that the suppressed state was similarly regulated up to 4 h after a HM. The proteins identified in this study may have applications as stress markers for recreational runners and individuals who perform moderate to HIE on a regular basis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Maruyama
- Faculty of Health and Welfare Science Department of Nutritional Sciences, Nayoro City University, Nayoro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Seki
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports Kanoya, Kanoya, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Seiichi Ando
- Clinical Nutrition and Internal Medicine, Kobe Women’s University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanabe
- Faculty of Health and Welfare Science Department of Nutritional Sciences, Nayoro City University, Nayoro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Mori
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bertuccioli A, Gervasi M, Annibalini G, Binato B, Perroni F, Rocchi MBL, Sisti D, Amatori S. Use of Streptococcus salivarius K12 in supporting the mucosal immune function of active young subjects: A randomised double-blind study. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1129060. [PMID: 36936914 PMCID: PMC10019894 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1129060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) are the most common illnesses affecting athletes, causing absences from training and competition. Salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA) is the main immune factor in saliva, and a consistent association between low concentrations of sIgA and an increased incidence of URTIs has been reported. The oral probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12 has been suggested to have the potential to improve oral diseases and mucosal barrier function. However, the effects of this probiotic on active young subjects performing a high-intensity training (HIT) program have not been investigated. Methods Active young students were randomised into a treated group (S. salivarius K12) and a control (placebo) group and asked to take the product daily for 30 days. After this period, participants performed a graded exercise test and five HIT sessions, all within 3 days. They were also asked to complete the Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey daily to monitor URTI's presence. Before and after the 30 days, and at 0h, 24h and 72h after the last training session, saliva samples were collected to quantify sIgA level, secretion rate, and flow. The effect of S. salivarius K12 intake on these parameters was tested using an ANOVA for repeated measures. Results Twenty (M = 14, F = 6) young subjects (23.5 ± 2.3 years old) participated in the study. The total accumulated training load (sRPE) in the supplementation period was similar in the two groups (treated: 4345 ± 3441 AU; control: 4969 ± 4165 AU; p > 0.05). Considering both sIgA level and secretion rate, significant time (F(4,15) = 3.38; p = 0.037; F(4,15) = 6.00; p = 0.004) and time×group interactions (F(4,15) = 2.49; p = 0.049; F(4,15) = 5.01; p = 0.009) were reported, with the treated group showing higher sIgA levels at 72h post-exercise and increased secretion rate both at 0h and 72h. The number of URTI episodes was similar in the treated and control groups (χ² = 1.83; p > 0.05). Conclusion This study demonstrates that relatively short-term S. salivarius K12 supplementation increased sIgA level and secretion in healthy subjects performing a demanding exercise-training programme composed of HIT sessions.
Collapse
|
11
|
Kobatake E, Iwama Y, Arai T, Shioya N, Kise M, Kabuki T. Intake of Lactobacillus paragasseri SBT2055 improves subjective symptoms of common cold during winter season in healthy adults: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel-group comparative study. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1063584. [PMID: 36570128 PMCID: PMC9773393 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1063584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Lactobacillus paragasseri SBT2055 (LG2055) has been reported to show immunostimulating effects. This study aimed to investigate the effects of LG2055 on the subjective symptoms of the physical condition in healthy adults. Materials and methods In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group comparative study, Japanese individuals aged 20-64 years were recruited. A total of 200 participants were randomly divided into two groups by an independent controller (LG2055 and placebo groups; 100 participants per group). Drinkable yogurts containing LG2055 or lacking LG2055 (placebo) were used as test samples. The participants ingested one bottle of the test sample once a day for 12 weeks. A daily physical health questionnaire survey (about common cold symptoms) was performed as the primary outcome, and immunological and oxidative stress markers in saliva and serum were evaluated as secondary outcomes. Results In total, 198 participants completed the scheduled intake of the test samples, and five participants were excluded from the final analysis. Consequently, 193 participants (LG2055 group, n = 97; placebo group, n = 96) in the Per-Protocol Set were included in the efficacy analysis. The cumulative days of each symptom were evaluated, and the LG2055 group showed a significantly higher ratio of "without symptom" in runny nose, plugged nose, sneezing, sore throat, hoarseness, cough, headache, feeling tired, and fever than the placebo group, indicating that the incidence rates of common cold symptoms were lower in the LG2055 group. Additionally, changes in the salivary secretory IgA levels were significantly higher, and the serum derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites levels were significantly lower in the LG2055 group. Conclusion Our study revealed that intake of LG2055 decreased common cold symptoms and improved immune parameters in healthy adults. This suggests that LG2055 contributes to the maintenance of physical conditions by improving the host immune system. Clinical trial registration [https://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/index.htm], identifier [UMIN000045901].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Kobatake
- Milk Science Research Institute, MEGMILK SNOW BRAND Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan,*Correspondence: Eiji Kobatake,
| | | | - Toshinobu Arai
- Research and Development Planning Department, MEGMILK SNOW BRAND Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Mai Kise
- Products Development Department, MEGMILK SNOW BRAND Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Toshihide Kabuki
- Milk Science Research Institute, MEGMILK SNOW BRAND Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rauch CE, Mika AS, McCubbin AJ, Huschtscha Z, Costa RJS. Effect of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics on gastrointestinal outcomes in healthy adults and active adults at rest and in response to exercise-A systematic literature review. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1003620. [PMID: 36570133 PMCID: PMC9768503 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1003620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction A systematic literature search was undertaken to assess the impact of pre-, pro-, and syn-biotic supplementation on measures of gastrointestinal status at rest and in response to acute exercise. Methods Six databases (Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cinahl, SportsDISCUS, Web of Science, and Scopus) were used. Included were human research studies in healthy sedentary adults, and healthy active adults, involving supplementation and control or placebo groups. Sedentary individuals with non-communicable disease risk or established gastrointestinal inflammatory or functional diseases/disorders were excluded. Results A total of n = 1,204 participants were included from n = 37 papers reported resting outcomes, and n = 13 reported exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome (EIGS) outcomes. No supplement improved gastrointestinal permeability or gastrointestinal symptoms (GIS), and systemic endotoxemia at rest. Only modest positive changes in inflammatory cytokine profiles were observed in n = 3/15 studies at rest. Prebiotic studies (n = 4/5) reported significantly increased resting fecal Bifidobacteria, but no consistent differences in other microbes. Probiotic studies (n = 4/9) increased the supplemented bacterial species-strain. Only arabinoxylan oligosaccharide supplementation increased total fecal short chain fatty acid (SCFA) and butyrate concentrations. In response to exercise, probiotics did not substantially influence epithelial injury and permeability, systemic endotoxin profile, or GIS. Two studies reported reduced systemic inflammatory cytokine responses to exercise. Probiotic supplementation did not substantially influence GIS during exercise. Discussion Synbiotic outcomes resembled probiotics, likely due to the minimal dose of prebiotic included. Methodological issues and high risk of bias were identified in several studies, using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool. A major limitation in the majority of included studies was the lack of a comprehensive approach of well-validated biomarkers specific to gastrointestinal outcomes and many included studies featured small sample sizes. Prebiotic supplementation can influence gut microbial composition and SCFA concentration; whereas probiotics increase the supplemented species-strain, with minimal effect on SCFA, and no effect on any other gastrointestinal status marker at rest. Probiotic and synbiotic supplementation does not substantially reduce epithelial injury and permeability, systemic endotoxin and inflammatory cytokine profiles, or GIS in response to acute exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E. Rauch
- Department of Nutrition Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC, Australia
| | - Alice S. Mika
- Department of Nutrition Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC, Australia
| | - Alan J. McCubbin
- Department of Nutrition Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC, Australia
| | - Zoya Huschtscha
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Ricardo J. S. Costa
- Department of Nutrition Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC, Australia,*Correspondence: Ricardo J. S. Costa
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Perkins E, Davison G. Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) DNA as a Potential Marker of in vivo Immunity in Professional Footballers. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2022; 93:861-868. [PMID: 34806947 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2021.1932707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Team sport athletes have increased susceptibility to upper respiratory symptoms (URS) during periods of intensified training and competition. Reactivation of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) may be a novel marker for risk of upper respiratory illness (URI) in professional athletes. Aims: To investigate changes in salivary EBV DNA (in addition to the well-established marker, salivary secretory immunoglobulin A), and incidence of URS in professional footballers. Methods: Over a 16-week period (August to November 2016), 15 male players from a professional English football League 1 club provided weekly unstimulated saliva samples (after a rest day) and recorded URS. Saliva samples were analyzed for secretory IgA (ELISA) and EBV DNA (qPCR). Results: Whole squad median (interquartile range) saliva IgA concentration and secretion rate significantly decreased (p < .05) between weeks 8 and 12 (concentration, 107 (76-150) mg/L healthy baseline to 51 (31-80) mg/L at week 12; secretion rate 51 (30-78) µg/min healthy baseline to 22 (18-43) µg/min at week 12). Two players reported URS episodes during week 10, both after IgA secretion rate decreased below 40% of the individual's healthy baseline. EBV DNA was detected in the weeks before URS but also at other times and in healthy players (overall frequency 40%, range 11-78%) and frequency was similar between the URS and healthy group. Conclusion: These findings confirm salivary IgA as a useful marker of URS risk but EBV DNA was not. Further research capturing a greater number of URS episodes is required, however, to fully determine the utility of this marker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Perkins
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Division of Natural Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury Campus
| | - Glen Davison
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Division of Natural Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury Campus
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Drummond LR, Campos HO, Drummond FR, de Oliveira GM, Fernandes JGRP, Amorim RP, da Costa Monteiro M, Lara HFG, Leite LHR, Coimbra CC. Acute and chronic effects of physical exercise on IgA and IgG levels and susceptibility to upper respiratory tract infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pflugers Arch 2022; 474:1221-1248. [PMID: 36251066 PMCID: PMC9574171 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02760-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed at evaluating acute and chronic effects of physical exercise on IgA and IgG levels, as well as its relationship with the susceptibility to develop upper respiratory tract infections (URTI). This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted and reported in accordance with PRISMA statement. A systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE was performed in July 2020. This systematic review and meta-analysis included studies in which participants performed acute exercise or chronic physical training and were subjected to analyses of URTI incidence and concentrations of IgA and IgG. The selected studies for systematic review were divided into the following three groups: (I) trials that evaluated the effects of acute exercise in sedentary subjects, (II) trials that evaluated the effects of acute exercise in athletes/trained individuals, and (III) trials that evaluated the effects of chronic physical training on the incidence of URTI, as well as on the levels of IgA and IgG. Acute exercise increases the IgA levels in trained subjects but does not affect its levels in untrained subjects. Such increase in IgA levels induced by acute exercise is greater in trained individual that performed ultramarathon. On the other hand, chronic physical training reduces IgA levels in both trained and untrained subjects, does not change IgA levels in non-military subjects, besides from not affecting IgG levels. The present systematic review and meta-analysis indicates that acute exercise positively influences IgA levels in trained individuals, being this effect pronounced when a strenuous exercise such as ultramarathon is executed. Chronic physical training, in turn, does not affect IgG levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Rios Drummond
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia E Metabolismo, Departamento de Fisiologia E Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. .,Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais - Unidade Divinópolis, Av. Paraná, 3001 - Jardim Belvedere I, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil.
| | - Helton Oliveira Campos
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia E Metabolismo, Departamento de Fisiologia E Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais - Unidade Carangola, Carangola, MG, Brazil
| | - Filipe Rios Drummond
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia E Metabolismo, Departamento de Fisiologia E Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Moraes de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia E Metabolismo, Departamento de Fisiologia E Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - João Guilhermo Rios Pimenta Fernandes
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia E Metabolismo, Departamento de Fisiologia E Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Prates Amorim
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia E Metabolismo, Departamento de Fisiologia E Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Mateus da Costa Monteiro
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia E Metabolismo, Departamento de Fisiologia E Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Henrique Fernandes Gerspacher Lara
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia E Metabolismo, Departamento de Fisiologia E Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Laura Hora Rios Leite
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Cândido Celso Coimbra
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia E Metabolismo, Departamento de Fisiologia E Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kurowski M, Seys S, Bonini M, Del Giacco S, Delgado L, Diamant Z, Kowalski ML, Moreira A, Rukhadze M, Couto M. Physical exercise, immune response, and susceptibility to infections-current knowledge and growing research areas. Allergy 2022; 77:2653-2664. [PMID: 35485959 DOI: 10.1111/all.15328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This review presents state-of-the-art knowledge and identifies knowledge gaps for future research in the area of exercise-associated modifications of infection susceptibility. Regular moderate-intensity exercise is believed to have beneficial effects on immune health through lowering inflammation intensity and reducing susceptibility to respiratory infections. However, strenuous exercise, as performed by professional athletes, may promote infection: in about half of athletes presenting respiratory symptoms, no causative pathogen can be identified. Acute bouts of exercise enhance the release of pro-inflammatory mediators, which may induce infection-like respiratory symptoms. Relatively few studies have assessed the influence of regularly repeated exercise on the immune response and systemic inflammation compared to the effects of acute exercise. Additionally, ambient and environmental conditions may modify the systemic inflammatory response and infection susceptibility, particularly in outdoor athletes. Both acute and chronic regular exercise influence humoral and cellular immune response mechanisms, resulting in decreased specific and non-specific response in competitive athletes. The most promising areas of further research in exercise immunology include detailed immunological characterization of infection-prone and infection-resistant athletes, examining the efficacy of nutritional and pharmaceutical interventions as countermeasures to infection symptoms, and determining the influence of various exercise loads on susceptibility to infections with respiratory viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. By establishing a uniform definition of an "elite athlete," it will be possible to make a comparable and straightforward interpretation of data from different studies and settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Kurowski
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - Sven Seys
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matteo Bonini
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli - IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Stefano Del Giacco
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health "M. Aresu", University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Luis Delgado
- Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Serviço de Imunoalergologia, Centro Hospitalar de São João E.P.E, Porto, Portugal
| | - Zuzana Diamant
- Department of Respiratory Medicine & Allergology, Institute for Clinical Science, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Thomayer Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marek L Kowalski
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - André Moreira
- Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Serviço de Imunoalergologia, Centro Hospitalar de São João E.P.E, Porto, Portugal.,Epidemiology Research Unit- Instituto de Saúde Pública, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maia Rukhadze
- Allergy & Immunology Centre, Tbilisi, Georgia.,Teaching University Geomedi LLC, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Mariana Couto
- Allergy Unit, Hospital CUF Descobertas, Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Guo YT, Peng YC, Yen HY, Wu JC, Hou WH. Effects of Probiotic Supplementation on Immune and Inflammatory Markers in Athletes: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:1188. [PMID: 36143865 PMCID: PMC9505795 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58091188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Probiotic supplementation can prevent and alleviate gastrointestinal and respiratory tract infections in healthy individuals. Markers released from the site of inflammation are involved in the response to infection or tissue injury. Therefore, we measured the pre-exercise and postexercise levels of inflammation-related markers-tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10, interferon (IFN)-γ, salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA), IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, and C-reactive protein (CRP)-in probiotic versus placebo groups to investigate the effects of probiotics on these markers in athletes. Probiotics contained multiple species (e.g., Bacillus subtilis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, etc.). Materials and Methods: We performed a systematic search for studies published until May 2022 and included nine randomized clinical trials. Reporting followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guideline. Fixed-effects meta-analyses and sensitivity analyses were performed. Subgroup analyses were conducted on the basis of the period of probiotic intervention and timing of postassessment blood sampling. Results: The levels of IFN-γ and salivary IgA exhibited a significant positive change, whereas those of TNF-α and IL-10 demonstrated a negative change in the probiotic group. The subgroup analysis revealed that the probiotic group exhibited significant negative changes in TNF-α and IL-10 levels in the shorter intervention period. For the subgroup based on the timing of postassessment blood sampling, the subgroup whose blood sample collection was delayed to at least the next day of exercise exhibited significant negative changes in their TNF-α and IL-10 levels. The subgroups whose blood samples were collected immediately after exercise demonstrated negative changes in their TNF-α, IL-8, and IL-10 levels. Conclusions: Probiotic supplementation resulted in significant positive changes in the IFN-γ and salivary IgA levels and negative changes in the IL-10 and TNF-α levels. No significant changes in the IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, or CRP levels were observed after probiotic use in athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Guo
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Department of Education, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ching Peng
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Department of Education, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yen Yen
- School of Gerontology and Long-Term Care, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Cheng Wu
- Department of Education, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center of Urology and Kidney, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, College of Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hsuan Hou
- Department of Education, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- School of Gerontology and Long-Term Care, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation & Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Cochrane Taiwan, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tsukinoki K, Yamamoto T, Saito J, Sakaguchi W, Iguchi K, Inoue Y, Ishii S, Sato C, Yokoyama M, Shiraishi Y, Kato N, Shimada H, Makabe A, Saito A, Tanji M, Nagaoka I, Saruta J, Yamaguchi T, Kimoto S, Yamaguchi H. Prevalence of saliva immunoglobulin A antibodies reactive with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 among Japanese people unexposed to the virus. Microbiol Immunol 2022; 66:403-410. [PMID: 35607844 PMCID: PMC9347685 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.13011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
While the COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) poses a threat to public health as the number of cases and COVID-19-related deaths are increasing worldwide, the incidence of the virus infection is extremely low in Japan compared with many other countries. To explain this uncommon phenomenon, we investigated the prevalence of naturally occurring ("natural") antibodies, focusing on those of the secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) form, reactive with SARS-CoV-2 among Japanese people. One hundred and eighty healthy Japanese volunteers of a wide range of age who had been considered to be unexposed to SARS-CoV-2 participated in this study. Saliva samples and blood samples were collected from all of the 180 participants and 139 adults (aged ≥ 20 years) included therein, respectively. The determination of saliva IgA antibodies, mostly comprising sIgA antibodies, as well as serum IgA and immunoglobulin G antibodies, reactive with the receptor binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike-1 subunit proteins was conducted using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The major findings were that 52.78% (95% confidence interval, 45.21%-60.25%) of the individuals who had not been exposed to SARS-CoV-2 were positive for saliva IgA antibodies with a wide range of levels between 0.002 and 3.272 ng/mL, and that there may be a negative trend in positivity for the antibodies according to age. As we had expected, a frequent occurrence of assumable "natural" sIgA antibodies reactive with SARS-CoV-2 among the studied Japanese participant population was observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Tsukinoki
- Department of Environmental Pathology, Graduate School of DentistryKanagawa Dental UniversityKanagawaJapan
| | | | | | - Wakako Sakaguchi
- Department of Environmental Pathology, Graduate School of DentistryKanagawa Dental UniversityKanagawaJapan
| | - Keiichiro Iguchi
- Department of OrthodonticsKanagawa Dental UniversityKanagawaJapan
| | - Yoshinori Inoue
- Department of Pediatric DentistryKanagawa Dental UniversityKanagawaJapan
| | - Shigeru Ishii
- Department of Advanced Oral SurgeryKDU Yokohama ClinicKanagawaJapan
| | | | - Mina Yokoyama
- Department of Pediatric DentistryKanagawa Dental UniversityKanagawaJapan
| | | | - Noriaki Kato
- EPS Research Center, EPS Holdings, Inc.TokyoJapan
| | | | - Akio Makabe
- Sites Support Section, Foods DepartmentEP Mediate Co., Ltd.TokyoJapan
| | - Akihiro Saito
- Sites Support Section, Foods DepartmentEP Mediate Co., Ltd.TokyoJapan
| | | | - Isao Nagaoka
- Department of Host Defense and Biochemical Research, Faculty of Health ScienceJuntendo UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Juri Saruta
- Department of Education PlanningKanagawa Dental UniversityKanagawaJapan
| | | | - Shigenari Kimoto
- Department of Pediatric DentistryKanagawa Dental UniversityKanagawaJapan
| | - Hideyo Yamaguchi
- EPS Research Center, EPS Holdings, Inc.TokyoJapan
- Department of Diagnostics and Disease Control, Institute of Medical MycologyTeikyo UniversityTokyoJapan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Alkemade P, Gerrett N, Daanen HAM, Eijsvogels TMH, Janssen TWJ, Keaney LC. Heat acclimation does not negatively affect salivary immunoglobulin-A and self-reported illness symptoms and wellness in recreational athletes. Temperature (Austin) 2022; 9:331-343. [PMID: 36339091 PMCID: PMC9629114 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2022.2088029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat acclimation (HA) protocols repeatedly expose individuals to heat stress. As HA is typically performed close to the pinnacle event, it is essential that the protocol does not compromise immune status, health, or wellbeing. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of HA on resting salivary immunoglobulin-A (s-IgA) and salivary cortisol (s-cortisol), self-reported upper-respiratory tract symptoms, and self-reported wellness parameters. Seventeen participants (peak oxygen uptake 53.2 ± 9.0 mL·kg−1·min−1) completed a 10-day controlled-hyperthermia HA protocol, and a heat stress test both before (HST1) and after (HST2) HA (33°C, 65% relative humidity). Resting saliva samples were collected at HST1, day 3 and 7 of the HA protocol, HST2, and at 5 ± 1 days post-HA. Upper-respiratory tract symptom data were collected weekly from one week prior to HA until three weeks post HA, and wellness ratings were reported daily throughout HA. HA successfully induced physiological adaptations, with a lower end-exercise rectal temperature and heart rate and higher whole-body sweat rate at HST2 compared to HST1. In contrast, resting saliva flow rate, s-IgA concentration, s-cortisol concentration, and s-cortisol secretion rate remained unchanged (n = 11–14, P = 0.10–0.48). Resting s-IgA secretion rate increased by 39% from HST1 to HST2 (n = 14, P = 0.03). No changes were observed in self-reported upper respiratory tract symptoms and wellness ratings. In conclusion, controlled-hyperthermia HA did not negatively affect resting s-IgA and s-cortisol, self-reported upper-respiratory tract symptoms, and self-reported wellness parameters in recreational athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Puck Alkemade
- Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicola Gerrett
- Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Gentherm, Northville, MI, USA
| | - Hein A. M. Daanen
- Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs M. H. Eijsvogels
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas W. J. Janssen
- Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lauren C. Keaney
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- Defence Technology Agency, New Zealand Defence Force, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Establishing the incidence and prevalence of injury and illness in Australian sailing athletes over a full year of training and competition to help determine prevention priorities. J Sci Med Sport 2022; 25:726-731. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2022.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
20
|
Mortatti AL, Oliveira RSCD, Pinto JCBDL, Galvão-Coelho NL, de Almeida RN, Aoki MS, Moreira A. A Congested Match Schedule Alters Internal Match Load and Affects Salivary Immunoglobulin A Concentration in Youth Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:1655-1659. [PMID: 34881860 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Mortatti, AL, Oliveira, RSCd, Pinto, JCBdL, Galvão-Coelho, NL, Almeida, RN, Aoki, MS, and Moreira, A. A congested match schedule alters internal match load and affects salivary immunoglobulin A concentration in youth soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 36(6): 1655-1659, 2022-The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of a congested match schedule (CMS) undertaken after a tapering week, on internal match load (IML) and salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA) concentration in 12 youth soccer players (16.6 ± 0.5 years; 175 ± 8 cm; 65 ± 8 kg) who performed 4 official matches within a 4-day period. Internal match load was determined using the session-rating of perceived exertion method and the competitive strain (CS) and monotony index (MI) were also determined. Saliva sampling was conducted, before the last training day of a tapering week (training) preceding the CMS, 60 minutes before the first match (match-1), and 22 hours after match 4 (postmatch 4). Salivary immunoglobulin A was analyzed by ELISA. The results of the analysis of variance with repeated measures showed a significant difference for IML across the matches (p < 0.001). A significant reduction in SIgA was observed from prematch 1 to postmatch 4 (p = 0.019). Regarding the change in SIgA (ΔSIgA), 58.3% of the players presented values equal/higher than the minimal detectable change. A large within-individual correlation was observed between ΔSIgA and MI and CS (r = 0.71 and r = 0.72: p < 0.01, respectively). The current findings suggest that youth players participating in a CMS may present a decrease in mucosal immunity function. In addition, data suggest that the MI and CS may be used as valuable markers for monitoring competition load during CMS in youth soccer players.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnaldo Luis Mortatti
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte-UFRN, Natal, Brazil
| | | | | | - Nicole Leite Galvão-Coelho
- Clinical and Toxicological Analysis Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Raíssa Nóbrega de Almeida
- Clinical and Toxicological Analysis Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Marcelo S Aoki
- School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Alexandre Moreira
- Department of Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ovchinnikov AN, Paoli A, Seleznev VV, Deryugina AV. Measurement of Lipid Peroxidation Products and Creatine Kinase in Blood Plasma and Saliva of Athletes at Rest and following Exercise. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11113098. [PMID: 35683484 PMCID: PMC9181342 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11113098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the agreement between quantitative measurements of plasmatic and salivary biomarkers capable of identifying oxidative stress and muscle damage in athletes at rest and following exercise. Thirty-nine high-level athletes participating in track and field (running), swimming or rowing were recruited and assigned to one of three groups depending on the sport. Each athlete group underwent its specific exercise. Blood and saliva samples were collected before and immediately after the exercise. Diene conjugates (DC), triene conjugates (TC), Schiff bases (SB), and creatine kinase (CK) were measured. Comparisons were made using Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Correlation analysis and Bland−Altman method were applied. DC levels were elevated in plasma (p < 0.01) and saliva (p < 0.01) in response to exercise in all three groups, as were the plasmatic (p < 0.01) and salivary (p < 0.01) TC and SB concentrations. CK activity was also significantly higher at postexercise compared to pre-exercise in both plasma (p < 0.01) and saliva (p < 0.01) in all groups. Strong positive correlation between salivary and plasmatic DC (p < 0.001), TC (p < 0.001), SB (p < 0.01), and CK (p < 0.001) was observed at rest and following exercise in each athlete group. The bias calculated for DC, TC, SB, and CK using the Bland−Altman statistics was not significant at both pre-exercise and postexercise in all three groups. The line of equality was within the confidence interval of the mean difference. All of the data points lay within the respective agreement limits. Salivary concentrations of DC, TC, SB, and CK are able to reliably reflect their plasma levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr N. Ovchinnikov
- Department of Sports Medicine and Psychology, Lobachevsky University, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Laboratory of Integral Human Health, Lobachevsky University, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (A.P.); (A.V.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Antonio Paoli
- Laboratory of Integral Human Health, Lobachevsky University, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (A.P.); (A.V.D.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - Vladislav V. Seleznev
- Department of Theory and Methodology of Sport Training, Lobachevsky University, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia;
| | - Anna V. Deryugina
- Laboratory of Integral Human Health, Lobachevsky University, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (A.P.); (A.V.D.)
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Lobachevsky University, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Batista EDS, Ribeiro BLL, Leite Galvão-Coelho N, Almeida RND, Teixeira RV, Silveira JCD, Ferreira ABDM, Mortatti AL. Effects of Training Loads on Stress Tolerance and Mucosal Immunity in High-Intensity Functional Fitness Athletes. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2022:1-10. [PMID: 35416755 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2021.2011828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the effects of training load on stress tolerance (ST) and secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) in male and female high-intensity functional fitness (HIFF) athletes during two different 10 and consecutive weekly training volume loads [higher (week 1) and lower volume (week 2)]. Methods: 14 athletes [7 males: 29.3 (±5.8) years; 86.3 (±8.2) kg and 176.8 (±3.8) cm and 7 females: 32.7 (±4.4) years; 60.0 (±6.7) kg and 162.5 (±5.9) cm] participated. The ST, assessed by Daily Analysis of Life Demand in Athletes questionnaire (DALDA) and Saliva sampling were performed in four time-points (pre (T1) and post (T2) week 1; pre (T3) and post (T4) week 2). Results: Female athletes showed a decrease in ST (symptoms of stress) from 15 T1 to T3 [F(3,36) = 7.184, p˂ 0.001, ηp2 = 0.374], without difference in male athletes (p > .05). There is a significant difference of SIgA concentration [F(3.36) = 3.551; p = .024; ηp2 = 0.228], with a significant decrease in female athletes group in T2 compared to T1 (p = .013) and T4 (p = .023). In addition, the different training volume loads did not impact mucosal immunity in male athletes (p > .05). Conclusion: The current findings suggest that higher HIFF volume results in decreased ST and SIgA concentration in female 20 athletes and a subsequent decrease in training volume loads contributed to restoring these variables.
Collapse
|
23
|
Derman W, Badenhorst M, Eken M, Gomez-Ezeiza J, Fitzpatrick J, Gleeson M, Kunorozva L, Mjosund K, Mountjoy M, Sewry N, Schwellnus M. Risk factors associated with acute respiratory illnesses in athletes: a systematic review by a subgroup of the IOC consensus on ‘acute respiratory illness in the athlete’. Br J Sports Med 2022; 56:639-650. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2021-104795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
ObjectiveTo review risk factors associated with acute respiratory illness (ARill) in athletes, including non-infectious ARill and suspected or confirmed acute respiratory infections (ARinf).DesignSystematic review.Data sourcesElectronic databases: PubMed-Medline, EbscoHost and Web of Science.Eligibility criteriaOriginal research articles published between January 1990 and July 2020 in English were searched for prospective and retrospective full text studies that reported quantitative data on risk factors associated with ARill/ARinf in athletes, at any level of performance (elite/non-elite), aged 15–65 years.Results48 studies (n=19 390 athletes) were included in the study. Risk factors associated with ARill/ARinf were: increased training monotony, endurance training programmes, lack of tapering, training during winter or at altitude, international travel and vitamin D deficits. Low tear-(SIgA) and salivary-(IgA) were immune biomarkers associated with ARill/ARinf.ConclusionsModifiable training and environmental risk factors could be considered by sports coaches and athletes to reduce the risk of ARill/ARinf. Clinicians working with athletes can consider assessing and treating specific nutritional deficiencies such as vitamin D. More research regarding the role and clinical application of measuring immune biomarkers in athletes at high risk of ARill/ARinf is warranted.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020160928.
Collapse
|
24
|
Derman W, Badenhorst M, Eken MM, Ezeiza-Gomez J, Fitzpatrick J, Gleeson M, Kunorozva L, Mjosund K, Mountjoy M, Sewry N, Schwellnus M. Incidence of acute respiratory illnesses in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis by a subgroup of the IOC consensus on 'acute respiratory illness in the athlete'. Br J Sports Med 2022; 56:630-638. [PMID: 35260411 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2021-104737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the incidence of acute respiratory illness (ARill) in athletes and by method of diagnosis, anatomical classification, ages, levels of performance and seasons. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES Electronic databases: PubMed-Medline, EbscoHost and Web of Science. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Original research articles published between January 1990 and July 2020 in English reporting the incidence of ARill in athletes, at any level of performance (elite/non-elite), aged 15-65 years. RESULTS Across all 124 studies (n=1 28 360 athletes), the incidence of ARill, estimated by dividing the number of cases by the total number of athlete days, was 4.7 (95% CI 3.9 to 5.7) per 1000 athlete days. In studies reporting acute respiratory infections (ARinf; suspected and confirmed) the incidence was 4.9 (95% CI 4.0 to 6.0), which was similar in studies reporting undiagnosed ARill (3.7; 95% CI 2.1 to 6.7). Incidences of 5.9 (95% CI 4.8 to 7.2) and 2.8 (95% CI 1.8 to 4.5) were found for studies reporting upper ARinf and general ARinf (upper or lower), respectively. The incidence of ARinf was similar across the different methods to diagnose ARinf. A higher incidence of ARinf was found in non-elite (8.7; 95% CI 6.1 to 12.5) vs elite athletes (4.2; 95% CI 3.3 to 5.3). SUMMARY/CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest: (1) the incidence of ARill equates to approximately 4.7 per athlete per year; (2) the incidence of upper ARinf was significantly higher than general (upper/lower) ARinf; (3) elite athletes have a lower incidence of ARinf than non-elite athletes; (4) if pathogen identification is not available, physicians can confidently use validated questionnaires and checklists to screen athletes for suspected ARinf. For future studies, we recommend that a clear diagnosis of ARill is reported. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020160472.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Derman
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa .,International Olympic Committee Research Centre, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Marelise Badenhorst
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Maaike Maria Eken
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Josu Ezeiza-Gomez
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,International Olympic Committee Research Centre, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jane Fitzpatrick
- Centre for Health and Exercise Sports Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Dentistry and Health Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maree Gleeson
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lovemore Kunorozva
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Katja Mjosund
- Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sport and Exercise Medicine Unit, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Margo Mountjoy
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicola Sewry
- International Olympic Committee Research Centre, Pretoria, South Africa.,Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute, University of Pretoria, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Martin Schwellnus
- International Olympic Committee Research Centre, Pretoria, South Africa.,Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute, University of Pretoria, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pretoria, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Selected Immunoendocrine Measures for Monitoring Responses to Training and Match Load in Professional Association Football: A Review of the Evidence. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:1654-1663. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Biomarkers relating to player “stress balance,” immunological (ie, immunoglobulin-A), and hormonal (ie, testosterone and cortisol [T:C]) status are now commonly used in football. This article is our critical review of the scientific literature relating to the response of these measures to player load and their relationships with player health. The commonly reported relationship between immunoglobulin-A and training or match load highlights its sensitivity to changes in psychophysiological stress and the increased risk of compromised mucosal immunity. This is supported by its close relationship with symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection and its association with perceived fatigue in football players. Testosterone and cortisol concentrations and the testosterone–cortisol ratio are sensitive to changes in player load, but the direction of their response is often inconsistent and is likely influenced by player training status and non-sport-related stressors. Some evidence indicates that sustained periods of high training volume can increase resting testosterone and that sustained periods of low and high training intensity can increase resting cortisol, compromising the testosterone–cortisol ratio. These findings are noteworthy, as recent findings indicate interrelationships between testosterone, cortisol, and testosterone:cortisol and perceived measures of fatigue, sleep quality, and muscle soreness in football players. Variability in individual responses suggests the need for a multivariate and individualized approach to player monitoring. Overall, we consider that there is sufficient evidence to support the use of salivary immunoglobulin-A, testosterone, cortisol, and testosterone:cortisol measures as part of a multivariate, individualized player monitoring system in professional football.
Collapse
|
26
|
Ishimaru T, Mine Y, Odgerel CO, Miyake F, Kubo T, Ikaga T, Fujino Y. Prospective cohort study of bedroom heating and risk of common cold in children. Pediatr Int 2022; 64:e14755. [PMID: 33899990 DOI: 10.1111/ped.14755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In countries with mild winter climates and inadequate heating, the relationship between housing conditions and health outcomes in winter have not been well studied. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between heater type and temperature factors in the bedroom and incidence of the common cold among children in Japan. METHODS In this prospective cohort study, we distributed baseline questionnaires and temperature loggers in December 2019 and administered follow-up questionnaires in March 2020. We recruited children under the age of 15 years. We performed Poisson regression analysis and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Of 297 participants, air conditioners were the most prevalent (n = 105, 35%), followed by gas or kerosene heaters (n = 50, 17%), and floor heaters (n = 31, 10%). Air-conditioners were associated with higher incidence of all events related to the common cold, especially having a fever (adjusted incidence rate ratio (aIRR) = 1.84, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.41-2.40). Gas or kerosene and floor heaters showed a lower incidence rate of some events related to the common cold, such as school or nursery school absence (aIRR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.37-0.82 and aIRR = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.23-0.67, respectively). Bedroom temperature did not show a positive association, but children who always felt cold showed a higher incidence of some events related to the common cold. CONCLUSIONS Our findings imply that the heating approach and modal thermal comfort, such as location of heating appliances, humidity, airflow, and radiant heat, may be more important for the onset of common cold in children than bedroom temperature itself.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Ishimaru
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Yuko Mine
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Chimed-Ochir Odgerel
- Department of Public Health and Health Policy, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Fuyu Miyake
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Kubo
- Department of Public Health and Health Policy, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Ikaga
- Department of System Design Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Fujino
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Keaney LC, Kilding AE, Merien F, Shaw DM, Dulson DK. Upper respiratory tract symptom risk in elite field hockey players during a dry run for the Tokyo Olympics. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:1827-1835. [PMID: 34873991 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.2009041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTThe primary aim of this study was to examine if biomarker and/or self-reported data could predict upper respiratory tract symptom (URTS) risk in elite field hockey players. The secondary aim was to investigate the effect of the additional stressor 'repeated heat exposure' on measures of thermoregulation and immunity. A prospective cohort repeated measures study design was used to collect URTS, household illness, self-reported wellness, biomarker and thermoregulatory data from elite male field hockey players (n = 19), during an 8-week training and competition period that simulated the preparatory and competition phases of the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. Heat response testing (HRT) was performed at the beginning of the study period, following heat acclimation (HA) and following an intensified competition period (ICP) played in hot and humid conditions (27-37°C and 53-80% relative humidity). Univariate frailty analysis demonstrated that illness in players' households (Hazard ratio (HR: 4.90; p < 0.001)) and self-reported stress (HR: 0.63; p = 0.043) predicted players' risk for URTS. Additionally, low baseline resting salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) concentration predicted players' "potential" URTS risk (p = 0.021). The additional stressor "repeated heat exposure" was found to facilitate partial thermoregulatory adaptation without attenuating resting immune functions. In conclusion, lifestyle and behavioural factors (i.e. household illness and stress) influenced players risk for URTS more so than sport-related stressors. Furthermore, repeated heat exposure did not appear to compromise players resting immunity. To assess athletes' risk for URTS, baseline screening of SIgA concentration and regular monitoring of self-reported lifestyle and behavioural data are recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Keaney
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew E Kilding
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Fabrice Merien
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,AUT-Roche Diagnostics Laboratory, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David M Shaw
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Deborah K Dulson
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Castilho T, da Silva Guimarães L, Póvoa HCC, Antunes LS, Antunes LAA. Influence of physical exercises on salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA) concentration in athletes: a systematic review with meta-analysis. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-021-00870-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
29
|
Feletti F, Brymer E, Bonato M, Aliverti A. Injuries and illnesses related to dinghy-sailing on hydrofoiling boats. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2021; 13:118. [PMID: 34593028 PMCID: PMC8485530 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00343-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydrofoil technology has changed sailing, significantly increasing its speed and resulting in spectacularity and mass media interest. Although high speed can expose participants to a risk of high-energy trauma, there are no scientific studies related to trauma in dinghies that exploit this technology. Therefore, this study aims primarily to measure the injury rate, and identify the kind and anatomical distribution of most common injuries and secondarily identify the traumatic dynamics most often involved and the main risk factors. METHODS This descriptive epidemiology study examined data relative to injuries and illnesses suffered by 77 sailors (91% males) from 13 nationalities during three international, gathered through a specifically designed questionnaire. RESULTS The prevalence of illnesses and overuse injuries during the regatta week were 6.5% and 18.2%, respectively, while the incidence of acute injuries was 16/1000 sailor-hours. Upper limbs, lower limbs and lumbar spine were involved in 34.6%, 26.9% and 15.4% of cases of musculoskeletal injuries, respectively. None of the acute injuries reached the maximal score of severity, while the higher score value was 63/100. Most of the reported illnesses (80%; n = 4) were upper respiratory tract infections with a prevalence in the week of the regatta of 5.2% and an incidence of 0.51/1000 sailor-hours. Environmental factors played a role in 77% of the incidents resulting in acute injuries. CONCLUSIONS This study provides valuable information for regatta organizers, boat builders, athletes, coaches, and doctors. In addition, it fosters the importance of ergonomics of boats, adequate clothing and specific physical training for injuries and illnesses prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Feletti
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Ausl della Romagna, S. Maria delle Croci Hospital, Ravenna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Eric Brymer
- Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Gold Coast Campus, Lismore, Australia
| | - Matteo Bonato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giuseppe Colombo 71, 20133, Milan, Italy.
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy.
| | - Andrea Aliverti
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sánchez I, de la Rubia Ortí JE, Platero JL, Mariscal G, Barrios C. Modification of Diurnal Cortisol Secretion in Women's Professional Basketball. A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:8961. [PMID: 34501551 PMCID: PMC8430658 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18178961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Elite basketball training causes high levels of physiological stress, which can lead to negative physiological disorders in female athletes. The aim of this study was to establish the impact of physical activity on the rhythm of salivary cortisol secretion in elite female basketball players over one week. The population sample included 9 women professional basketball players. The control group was made up of 9 women who did not do any exercise. Saliva samples were collected from all participants at 9:00 a.m. and 11:00 p.m. on training days. Samples from the basketball group showed a significantly higher cortisol secretion. Moreover, from the second night, the pattern of cortisol secretion of these players was reversed, showing higher levels of cortisol in saliva at night than in the morning. The results suggest that the secretion rhythm changed over the course of the week and according to competitive demands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Sánchez
- Institute for Research on Musculoskeletal Disorders, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain; (I.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Jose Enrique de la Rubia Ortí
- Department of Nursing, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain; (J.E.d.l.R.O.); (J.L.P.)
| | - Jose Luis Platero
- Department of Nursing, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain; (J.E.d.l.R.O.); (J.L.P.)
| | - Gonzalo Mariscal
- Institute for Research on Musculoskeletal Disorders, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain; (I.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Carlos Barrios
- Institute for Research on Musculoskeletal Disorders, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain; (I.S.); (C.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Matsumoto M, Satoh K, Kushi H, Hamuro K, Sakurai M, Saito H, Tanaka R, Saito T, Kohda N, Hamada K. Salivary Immunoglobulin A Secretion Rate During Peak Period Conditioning Regimens in Triathletes. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:1389-1396. [PMID: 30694970 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Matsumoto M, Satoh, K, Kushi, H, Hamuro, K, Sakurai, M, Saito, H, Tanaka, R, Saito, T, Kohda, N, and Hamada, K. Salivary immunoglobulin A secretion rate during peak period conditioning regimens in triathletes. J Strength Cond Res 35(5): 1389-1396, 2021-Triathletes often feel unwell during the conditioning period (peak period) leading up to a race. The aim of this study was to evaluate the factors relevant to the condition of athletes and their impact on mucosal immune responses and the salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) secretion rate. This study recruited college student triathletes (33 men and 7 women) who participated in an Olympic distance race. For each subject, the salivary IgA rate was measured continuously for 1 month before the race (peak period). Data on physical activity during the peak period were calculated in metabolic equivalents, and the relationships between these factors and the salivary IgA secretion rate were evaluated. The average amount of physical activity was highest during the 2- to 3-week period before the race, at 744.7 ± 51.5 kcal expended per day. In subjects who, on average, expended more than 1,000 kcal·d-1 in physical activity between 12 and 14 days before the race, the salivary IgA secretion rate was significantly reduced compared with the value at 1 week before the race (p < 0.05). On the day before the race, a further reduction was observed (p < 0.1). The salivary IgA secretion rate was decreased by high-intensity exercise during the peak period in advance of a race; this was associated with a loss of optimal condition just before the race.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Matsumoto
- Department of Physical Education, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Satoh
- Department of Physical Education, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Kushi
- Department of Physical Education, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Hamuro
- Otsu Nutraceuticals Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Otsu, Japan ; and
| | - Masao Sakurai
- Saga Nutraceuticals Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Saga, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Saito
- Otsu Nutraceuticals Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Otsu, Japan ; and
| | - Ryohei Tanaka
- Saga Nutraceuticals Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Saga, Japan
| | - Takao Saito
- Otsu Nutraceuticals Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Otsu, Japan ; and
| | - Noriyuki Kohda
- Otsu Nutraceuticals Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Otsu, Japan ; and
| | - Koichiro Hamada
- Saga Nutraceuticals Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Saga, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Quero CD, Manonelles P, Fernández M, Abellán-Aynés O, López-Plaza D, Andreu-Caravaca L, Hinchado MD, Gálvez I, Ortega E. Differential Health Effects on Inflammatory, Immunological and Stress Parameters in Professional Soccer Players and Sedentary Individuals after Consuming a Synbiotic. A Triple-Blinded, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study. Nutrients 2021; 13:1321. [PMID: 33923663 PMCID: PMC8073688 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this research was to carry out an experimental study, triple-blind, on the possible immunophysiological effects of a nutritional supplement (synbiotic, Gasteel Plus®, Heel España S.A.U.), containing a mixture of probiotic strains, such as Bifidobacterium lactis CBP-001010, Lactobacillus rhamnosus CNCM I-4036, and Bifidobacterium longum ES1, as well as the prebiotic fructooligosaccharides, on both professional athletes and sedentary people. The effects on some inflammatory/immune (IL-1β, IL-10, and immunoglobulin A) and stress (epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and cortisol) biomarkers were evaluated, determined by flow cytometer and ELISA. The effects on metabolic profile and physical activity, as well as on various parameters that could affect physical and mental health, were also evaluated via the use of accelerometry and validated questionnaires. The participants were professional soccer players in the Second Division B of the Spanish League and sedentary students of the same sex and age range. Both study groups were randomly divided into two groups: a control group-administered with placebo, and an experimental group-administered with the synbiotic. Each participant was evaluated at baseline, as well as after the intervention, which lasted one month. Only in the athlete group did the synbiotic intervention clearly improve objective physical activity and sleep quality, as well as perceived general health, stress, and anxiety levels. Furthermore, the synbiotic induced an immunophysiological bioregulatory effect, depending on the basal situation of each experimental group, particularly in the systemic levels of IL-1β (increased significantly only in the sedentary group), CRH (decreased significantly only in the sedentary group), and dopamine (increased significantly only in the athlete group). There were no significant differences between groups in the levels of immunoglobulin A or in the metabolic profile as a result of the intervention. It is concluded that synbiotic nutritional supplements can improve anxiety, stress, and sleep quality, particularly in sportspeople, which appears to be linked to an improved immuno-neuroendocrine response in which IL-1β, CRH, and dopamine are clearly involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Daniela Quero
- International Chair of Sport Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Campus de los Jerónimos, Catholic University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (P.M.); (M.F.); (O.A.-A.); (D.L.-P.); (L.A.-C.)
- Faculty of Sport, Campus de los Jerónimos, Catholic University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Pedro Manonelles
- International Chair of Sport Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Campus de los Jerónimos, Catholic University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (P.M.); (M.F.); (O.A.-A.); (D.L.-P.); (L.A.-C.)
| | - Marta Fernández
- International Chair of Sport Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Campus de los Jerónimos, Catholic University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (P.M.); (M.F.); (O.A.-A.); (D.L.-P.); (L.A.-C.)
| | - Oriol Abellán-Aynés
- International Chair of Sport Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Campus de los Jerónimos, Catholic University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (P.M.); (M.F.); (O.A.-A.); (D.L.-P.); (L.A.-C.)
- Faculty of Sport, Campus de los Jerónimos, Catholic University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Daniel López-Plaza
- International Chair of Sport Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Campus de los Jerónimos, Catholic University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (P.M.); (M.F.); (O.A.-A.); (D.L.-P.); (L.A.-C.)
- Faculty of Sport, Campus de los Jerónimos, Catholic University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Luis Andreu-Caravaca
- International Chair of Sport Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Campus de los Jerónimos, Catholic University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (P.M.); (M.F.); (O.A.-A.); (D.L.-P.); (L.A.-C.)
- Faculty of Sport, Campus de los Jerónimos, Catholic University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - María Dolores Hinchado
- Grupo de Investigación en Inmunofisiología, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), University of Extremadura, Av. Elvas s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (M.D.H.); (I.G.); (E.O.)
| | - Isabel Gálvez
- Grupo de Investigación en Inmunofisiología, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), University of Extremadura, Av. Elvas s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (M.D.H.); (I.G.); (E.O.)
| | - Eduardo Ortega
- Grupo de Investigación en Inmunofisiología, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), University of Extremadura, Av. Elvas s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (M.D.H.); (I.G.); (E.O.)
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Rico-González M, Clemente FM, Oliveira R, Bustamante-Hernández N, Pino-Ortega J. Part I: Relationship among Training Load Management, Salivary Immunoglobulin A, and Upper Respiratory Tract Infection in Team Sport: A Systematic Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:366. [PMID: 33805186 PMCID: PMC8064383 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9040366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA), which is the first line of defense against upper respiratory tract viruses, has been related with training load management. This article aimed to systematically identify and summarize (1) the studies that have found a relationship between training load and salivary IgA in team sports, and (2) the studies that have highlighted a relationship between IgA and upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) in team sports. A systematic review of relevant articles was carried out using two electronic databases (PubMed and WoK) until 3 October 2020. From a total of 174 studies initially found, 24 were included in the qualitative synthesis. This systematic review confirmed that lower values of IgA occurred after greater training load (intensity/volume) and congested periods. In this scenario, a low level of IgA was correlated with higher URTI, which makes training load management mandatory to healthcare avoiding immunosuppression. Therefore, physical fitness and conditioning coaches should carefully manage training load progression, avoiding high-intensity sessions in two consecutive days. In addition, they should not program high-intensity training sessions during at least the two days following competition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markel Rico-González
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU), 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- BIOVETMED & SPORTSCI Research Group, University of Murcia, 30720 San Javier, Spain;
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal;
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rafael Oliveira
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior, Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2140-413 Rio Maior, Portugal;
- Research Centre in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre, 2140-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Naia Bustamante-Hernández
- Department of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - José Pino-Ortega
- BIOVETMED & SPORTSCI Research Group, University of Murcia, 30720 San Javier, Spain;
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Murcia, 30720 San Javier, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Prediction of Upper Respiratory Illness Using Salivary Immunoglobulin A in Youth Athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:511-516. [PMID: 33440340 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the relative importance and predictive ability of salivary immunoglobulin A (s-IgA) measures with regards to upper respiratory illness (URI) in youth athletes. METHODS Over a 38-week period, 22 youth athletes (age = 16.8 [0.5] y) provided daily symptoms of URI and 15 fortnightly passive drool saliva samples, from which s-IgA concentration and secretion rate were measured. Kernel-smoothed bootstrapping generated a balanced data set with simulated data points. The random forest algorithm was used to evaluate the relative importance (RI) and predictive ability of s-IgA concentration and secretion rate with regards to URI symptoms present on the day of saliva sampling (URIday), within 2 weeks of sampling (URI2wk), and within 4 weeks of sampling (URI4wk). RESULTS The percentage deviation from average healthy s-IgA concentration was the most important feature for URIday (median RI 1.74, interquartile range 1.41-2.07). The average healthy s-IgA secretion rate was the most important feature for URI4wk (median RI 0.94, interquartile range 0.79-1.13). No feature was clearly more important than any other when URI symptoms were identified within 2 weeks of sampling. The values for median area under the curve were 0.68, 0.63, and 0.65 for URIday, URI2wk, and URI4wk, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The RI values suggest that the percentage deviation from average healthy s-IgA concentration may be used to evaluate the short-term risk of URI, while the average healthy s-IgA secretion rate may be used to evaluate the long-term risk. However, the results show that neither s-IgA concentration nor secretion rate can be used to accurately predict URI onset within a 4-week window in youth athletes.
Collapse
|
35
|
Turner SEG, Loosemore M, Shah A, Kelleher P, Hull JH. Salivary IgA as a Potential Biomarker in the Evaluation of Respiratory Tract Infection Risk in Athletes. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2021; 9:151-159. [PMID: 32781048 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been attention focused on the value of salivary IgA (sIgA) as a potential biomarker for the identification of athletes who may be at increased risk of developing respiratory tract infection (RTI). The utility of sIgA, in this context, is based on biological plausibility and several observational studies revealing an apparent association between sIgA and RTI susceptibility. The overall published evidence evaluating the value of sIgA in this context is however conflicting, and there is currently a lack of clear guidance as to whether this marker has a place in the health surveillance and care of athletes. In this review, we critically appraise the literature assessing the potential for sIgA to be used in this context, evaluating it against 4 key biomarker characteristics, including its (1) practicality, (2) reproducibility, (3) specificity/sensitivity, and (4) potential clinical impact and relevance. This process reveals that although there is an apparent association between respiratory illness and sIgA in many studies, with some promising results, overall there remains a paucity of evidence supporting its overall value in this context. Key deficiencies in the metrics employed to endorse a valid biomarker are apparent, including a lack of reproducibility and low specificity and sensitivity in the detection of RTI susceptibility. The review outlines these issues and makes future recommendations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scarlett E G Turner
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Loosemore
- Institute of Sport Exercise and Health, University College Hospital London, London, United Kingdom; Athlete Health, English Institute of Sport, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Anand Shah
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Kelleher
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Infection and Immunity, Imperial College NHS Trust, Charing Cross Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - James H Hull
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Sport Exercise and Health, University College Hospital London, London, United Kingdom; Athlete Health, English Institute of Sport, Manchester, United Kingdom; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Physical fitness modulates mucosal immunity and acceleration capacity during a short-term training period in elite youth basketball players. Sci Sports 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2019.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
37
|
McKenna Z, Berkemeier Q, Gorini F, Kuennen M, Naylor A, Kleint A, Gillum T. Effects of exercise in hot and humid conditions and bovine colostrum on salivary immune markers. J Therm Biol 2020; 93:102717. [PMID: 33077128 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of exercise in a hot and humid environment on salivary lactoferrin and lysozyme. A secondary aim was to quantify the effects of 14-day bovine colostrum (BC) supplementation on salivary lactoferrin and lysozyme at rest and following exercise in hot and humid conditions. Using a randomized, double-blind, and counterbalanced design, ten males (20 ± 2 years, VO2max 55.8 ± 3.7 mL kg-1 min-1, 11.8 ± 2.7% body fat) ran for 46 ± 7.7 min at 95% of ventilatory threshold in a 40 °C and 50% RH environment after 14-days of supplementation with either BC or placebo. Saliva was collected pre, post, 1-h, and 4-h post exercise, and was analyzed for lactoferrin and lysozyme using ELISA. There was an immediate increase in the concentration and secretion rate of lactoferrin and lysozyme (p < 0.05) with exercise, but BC had no effect (p > 0.05). Saliva flow rate was not different between conditions [(PLA: pre: 0.54 ± 0.3, post: 0.44 ± 0.3, 1-h: 0.67 ± 0.3, 4-h: 1.0 ± 0.4 mL min-1); (BC: pre: 0.58 ± 0.2, post: 0.37 ± 0.1, 1-h: 0.63 ± 0.2, 4-h: 0.83 ± 0.4 mL min-1)]. There were no differences in thermoregulatory markers (core temperature or physiological strain index) between BC and placebo trials. Interestingly, exercise-induced heat stress did not impair mucosal immune parameters, instead participants showed a transient increase in salivary lactoferrin and lysozyme. Further, 14-day BC supplementation had no effect on mucosal immunity at any time point.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary McKenna
- University of New Mexico, Department of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
| | - Quint Berkemeier
- University of New Mexico, Department of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Felipe Gorini
- California Baptist University, Department of Kinesiology, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Kuennen
- High Point University, Department of Exercise Science, High Point, NC, USA
| | - Ashley Naylor
- California Baptist University, Department of Kinesiology, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Austin Kleint
- Western University of Health Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lebanon, OR, USA
| | - Trevor Gillum
- California Baptist University, Department of Kinesiology, Riverside, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Behavioral strategies to prevent and mitigate COVID-19 infection. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2020; 2:115-125. [PMID: 34189481 PMCID: PMC7481129 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The single stranded RNA virus SARS-CoV-2 has caused a massive addition to the already leading global cause of mortality, viral respiratory tract infections. Characterized by and associated with early and deleteriously enhanced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by respiratory epithelial cells, severe COVID-19 illness has the potential to inflict acute respiratory distress syndrome and even death. Due to the fast spreading nature of COVID-19 and the current lack of a vaccine or specific pharmaceutical treatments, understanding of viral pathogenesis, behavioral prophylaxis, and mitigation tactics are of great public health concern. This review article outlines the immune response to viral pathogens, and due to the novelty of COVID-19 and the large body of evidence suggesting the respiratory and immune benefits from regular moderate intensity exercise, provides observational and mechanistic evidence from research on other viral infections that suggests strategically planned exercise regimens may help reduce susceptibility to infection, while also mitigating severe immune responses to infection commonly associated with poor COVID-19 prognosis. We propose that regular moderate intensity exercise should be considered as part of a combinatorial approach including widespread hygiene initiatives, properly planned and well-executed social distancing policies, and use of efficacious facial coverings like N95 respirators. Studies discerning COVID-19 pathogenesis mechanisms, transfer dynamics, and individual responses to pharmaceutical and adjunct treatments are needed to reduce viral transmission and bring an end to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Collapse
|
39
|
Tiernan C, Lyons M, Comyns T, Nevill AM, Warrington G. Salivary IgA as a Predictor of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections and Relationship to Training Load in Elite Rugby Union Players. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:782-790. [PMID: 30694968 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tiernan, C, Lyons, M, Comyns, T, Nevill, AM, and Warrington, G. Salivary IgA as a predictor of upper respiratory tract infections and relationship to training load in elite rugby union players. J Strength Cond Res 34(3): 782-790, 2020-Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (URTI) are among the most common illnesses reported in athletes. An URTI can result in missed training days, which in turn may lead to performance decrements. The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA) as a predictor of URTI, while also exploring the relationship to weekly training load in elite rugby union players. Nineteen male elite rugby union players provided morning saliva swabs, biweekly (Monday and Friday), over a 10-week training period. Participants completed an illness log documenting symptoms of URTI. Session Rate of Perceived Exertion (sRPE) was collected to determine training load (sRPE × session duration). Weekly training load was also calculated. Logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between incidences of URTI with sIgA and training load. Multilevel regression was conducted to compare associations between sIgA and training load. The results found that the likelihood of suffering from an URTI increased when sIgA significantly decreased (p = 0.046). Where sIgA decreased by 65% or more, a player was at a greater risk of contracting an URTI within the following 2 weeks. No association was found between sIgA and training load. In conclusion, sIgA may be a useful predictor for determining the likelihood of players contracting an URTI. This will allow the coach to make informed decisions on training status, helping reduce the risk of players missing training, which may have performance decrements. Coaches will benefit from the fast, easy, and instant results available, to analyze a player's immune function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caoimhe Tiernan
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; and
| | - Mark Lyons
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Tom Comyns
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; and
| | - Alan M Nevill
- Faculty of Education Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
| | - Giles Warrington
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; and
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Varadhachary A, Chatterjee D, Garza J, Garr RP, Foley C, Letkeman A, Dean J, Haug D, Breeze J, Traylor R, Malek A, Nath R, Linbeck L. Salivary anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA as an accessible biomarker of mucosal immunity against COVID-19. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020:2020.08.07.20170258. [PMID: 32817976 PMCID: PMC7430621 DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.07.20170258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Mucosal immunity, including secretory IgA (sIgA), plays an important role in early defenses against respiratory pathogens. Salivary testing, the most convenient way to measure sIgA, has been used to characterize mucosal immune responses to many viral infections including SARS, MERS, influenza, HIV, and RSV. However, its role has not yet been characterized in the COVID-19 pandemic. Here, we report development and validation of a rapid immunoassay for measuring salivary IgA against the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and report quantitative results in both pre-COVID-19 and muco-converted subjects. Methods We developed and refined a specific test for salivary IgA against SARS-CoV-2 on the Brevitest platform, a rapid immunoassay system designed for point-of-care use. A qualitative test was validated as per FDA guidelines with saliva obtained from subjects prior to the emergence of COVID-19, and from PCR-confirmed COVID-19 patients. We also generated a quantitative measure of anti-SARS-CoV-2 salivary IgA. Time taken for saliva self-collection was measured and its ease-of-use assessed. Results We successfully validated a qualitative salivary assay for SARS-CoV-2 IgA antibodies, with positive and negative predictive values of 92% and 97%, respectively, and no observable cross-reactivity with any of seven potential confounders. Pre-COVID-19 saliva samples showed an 8-fold range of IgA concentrations, suggesting a broad continuum of natural antibody resistance against the novel virus, though at levels lower than that observed in COVID-19 PCR-confirmed subjects. Samples from muco-positive subjects also shown a ~9-fold variation in salivary IgA levels, with elevated salivary IgA observed beyond three months after onset of symptoms. We observed a correlation (r=0.4405) between salivary IgA levels and COVID-19 disease severity. In anecdotal observations, we observed individuals who exhibited antibodies early in the course of their disease, contemporaneously with a positive PCR test, as well as individuals who muco-converted despite no known direct exposure to a COVID-19 patient, no symptoms, and negative molecular and/or serum antibody tests. Salivary collection took 5-10 minutes, and was reported as being easy (mean of 1.1 on a scale of 1 to 10). Implications Mucosal immunity, including secretory IgA, plays an important role in host defense against respiratory pathogens, and our early data suggest it may do so in COVID-19. Salivary IgA, an accessible marker of mucosal immunity, may be a useful indicator of several key parameters including individual and community immune response, disease severity, clinical risk, and herd immunity. The non-invasive nature and ease of saliva collection facilitates its potential use as a biomarker for ongoing patient assessment and management, as well as a community surveillance tool. By measuring mucosal immune responses directly and systemic immune responses indirectly, salivary IgA could be useful in developing and deploying a vaccine(s) against COVID-19. Quantitative IgA assessment could also potentially serve as a tool to segment the population into different risk categories and inform individual and collective decisions relating to appropriate activities and vaccine prioritization/delivery. These data reinforce the importance of further investigation into the role of mucosal immunity and IgA in host responses against COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atul Varadhachary
- BreviTest Technologies, LLC and Fannin Innovation Studio, Houston, TX
| | - Dev Chatterjee
- BreviTest Technologies, LLC and Fannin Innovation Studio, Houston, TX
| | - Javier Garza
- BreviTest Technologies, LLC and Fannin Innovation Studio, Houston, TX
| | - R. Patrick Garr
- BreviTest Technologies, LLC and Fannin Innovation Studio, Houston, TX
| | - Christopher Foley
- BreviTest Technologies, LLC and Fannin Innovation Studio, Houston, TX
| | - Andrea Letkeman
- BreviTest Technologies, LLC and Fannin Innovation Studio, Houston, TX
| | - John Dean
- BreviTest Technologies, LLC and Fannin Innovation Studio, Houston, TX
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Leo Linbeck
- BreviTest Technologies, LLC and Fannin Innovation Studio, Houston, TX
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Cox AJ, Cripps AW, Taylor PA, Fitton JH, West NP. Fucoidan Supplementation Restores Fecal Lysozyme Concentrations in High-Performance Athletes: A Pilot Study. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18080412. [PMID: 32759709 PMCID: PMC7460205 DOI: 10.3390/md18080412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutritional strategies to help promote immune competence are of particular interest for a range of population groups. This study aimed to assess the potential impacts of fucoidan, a seaweed-derived bioactive polysaccharide, on gut markers of immunity and inflammation. A group of professional team-sport athletes were selected for inclusion in the study given the recognized potential for intense physical activity to induce alterations in immune function. A retrospective analysis was performed on stored fecal samples which had been collected from professional team-sport athletes (n = 22) and healthy adults (n = 11) before and after seven days of supplementation with fucoidan (Fucus vesiculosus/Undaria pinnatifida extract, 1 g/d). Fecal concentrations of calprotectin, secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and lysozyme were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The supplement was well tolerated by participants with no adverse events reported. At baseline, fecal lysozyme concentrations were ~73% higher in the healthy adults compared to the professional athletes (p = 0.001). For the professional athletes, a significant (~45%) increase in fecal lysozyme was observed following the supplementation period (p = 0.001). These data suggest that fucoidan supplementation may have the potential to promote the secretion of antimicrobial peptides in specific population groups and contribute to the regulation of mucosal immune health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J. Cox
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4215, Australia;
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4215, Australia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-7-5678-0898
| | - Allan W. Cripps
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4215, Australia;
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4215, Australia
| | | | | | - Nicholas P. West
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4215, Australia;
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4215, Australia;
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Hodges-Simeon CR, Grail GPO, Albert G, Landry N, Ortiz TL, Carré JM, McHale TS, Arnocky SA. Testosterone, cortisol, and secretory immunoglobulin-A within a single day and across two sequential days among trans- and cis-gender men. Steroids 2020; 160:108640. [PMID: 32298661 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research on the association between testosterone (T) and immunity has produced conflicting results. OBJECTIVES We address two potential reasons for these empirical inconsistencies in the present research. First, the association between T and immunity may depend on which branch of the immune system is considered. Here, we examine secretory IgA (sIgA), a measure of mucosal immunity functionally related to respiratory infection risk. Second, the association between T and immunity may depend on a third regulatory variable. Therefore, we examine the interaction between T and cortisol (CORT) as well as their independent and combined effects on mucosal immunity. To do this, we explore intra-individual associations between sIgA, CORT, and T within a single day (i.e., morning vs. evening) and across 2 sequential mornings. We target two samples of men: (1) cisgender (i.e., born and identifying as men), and (2) transgender (i.e., born female but identifying as men) undergoing T therapy for gender realignment. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred and forty-eight adult men (transgender n = 29) provided saliva samples at three time points: (1) upon waking, (2) before sleep on the same day, and (3) upon waking the following day. Samples were assayed in duplicate for sIgA, T and CORT. RESULTS For cisgender men, sIgA, T, and CORT exhibited clear circadian rhythms and were significantly related within and between samples. For transgender men, evidence for circadian change was found for sIgA and CORT, but not T. Further, sIgA was associated with CORT, but not T. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first evidence that salivary T and sIgA concentrations are associated within a single day and across sequential days for cisgender men. Differences between cis- and transgender men suggest that this may only be true for T levels driven by endogenous production; however, future studies should employ a larger sample size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Graham P O Grail
- Department of Anthropology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Forensic Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States
| | - Graham Albert
- Department of Anthropology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Nicholas Landry
- Department of Psychology, Nipissing University, North Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Triana L Ortiz
- Department of Psychology, Nipissing University, North Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Justin M Carré
- Department of Psychology, Nipissing University, North Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Timothy S McHale
- Department of Anthropology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Anthropology and Museum Studies, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA, United States
| | - Steven A Arnocky
- Department of Psychology, Nipissing University, North Bay, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Upper respiratory tract symptoms and salivary immunoglobulin A of elite female gymnasts: a full year longitudinal field study. Biol Sport 2020; 37:285-293. [PMID: 32879551 PMCID: PMC7433336 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2020.95639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of upper respiratory tract symptoms (URS) in elite female gymnasts during a training season. In addition, we aimed to observe the extent to which salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA) is associated with URS in these athletes, including potential effects of the season and timing of sample collection. Over one year, 18 elite female gymnasts completed URS and fatigue questionnaires weekly and provided 1 mL of saliva after a minimum 36 h of rest (morning or afternoon) to measure relative sIgA concentration (= mean absolute sIgA value of the week divided by the mean absolute sIgA value of the weeks without URS). Mean weekly URS and mean relative sIgA values per gymnast correlated negatively (r = -0.606, P = 0.022). Most URS were noted in the most fatigued gymnasts (7.4 ± 10.1 vs. 2.5 ± 5.6 (P < 0.001) for ‘normal’ and 2.1 ± 3.7 (P = 0.001) for ‘better than normal’ rested). In spring, relative sIgA was higher compared to autumn (112 ± 55 vs. 89 ± 41%, P < 0.001) and winter (92 ± 35%, P = 0.001), while during summer, relative sIgA appeared higher compared to autumn (110 ± 55 vs. 89 ± 41%, P = 0.016). The interaction effect with timing of sample collection showed higher relative sIgA values in morning samples in spring and summer compared to afternoon samples, with the inverse observed in autumn and winter (F = 3.565, P = 0.014). During a gymnastics season, lower relative sIgA values were linked to higher susceptibility to URS in elite gymnasts. However, relative sIgA values were influenced by season and timing of sample collection and thus should be considered when interpreting sIgA data.
Collapse
|
44
|
Calero CQ, Rincón EO, Marqueta PM. Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics: useful for athletes and active individuals? A systematic review. Benef Microbes 2020; 11:135-149. [DOI: 10.3920/bm2019.0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review was to synthesise available knowledge on the main health effects associated with the use of probiotics, prebiotics and/or synbiotics in athletes and active individuals, including their effects on the immune system, oxidative stress, the gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms, as well as other possible clinical outcomes. A systematic and comprehensive search in electronic databases, including Web of Science (WOS, Scielo), PubMed-MEDLINE, Biblioteca virtual de la Salud (LILACS, IBECS), EBSCO (Academic Search Complete CINAHL; SPORTDiscus) and Cochrane Library, focused on generic articles about probiotics, prebiotics and/or synbiotics and their functionality and effects on human health. The search process was completed using the keywords: ‘probiotics’, ‘prebiotics’, ‘synbiotics’, ‘athletes’ and ‘health’. The only exclusion criterion was experimental studies with animals. A total of 31 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. The vast majority were experimental studies about probiotics and health effects (n=28), while only a few demonstrated the results of consuming prebiotics and/or synbiotics (n=3) in athletes and active individuals. Although most of the studies reported positive health effects in athletes and active individuals, there is still no substantial scientific evidence to suggest that probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics play an important role in improving an athlete´s performance. These studies are currently limited in number and quality, hence it is necessary to improve the selection of functional biomarkers and methodological approaches, as well as determining the specific nutritional supplement and exercise doses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C.D. Quero Calero
- International Chair of Sport Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Murcia, Campus de los Jerónimos, 30107, Murcia, Spain
| | - E. Ortega Rincón
- Immunophysiology Group, University Institute of Biosanitary Research of Extremadura (INUBE), University of Extremadura, Av. Elvas, s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - P. Manonelles Marqueta
- International Chair of Sport Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Murcia, Campus de los Jerónimos, 30107, Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Matsuzaki K, Sugimoto N, Islam R, Hossain ME, Sumiyoshi E, Katakura M, Shido O. Salivary Immunoglobulin A Secretion and Polymeric Ig Receptor Expression in the Submandibular Glands Are Enhanced in Heat-Acclimated Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030815. [PMID: 32012687 PMCID: PMC7037029 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) plays a critical role in mucosal immunity. Chronic exposure to moderate heat induces heat acclimation, which modifies salivary functions. However, the changes in salivary IgA secretion in heat-acclimated rats are unclear. In this study, we investigated salivary IgA secretion and the expression of polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR), a key mediator of mucosal IgA secretion, in the submandibular glands (SMGs) of heat-acclimated rats. Following maintenance at an ambient temperature (Ta) of 24 ± 0.1 °C for 10 days, male Wistar rats were subjected to Ta of 32 ± 0.2 °C for 5 days (HE group) for heat acclimation or maintained at Ta of 24 ± 0.1°C (CN group). The rats were then anesthetized, pilocarpine (0.5 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected, and saliva was collected. Afterward, the SMGs and plasma were sampled. The salivary IgA concentration and IgA flow rate were significantly higher in the HE group than in the CN group. Similarly, SMG pIgR expression was significantly higher in HE rats. The levels of plasma cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-5, IL-6, and interferon-γ, were significantly greater in HE rats than in CN rats. Heat acclimation may enhance oral immunity through salivary IgA secretion and pIgR upregulation in the SMGs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Matsuzaki
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (N.S.); (R.I.); (M.E.H.); (E.S.); (M.K.); (O.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-853-20-2114
| | - Naotoshi Sugimoto
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (N.S.); (R.I.); (M.E.H.); (E.S.); (M.K.); (O.S.)
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Rafiad Islam
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (N.S.); (R.I.); (M.E.H.); (E.S.); (M.K.); (O.S.)
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Md Emon Hossain
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (N.S.); (R.I.); (M.E.H.); (E.S.); (M.K.); (O.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Eri Sumiyoshi
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (N.S.); (R.I.); (M.E.H.); (E.S.); (M.K.); (O.S.)
| | - Masanori Katakura
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (N.S.); (R.I.); (M.E.H.); (E.S.); (M.K.); (O.S.)
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
| | - Osamu Shido
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (N.S.); (R.I.); (M.E.H.); (E.S.); (M.K.); (O.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Minagawa H, Shimizu A, Kataoka Y, Kuwahara M, Kato S, Horii K, Shiratori I, Waga I. Fluorescence Polarization-Based Rapid Detection System for Salivary Biomarkers Using Modified DNA Aptamers Containing Base-Appended Bases. Anal Chem 2020; 92:1780-1787. [PMID: 31855403 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The field of care testing toward the analysis of blood and saliva lacks nowadays simple test techniques for biomarkers. In this study, we have developed a novel nucleobase analog, Ugu, which is a uracil derivative bearing a guanine base at the 5-position. Moreover, we attempted the development of aptamers that can bind to secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA), which has been examined as a stress marker in human saliva. It was observed that the acquired aptamer binds strongly and selectively to the SIgA dimer (Kd = 13.6 nM) without binding to the IgG and IgA monomers of human serum. Reduction of the aptamer length (41 mer) successfully improved 4-fold the binding affinity (Kd = 3.7 nM), compared to the original, longer aptamer (78 mer). Furthermore, the development of a simple detection system for human saliva samples by fluorescence polarization was investigated, using the reported human salivary α-amylase (sAA) and the SIgA-binding aptamer. Comparison of the present method with conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques highlighted a significant Pearson's correlation of 0.94 and 0.83 when targeting sAA and SIgA, respectively. It is thus strongly suggested that a new simple test of stress markers in human saliva can be quantified quickly without bound/free (B/F) separation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Minagawa
- NEC Solution Innovators, Ltd. , 1-18-7, Shinkiba, Koto-ku , Tokyo 136-8627 , Japan
| | - Akihisa Shimizu
- NEC Solution Innovators, Ltd. , 1-18-7, Shinkiba, Koto-ku , Tokyo 136-8627 , Japan
| | - Yuka Kataoka
- Graduate School of Integrated Basic Sciences , Nihon University , 3-25-40 Sakurajosui, Setagaya-ku , Tokyo 156-8550 , Japan
| | - Masayasu Kuwahara
- Graduate School of Integrated Basic Sciences , Nihon University , 3-25-40 Sakurajosui, Setagaya-ku , Tokyo 156-8550 , Japan
| | - Shintaro Kato
- NEC Solution Innovators, Ltd. , 1-18-7, Shinkiba, Koto-ku , Tokyo 136-8627 , Japan
| | - Katsunori Horii
- NEC Solution Innovators, Ltd. , 1-18-7, Shinkiba, Koto-ku , Tokyo 136-8627 , Japan
| | - Ikuo Shiratori
- NEC Solution Innovators, Ltd. , 1-18-7, Shinkiba, Koto-ku , Tokyo 136-8627 , Japan
| | - Iwao Waga
- NEC Solution Innovators, Ltd. , 1-18-7, Shinkiba, Koto-ku , Tokyo 136-8627 , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Wang J, Liu S, Li G, Xiao J. Exercise Regulates the Immune System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1228:395-408. [PMID: 32342473 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-1792-1_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The profound effect of exercise on the normal functioning of the immune system has been well-known. Exercise and immune regulation are interrelated and affect each other. Exercise changes immune regulation by affecting leucocytes, red blood cells, and cytokines, etc. Regular exercise could reduce the risk of chronic metabolic and cardiorespiratory diseases, partially by the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise. However, these effects are also likely to be responsible for the suppressed immunity that make our bodies more susceptible to infections. Here we summarize the known mechanisms by which exercise-both acute and chronic-exerts its immune regulation effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuqin Liu
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoping Li
- Cardiovascular Division of the Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Junjie Xiao
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Hanstock HG, Govus AD, Stenqvist TB, Melin AK, Sylta Ø, Torstveit MK. Influence of Immune and Nutritional Biomarkers on Illness Risk During Interval Training. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:60-67. [PMID: 31034260 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Intensive training periods may negatively influence immune function, but the immunological consequences of specific high-intensity-training (HIT) prescriptions are not well defined. PURPOSE To explore whether 3 different HIT prescriptions influence multiple health-related biomarkers and whether biomarker responses to HIT were associated with upper-respiratory-illness (URI) risk. METHODS Twenty-five male cyclists and triathletes were randomized to 3 HIT groups and completed 12 HIT sessions over 4 wk. Peak oxygen consumption (V˙O2peak) was determined using an incremental cycling protocol, while resting serum biomarkers (cortisol, testosterone, 25[OH]D, and ferritin), salivary immunoglobulin-A (s-IgA), and energy availability (EA) were assessed before and after the training intervention. Participants self-reported upper-respiratory symptoms during the intervention, and episodes of URI were identified retrospectively. RESULTS Fourteen athletes reported URIs, but there were no differences in incidence, duration, or severity between groups. Increased risk of URI was associated with higher s-IgA secretion rates (odds ratio = 0.90, 90% confidence interval 0.83-0.97). Lower preintervention cortisol and higher EA predicted a 4% increase in URI duration. Participants with higher V˙O2peak reported higher total symptom scores (incidence rate ratio = 1.07, 90% confidence interval 1.01-1.13). CONCLUSIONS Although multiple biomarkers were weakly associated with risk of URI, the direction of associations between s-IgA, cortisol, EA, and URI risk were inverse to previous observations and physiological rationale. There was a cluster of URIs in the first week of the training intervention, but no samples were collected at this time point. Future studies should incorporate more-frequent sample time points, especially around the onset of new training regimens, and include athletes with suspected or known nutritional deficiencies.
Collapse
|
49
|
Rapson A, Collman E, Faustini S, Yonel Z, Chapple IL, Drayson MT, Richter A, Campbell JP, Heaney JLJ. Free light chains as an emerging biomarker in saliva: Biological variability and comparisons with salivary IgA and steroid hormones. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 83:78-86. [PMID: 31557507 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salivary free light chains (FLCs) are an emerging biomarker in health and behavioural research. However, little is known regarding biological variability of salivary FLCs and how they relate to other established salivary biomarkers. This study aimed to investigate the diurnal and day-to-day variation of salivary FLCs and their relationship with salivary IgA and steroid hormones. METHODS A total of 46 healthy adults participated in studies exploring the biological variability of FLCs. Diurnal variation was investigated by collecting saliva samples immediately upon waking, 0.5 h, 3 h, 6 h, 9 h and 14 h post-waking. Saliva samples were assessed for FLCs, IgA, cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). Between-day variation in FLCs and IgA was assessed by collecting saliva samples immediately upon waking for seven consecutive days. Participants underwent a dental examination to exclude oral health as a potential confounding variable. Within and between-person day-to day variation was explored in relation to a range of different factors: awakening time, sleep, exercise, well-being and alcohol consumption. RESULTS Salivary secretion rates of FLCs decreased following waking and up to 3 h post-waking and then plateaued. This same pattern was observed for IgA. DHEA was stable upon waking and higher levels were seen in the morning with significantly lower levels thereafter. Cortisol levels significantly increased 0.5 h post-waking then continued to decline across the day. FLCs were significantly correlated with IgA but not cortisol or DHEA. Both FLCs and IgA parameters showed day-to-day variability, with coefficients of variation ≥ 40%. Earlier waking time was significantly correlated with higher FLC and IgA secretion rates. Inter-person differences in saliva parameter variability were observed but the degree of variation in FLCs and IgA was related within person. Inter-person day-to-day variation appeared to be uninfluenced by lifestyle or behavioural factors. CONCLUSIONS Saliva FLCs secretion exhibits diurnal fluctuation that mirrors IgA fluctuation. Findings strongly indicate salivary FLC secretion is orchestrated by local plasma cells. FLCs and IgA both showed notable variability day-to-day, which was similar within person and influenced by awakening time. FLCs offer a promising adjunct to IgA in the measurement of oral immune activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alec Rapson
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Emily Collman
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Sian Faustini
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Zehra Yonel
- Periodontal Research Group, School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Iain L Chapple
- Periodontal Research Group, School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Mark T Drayson
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Alex Richter
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Hameed R, Mirdan Al-Ibraheemi M, Obayes Al-Khikani F, Hasan N, Salman Almosawey H, Al-Asadi A. The possible role of immunoglobulin A monoclonal antibodies against COVID-19 infection. MATRIX SCIENCE MEDICA 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/mtsm.mtsm_27_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
|