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Santos JAT, Ayupe KMA, Camargos ACR, Medeiros NL, Gutierres Filho PJB. Moderating effect of social risk on the relationship between biological risk and child development. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2024; 29:e18432022. [PMID: 39140550 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232024298.18432022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Human development is influenced by the interaction between biological and social factors. This study aimed to verify the moderating effect of social risk on the relationship between biological risk and child development. Data were collected on 201 children, aged 6 to 72 months. The independent variable was measured by the biological risk index, and the moderator variable by the social risk index was assessed by the Denver II test. Linear regression, effect size, and analysis of moderation were used to verify the relationship between BRI and the child development (Denver II), and the moderating effect of the SRI. BRI was negatively associated with child development, the interaction between the BRI and SRI increased the explained variance in the Denver II result to 14%. The SRI was also a significant moderator of the Language and Gross Motor domains. This research evidence that social risk moderates the relationship between biological risk and child development, the more social risk factors, the stronger this relationship becomes. On the other hand, it can be said that some social factors favor child development, even in the presence of biological risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaina Araujo Teixeira Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Física, Universidade de Brasília. Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro. 70910-900 Brasília DF Brasil.
| | - Kênnea Martins Almeida Ayupe
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Física, Universidade de Brasília. Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro. 70910-900 Brasília DF Brasil.
| | - Ana Cristina Resende Camargos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Reabilitação, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte MG Brasil
| | - Naguia Leticia Medeiros
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Reabilitação, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte MG Brasil
| | - Paulo José Barbosa Gutierres Filho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Física, Universidade de Brasília. Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro. 70910-900 Brasília DF Brasil.
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Waldrop S, Chowdhury D, Westcott JE, Biasini F, Garcés A, Figueroa L, Tshefu A, Lokangaka A, Bauserman M, Saleem S, Ali SA, Goldenberg RL, Goudar SS, Dhaded SM, Derman RJ, Kemp JF, Koso-Thomas M, Das A, Hambidge M, Krebs NF. Anthropometric and sociodemographic variables, but not preconception or prenatal maternal nutrition supplementation, predict neurodevelopment in offspring of the 'Women First' trial. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2024:e13703. [PMID: 39044360 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Multiple factors influence infant and child neurodevelopment in low resource settings. In offspring of participants in the preconception maternal nutrition trial, Women First (WF), we examined the impact of providing a preconception (Arm 1) or prenatal (Arm 2) nutrient supplement (compared to controls, Arm 3) on neurodevelopmental outcomes at 24 months; predictors of neurodevelopment scores; and associations of infant anthropometrics with neurodevelopmental scores. Follow-up visits for anthropometry were conducted at 6-, 12-, 18- and 24-month of age. At 24-months, in a randomized subset, the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, 3rd edition (BSID-III), including cognitive, motor and social-emotional subscales, and the Family Care Indicators (FCI) questionnaire, assessing family and home environment, were completed. Multiple covariates (intervention arm, site, maternal sociodemographic characteristics, FCI subscales, birthweight and 6-24 months' change in anthropometry z-scores, (e.g., ΔLAZ6-2 4) were evaluated by linear regression to predict BSID-III outcomes and to assess associations of anthropometric changes with BSID-III scores. The analysis consisted of 1386 infants (n = 441, 486, 459 for Arms 1, 2 and 3, respectively). None of the domain-specific BSID-III subscale scores differed by maternal intervention arm. Four covariates significantly predicted (p ≤ 0.01) all 3 BSID-III subscales: secondary maternal education, ΔLAZ6 - 24, birthweight >2500 g, and FCI play materials. Linear growth was associated with all domains of neurodevelopment. The results underscore the multi-dimensional aspects of child development represented by the nurturing care framework, including prenatal maternal nutrition, post-natal growth, maternal education for responsive caregiving and opportunities for early learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Waldrop
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Jamie E Westcott
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Fred Biasini
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Ana Garcés
- Instituto de Nutrición de Centro América y Panamá (INCAP), Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Lester Figueroa
- Instituto de Nutrición de Centro América y Panamá (INCAP), Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Antoinette Tshefu
- Kinshasa School of Public Health (KSPH), Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)
| | - Adrien Lokangaka
- Kinshasa School of Public Health (KSPH), Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)
| | - Melissa Bauserman
- Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sarah Saleem
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sumera A Ali
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Robert L Goldenberg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University, New York, New York State, USA
| | - Shivaprasad S Goudar
- KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed-to-be-University), Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (JNMC), Belagavi, India
| | - Sangappa M Dhaded
- KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed-to-be-University), Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (JNMC), Belagavi, India
| | - Richard J Derman
- Office of Global Affairs, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jennifer F Kemp
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Marion Koso-Thomas
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Abhik Das
- RTI International, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael Hambidge
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Nancy F Krebs
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Barrios-Tascon A, Strehlau R, Patel F, Burke M, Shiau S, Shen Y, Arpadi SM, Abrams EJ, Tiemessen CT, Kuhn L. Growth Trajectories Over the First Year of Life Among Early-Treated Infants with Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Infants Who are Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Exposed Uninfected. J Pediatr 2024; 270:114018. [PMID: 38508485 PMCID: PMC11176027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2024.114018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of early antiretroviral therapy (ART) on growth trajectories of infants with human immunodeficiency virus (IHIV) in the first year of life. STUDY DESIGN As part of a clinical trial of early ART in Johannesburg, South Africa (2015-2018), 116 IHIV diagnosed within 48 hours of birth were started on ART as soon as possible, and 80 uninfected infants born to mothers living with HIV (IHEU) were enrolled. Both groups were followed prospectively from birth through 48 weeks and growth parameters collected. The groups were compared and risk factors for poor growth investigated, in the full cohort and among IHIV separately. RESULTS IHIV had lower mean weight-for-age Z-scores (WAZ) than IHEU at 4 and 8 weeks (-1.17 [SE:0.14] vs -0.72 [0.14], P = .035 and -1.23 [0.15] vs -0.67 [0.14], P = .012). Although there was some closing of the gap over time, means remained lower in IHIV through 48 weeks. In length-for-age Z-scores (LAZ), differences widened over time and IHIV had lower Z-scores by 48 weeks (-1.41 [0.15] vs -0.80 [0.18], P = .011). Deficits in WAZ and LAZ in IHIV vs IHEU were most marked among girls. IHIV with pre-ART viral load ≥1000 copies/ml had significantly lower weight-for-length and mid-upper arm circumference Z-scores across all time points through 48 weeks. CONCLUSIONS IHIV on early ART had deficits in WAZ over the first 8 weeks of life and lower LAZ at 48 weeks than IHEU. Among IHIV, higher pre-ART viral load was associated with worse anthropometric indicators through 48 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Barrios-Tascon
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY.
| | - Renate Strehlau
- VIDA Nkanyezi Research Unit, Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Faeezah Patel
- Wits RHI, Shandukani Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Megan Burke
- VIDA Nkanyezi Research Unit, Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Stephanie Shiau
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Yanhan Shen
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Stephen M Arpadi
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY; Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Elaine J Abrams
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY; ICAP, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Caroline T Tiemessen
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institutes for Communicable Diseases, A Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Louise Kuhn
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY; Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
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Murasko J. Height and cognitive assessments in a cohort of US schoolchildren, kindergarten through fifth grade. BIODEMOGRAPHY AND SOCIAL BIOLOGY 2024:1-13. [PMID: 38813839 DOI: 10.1080/19485565.2024.2358906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
An oft-repeated finding in child development research is that height and cognitive ability are positively related. Much of this work is limited in its ability to track height and cognitive development over time, with key constraints being the availability of longitudinal data and measures of ability that are comparable over time. This study evaluates the associations between height and assessments of reading, math, and science in a representative sample of US schoolchildren followed from kindergarten through fifth grade. Associations between height and assessment scores at each grade level, and height-growth and changes in scores over grade levels, are examined. The results suggest modest associations between concurrent height and assessment scores at each grade level that are robust to socioeconomic and school controls. There is limited association between height-growth and assessment outcomes, which is shown only for females. There is also little indication that height or height-growth is associated with improvements in scores. The findings suggest a modest association between height and cognitive ability in contemporary US schoolchildren, being attributed mostly to growth before kindergarten. The findings are consistent with the view that social and biological forces in early-life facilitate both physical and cognitive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Murasko
- Economics, University of Houston - Clear Lake, Houston, Texas, USA
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5
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Husain N, Sattar R, Kiran T, Husain M, Shakoor S, Suhag Z, Zadeh Z, Sikander S, Chaudhry N. Effectiveness of Learning through Play Plus (LTP Plus) Parenting Intervention on Behaviours of Young Children of Depressed Mothers: A Randomised Controlled Trial. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:646. [PMID: 38929226 PMCID: PMC11202174 DOI: 10.3390/children11060646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Evidence has shown that parenting intervention programmes improve parental knowledge, attitudes, and practices, which helps in promoting child development. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of parenting intervention in improving child behaviours. This is a secondary analysis of data from a cluster-randomised controlled trial with depressed mothers aged 18-44 years with a child aged 0 to 36 months. This paper reports findings from the dataset of participants with a child aged between 24 and 36 months. Villages (n = 120) were randomised into either of two arms: learning through play plus (LTP Plus) or treatment as usual (TAU). LTP Plus is a 10-session, group parenting intervention integrated with cognitive behaviour therapy, delivered over 3 months. This secondary analysis reports findings on the Eyberg Child Behaviour Inventory (ECBI) and the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME). Findings show a significant improvement in child behaviour (ECBI) scores (p < 0.011) and HOME scores (p < 0.001) in the intervention group compared to TAU at 3-month follow-up. In a low-resource setting, low-cost group parenting intervention delivered by community health workers has the potential to improve child behaviours and quality of the home environment. Parenting interventions aimed at improving child behavioural problems can have significant implications for the child, family, and broader societal outcomes. Addressing behavioural problems in early years, parenting interventions can potentially reduce long-term consequences and costs associated with untreated child behavioural issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusrat Husain
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Mersey Care NHS Foundation Trust, Prescot L34 1PJ, UK;
| | - Rabia Sattar
- Pakistan Institute of Living and Learning, Karachi 75600, Pakistan; (R.S.); (T.K.); (S.S.); (Z.Z.); (N.C.)
| | - Tayyeba Kiran
- Pakistan Institute of Living and Learning, Karachi 75600, Pakistan; (R.S.); (T.K.); (S.S.); (Z.Z.); (N.C.)
| | - Mina Husain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, St. George Campus, 27 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada;
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 1001 Queen St. W., Toronto, ON M6J 1H4, Canada
| | - Suleman Shakoor
- Pakistan Institute of Living and Learning, Karachi 75600, Pakistan; (R.S.); (T.K.); (S.S.); (Z.Z.); (N.C.)
| | - Zamir Suhag
- TVI-Trust for Vaccines and Immunization, Head Office, Al-Sehat Centre, Suite No 301, Rafiqui Shaheed Road, Karachi 75300, Pakistan;
| | - Zainab Zadeh
- Pakistan Institute of Living and Learning, Karachi 75600, Pakistan; (R.S.); (T.K.); (S.S.); (Z.Z.); (N.C.)
| | - Siham Sikander
- Mersey Care NHS Foundation Trust, Prescot L34 1PJ, UK;
- Pakistan Institute of Living and Learning, Karachi 75600, Pakistan; (R.S.); (T.K.); (S.S.); (Z.Z.); (N.C.)
- Department of Primary Care and Mental Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Nasim Chaudhry
- Pakistan Institute of Living and Learning, Karachi 75600, Pakistan; (R.S.); (T.K.); (S.S.); (Z.Z.); (N.C.)
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Proctor KB, Mansoura M, Rodrick E, Volkert V, Sharp WG, Kindler JM. The relationship between food selectivity and stature in pediatric patients with avoidant-restrictive food intake disorder - an electronic medical record review. J Eat Disord 2024; 12:64. [PMID: 38773584 PMCID: PMC11110304 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-024-01020-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to characterize stature in pediatric patients with avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), including associations between body size and nutrient intake and height. METHODS We conducted a secondary analysis of pre-treatment data from 60 patients diagnosed with ARFID that were collected from the electronic medical record. Anthropometric measurements were converted to age- and sex-specific Z-scores using pediatric CDC growth charts. Spearman correlations were performed to test the relationship between height and weight/BMI Z-scores as well as height Z-score and diet variables. RESULTS On average, height (-0.35 ± 1.38), weight (-0.58 ± 1.56), and BMI (-0.56 ± 1.48) Z-scores tended to be lower than what would be expected in a generally healthy pediatric population. Percent of individuals with height, weight, or BMI Z-score < -2.0 was 8%, 20%, and 17%, respectively. BMI (P < 0.05) and weight (P < 0.05) were positively associated with height Z-score. Further, intake of some nutrients (e.g., calcium, vitamin D) correlated positively with height Z-score (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The cross-sectional relationships reported in this study suggest that in children with ARFID, body weight and consumption of bone-augmenting nutrients such as calcium and vitamin D correlated with height. A thorough understanding of the clinical manifestations of malnutrition and longitudinal effects of restrictive eating in patients with ARFID is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin B Proctor
- Division of Autism & Related Disorders, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Maryam Mansoura
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, University of Georgia Medical Partnership, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Eugene Rodrick
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Valerie Volkert
- Division of Autism & Related Disorders, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - William G Sharp
- Division of Autism & Related Disorders, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joseph M Kindler
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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Checkley W, Thompson LM, Hossen S, Nicolaou L, Williams KN, Hartinger SM, Chiang M, Balakrishnan K, Garg SS, Thangavel G, Aravindalochanan V, Rosa G, Mukeshimana A, Ndagijimana F, McCracken JP, Diaz-Artiga A, Sinharoy SS, Waller L, Wang J, Jabbarzadeh S, Chen Y, Steenland K, Kirby MA, Ramakrishnan U, Johnson M, Pillarisetti A, McCollum ED, Craik R, Ohuma EO, Dávila-Román VG, de Las Fuentes L, Simkovich SM, Peel JL, Clasen TF, Papageorghiou AT. Cooking with liquefied petroleum gas or biomass and fetal growth outcomes: a multi-country randomised controlled trial. Lancet Glob Health 2024; 12:e815-e825. [PMID: 38614630 PMCID: PMC11027158 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(24)00033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Household air pollution might lead to fetal growth restriction during pregnancy. We aimed to investigate whether a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) intervention to reduce personal exposures to household air pollution during pregnancy would alter fetal growth. METHODS The Household Air Pollution Intervention Network (HAPIN) trial was an open-label randomised controlled trial conducted in ten resource-limited settings across Guatemala, India, Peru, and Rwanda. Pregnant women aged 18-34 years (9-19 weeks of gestation) were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive an LPG stove, continuous fuel delivery, and behavioural messaging or to continue usual cooking with biomass for 18 months. We conducted ultrasound assessments at baseline, 24-28 weeks of gestation (the first pregnancy visit), and 32-36 weeks of gestation (the second pregnancy visit), to measure fetal size; we monitored 24 h personal exposures to household air pollutants during these visits; and we weighed children at birth. We conducted intention-to-treat analyses to estimate differences in fetal size between the intervention and control group, and exposure-response analyses to identify associations between household air pollutants and fetal size. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02944682). FINDINGS Between May 7, 2018, and Feb 29, 2020, we randomly assigned 3200 pregnant women (1593 to the intervention group and 1607 to the control group). The mean gestational age was 14·5 (SD 3·0) weeks and mean maternal age was 25·6 (4·5) years. We obtained ultrasound assessments in 3147 (98·3%) women at baseline, 3052 (95·4%) women at the first pregnancy visit, and 2962 (92·6%) at the second pregnancy visit, through to Aug 25, 2020. Intervention adherence was high (the median proportion of days with biomass stove use was 0·0%, IQR 0·0-1·6) and pregnant women in the intervention group had lower mean exposures to particulate matter with a diameter less than 2·5 μm (PM2·5; 35·0 [SD 37·2] μg/m3vs 103·3 [97·9] μg/m3) than did women in the control group. We did not find differences in averaged post-randomisation Z scores for head circumference (0·30 vs 0·39; p=0·04), abdominal circumference (0·38 vs 0·39; p=0·99), femur length (0·44 vs 0·45; p=0·73), and estimated fetal weight or birthweight (-0·13 vs -0·12; p=0·70) between the intervention and control groups. Personal exposures to household air pollutants were not associated with fetal size. INTERPRETATION Although an LPG cooking intervention successfully reduced personal exposure to air pollution during pregnancy, it did not affect fetal size. Our findings do not support the use of unvented liquefied petroleum gas stoves as a strategy to increase fetal growth in settings were biomass fuels are used predominantly for cooking. FUNDING US National Institutes of Health and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. TRANSLATIONS For the Kinyarwanda, Spanish and Tamil translations of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Checkley
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Lisa M Thompson
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shakir Hossen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Laura Nicolaou
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kendra N Williams
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stella M Hartinger
- Latin American Center of Excellence on Climate Change and Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Marilu Chiang
- Biomedical Research Unit, Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Perú
| | - Kalpana Balakrishnan
- ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Sri Ramachandra Institute for Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Sarada S Garg
- ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Sri Ramachandra Institute for Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Gurusamy Thangavel
- ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Sri Ramachandra Institute for Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Vigneswari Aravindalochanan
- ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Sri Ramachandra Institute for Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Ghislaine Rosa
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | | | - John P McCracken
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Anaité Diaz-Artiga
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Sheela S Sinharoy
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lance Waller
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jiantong Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shirin Jabbarzadeh
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yunyun Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kyle Steenland
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Miles A Kirby
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Usha Ramakrishnan
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Ajay Pillarisetti
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Eric D McCollum
- Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Global Program in Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, Eudowood Division of Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Eudowood Division of Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rachel Craik
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Eric O Ohuma
- Centre for Maternal, Adolescent, Reproductive & Child Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Victor G Dávila-Román
- Cardiovascular Imaging and Clinical Research Core Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lisa de Las Fuentes
- Cardiovascular Imaging and Clinical Research Core Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Suzanne M Simkovich
- Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Division of Healthcare Delivery Research, MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville, MD, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jennifer L Peel
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Thomas F Clasen
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Aris T Papageorghiou
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
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Wen X, Zhang X, Qiu Y, Wang Y, Zhu L, Liu T, Ruan Z. The Minhang Pediatric Biobank cohort study: protocol overview and baseline characteristics. BMC Pediatr 2024; 24:282. [PMID: 38678186 PMCID: PMC11055290 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-024-04763-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little has been done to establish biobanks for studying the environment and lifestyle risk factors for diseases among the school-age children. The Minhang Pediatric Biobank (MPB) cohort study aims to identify factors associated with health and diseases of school-aged children living in the urban or suburban area of Shanghai. METHODS This population-based cohort study was started in all sub-districts/towns of Minhang district of Shanghai in 2014. First-grade students in elementary school were enrolled during the time of their routine physical examinations, with self-administered questionnaires completed by their primary caregivers. Additional information was extracted from multiple health information systems. Urine and saliva samples were collected during the baseline survey and follow-up visits. RESULTS At the end of 2014 academic year, a total number of 8412 children and their parents were recruited, including 4339 boys and 4073 girls. All the participants completed the baseline survey and physical examination, and 7128 urine and 2767 saliva samples were collected. The five most prevalent childhood diseases in this population were dental caries, bronchitis, pneumonia, asthma and overweight/obese. CONCLUSIONS The MPB cohort has been successfully established, serving as a useful platform for future research relating to the genetic, environmental and lifestyle risk factors for childhood diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosa Wen
- Minhang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, and Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao, Gulou District, Jiangsu, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yun Qiu
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yaqin Wang
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Liujie Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, and Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao, Gulou District, Jiangsu, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine and Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Zengliang Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, and Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao, Gulou District, Jiangsu, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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9
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Witt S, Bloemeke J, Bullinger M, Dörr HG, Silva N, Quitmann JH. Growth hormone treatment in children with short stature: impact of the diagnosis on parents. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2024; 37:326-335. [PMID: 38421314 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2023-0420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This prospective multicenter study aimed (1) to examine changes in parent-reported health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of children with short stature and the effects of the children's condition on parents themselves within the first year of human growth hormone (hGH) treatment and (2) to predict effects on parents based on main and interaction effects of children's HRQOL and increase in height. METHODS A total of 110 parents of children aged 4-18 years, diagnosed with idiopathic growth hormone deficiency, small for gestational age, or idiopathic short stature, were recruited from 11 participating German pediatric endocrinologists and asked to fill out the short stature-specific Quality of Life in Short Stature Youth (QoLISSY) Questionnaire before hGH treatment was initiated and one year later. RESULTS Negative effects of the children's short stature on the parents decrease over time, independent of diagnosis and treatment status. Furthermore, treatment status and height increase moderated the links between children's improved HRQOL as perceived by their parents and decreased caregiving burden. CONCLUSIONS Based on the children's improved HRQOL and the parent's decrease in caregiving burden, patient-reported outcomes that consider parental and child's perspectives should be considered when deciding on hGH treatment for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Witt
- Department of Medical Psychology, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, 37734 University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg, Germany
| | - Janika Bloemeke
- Department of Medical Psychology, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, 37734 University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg, Germany
| | - Monika Bullinger
- Department of Medical Psychology, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, 37734 University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg, Germany
| | - Helmuth-Günther Dörr
- Clinic for Children and Adolescents, 27168 Erlangen-Nürnberg Universtiy , Erlangen, Germany
| | - Neuza Silva
- Department of Medical Psychology, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, 37734 University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julia Hannah Quitmann
- Department of Medical Psychology, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, 37734 University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg, Germany
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10
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Monir ZM, El-Din EMS, Kandeel WA, Sallam SF, Elsheikh E, Abushady MM, Allah FH, Tawfik S, Zeid DA. Evaluation of apparently healthy Egyptian infants and toddlers on the bayley-III scales according to age and sex. Ital J Pediatr 2024; 50:68. [PMID: 38616286 PMCID: PMC11017649 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-024-01635-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child development is shaped throughout the first years of life through the interaction of genetics and the environment. Bayley-III is valuably used to determine early developmental delay (DD). The aim of this study was to detect the differences in performance of a sample of apparently healthy Egyptian infants and toddlers on the Bayley-III scales in relation to their age and gender. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study. Bayley scales were applied to 270 of the 300 recruited children following the inclusion criteria; to avoid potential risk factors affecting development. Assessment included cognitive, language and motor skills. Engaged children aged 18-42 months were divided into 4 age groups with six-month intervals. RESULTS Approximately 78.4%, 76.2%, and 72% of the participants had average and above average scores in the cognitive, motor, and language domains, respectively. The language domain was characteristically impacted. The oldest age group (36-42 months) scored the highest means composite scores, while the 2nd group aged 24 - <30 months, scored the lowest means in the three evaluated domains. In general, girls had non-significantly higher composite scores than boys, with a small effect size (d = 0.2-0.4). In the language domain, girls aged 30 to < 36 months scored significantly higher composite scores than boys (p < 0.05), with a medium effect size (d = 0.73). CONCLUSION The study indicates that the performance of apparently healthy Egyptian children on the Bayley III evaluation differs in relation to age and sex. The most vulnerable age group at potential risk of DD was children aged 24-30 months. Efforts must be directed to investigate the nutritional, physical, psychological and safety needs of this group. Attention must be paid to early childhood intervention programs that stimulate development, especially language development, and they must be tailored on the basis of age and gender. Gender-specific norms may be needed in the evaluation of language development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab M Monir
- Child Health Department/Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth st, 60014618, Cairo, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Ebtissam M Salah El-Din
- Child Health Department/Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth st, 60014618, Cairo, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Wafaa A Kandeel
- Biological Anthropology Department/Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, 60014618, Cairo, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Sara F Sallam
- Child Health Department/Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth st, 60014618, Cairo, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Eman Elsheikh
- Child Health Department/Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth st, 60014618, Cairo, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Mones M Abushady
- Child Health Department/Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth st, 60014618, Cairo, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Fawzia Hasseb Allah
- Child Health Department/Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth st, 60014618, Cairo, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Sawsan Tawfik
- Child Health Department/Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth st, 60014618, Cairo, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Dina Abu Zeid
- Child Health Department/Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth st, 60014618, Cairo, Dokki, Egypt.
- Child Health Department Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, P.O.12622, Cairo, Egypt.
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11
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Butzin-Dozier Z, Ji Y, Coyle J, Malenica I, McQuade ETR, Grembi JA, Platts-Mills JA, Houpt ER, Graham JP, Ali S, Rahman MZ, Alauddin M, Famida SL, Akther S, Hossen MS, Mutsuddi P, Shoab AK, Rahman M, Islam MO, Miah R, Taniuchi M, Liu J, Alauddin S, Stewart CP, Luby SP, Colford JM, Hubbard AE, Mertens AN, Lin A. Treatment Heterogeneity of Water, Sanitation, Hygiene, and Nutrition Interventions on Child Growth by Environmental Enteric Dysfunction and Pathogen Status for Young Children in Bangladesh. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.03.21.24304684. [PMID: 38585931 PMCID: PMC10996736 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.21.24304684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Background Water, sanitation, hygiene (WSH), nutrition (N), and combined (N+WSH) interventions are often implemented by global health organizations, but WSH interventions may insufficiently reduce pathogen exposure, and nutrition interventions may be modified by environmental enteric dysfunction (EED), a condition of increased intestinal permeability and inflammation. This study investigated the heterogeneity of these treatments' effects based on individual pathogen and EED biomarker status with respect to child linear growth. Methods We applied cross-validated targeted maximum likelihood estimation and super learner ensemble machine learning to assess the conditional treatment effects in subgroups defined by biomarker and pathogen status. We analyzed treatment (N+WSH, WSH, N, or control) randomly assigned in-utero, child pathogen and EED data at 14 months of age, and child LAZ at 28 months of age. We estimated the difference in mean child length for age Z-score (LAZ) under the treatment rule and the difference in stratified treatment effect (treatment effect difference) comparing children with high versus low pathogen/biomarker status while controlling for baseline covariates. Results We analyzed data from 1,522 children, who had median LAZ of -1.56. We found that myeloperoxidase (N+WSH treatment effect difference 0.0007 LAZ, WSH treatment effect difference 0.1032 LAZ, N treatment effect difference 0.0037 LAZ) and Campylobacter infection (N+WSH treatment effect difference 0.0011 LAZ, WSH difference 0.0119 LAZ, N difference 0.0255 LAZ) were associated with greater effect of all interventions on growth. In other words, children with high myeloperoxidase or Campylobacter infection experienced a greater impact of the interventions on growth. We found that a treatment rule that assigned the N+WSH (LAZ difference 0.23, 95% CI (0.05, 0.41)) and WSH (LAZ difference 0.17, 95% CI (0.04, 0.30)) interventions based on EED biomarkers and pathogens increased predicted child growth compared to the randomly allocated intervention. Conclusions These findings indicate that EED biomarker and pathogen status, particularly Campylobacter and myeloperoxidase (a measure of gut inflammation), may be related to impact of N+WSH, WSH, and N interventions on child linear growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yunwen Ji
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Jeremy Coyle
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Ivana Malenica
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA USA
| | | | - Jessica Anne Grembi
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | | | - Eric R. Houpt
- School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jay P. Graham
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Shahjahan Ali
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ziaur Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Alauddin
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Syeda L. Famida
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Salma Akther
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Saheen Hossen
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Palash Mutsuddi
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abul K. Shoab
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mahbubur Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Ohedul Islam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rana Miah
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mami Taniuchi
- School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jie Liu
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | | | | | - Stephen P. Luby
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - John M. Colford
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Alan E. Hubbard
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Andrew N. Mertens
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Audrie Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA USA
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12
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Kvestad I, Ulak M, Ranjitkar S, Shrestha M, Chandyo RK, Guedeney A, Braarud HC, Hysing M, Strand TA. Social withdrawal behaviour in Nepalese infants and the relationship with future neurodevelopment; a longitudinal cohort study. BMC Pediatr 2024; 24:195. [PMID: 38500052 PMCID: PMC10946118 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-024-04658-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social withdrawal in infants may be a signal of distress and a precursor for non-optimal development. OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between infant social withdrawal and neurodevelopment up to 4 years in Nepalese children. METHODS A total of 597 Nepalese infants 6-11 months old were assessed with the modified Alarm Distress Baby Scale (m-ADBB), and of these, 527 with the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development 3rd edition (Bayley-III) during early childhood, and the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI-IV) and NEPSY-II subtests at 4 years. We examined whether social withdrawal defined by the m-ADBB was associated with neurodevelopmental scores in regression models. RESULTS Children socially withdrawn in infancy had lower Bayley-III language scores (-2.6 (95% CI -4.5, -0.7)) in early childhood. This association seems to be driven by the expressive communication subscale (-0.7 (95% CI -1.0, -0.3)), but not the receptive communication subscale (-0.2 (95% CI -0.6, 0.1)). There were no differences in the other Bayley-III scores or the WPPSI-IV and NEPSY-II scores at 4 years in children who were socially withdrawn or not. CONCLUSION Social withdrawal in infancy was reflected in early language development but not cognitive functioning at 4 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Kvestad
- Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Manjeswori Ulak
- Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Medicine, Child Health Research Project, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Suman Ranjitkar
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Medicine, Child Health Research Project, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Merina Shrestha
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Medicine, Child Health Research Project, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ram K Chandyo
- Department of Community Medicine, Kathmandu Medical College, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Hanne C Braarud
- Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway
| | - Mari Hysing
- Department of Psychosocial Science, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tor A Strand
- Department of Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway.
- Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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13
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Gutiérrez L, Bartelt L. Current Understanding of Giardia lamblia and Pathogenesis of Stunting and Cognitive Deficits in Children from Low- and Middle-Income Countries. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2024; 11:28-39. [PMID: 38993355 PMCID: PMC11238937 DOI: 10.1007/s40475-024-00314-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Giardia lamblia is a common intestinal parasite worldwide, mainly in children from low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Also, it has been associated with increased intestinal permeability, stunting, and cognitive impairment. Nonetheless, the pathogenesis of long-term consequences is difficult to elucidate. Recent Findings Recent studies try to understand the long-term consequences of Giardia infections. First, well-characterized studies associate Giardia with intestinal damage and child growth. Second, infections appear not to be associated with inflammation, but "lack of inflammation" may not, however, entirely exclude a pro-inflammatory pathway. Finally, some important amino acids are lower and could contribute to prolongate stunting and cognitive deficit. Summary Giardia infections in LMIC used to be associated with child growth shortfalls, gut permeability, and cognitive deficits. Multifactorial effects could be associated with Giardia, including nutritional, altered microbiota, and generation of potentially toxic microbial metabolic byproducts, all together increasing risk of long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lester Gutiérrez
- Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Faculty of Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Luther Bartelt
- Departments of Medicine, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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14
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Moore SE. Sex differences in growth and neurocognitive development in infancy and early childhood. Proc Nutr Soc 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38326969 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665124000144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Undernutrition in early life remains a significant public health challenge affecting millions of infants and young children globally. Children who are wasted, stunted or underweight are at increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Undernutrition at critical periods also impacts on aspects of neurodevelopment, with longer-term consequences to educational performance and mental health outcomes. Despite consistent evidence highlighting an increased risk of neonatal and infant mortality among boys, a common assumption held across many disciplines is that girls are more vulnerable with respect to early-life exposures. In relation to undernutrition, however, recent evidence indicates the reverse, and in contexts of food insecurity, boys are at increased risk of undernutrition in early life compared to girls, with sex-specific risks for neurodevelopmental deficits. These effects appear independent of social factors that may favour boys, such as gender disparities in infant feeding practices and health-seeking behaviours. The observed vulnerability among boys may therefore be underpinned by biological processes such as differential energy requirements during periods of rapid growth. As boys have greater needs for growth and maintenance, then, in times of nutritional hardship, these needs may not be met resulting in risk of undernutrition and subsequent health consequences. In view of this emerging evidence, a greater understanding of the mechanisms behind this vulnerability among boys is needed and policy considerations to protect boys should be considered. This review will explore sex differences in risk of undernutrition and consider these in the context of existing programmes and policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie E Moore
- Department of Women and Children's Health, King's College London, LondonSE1 7EH, UK
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15
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Upadhyay RP, Pathak BG, Raut SV, Kumar D, Singh D, Sudfeld CR, Strand TA, Taneja S, Bhandari N. Linear growth beyond 24 months and child neurodevelopment in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pediatr 2024; 24:101. [PMID: 38331737 PMCID: PMC10851505 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-04521-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM To synthesize available evidence on the association between change in linear growth (height for age z score, HAZ) beyond the first two years of life with later child neurodevelopment outcomes in Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). METHODS We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE for cohort studies on the association between change in HAZ after age two and neurodevelopment outcomes in middle or late childhood. Data extraction was done independently by two reviewers. RESULTS A total of 21 studies, that included 64,562 children from 13 LMICs were identified. Each unit increase in change in HAZ above two years is associated with a + 0.01 increase (N = 8 studies, 27,393 children) in the cognitive scores at 3.5 to 12 years of age and a + 0.05-standard deviation (SD) increase (95% CI 0.02 to 0.08, N = 3 studies, 17,830 children) in the language score at 5 to 15 years of age. No significant association of change in HAZ with motor (standardized mean difference (SMD) 0.04; 95% CI: -0.10, 0.18, N = 1 study, 966 children) or socio-emotional scores (SMD 0.00; 95% CI: -0.02, 0.01, N = 4 studies, 14,616 participants) was observed. CONCLUSION Changes in HAZ after the first two years of life appear to have a small or no association with child neurodevelopment outcomes in LMICs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sunita Taneja
- Society for Applied Studies, 45 Kalu Sarai, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Nita Bhandari
- Society for Applied Studies, 45 Kalu Sarai, New Delhi, 110016, India
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16
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Picauly I, Adi AAAM, Meiyetriani E, Mading M, Weraman P, Nashriyah SF, Boeky DLA, Lobo V, Saleh A, Peni JA, Hidayat AT, Marni M. Determinants of child stunting in the dryland area of East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia: insights from a national-level survey. J Med Life 2024; 17:147-156. [PMID: 38813363 PMCID: PMC11131646 DOI: 10.25122/jml-2023-0313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Stunting remains a critical public health issue in Indonesia, particularly in the province of East Nusa Tenggara. This region, characterized by its archipelagic dryland geography, has reported the highest prevalence of stunting among children under five from 2007 to 2021. The study aimed to examine the relationship between various characteristics of children under five and household factors with the occurrence of stunting. This observational study, with a cross-sectional design, used secondary data from the 2021 Indonesian Nutrition Status Survey, covering 7,835 children under five. We analyzed the data to identify patterns and relationships, using univariate analysis to display percentage distributions and bivariate analysis through multiple binary logistic regression tests. The results of the multiple logistic regression test showed that indicators of family characteristics such as age, gender, low birth weight, body length, possession of birth certificates, and receiving complementary feeding were all related to stunting. Additionally, household factors such as toilet type, National Health Insurance coverage, ownership of a Prosperous Family Card, and residential area were significant determinants. Factors contributing to stunting in dryland areas include a range of elements from both family characteristics-such as age, gender, birth certification, low birth weight, and initial body length, to the introduction of supplementary feeding-and household indicators, including the use of specific types of latrines (Plengsengan and Cemplung types without covers), health insurance coverage, possession of Prosperous Family Cards, and the family's residential area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Intje Picauly
- Department of Public Health, Nusa Cendana University, Kupang, Indonesia
| | | | - Eflita Meiyetriani
- SEAMEO RECFON, Center for Regional Nutrition Studies, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Majematang Mading
- Institute of Research and Development Waikabubak, Sumba Barat, Indonesia
| | - Pius Weraman
- Department of Public Health, Nusa Cendana University, Kupang, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Varry Lobo
- Institute of Research and Development Waikabubak, Sumba Barat, Indonesia
| | - Asmulyati Saleh
- Department of Nutrition, Kupang Ministry of Health Health Polytechnic, Kupang, Indonesia
| | - Jane Austen Peni
- Department of Nutrition, Kupang Ministry of Health Health Polytechnic, Kupang, Indonesia
| | | | - Marni Marni
- Department of Public Health, Nusa Cendana University, Kupang, Indonesia
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17
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Ali NB, Yousafzai AK, Siyal S, Bhamani S, Sudfeld CR. Effect of a Center-Based Early Childhood Care and Education Program on Child Nutritional Status: A Secondary Analysis of a Stepped-Wedge Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial in Rural Sindh, Pakistan. J Nutr 2024; 154:755-764. [PMID: 38072156 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-quality early childhood care and education (ECCE) programs can positively impact children's development. However, as an unintended consequence, ECCE attendance may also affect children's nutritional status. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the effect of a center-based ECCE intervention on child nutritional outcomes in rural Pakistan. METHODS This study utilized data from a stepped-wedge cluster randomized controlled trial of a center-based ECCE program that trained female youth to run high-quality preschools for children aged 3.5-5.5 y (Youth Leaders for Early Childhood Assuring Children are Prepared for School (LEAPS) program) in rural Sindh, Pakistan. The program did not include any school meals. A total of 99 village clusters were randomized to receive the LEAPS intervention in 3 steps, and repeated cross-sectional surveys were conducted to assess the impact on children (age: 4.5-5.5 y) at 4- time points. ITT analyses with multilevel mixed-effect models were used to estimate the effect of the intervention on child anthropometric outcomes. RESULTS The analysis included 3858 children with anthropometric data from 4 cross-sectional survey rounds. The LEAPS intervention was found to have a positive effect on child height-for-age z score (mean difference: 0.13 z-scores; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.02, 0.24). However, there was a negative effect on weight-based anthropometric indicators, -0.29 weight-for-height z score (WHZ) (95% CI: -0.42, -0.15), -0.13 BMI z score (BMIZ) (95% CI: -0.23, -0.03), and -0.16 mid-upper arm circumference-for-age z score MUACZ (95% CI: -0.25, -0.05). An exploratory analysis suggested that the magnitude of the negative effect of LEAPS on WHZ, BMIZ, and weight-for-age z score (WAZ) was greater in the survey round during the COVID-19 lockdown. DISCUSSION The LEAPS intervention positively affected child linear growth but had negative effects on multiple weight-based anthropometric measures. ECCE programs in low- and middle-income country settings should evaluate the integration of nutrition-specific interventions (eg school lunch, counseling on healthy diets) and infection control strategies to promote children's healthy growth and development. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03764436, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03764436.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazia Binte Ali
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Division of Maternal and Child Health, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh.
| | - Aisha K Yousafzai
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Saima Siyal
- Development and Research for Children in Early and Adolescent Years of Life (DREAM), Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Shelina Bhamani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Christopher R Sudfeld
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
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Zuo J, Zhang H, Gang H, Mai Q, Jia Z, Liu H, Xia W, Xu S, Li Y. Associations of intrauterine exposure to manganese with fetal and early-childhood growth: a prospective prenatal cohort study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:14303-14317. [PMID: 38273082 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31773-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Prenatal manganese (Mn) exposure may be related to poor birth outcomes; however, there are few relevant epidemiological reports on the effects of intrauterine Mn levels on intrauterine fetal and early childhood growth. From 2013 to 2016, 2082 pairs of mothers and infants were recruited in Wuhan, China, who provided an entire set of urine samples during their first, second, and third trimesters. Fetal head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC), femoral length (FL), and estimated fetal weight (EFW) were obtained by ultrasound at the 16, 24, and 31 weeks of pregnancy. When the children were born, 6 months old, 12 months old, and 24 months old, their weight, height, weight-for-height, and BMI were measured. We used generalized linear models, generalized estimated equations, and restricted cubic spline curves (RCS) to investigate the linear and nonlinear relationships between antenatal Mn levels and fetal and early childhood growth. In all fetuses, Mn exposure during the 1st and 2nd gestation was associated with decreased fetal AC, FL, and EFW at 24 weeks (e.g., for each doubling of urinary Mn concentrations during the 1st and 2nd gestation, the SD score of EFW at 24 weeks decreased by - 4.16% (95% CI, - 6.22%, - 2.10%) and - 3.78% (95% CI, - 5.86%, - 1.70%)). Mn concentrations in the highest tertile group of the 1st and 2nd gestation were related to decreased fetus growth parameters compared to the lowest tertile group. For each doubling of the average Mn concentrations during pregnancy, the z-scores of weight, weight-for-height, and BMI at 12 months decreased, with percentage changes of - 2.93% (95% CI, - 5.08%, - 0.79%), - 3.25% (95% CI, - 5.56%, - 0.94%), and - 3.09% (95% CI, - 5.44%, - 0.73%). In the RCS model, we found a reverse U-shaped association between 1st trimester Mn concentration and fetal FL at 16 weeks and HC at 31 weeks in male fetuses and a non-linear association between mean Mn concentration during pregnancy and girls' weight-for-height and BMI at 6 months. Intrauterine exposure to Mn may be related to restricted growth in the fetus and early childhood, especially in fetuses at 24 weeks of gestation and children at 12 months of age. Also, meaningful curvilinear relationships were found in the sex stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongling Zhang
- Wuchang University of Technology, Wuhan, 430023, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiqing Gang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Mai
- Center for Public Health Laboratory Service, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan, Hubei, 430024, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenxian Jia
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxiu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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Ndagijimana A, Nduwayezu G, Kagoyire C, Elfving K, Umubyeyi A, Mansourian A, Lind T. Childhood stunting is highly clustered in Northern Province of Rwanda: A spatial analysis of a population-based study. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24922. [PMID: 38312557 PMCID: PMC10835355 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background In Northern Province, Rwanda, stunting is common among children aged under 5 years. However, previous studies on spatial analysis of childhood stunting in Rwanda did not assess its randomness and clustering, and none were conducted in Northern Province. We conducted a spatial-pattern analysis of childhood undernutrition to identify stunting clusters and hotspots for targeted interventions in Northern Province. Methods Using a household population-based questionnaire survey of the characteristics and causes of undernutrition in households with biological mothers of children aged 1-36 months, we collected anthropometric measurements of the children and their mothers and captured the coordinates of the households. Descriptive statistics were computed for the sociodemographic characteristics and anthropometric measurements. Spatial patterns of childhood stunting were determined using global and local Moran's I and Getis-Ord Gi* statistics, and the corresponding maps were produced. Results The z-scores of the three anthropometric measurements were normally distributed, but the z-scores of height-for-age were generally lower than those of weight-for-age and weight-for-height, prompting us to focus on height-for-age for the spatial analysis. The estimated incidence of stunting among 601 children aged 1-36 months was 27.1 %. The sample points were interpolated to the administrative level of the sector. The global Moran's I was positive and significant (Moran's I = 0.403, p < 0.001, z-score = 7.813), indicating clustering of childhood stunting across different sectors of Northern Province. The local Moran's I and hotspot analysis based on the Getis-Ord Gi* statistic showed statistically significant hotspots, which were strongest within Musanze district, followed by Gakenke and Gicumbi districts. Conclusion Childhood stunting in Northern Province showed statistically significant hotspots in Musanze, Gakenke, and Gicumbi districts. Factors associated with such clusters and hotspots should be assessed to identify possible geographically targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Ndagijimana
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- University of Rwanda, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Gilbert Nduwayezu
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Centre for Geographical Information Systems, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- University of Rwanda, College of Sciences and Technology, Centre for Geographic Information Sciences, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Clarisse Kagoyire
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Centre for Geographical Information Systems, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- University of Rwanda, College of Sciences and Technology, Centre for Geographic Information Sciences, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Kristina Elfving
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Gothenburg University and the Queen Silvia's Children Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Aline Umubyeyi
- University of Rwanda, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Ali Mansourian
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Centre for Geographical Information Systems, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Torbjörn Lind
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Lakhdir MPA, Ambreen S, Sameen S, Asim M, Batool S, Azam I, Usmani BA, Iqbal R. Association between maternal experiences of intimate partner violence and child stunting: a secondary analysis of the Demographic Health Surveys of four South Asian countries. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e071882. [PMID: 38245010 PMCID: PMC10806751 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-071882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the association between maternal exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) and child stunting using the Demographic Health Survey (DHS) data comparing four South Asian countries. DESIGN A secondary analysis. SETTING Data from the seventh round of the DHS data of four South Asian countries; Pakistan, Nepal, India and Maldives. PARTICIPANTS Married women of reproductive age (15-49 years) from each household were randomly selected, having at least one child less than 5 years of age for whom all anthropometric measures were available. OUTCOME MEASURE The exposure variable was maternal IPV including, sexual violence, physical violence or both. The outcome variable was moderate or severe stunting, measured based on the height-for-age Z-score of children aged 6-59 months old . Multiple Cox proportional regression analyses were used separately on each country's data to determine the association between maternal IPV and child stunting. RESULTS The prevalence of IPV among women ranged from 10.17% in the Maldives to 31% in India. The burden of child stunting was the lowest in the Maldives at 14.04% and the highest in Pakistan at 35.86%. The number of severely stunted children was the highest in Pakistan (16.60%), followed by India (14.79%). In India, children whose mothers were exposed to IPV showed a 7% increase in the prevalence of moderate to severe child stunting (OR 1.07; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.14). Additionally, in Nepal, severe stunting was strongly associated with the prevalence of physical IPV (OR 1.66; 95% CI 1.01 to 2.87). CONCLUSION Our study findings suggest that maternal exposure to IPV is associated with child stunting. Further research investigating the relationship between IPV and child outcomes using improved and advanced statistical analyses can provide substantial evidence to enhance public awareness and potentially reduce the burden of child stunting in South Asian countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Pyar Ali Lakhdir
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sobia Ambreen
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Sonia Sameen
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asim
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Saila Batool
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Iqbal Azam
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Bilal Ahmed Usmani
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Romaina Iqbal
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
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Feng J, Wang Y, Liu T, Huo J, Zhuo Q, Gong Z. The Effects of Ying Yang Bao on Nutritional Status of Children Aged 6-60 Months in Underdeveloped Rural Areas of China. Nutrients 2024; 16:202. [PMID: 38257096 PMCID: PMC10820366 DOI: 10.3390/nu16020202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The Ying Yang Bao (YYB) intervention, a national policy in China, has been implemented for over two decades. Most previous studies have focused only on the short-term effects of YYB, while the long-term effects remain unexplored. This study was designed to evaluate the long-term effects of YYB in children aged 6-60 months. A sample of 4666 children was divided into intervention and control groups. Information on basic characteristics, physical examination, YYB consumption, etc., was obtained annually from 2018 to 2021. T-tests or chi-square tests were used to compare differences between the groups for continuous or categorical variables. Children in the intervention group showed greater incremental improvements in hemoglobin levels and physical development (p < 0.05). Prevalence of anemia, underweight, and stunting were lower in the intervention group than in the control group (all p < 0.05). Two-level regression models were constructed to assess the long-term effects of YYB. YYB reduced the risk of anemia and wasting by 37% (OR: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.52-0.75) and 49% (OR: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.39-0.67), respectively. This study indicates that YYB could significantly improve the nutritional status of children aged 6-60 months in underdeveloped rural areas of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Feng
- Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of National Health Commission, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China; (J.F.); (Y.W.); (T.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of National Health Commission, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China; (J.F.); (Y.W.); (T.L.); (J.H.)
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of National Health Commission, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China; (J.F.); (Y.W.); (T.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Junsheng Huo
- Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of National Health Commission, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China; (J.F.); (Y.W.); (T.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Qin Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of National Health Commission, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China; (J.F.); (Y.W.); (T.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Zhaolong Gong
- Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of National Health Commission, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China; (J.F.); (Y.W.); (T.L.); (J.H.)
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22
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Kappelt J, Meigen C, Schild CE, Kiess W, Poulain T. Early child development and its determinants: Findings from a large cohort of healthy children growing up in a low-risk environment. Child Care Health Dev 2024; 50:e13177. [PMID: 37737540 DOI: 10.1111/cch.13177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite numerous studies on early child development, there is still much to be discovered about the significance of possible risk factors. This study examines cognitive, motor, and language development of healthy children growing up in a low-risk environment and how various individual and environmental factors are associated with it. The study also considers whether the importance of particular parameters changes depending on child age. METHODS Within the framework of the LIFE Child study in Leipzig, Germany, 481 children participated in a total of 832 visits between 1 and 36 months of age. Developmental status was assessed using the Third Edition of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development. Linear regression analyses were applied to examine the associations between child development and sex, gestational age, birth weight, birth mode, overweight, height, and parental education. RESULTS Mean Bayley composite scores for cognitive, language, and motor development were close to the standard value of 100. Poorer developmental outcomes were significantly associated with lower gestational age, vacuum cup/forceps birth, being overweight, small height, and lower parental education, although some of the associations became insignificant after applying multivariate models. While the association between gestational age and language development became weaker with advancing age, our interaction models found disparities related to parental education to become more apparent in older children across all three domains of early child development. CONCLUSIONS Several factors were identified to be associated with early child development. As children grow older, obstetric parameters, for example, gestational age, might become less relevant compared with sociodemographic factors, for example, parental education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Kappelt
- LIFE Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christof Meigen
- LIFE Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Clara Elise Schild
- LIFE Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wieland Kiess
- LIFE Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Women and Children's Health, Hospital for Children and Adolescents and Center for Pediatric Research (CPL), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tanja Poulain
- LIFE Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Women and Children's Health, Hospital for Children and Adolescents and Center for Pediatric Research (CPL), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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Hossain SJ, Hamadani JD, Tofail F, Fisher J, Rahman MA, Rahman SM. Factors associated with children's cognitive, language, and motor development in deprived urban settings in Bangladesh. Child Care Health Dev 2024; 50:e13225. [PMID: 38265136 DOI: 10.1111/cch.13225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children's development is multifactorial. Although there have been several studies exploring the association of children's development with maternal, child, and environmental factors, we are unaware of any study that assessed those factors in children whose mothers were enrolled in a social safety net programme in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the factors associated with disadvantaged children's cognitive, language, and motor development at age 6-16 months in deprived settings of urban Bangladesh and to identify relative importance of these factors of children's development. We also explored if there were any gender differences in child development. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted in a deprived setting of urban Bangladesh. Bayley III was used for assessing children's cognitive, language, and motor development. Multivariable linear regression model was used to find the factors associated with children's development, and dominance analysis was used to explore the relative importance of the factors. RESULTS Out of the total 599 mother-child dyads, 303 (50.58%) were girls. The factors associated with children's development were length-for-age Z-score (cognitive: B = 1.21 [95% CI = 0.31, 2.11], P = 0.008; language: 1.67 [0.79, 2.55] P < 0.001; motor: 2.15 [1.01, 3.29] P < 0.001) and home environment (cognitive: 0.58 [0.27, 0.89] P < 0.001; language: 0.59 [0.27, 0.92], P < 0.001; motor: 0.44 [0.09, 0.79] P = 0.013). Girls had higher cognitive (1.90 [0.17, 3.6], P = 0.031) and language (2.53 [0.55, 4.51], P = 0.013) development compared with boys. Families with a higher number of under five children within the households had lower language (-1.57 [-2.78, -0.36], P = 0.011) development. Violence against the mother and the families' food security status were not associated with the children's development. Children's length-for-age Z-score (27%) and home stimulation environment (23%) were the most important factors of cognitive development. CONCLUSION Children's nutritional status and home environment are important factors for disadvantaged children's development in deprived urban settings of Bangladesh. Both early child development-focussed parenting and nutrition interventions should be considered when designing child development programmes in urban settings in low- and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Jamal Hossain
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Mohakhali, Bangladesh
| | | | - Fahmida Tofail
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Mohakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Jane Fisher
- Global and Women's Health, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Md Anisur Rahman
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Mohakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Syed Moshfiqur Rahman
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Mohakhali, Bangladesh
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Wijeakumar S, Forbes SH, Magnotta VA, Deoni S, Jackson K, Singh VP, Tiwari M, Kumar A, Spencer JP. Stunting in infancy is associated with atypical activation of working memory and attention networks. Nat Hum Behav 2023; 7:2199-2211. [PMID: 37884677 PMCID: PMC10730391 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01725-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Stunting is associated with poor long-term cognitive, academic and economic outcomes, yet the mechanisms through which stunting impacts cognition in early development remain unknown. In a first-ever neuroimaging study conducted on infants from rural India, we demonstrate that stunting impacts a critical, early-developing cognitive system-visual working memory. Stunted infants showed poor visual working memory performance and were easily distractible. Poor performance was associated with reduced engagement of the left anterior intraparietal sulcus, a region involved in visual working memory maintenance and greater suppression in the right temporoparietal junction, a region involved in attentional shifting. When assessed one year later, stunted infants had lower problem-solving scores, while infants of normal height with greater left anterior intraparietal sulcus activation showed higher problem-solving scores. Finally, short-for-age infants with poor physical growth indices but good visual working memory performance showed more positive outcomes suggesting that intervention efforts should focus on improving working memory and reducing distractibility in infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sean Deoni
- Maternal, Newborn and Child Health Discovery & Tools, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
- Advanced Baby Imaging Lab, New England Pediatric Institute of Neurodevelopment, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Kiara Jackson
- School of Psychology, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | | | | | - John P Spencer
- School of Psychology, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
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25
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Ong YY, Rifas-Shiman SL, Perng W, Belfort MB, Law E, Hivert MF, Oken E, Tiemeier H, Aris IM. Growth Velocities Across Distinct Early Life Windows and Child Cognition: Insights from a Contemporary US Cohort. J Pediatr 2023; 263:113653. [PMID: 37541424 PMCID: PMC10837309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2023.113653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relative importance of overall and period-specific postnatal growth and their interaction with fetal growth on cognition in a generally well-nourished population. STUDY DESIGN We included 1052 children from Project Viva, a prospective cohort in Boston, Massachusetts. Using linear spline mixed-effects models, we modeled length/height and body mass index (BMI) trajectories from birth to 7 years and estimated standardized overall (0-7 years) and period-specific growth velocities ie, early infancy (0-4 months), late infancy (4-15 months), toddlerhood (15-37 months), and early childhood (37-84 months). We investigated associations of growth velocities as well as their interactions with birthweight-for-gestational age on mid-childhood (mean age: 7.9 years) IQ, visual memory and learning, and visual motor ability. RESULTS Greater overall height velocity was associated with modestly higher design memory score, (adjusted β [95% CI] 0.19 [-0.01,0.38] P = .057])points per SD increase but lower verbal IQ (-0.88 [-1.76,0.00] P = .051). Greater early infancy height velocity was associated with higher visual motor score (1.92 [0.67,3.18]). Greater overall BMI velocity was associated with lower verbal IQ (-0.71 [-1.52,0.11] P = .090). Greater late infancy BMI velocity was associated with lower verbal IQ (-1.21 [-2.07,-0.34]), design memory score (-0.22 [-0.42,-0.03)], but higher picture memory score (0.22 [0.01,0.43]). Greater early infancy height velocity (-1.5 SD vs 1.5 SD) was associated with higher nonverbal IQ (margins [95% CI] 102.6 [98.9106.3] vs 108.2 [104.9111.6]) among small-for-gestational age infants (P-interaction = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Among generally well-nourished children, there might not be clear cognitive gains with faster linear growth except for those with lower birthweight-for-gestational age, revealing the potential importance of early infancy compensatory growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ying Ong
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Sheryl L Rifas-Shiman
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Wei Perng
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO; Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Mandy B Belfort
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Evelyn Law
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Marie-France Hivert
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA; Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Emily Oken
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Izzuddin M Aris
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA
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Lee S, Han Y, Lim MK, Lee HJ. Impact of moderate-to-late preterm birth on neurodevelopmental outcomes in young children: Results from retrospective longitudinal follow-up with nationally representative data. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294435. [PMID: 37972123 PMCID: PMC10653423 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the relationship between moderate-to-late preterm (MLPT) birth and the risk of neurodevelopmental impairments (NIs) in young children compared with the risks associated with very preterm (VPT) and full-term (FT) birth based on nationally representative large-scale population data. Retrospective follow-up was conducted over 71 months for 738,733 children who were born and participated in the Korean National Health Screening Program for Infants and Children (NHSPIC) between 2011 and 2013. Using a data linkage between the NHSPIC and Korean healthcare claim information, data on birth year, sex, delivery type, birth weight, growth abnormality, gestational age, breastfeeding history, maternal age, NIs, multiple gestation, preterm labor, premature rupture of membranes (PROM), gestational diabetes, gestational hypertension, smoking during pregnancy, and socioeconomic status were collected and included in the final analysis. Cox proportional hazards models were applied to identify the impact of gestational age on NI risk, with all variables adjusted as appropriate. Overall, 0.9% and 3.8% rates of VPT and MLPT births were identified, respectively. NI incidence was highest among VPT children (34.7%), followed by MLPT (23.9%) and FT (18.2%) children. Both VPT (hazard ratio [HR], 1.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03 to 2.05) and MLPT (HR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.41) births were associated with increased NI risk. Low birth weight, PROM, and smoking during pregnancy were also associated with increased NI risk, while longer breastfeeding and higher socioeconomic status were associated with decreased risk. Special attention must be given to NIs for both VPT and MLPT children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangmi Lee
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Dongyang University, Yeongju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuri Han
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kyung Lim
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Jae Lee
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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Moreno JM, Chapman AJ, Ebido CC, Sougou NM, Diallo AH, Tening RN, Dial FB, Massonnié J, Firoozmand M, Niang CEHA, Heffernan C, Harder MK. Local contextual factors of child stunting found via shared values of stakeholder groups: an exploratory case study in Kaffrine, Senegal. Public Health Nutr 2023; 26:2418-2432. [PMID: 37288526 PMCID: PMC10641654 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980023001088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This work aims to demonstrate an original approach to identify links between locally situated shared values and contextual factors of stunting. Stunting results from multi-factorial and multi-sectoral determinants, but interventions typically neglect locally situated lived experiences, which contributes to problematic designs that are not meaningful for those concerned and/or relatively ineffective. DESIGN This case study investigates relevant contextual factors in two steps: by first facilitating local stakeholder groups (n 11) to crystallise their shared-values-in-action using a specialised method from sustainability studies (WeValue_InSitu (WVIS)). Secondly, participants (n 44) have focus group discussions (FGD) about everyday practices around child feeding/food systems, education and/or family life. Because the first step strongly grounds participants in local shared values, the FGD can reveal deep links between contextual factors and potential influences on stunting. SETTING Kaffrine, Senegal, an 'Action Against Stunting Hub' site. December 2020. PARTICIPANTS Eleven stakeholder groups of mothers, fathers, grandmothers, pre-school teachers, community health workers, farmers, market traders and public administrators. RESULTS Local contextual factors of stunting were identified, including traditional beliefs concerning eating and growing practices; fathers as decision-makers; health worker trust; financial non-autonomy for women; insufficient water for preferred crops; merchants' non-access to quality produce; religious teachings and social structures affecting children's food environment. CONCLUSIONS Local contextual factors were identified. Pre-knowledge of these could significantly improve effectiveness of intervention designs locally, with possible applicability at other sites. The WVIS approach proved efficient and useful for making tangible contextual factors and their potential links to stunting, via a lens of local shared values, showing general promise for intervention research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Moreno
- Values and Sustainability Research Group, School of Architecture, Technology and Engineering, University of Brighton, BrightonBN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Annabel J Chapman
- Values and Sustainability Research Group, School of Architecture, Technology and Engineering, University of Brighton, BrightonBN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Chike C Ebido
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Ndèye Marième Sougou
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Amadou H Diallo
- International Research Laboratory (IRL 3189), Environnement santé et sociétés/CNRS /UCAD, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Rahel Neh Tening
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fatou Binetou Dial
- Laboratory of Cultural Anthropology, IFAN, Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Jessica Massonnié
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, University College London, Institute of Education, London, UK
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, School of Education, Languages and Linguistics, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Mahsa Firoozmand
- Values and Sustainability Research Group, School of Architecture, Technology and Engineering, University of Brighton, BrightonBN2 4GJ, UK
| | | | | | - Marie K Harder
- Values and Sustainability Research Group, School of Architecture, Technology and Engineering, University of Brighton, BrightonBN2 4GJ, UK
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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Rehman AM, Sekitoleko I, Rukuni R, Webb EL, McHugh G, Bandason T, Moyo B, Ngwira LG, Mukwasi-Kahari C, Gregson CL, Simms V, Filteau S, Ferrand RA. Growth Profiles of Children and Adolescents Living with and without Perinatal HIV Infection in Southern Africa: A Secondary Analysis of Cohort Data. Nutrients 2023; 15:4589. [PMID: 37960240 PMCID: PMC10650589 DOI: 10.3390/nu15214589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired linear growth and slower pubertal growth can be associated with perinatal HIV infection. We characterised growth relative to population norms, among the full adolescent period in southern Africa to better understand processes leading to morbidity in adulthood. We conducted a secondary analysis of 945 adolescents aged 8-20 years from urban Malawi and Zimbabwe; we included children with HIV (CWH), an uninfected comparison group from a cohort study, and CWH with co-morbid chronic lung disease (CLD) from a randomised controlled trial. We used latent class analysis of anthropometric Z-scores generated from British 1990 reference equations at two annual time-points, to identify growth trajectory profiles and used multinomial logistic regression to identify factors associated with growth profiles. Growth faltering (one or more of weight-for-age, height-for-age, or BMI-for-age Z-scores < -2) occurred in 38% (116/303) of CWH from the cohort study, 62% (209/336) of CWH with CLD, and 14% (44/306) of HIV-uninfected participants. We identified seven different growth profiles, defined, relatively, as (1) average growth, (2) tall not thin, (3) short not thin, (4) stunted not thin, (5) thin not stunted, (6) thin and stunted and (7) very thin and stunted. Females in profile 3 exhibited the highest body fat percentage, which increased over 1 year. Males at older age and CWH especially those with CLD were more likely to fall into growth profiles 4-7. Improvements in height-for-age Z-scores were observed in profiles 6-7 over 1 year. Interventions to target those with the worst growth faltering and longer-term follow-up to assess the impact on adult health are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M. Rehman
- MRC International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK (E.L.W.); (V.S.)
| | - Isaac Sekitoleko
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe P.O. Box 49, Uganda;
| | - Ruramayi Rukuni
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
- The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare P.O. Box A178, Zimbabwe (T.B.); (C.M.-K.)
| | - Emily L. Webb
- MRC International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK (E.L.W.); (V.S.)
| | - Grace McHugh
- The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare P.O. Box A178, Zimbabwe (T.B.); (C.M.-K.)
| | - Tsitsi Bandason
- The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare P.O. Box A178, Zimbabwe (T.B.); (C.M.-K.)
| | - Brewster Moyo
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre 312233, Malawi; (B.M.); (L.G.N.)
| | - Lucky Gift Ngwira
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre 312233, Malawi; (B.M.); (L.G.N.)
- Health Economics Policy Unit, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre 312225, Malawi
| | - Cynthia Mukwasi-Kahari
- The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare P.O. Box A178, Zimbabwe (T.B.); (C.M.-K.)
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Celia L. Gregson
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1QU, UK;
- SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Victoria Simms
- MRC International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK (E.L.W.); (V.S.)
- The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare P.O. Box A178, Zimbabwe (T.B.); (C.M.-K.)
| | - Suzanne Filteau
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK;
| | - Rashida A. Ferrand
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
- The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare P.O. Box A178, Zimbabwe (T.B.); (C.M.-K.)
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Chung EO, Scherer E, LeMasters K, Bates L, Hagaman A, Staley BS, Zalla LC, Sikander S, Maselko J. Maternal adverse childhood experiences on child growth and development in rural Pakistan: An observational cohort study. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 3:e0001669. [PMID: 37878564 PMCID: PMC10599588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Maternal adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have significant impacts on the next generation with links to negative birth outcomes, impaired cognitive development, and increased socioemotional problems in children. However, not all types or levels of adversity are similarly deleterious and research from diverse contexts is needed to better understand why and how intergenerational transmission of adversity occurs. We examined the role of maternal ACEs on children's growth, cognitive, and socioemotional development at 36 months postpartum in rural Pakistan. We used data from 877 mother-child dyads in the Bachpan Cohort, a birth cohort study. Maternal ACEs were captured using an adapted version of the ACE-International Questionnaire. Outcomes at 36 months of age included child growth using the WHO growth z-scores, fine motor and receptive language development assessed with the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, and socioemotional and behavioral development measured with the Ages and Stages Questionnaire: Socioemotional and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. To estimate the associations between maternal ACEs and child outcomes, we used multivariable generalized linear models with inverse probability weights to account for sampling and loss to follow-up. Over half of mothers in our sample (58%) experienced at least one ACE. Emotional abuse, physical abuse, and emotional neglect were the most commonly reported ACEs. We found null relationships between the number of maternal ACEs and child growth. Maternal ACEs were associated with higher fine motor and receptive language development and worse socioemotional and behavioral outcomes. Maternal ACE domains had similarly varying relationships with child outcomes. Our findings highlight the complexity of intergenerational associations between maternal ACEs and children's growth and development. Further work is necessary to examine these relationships across cultural contexts and identify moderating factors to mitigate potential negative intergenerational effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther O. Chung
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Elissa Scherer
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Katherine LeMasters
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lisa Bates
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ashley Hagaman
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Center for Methods in Implementation and Prevention Science, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Brooke S. Staley
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lauren C. Zalla
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Siham Sikander
- Department of Primary Care and Mental Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Maselko
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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30
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Wang K, Shang B, Ye P, Wei Q, Zhang Y, Shi H. Prospective Association between Total and Trimester-Specific Gestational Weight Gain Rate and Physical Growth Status in Children within 24 Months after Birth. Nutrients 2023; 15:4523. [PMID: 37960175 PMCID: PMC10649666 DOI: 10.3390/nu15214523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, our aim was to investigate the potential correlation between the mother's total gestational weight gain (GWG) rate and the trimester-specific GWG rate (GWGR) with the physical development status of the child within 24 months of age. We utilized linear regression models and linear mixed effects models to explore both time point and longitudinal relationships between GWGR and children's anthropometric outcome z-scores at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 months. To examine the critical exposure windows, we employed multiple informant models. We also conducted a stratified analysis considering pre-pregnancy BMI and the gender of the children. Our findings revealed notable positive associations between total GWGR and z-scores for body mass index for age (BMIZ), head circumference for age (HCZ), weight for age (WAZ), length for age (LAZ), and weight for length (WHZ) across different trimesters of pregnancy (pint < 0.05). The GWGR during the first two trimesters mainly influenced the relationship between total GWGR and BMIZ, WAZ, and LAZ, while the GWGR during the first trimester had a significant impact on the correlation with HCZ (0.206, 95% CI 0.090 to 0.322). Notably, the associations of GWGR and children's BMIZ were pronounced in male children and pre-pregnancy normal-weight women. In conclusion, our study findings indicated that a higher GWGR during each trimester was associated with greater physical growth during the first 24 months of life, especially GWGR in the first and second trimesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Yixueyuan Road, 138, Shanghai 200032, China; (K.W.); (B.S.); (P.Y.); (Q.W.)
| | - Bingzi Shang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Yixueyuan Road, 138, Shanghai 200032, China; (K.W.); (B.S.); (P.Y.); (Q.W.)
| | - Peiqi Ye
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Yixueyuan Road, 138, Shanghai 200032, China; (K.W.); (B.S.); (P.Y.); (Q.W.)
| | - Qian Wei
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Yixueyuan Road, 138, Shanghai 200032, China; (K.W.); (B.S.); (P.Y.); (Q.W.)
| | - Yunhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Yixueyuan Road, 138, Shanghai 200032, China;
| | - Huijing Shi
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Yixueyuan Road, 138, Shanghai 200032, China; (K.W.); (B.S.); (P.Y.); (Q.W.)
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Cuijpers MD, van de Sande PJH, Cords CI, Scholten-Jaegers SMHJ, van Zuijlen PPM, Baartmans MGA, Pijpe A. The Effect of Burns on Children's Growth Trajectory: A Nationwide Cohort Study. J Burn Care Res 2023; 44:1083-1091. [PMID: 36728628 PMCID: PMC10483463 DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/irad013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates the short- and long-term effect of burns on children's height and weight, by comparing their pre and postburn growth trajectory. We invited children (≤17 years old), who sustained a burn requiring surgical treatment or admission at one of the Dutch burn centers in 2013 (n = 175). As well as children who sustained a severe burn, covering >10% of the total body surface area (TBSA), throughout 2009-2018 (n = 228). Data was collected from a survey on health-related topics, Youth Health Care records, and the Dutch Burn Repository R3. For all participants, height and weight were converted to Z-scores using Dutch reference values. Linear mixed modeling, nested on the individual level, was used to examine the associations between burns and children's height and weight Z-scores. Children's height and weight Z-scores remained within the normal range throughout the study period. During the first-year postburn, children's height and weight Z-scores decreased by -0.21 (95% CI -0.41, -0.01) and -0.23 (95% CI -0.46, -0.04), respectively. Beyond the first-year postburn, estimates were consistent with a positive linear association between burn size and the overall effect of burns on participants' height and weight Z-scores. This included a modest, but statistically significant, effect among participants with a burn covering ≤4.5% and >14.0% of the TBSA. Sensitivity analyses did not alter our findings. In conclusion, children were on track or even surpassed their growth potential. Our findings could therefore be considered reassuring to patients, parents, and clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime D Cuijpers
- Red Cross Hospital, Burn Centre Beverwijk, Vondellaan 13, Beverwijk, The Netherlands
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Location VU University Medical Centre, de Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Association of Dutch Burn Centres, Zeestraat 27-29, Beverwijk, The Netherlands
| | | | - Charlotte I Cords
- Association of Dutch Burn Centres, Zeestraat 27-29, Beverwijk, The Netherlands
- Maasstad Hospital, Burn Centre Rotterdam, Maasstadweg 21, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Paul P M van Zuijlen
- Red Cross Hospital, Burn Centre Beverwijk, Vondellaan 13, Beverwijk, The Netherlands
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Location VU University Medical Centre, de Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Red Cross Hospital, Vondellaan 13, Beverwijk, The Netherlands
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin G A Baartmans
- Department of Paediatrics, Maasstad Hospital, Maasstadweg 21, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk Pijpe
- Red Cross Hospital, Burn Centre Beverwijk, Vondellaan 13, Beverwijk, The Netherlands
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Location VU University Medical Centre, de Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Association of Dutch Burn Centres, Zeestraat 27-29, Beverwijk, The Netherlands
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Murasko J. Height, wealth, and schooling outcomes in young women from lower- and middle-income countries. J Biosoc Sci 2023; 55:873-892. [PMID: 36482751 DOI: 10.1017/s0021932022000438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluates a large (N > 366,000) sample of young women (15-18 years) from 64 lower- and middle-income countries for associations between height, household wealth, and schooling outcomes, with a focus on secondary school attendance. A pooled sample and regional samples (Latin America, South/Southeast Asia, East Africa, and West Africa) are evaluated. A dual purpose is to evaluate both associations between height and schooling, and potential height-wealth interactions such that height associations to schooling vary over levels of wealth. Ordered probit analysis indicates positive marginal probabilities from height on secondary school attendance in all samples, with diminishing probabilities in the Latin America and South/SE Asia samples, and flat/increasing probabilities in the African samples. For South/SE Asia and taller women in Latin America, height associations are stronger at lower household wealth. For both African samples and shorter women in Latin America, height associations are stronger at higher wealth. The findings suggest that the height-schooling relationship may derive from the influence from early-life health, and may also be affected by differences in health and education environments as suggested by variations across regions and height-wealth interactions within regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Murasko
- Professor, Economics, University of Houston - Clear Lake, 2700 W Bay Area Blvd, Houston, TX77058, USA
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Ahmed M, Muhoozi GKM, Atukunda P, Westerberg AC, Iversen PO, Wangen KR. Cognitive development among children in a low-income setting: Cost-effectiveness analysis of a maternal nutrition education intervention in rural Uganda. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290379. [PMID: 37594989 PMCID: PMC10437995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Inadequate nutrition and insufficient stimulation in early childhood can lead to long-term deficits in cognitive and social development. Evidence for policy and decision-making regarding the cost of delivering nutrition education is lacking in low and middle-income countries (LMIC). In rural Uganda, we conducted a cluster-randomized controlled trial (RCT) examining the effect of a maternal nutrition education intervention on developmental outcomes among children aged 6-8 months. This intervention led to significantly improved cognitive scores when the children reached the age of 20-24 months. When considering the potential for this intervention's future implementation, the desired effects should be weighed against the increased costs. This study therefore aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of this education intervention compared with current practice. Health outcome data were based on the RCT. Cost data were initially identified by reviewing publications from the RCT, while more detailed information was obtained by interviewing researchers involved in processing the intervention. This study considered a healthcare provider perspective for an 18-months' time horizon. The control group was considered as the current practice for the future large-scale implementation of this intervention. A cost-effectiveness analysis was performed, including calculations of incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs). In addition, uncertainty in the results was characterized using one-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses. The ICER for the education intervention compared with current practice was USD ($) 16.50 per cognitive composite score gained, with an incremental cost of $265.79 and an incremental cognitive composite score of 16.11. The sensitivity analyses indicated the robustness of these results. The ICER was sensitive to changes in cognitive composite score and the cost of personnel. The education intervention can be considered cost-effective compared with the current practice. The outcome of this study, including the cost analysis, health outcome, cost-effectiveness, and sensitivity analysis, can be useful to inform policymakers and stakeholders about effective resource allocation processes in Uganda and possibly other LMIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montasir Ahmed
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, England, United Kingdom
- Department of Health Management and Health Economics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Grace K. M. Muhoozi
- Department of Family Life and Consumer Studies (Home Economics), Kyambogo University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Prudence Atukunda
- Center for Crisis Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ane C. Westerberg
- Institute of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Per O. Iversen
- Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Haematology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Human Nutrition, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Knut R. Wangen
- Department of Health Management and Health Economics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Liu Y, Chang C. The relationship between early childhood development and feeding practices during the dietary transitional period in rural China: a cross-sectional study. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1202712. [PMID: 37637814 PMCID: PMC10450922 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1202712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Early childhood feeding environments and practices not only affect children's nutritional status but also provide children with a variety of external stimulations to affect the development of the child's brain, especially for the first 1,000 days of children. The relationship between early childhood development (ECD) and feeding practices during the dietary transitional period has not previously been described. Method This study used quantitative survey data from the Integrated Early Childhood Development Project to investigate this association between ECD and feeding practices during the dietary transitional period in poor rural areas of China. Data concerning the child and family characteristics and feeding practices were collected through the questionnaire completed by caregivers. Developmental delays were explored through a five-pronged, structured, parent-completed Age and Stage Questionnaire. The chi-squared test and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to explore the associated factors in ECD. Results The results showed that 33.6% of children had at least one area of developmental delay during the dietary transitional period. Of all five regions evaluated, the prevalence of fine motor developmental delays was highest (17.7%), followed by communication (14.9%), problem-solving (13.8%), personal-social skills (11.9%), and gross motor (11.8%), respectively. Significant predictors of increased odds of developmental delay included types of complementary foods (OR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.53-0.94), adequate feeding frequency (OR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.52-0.90), and breastfeeding time and bottle feeding (OR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.50-0.88). Discussion According to the results, a high prevalence of developmental delay was observed in children during the dietary transitional period in the rural areas of China. The feeding practices of children were associated with their developmental status, including factors such as inadequate feeding frequency, types of complementary foods, breastfeeding duration, and low family income. These findings highlight the focus and potential direction for early identification and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chun Chang
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Kubeka Z, Modjadji P. Association of Stunting with Socio-Demographic Factors and Feeding Practices among Children under Two Years in Informal Settlements in Gauteng, South Africa. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1280. [PMID: 37628279 PMCID: PMC10453658 DOI: 10.3390/children10081280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Despite improvements in childhood undernutrition through integrated nutritional programs in South Africa, stunting among children remains persistent, and is attributed to poor socio-demographic status. This context has been implicated in disrupting mothers' decisions regarding effective infant feeding, ultimately meaning that children's nutritional demands remain unmet. In view of this, we conducted a cross-sectional study to determine the association between socio-demographic factors and infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices and stunting among children under two years receiving primary health care in informal settlements in Gauteng, South Africa. A validated questionnaire was used to assess mothers' socio-demographic status and feeding practices using WHO core indicators. Stunting was defined as length-for age z-scores (LAZ) below -2 standard deviation, computed using WHO Anthro software version 3.2.2.1 using age, sex, and anthropometric measurements of children. Univariate and multivariate analyses were stratified by stunting to determine the relationship with socio-demographic, infant, and IYCF factors using STATA 17. The prevalence of stunting was 16% among surveyed children under two years (with a mean age of 8 ± 5 months) living in poor socio-demographic households. Poor feeding practices were characterized by delayed initiation of breastfeeding (58%), sub-optimal exclusive breastfeeding (29%), discontinued breastfeeding (44%), early introduction of solid foods (41%), and low dietary diversity (97%). Significant differences in terms of child's age, monthly household income, and ever being breastfed were observed (Chi square test and univariate analysis). After controlling for potential confounders, stunting was significantly associated with child's age [12-23 months: AOR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.16-0.76], and monthly household income [ZAR 3000-ZAR 5000: AOR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.26-0.86]. Despite the few aforementioned socio-demographic and IYCF factors associated with stunting, this study reiterates stunting as the commonest poor nutritional status indicator among children under two years, suggesting the presence of chronic undernutrition in these poverty-stricken informal settlements. A multisectoral approach to address stunting should be context-specific and incorporate tailor-made interventions to promote optimal infant-feeding practices. Conducting future nutrient assessments focusing on children is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zandile Kubeka
- Department of Public Health, School of Health Care Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, 1 Molotlegi Street, Ga-Rankuwa, Pretoria 0208, South Africa
| | - Perpetua Modjadji
- Department of Public Health, School of Health Care Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, 1 Molotlegi Street, Ga-Rankuwa, Pretoria 0208, South Africa
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
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Andriyani R, Fadlyana E, Tarigan R. Factors Affecting the Developmental Status of Children Aged 6 Months to 2 Years in Urban and Rural Areas. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1214. [PMID: 37508711 PMCID: PMC10378686 DOI: 10.3390/children10071214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The first two years of life, including the period from conception to 2 years of age, are very important for a child's growth and development. This study sought to describe the developmental status and the environmental factors that influence it in children aged 6 months to 2 years in urban and rural areas. The research sites were purposively selected: specific health centres in the city of Bandung and West Bandung district were chosen and the study was conducted from November to December 2022. A cross-sectional study was conducted with healthy children aged 6 months to 2 years and their parents, who agreed to participate in the study. Researchers performed developmental tests using the Developmental Pre-screening Questionnaire with classifications for normal developmental test results and developmental delays. During the study, 346 children met the inclusion criteria, resulting in a sample of 164 (47.4%) boys and 182 (52.6%) girls. There were no significant differences among children with developmental delays in urban and rural areas. The factors that influence the possibility of developmental delays in the two research areas were the child's age, exposure to screen time, stimulation, nutritional status, and the use of the mother-child handbook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Andriyani
- Child and Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, Hasan Sadikin Hospital West Java Indonesia, Bandung 40161, Indonesia
| | - Eddy Fadlyana
- Child and Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, Hasan Sadikin Hospital West Java Indonesia, Bandung 40161, Indonesia
| | - Rodman Tarigan
- Child and Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, Hasan Sadikin Hospital West Java Indonesia, Bandung 40161, Indonesia
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Andrade J, Gil J. Maternal Employment and Child Malnutrition in Ecuador. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6253. [PMID: 37444102 PMCID: PMC10341569 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20136253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This paper estimates the causal impact of maternal employment on childhood malnutrition status in Ecuador to understand the trade-off between the time mothers devote to work and the time they dedicate to child-caring activities. METHODS We use the instrumental variables (IV) approach and exogenous cantonal variation in maternal labor market conditions to account for the potential endogeneity of mothers' employment. The analysis employs the Ecuadorian National Health and Nutrition Survey 2018 and the Living Conditions Survey 2014. RESULTS The IV estimations indicate that maternal employment increases the probability of having stunted children by between 4.2 and 18.1 percent, while no significant effect is found in the case of children suffering from wasting, being underweight, or being overweight. The effect of maternal employment on stunting is stronger among mothers with high education and living in high-income households. Inconclusive effects of mothers' overweight status are reported. The results are robust to several robustness checks. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our findings suggest that the additional income that a working mother may obtain (the income effect) does not offset the loss of time available for direct childcare (the time constraint) in terms of child health status, and this effect is even more apparent for more affluent and more educated mothers. Government interventions, including effective conditional cash transfers and/or in-kind family policies, intended to reduce the cost of raising children among vulnerable families appear to be aligned with our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Andrade
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Konrad-Zuse-Str., 18057 Rostock, Germany;
- Facultat d’Economia i Empresa, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Diagonal Ave. 696, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Gil
- Facultat d’Economia i Empresa, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Diagonal Ave. 696, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Economic Analysis Team (BEAT), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Rakotomanana H, Hildebrand D, Gates GE, Thomas DG, Fawbush F, Stoecker BJ. Home stimulation, development, and nutritional status of children under 2 years of age in the highlands of Madagascar. JOURNAL OF HEALTH, POPULATION, AND NUTRITION 2023; 42:59. [PMID: 37386492 DOI: 10.1186/s41043-023-00399-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Vakinankaratra region of Madagascar has a high burden of child undernutrition which, in addition to poor psychosocial stimulation, is a strong risk factor of poor child development. However, there are limited studies evaluating the relations between developmental deficits, child nutrition outcomes, and home stimulation in the region. The purpose of this study was to assess the development of children aged 11-13 months in relation to their nutritional status and to examine parental home stimulation attitudes and practices in the Vakinankaratra region. METHODS Cognitive (n = 36), language (n = 36), motor (n = 36), and socioemotional (n = 76) development were assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development III. Household stimulation environment was evaluated using the family care indicators survey. Stunting (length-for-age z-score < - 2) and underweight (weight-for-age z-score < - 2) were determined using the 2006 WHO growth standards. Perceptions of and barriers to greater home stimulation for children were collected using focus group discussions among parents and in-depth interviews with community nutrition agents. RESULTS Almost all mothers reported that parent-child interaction with talk and play was very important. Alarmingly high stunting rates (> 69%) were observed in this subsample. Limited time and tiredness were the major barriers to home stimulation mentioned by parents and confirmed by key informants. Children had a very limited variety of play materials, and most of the mothers used household objects (75%) and materials from outside the house (71%) as children's toys. Composite cognitive [mean (SD): 60 (10.3)], motor [61.9 (13.4)], language [62 (13.2)], and socioemotional [85.1 (17.9]) scores were low. Fine motor, cognitive, and receptive and expressive language scores were correlated [0.4 < r < 0.7, p < 0.05]. CONCLUSIONS The very high stunting rates and very low performance on cognitive, motor, language, and socioemotional development assessments of children in the Vakinankaratra region require urgent attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasina Rakotomanana
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 301 Nancy Randolph Davis Building, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
| | - Deana Hildebrand
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 301 Nancy Randolph Davis Building, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Gail E Gates
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 301 Nancy Randolph Davis Building, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - David G Thomas
- Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, USA
| | - Fanjaniaina Fawbush
- Department of Agricultural and Food Science and Technology, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Barbara J Stoecker
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 301 Nancy Randolph Davis Building, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
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Penninkangas RM, Choudhary MK, Mangani C, Maleta K, Teivaanmäki T, Niemelä O, Ashorn P, Ashorn U, Pörsti I. Low length-for-age Z-score within 1 month after birth predicts hyperdynamic circulation at the age of 21 years in rural Malawi. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10283. [PMID: 37355681 PMCID: PMC10290681 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37269-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Low birth weight predisposes to the development of hypertension in middle- and high-income countries. We examined the relation of early life length-for-age score (Z-score) on cardiovascular function in young adults in Malawi, a low-income country. Capture of supine, seated, and standing brachial pulse waveforms (Mobil-O-Graph) were performed in 223 females and 152 males (mean age 21 years), and analyzed according to the length-for-age Z-score tertiles during the first month of life. Plasma LDL cholesterol in young adulthood was slightly lower in the lowest versus highest tertile. Otherwise, blood hemoglobin and plasma chemistry were similar in all tertiles. Irrespective of posture, blood pressure, forward and backward wave amplitudes, and pulse wave velocity were corresponding in all tertiles. In the three postures, the lowest tertile presented with 4.5% lower systemic vascular resistance than the highest tertile (p = 0.005), and 4.4% and 5.5% higher cardiac output than the middle and highest tertiles, respectively (p < 0.01). Left cardiac work was 6.8% and 6.9% higher in the lowest tertile than in the middle and highest tertiles, respectively (p < 0.01). To conclude, in a low-income environment, low length-for-age Z-score after birth predicted hyperdynamic circulation at 21 years of age without changes in blood pressure and metabolic variables.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manoj Kumar Choudhary
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - Charles Mangani
- School of Global and Public Health, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Chichiri Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Kenneth Maleta
- School of Global and Public Health, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Chichiri Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Tiina Teivaanmäki
- Department of Pediatrics, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Onni Niemelä
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Research Unit, Seinäjoki Central Hospital, Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Per Ashorn
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33014, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ulla Ashorn
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ilkka Pörsti
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33014, Tampere, Finland.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
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Burger M, Einspieler C, Jordaan ER, Unger M, Niehaus DJH. Persistent Maternal Mental Health Disorders and Toddler Neurodevelopment at 18 Months: Longitudinal Follow-up of a Low-Income South African Cohort. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6192. [PMID: 37372776 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20126192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
One of the biggest threats to early childhood development in Africa is poor maternal mental health. The present study reports on the relationships between clinical diagnoses of persistent maternal mental health disorders (at 3- and/or 6- and 18-month post-term age) and toddler neurodevelopment at 18 months of age. Eighty-three mother-toddler dyads from low socio-economic status settings in Cape Town, South Africa, were included. At the 3-, 6- and 18-month postnatal visits, clinician-administered structured diagnostic assessments were carried out according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-V (DSM-V) criteria. Toddler neurodevelopment at 18 months corrected age was assessed with the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (BSID-III). No significant differences (p > 0.05) were found between toddlers with exposure to persistent mood or psychotic disorders in the different BSID-III domains compared to toddlers with no exposure. Toddlers exposed to persistent comorbid anxiety and mood disorders scored significantly higher on the cognitive (p = 0.049), motor (p = 0.013) and language (p = 0.041) domains and attained significantly higher fine motor (p = 0.043) and gross motor (p = 0.041) scaled scores compared to toddlers with no maternal mental health disorder exposure. Future investigations should focus on the role of protective factors to explain the pathways through which maternal mental health status is associated with positive toddler neurodevelopmental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlette Burger
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Physiotherapy Division, Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
| | - Christa Einspieler
- Research Unit iDN-Interdisciplinary Developmental Neuroscience, Division of Phoniatrics, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Esme R Jordaan
- Biostatistics Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7500, South Africa
- Statistics and Population Studies, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
| | - Marianne Unger
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Physiotherapy Division, Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
| | - Dana J H Niehaus
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
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Chandyo RK, Schwinger C, Kvestad I, Ulak M, Ranjitkar S, Shrestha M, Nguyen LV, Corona-Perez D, DeVivo I, Shrestha L, Strand TA. The association between household biomass fuel use and leukocyte telomere length among toddlers in Bhaktapur, Nepal. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023; 33:448-454. [PMID: 36138138 PMCID: PMC10234806 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-022-00474-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biomass fuels are still in use for cooking by many households in resource poor countries such as Nepal and is a major source of household air pollution (HAP). Chronic exposure to HAP has been shown to be associated with shorter telomere length in adults. OBJECTIVES To measure the association between exposure related to household biomass fuel in infancy and leukocyte telomere length (LTL) at 18-23 months of age among 497 children from Bhaktapur, Nepal. METHODS In a prospective cohort study design, we have collected information on household cooking fuel use and several clinical, anthropometric, demographic, and socioeconomic variables. We estimated the association between biomass fuel use and the relative LTL in multiple linear regression models. RESULTS Most of the families (78%) reported liquified petroleum gas (LPG) as the primary cooking fuel, and 18.7% used biomass. The mean relative (SD) LTL was 1.03 (0.19). Children living in households using biomass fuel had on average 0.09 (95% CI: 0.05 to 0.13) units shorter LTL than children in households with no biomass fuel use. The observed association was unaltered after adjusting for relevant confounders. The association between LTL and biomass use was strongest among children from households with ≤2 rooms and without separate kitchen. SIGNIFICANCE Exposure to biomass fuel use in early life might have consequences for longevity, and risk of chronic illnesses reflected in shortening of the telomeres. Our findings support the ongoing effort to reduce exposure to biomass fuel in low-resource settings. IMPACT STATEMENTS Biomass for cooking is a leading source of household air pollution in low and middle-income countries, contributing to many chronic diseases and premature deaths. Chronic exposure to biomass fuel through oxidative stress and inflammation has been associated with a shortening of the telomeres, a "biological marker" of longevity. This prospective cohort study describes the association between household biomass fuel use and leukocyte telomere length among 497 toddlers. Leukocyte telomere length was significantly shorter among children living in households with biomass fuel than in children from homes where mainly LPG was used for cooking. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02272842, registered October 21, 2014, Universal Trial Number: U1111-1161-5187 (September 8, 2014).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram K Chandyo
- Department of Community Medicine, Kathmandu Medical College, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Catherine Schwinger
- Centre for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health, Centre for International Health, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ingrid Kvestad
- Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Manjeswori Ulak
- Centre for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health, Centre for International Health, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Child Health, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Suman Ranjitkar
- Department of Child Health, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Merina Shrestha
- Department of Child Health, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Linda Vy Nguyen
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Diana Corona-Perez
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Immaculata DeVivo
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laxman Shrestha
- Department of Child Health, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Tor A Strand
- Centre for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health, Centre for International Health, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
- Department of Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway.
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Bann D, Wright L, Davies NM, Moulton V. Weakening of the cognition and height association from 1957 to 2018: Findings from four British birth cohort studies. eLife 2023; 12:e81099. [PMID: 37022953 PMCID: PMC10079289 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Taller individuals have been repeatedly found to have higher scores on cognitive assessments. Recent studies have suggested that this association can be explained by genetic factors, yet this does not preclude the influence of environmental or social factors that may change over time. We thus tested whether the association changed across time using data from four British birth cohorts (born in 1946, 1958, 1970, and 2001). Methods In each cohort height was measured and cognition via verbal reasoning, vocabulary/comprehension, and mathematical tests; at ages 10/11 and 14/17 years (N=41,418). We examined associations between height and cognition at each age, separately in each cohort, and for each cognitive test administered. Linear and quantile regression models were used. Results Taller participants had higher mean cognitive assessment scores in childhood and adolescence, yet the associations were weaker in later (1970 and 2001) cohorts. For example, the mean difference in height comparing the highest with lowest verbal cognition scores at 10/11 years was 0.57 SD (95% CI = 0.44-0.70) in the 1946 cohort, yet 0.30 SD (0.23-0.37) in the 2001 cohort. Expressed alternatively, there was a reduction in correlation from 0.17 (0.15-0.20) to 0.08 (0.06-0.10). This pattern of change in the association was observed across all ages and cognition measures used, was robust to adjustment for social class and parental height, and modeling of plausible missing-not-at-random scenarios. Quantile regression analyses suggested that these differences were driven by differences in the lower centiles of height, where environmental influence may be greatest. Conclusions Associations between height and cognitive assessment scores in childhood-adolescence substantially weakened from 1957-2018. These results support the notion that environmental and social change can markedly weaken associations between cognition and other traits. Funding DB is supported by the Economic and Social Research Council (grant number ES/M001660/1); DB and LW by the Medical Research Council (MR/V002147/1). The Medical Research Council (MRC) and the University of Bristol support the MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit [MC_UU_00011/1]. NMD is supported by an Norwegian Research Council Grant number 295989. VM is supported by the CLOSER Innovation Fund WP19 which is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (award reference: ES/K000357/1) and Economic and Social Research Council (ES/M001660/1). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bann
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Social Research Institute, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Liam Wright
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Social Research Institute, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Neil M Davies
- MRC IEU, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Vanessa Moulton
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Social Research Institute, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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43
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Perez-Alvarez M, Favara M. Children having children: early motherhood and offspring human capital in India. JOURNAL OF POPULATION ECONOMICS 2023; 36:1573-1606. [PMID: 37223457 PMCID: PMC10043537 DOI: 10.1007/s00148-023-00946-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Using panel data from India, this paper investigates the effect of early maternal age on offspring human capital, contributing to the scarce evidence on this phenomenon, especially in the context of a developing country. The analysis relies on mother fixed effects to allow for unobserved differences between mothers and employs a variety of empirical strategies to address remaining sibling-specific concerns. Our results indicate that children born to young mothers are shorter for their age, with stronger effects for girls born to very young mothers. We also find some evidence suggesting that children born to very young mothers perform worse in math. By exploring the evolution of effects over time for the first time in the literature, we find that the height effect weakens as children age. Further analysis suggests both biological and behavioral factors as transmission channels. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00148-023-00946-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Perez-Alvarez
- University of Groningen, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universiteitscomplex, 9747 Groningen, AJ Netherlands
| | - M. Favara
- University of Oxford, Department of International Development, 3 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TB UK
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44
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Acharya K, Rahman MS, Islam MR, Gilmour S, Dhungel B, Parajuli RP, Nishimura T, Senju A, Tsuchiya KJ. Socioeconomic and education-based inequality in suspected developmental delays among Nepalese children: a subnational level assessment. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4750. [PMID: 36959346 PMCID: PMC10036624 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31629-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Failure to meet early childhood developmental milestones leads to difficulty in schooling and social functioning. Evidence on the inequality in the burden of developmental delays across population groups, and identification of potential risk factors for suspected developmental delays (SDD) among younger children, are essential for designing appropriate policies and programs. This study explored the level of socioeconomic and maternal education-based inequality in the prevalence of SDD among Nepalese children at subnational level and identified potential risk factors. Individual-level data from the 2019 Nepal Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey was used to estimate the prevalence of SDD among children aged 3-4 years. Regression-based slope index of inequality (SII) and relative index of inequality were used to measure the magnitude of inequality, in terms of household socioeconomic status (SES) and mother's education, in the prevalence of SDD. In addition, a multilevel logistic regression model was used to identify potential risk factors for SDD. The national prevalence of SDD was found to be 34.8%, with relatively higher prevalence among children from rural areas (40.0%) and those from Karnali Province (45.0%) followed by Madhesh province (44.2%), and Sudhurpashchim Province (40.1%). The prevalence of SDD was 32 percentage points higher (SII: -0.32) among children from the poorest households compared to their rich counterparts at the national level. At the subnational level, such inequality was found to be highest in Lumbini Province (SII = -0.47) followed by Karnali Province (SII = -0.37), and Bagmati Province (SII = -0.37). The prevalence of SDD was 36 percentage points higher (SII: -0.36) among children whose mother had no formal education compared to children of higher educated mothers. The magnitude of education-based absolute inequality in SDD was highest in Lumbini Province (SII = -0.44). Multilevel logistic regression model identified lower levels of mother's education, disadvantaged SES and childhood stunting as significant risk factors for SDD. One in each three children in Nepal may experience SDD, with relatively higher prevalence among children from rural areas. Subnational level variation in prevalence, and socioeconomic and education-based inequality in SDD highlight the urgent need for province-specific tailored interventions to promote early childhood development in Nepal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Md Shafiur Rahman
- Research Centre for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan.
- United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Md Rashedul Islam
- Department of Global Health Policy, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Stuart Gilmour
- Graduate School of Public Health, St. Luke's International University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bibha Dhungel
- Graduate School of Public Health, St. Luke's International University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Health Policy, National Centre for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rajendra P Parajuli
- Central Department of Zoology, Central Campus, Institute of Science and Technology (IOST), Tribhuvan University, Kritipur‑1, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Tomoko Nishimura
- Research Centre for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
- United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Senju
- Research Centre for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
- United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji J Tsuchiya
- Research Centre for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
- United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Osaka, Japan
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45
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Anthropometric proxies for child neurodevelopment in low-resource settings: length- or height-for-age, head circumference or both? J Dev Orig Health Dis 2023; 14:61-69. [PMID: 35844103 PMCID: PMC9845425 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174422000423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Stunting (<-2 SD of length- or height-for-age on WHO growth curves) is the most used predictor of child neurodevelopmental (ND) risk. Occipitofrontal head circumference (OFC) may be an equally feasible, but more direct and robust predictor. We explored association of the two measurements with ND outcome, separately and combined, and examined if cutoffs are more efficacious than continuous measures in predicting ND risk. Infants and young children in rural Guatemala (n = 642; age range = 0.1-35.9 months) were enrolled in a prospective natural history study, and their ND was tested using the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL) longitudinally. Length- or height-for-age and OFC-for-age were calculated. We performed age-adjusted multivariable regression analyses to explore the association between 1) length or height and ND, 2) OFC and ND, and 3) both length or height and OFC combined, with ND; concurrently, predictively, and longitudinally, as continuous variables and using WHO z-score cutoffs. Continuous length- or height-for-age and OFC z-scores were more strongly associated with MSEL than the traditional -2 SD WHO cutoff. The combination of height-for-age z-score and OFC z-score was consistently, strongly associated with the MSEL Early Learning Composite concurrently (p-values 0.0004-0.11), predictively (p-value 0.001-0.07), with the exception of the 18-24 months age group which had very few records, and in the longitudinal model (p-value <0.0001-0.004). The combination of continuous length- or height-for-age and OFC shows additional utility in estimating ND risk in infants and young children. Measurement of OFC may improve precision of prediction of ND risk in infants and young children.
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46
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Pokharel A, Webb P, Miller LC, Zaharia S, Shrestha R, Davis D, Trevino JA, Baral KP, Paudel K, Ghosh S. Relationship between Animal Sourced Food Consumption and Early Childhood Development Outcomes. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15020315. [PMID: 36678186 PMCID: PMC9861056 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Early-childhood development (ECD) is an important determinant of a child’s cognitive ability, learning, productivity, and lifetime earnings. Animal-sourced food (ASF), which is a rich source of high-quality protein and micronutrients, has been linked with ECD outcomes. This study investigates the relationship between the number, frequency, and cumulative consumption of ASF at 6, 9, 12, and 18 months of age and ECD outcomes at 24 months of age, controlling for physical growth. The study uses data collected from 701 mother−child pairs from an observational birth cohort study carried out in Banke, Nepal. ECD outcomes were assessed through a standardized ages and stages questionnaire (ASQ-3) tool. Separate multivariable ordinary least squares regression models were used to test for associations. Significant positive association was seen between total ASQ-3 score at 24 months of age and any ASF consumption at 18 months (β = 8.98, p-value < 0.01), controlling for growth outcomes. The study findings highlight the positive contribution and the accumulating benefit of consistent ASF consumption on ECD outcomes. This study recommends support and promotion of ASF intake among young children in Nepal through policy and programming actions relevant to female education; nutrition knowledge; quality ASF production; improved market access; cold storage; and poverty reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Pokharel
- Helen Keller International, Lalitpur 44600, Nepal
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Nutrition, Lalitpur 44600, Nepal
- Correspondence:
| | - Patrick Webb
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Nutrition, Lalitpur 44600, Nepal
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Laurie C. Miller
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Nutrition, Lalitpur 44600, Nepal
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Sonia Zaharia
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Robin Shrestha
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Nutrition, Lalitpur 44600, Nepal
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Dale Davis
- Helen Keller International, Lalitpur 44600, Nepal
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Nutrition, Lalitpur 44600, Nepal
| | - Johanna Andrews Trevino
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Nutrition, Lalitpur 44600, Nepal
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Kedar Prasad Baral
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Nutrition, Lalitpur 44600, Nepal
- School of Public Health, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur 44600, Nepal
| | | | - Shibani Ghosh
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Nutrition, Lalitpur 44600, Nepal
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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47
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Downey AE, Richards A, Tanner AB. Linear growth in young people with restrictive eating disorders: "Inching" toward consensus. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1094222. [PMID: 36937727 PMCID: PMC10020618 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1094222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background While the assessment of acute medical stability in patients with eating disorders should never be minimized, careful attention toward other specific age-related consequences of malnutrition can improve psychological outcomes and reduce long-term, potentially irreversible medical complications, like linear growth impairment. Review While the impact of malnutrition on linear growth is widely recognized, emerging data highlight consensus in several key areas: the time from onset to time of diagnosis, age at illness onset, pubertal stage at illness onset, and adequacy of weight restoration to achieve catch-up growth. This review provides concrete and actionable steps to help providers identify and explore deviations in expected growth and development while prioritizing early and aggressive weight restoration to provide the best opportunity for catch-up linear growth in patients with eating disorders. Conclusion The impact of restrictive eating disorders on growth and development cannot be overstated, particularly in pre- and peripubertal patients. While many consequences of malnutrition are reversible, the loss of genetic height potential may prove irreversible without early and aggressive weight restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E. Downey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Amanda E. Downey,
| | - Alexis Richards
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Anna B. Tanner
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Accanto Health Perimeter Center East, Dunwoody, GA, United States
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48
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Wang S, Cui J, Jiang S, Zheng C, Zhao J, Zhang H, Zhai Q. Early life gut microbiota: Consequences for health and opportunities for prevention. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:5793-5817. [PMID: 36537331 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2158451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota influences many aspects of the host, including immune system maturation, nutrient absorption and metabolism, and protection from pathogens. Increasing evidences from cohort and animal studies indicate that changes in the gut microbiota early in life increases the risk of developing specific diseases early and later in life. Therefore, it is becoming increasingly important to identify specific disease prevention or therapeutic solutions targeting the gut microbiota, especially during infancy, which is the window of the human gut microbiota establishment process. In this review, we provide an overview of current knowledge concerning the relationship between disturbances in the gut microbiota early in life and health consequences later in life (e.g., necrotizing enterocolitis, celiac disease, asthma, allergies, autism spectrum disorders, overweight/obesity, diabetes and growth retardation), with a focus on changes in the gut microbiota prior to disease onset. In addition, we summarize and discuss potential microbiota-based interventions early in life (e.g., diet adjustments, probiotics, prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, environmental changes) to promote health or prevent the development of specific diseases. This knowledge should aid the understanding of early life microbiology and inform the development of prediction and prevention measures for short- and long-term health disorders based on the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingjing Cui
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Shilong Jiang
- Nutrition and Metabolism Research Division, Innovation Center, Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
- PKUHSC-China Feihe Joint Research Institute of Nutrition and Healthy Lifespan Development, Beijing, China
| | - Chengdong Zheng
- Nutrition and Metabolism Research Division, Innovation Center, Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
- PKUHSC-China Feihe Joint Research Institute of Nutrition and Healthy Lifespan Development, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Department of Child Health Care, Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qixiao Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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49
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van Buuren S, Eekhout I. Child development with the D-score: turning milestones into measurement. Gates Open Res 2022. [DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.13222.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The chapter equips the reader with a basic understanding of robust psychometric methods that are needed to turn developmental milestones into measurements, introducing the fundamental issues in defining a unit for child development and demonstrates the relevant quantitative methodology. It reviews quantitative approaches to measuring child development;introduces the Rasch model in a non-technical way;shows how to estimate model parameters from real data;puts forth a set of principles for model evaluation and assessment of scale quality;analyses the relation between early D-scores and later intelligence;and compares the D-scores from three studies that all use the same instrument.
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50
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Starck T, Dambach P, Rouamba T, Tinto H, Osier F, Oldenburg CE, Adam M, Bärnighausen T, Jaenisch T, Bulstra CA. The effect of malaria on childhood anemia in a quasi-experimental study of 7,384 twins from 23 Sub-Saharan African countries. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1009865. [PMID: 36561861 PMCID: PMC9766366 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1009865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Young children in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), particularly those from resource-limited settings, are heavily burdened by anemia and malaria. While malaria infected children frequently become anemic (hemoglobin < 110 g/L), anemia is a strongly multifactorial disease with many other risk factors than malaria. Due to the complex and often overlapping contributors to anemia, it remains challenging to isolate the true impact of malaria on population level hemoglobin concentrations. Methods We quantified the malaria-induced effect on hemoglobin levels in children under 5 years of age, leveraging data from 7,384 twins and other multiples, aged 6 to 59 months, from 57 nationally representative Demographic and Health Surveys (DHSs) from 23 SSA countries from 2006 to 2019. The quasi-experimental twin fixed-effect design let us minimize the impact of potential confounders that do not vary between twins. Results Our analyses of twins revealed a malaria-induced hemoglobin decrease in infected twins of 9 g/L (95% CI -10; -7, p<0.001). The relative risk of severe anemia was higher (RR = 3.01, 95% CI 1.79; 5.1, p<0.001) among malaria positive children, compared to malaria negative children. Conversely, malaria positive children are only half as likely to be non-anemic (RR = 0.51, 95% CI 0.43; 0.61, p<0.001). Conclusion Even after rigorous control for confounding through a twin fixed-effects study design, malaria substantially decreased hemoglobin levels among SSA twins, rendering them much more susceptible to severe anemia. This effect reflects the population-level effect of malaria on anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Starck
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany,*Correspondence: Tim Starck
| | - Peter Dambach
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Toussaint Rouamba
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Halidou Tinto
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Faith Osier
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany,KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Catherine E. Oldenburg
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Maya Adam
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany,Deptartment of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Till Bärnighausen
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany,Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States,Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Thomas Jaenisch
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany,Center for Global Health, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, United States,Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Caroline A. Bulstra
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany,Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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