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Marriott H, Duchesne M, Moitra S, Okoye I, Gerla L, Mayers I, Moolji J, Adatia A, Lacy P. Upper Airway Alarmin Cytokine Expression in Asthma of Different Severities. J Clin Med 2024; 13:3721. [PMID: 38999286 PMCID: PMC11242732 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13133721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: The secretion of alarmin cytokines by epithelial cells, including thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), interleukin (IL)-25, and IL-33, initiates inflammatory cascades in asthma. However, alarmin cytokine expression in the upper airways in asthma remains largely unknown. Methods: We recruited 40 participants with asthma into four groups as per the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) steps (10 in each group of GINA 1/2, 3, 4, and 5). Cells were derived from nasal, buccal, and throat brushings. Intracellular cytokine expression (TSLP, IL-25, and IL-33) was assessed by flow cytometry in cytokeratin 8+ (Ck8+) epithelial cells immediately following collection. Results: TSLP was significantly increased (p < 0.001) in GINA 5 patients across nasal, buccal, and throat Ck8+ epithelial cells, while IL-25 was elevated in nasal and throat samples (p < 0.003), and IL-33 levels were variable, compared with GINA 1-4 patients. Individual GINA subgroup comparison showed that TSLP levels in nasal samples from GINA 5 patients were significantly (p = 0.03) elevated but did not differ between patients with and without nasal comorbidities. IL-25 and IL-33 (obtained from nasal, buccal, and throat samples) were not significantly different in individual groups. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates for the first time that Ck8+ nasal epithelial cells from GINA 5 asthma patients express elevated levels of TSLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel Marriott
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Marc Duchesne
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Subhabrata Moitra
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Isobel Okoye
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Luke Gerla
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Irvin Mayers
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Jalal Moolji
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Adil Adatia
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Paige Lacy
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
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Bai J, Tan BK, Kato A. Endotypic heterogeneity and pathogenesis in chronic rhinosinusitis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 24:1-8. [PMID: 37966157 PMCID: PMC10873077 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to provide updates in realms of endotypic heterogeneity, pathogenesis at the molecular level, potential of biomarkers, and cutting-edge scope of biologics in CRS. RECENT FINDINGS High-dimensional analyses, such as transcriptomes, and machine learning, have significantly enhanced CRS endotyping, uncovering diverse pathogenetic mechanisms contributing to its heterogeneity. The dynamic process of epithelial remodeling in CRS pathogenesis has gained more clarity and support as exemplified by IL-13 and oncostatin M (OSM) that are shown intricately linked to epithelial barrier dysfunction. Moreover, anti-dsDNA autoantibody, BAFF, periostin, and cystatin SN show promise as potentials biomarkers, offering diagnostic and prognostic value for CRS. SUMMARY The identification of inflammatory molecules involved in endotype specific signaling pathways provides insights into the underlying mechanisms and verifiable biomarkers for diagnosis and prediction of disease severity. More comprehensive clinical studies should be conducted to facilitate biologics from bench to bedside in treating CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqin Bai
- Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Bruce K. Tan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Atsushi Kato
- Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Abud EM, White AA. Mast Cells in Aspirin-Exacerbated Respiratory Disease. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2024; 24:73-80. [PMID: 38217825 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-024-01125-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) is a syndrome of high type 2 inflammation and is known to critically involve mast cell activation. The mast cell is an important cell in the baseline inflammatory processes in the upper and lower airway by maintaining and amplifying type 2 inflammation. But it also is prominent in the hypersensitivity reaction to COX-1 inhibition which defines this condition. RECENT FINDINGS Recent work highlights the mast cell as a focal point in AERD pathogenesis. Using AERD as a specific model of both high type 2 asthma and chronic sinusitis, the role of mast cell activity can be better understood in other aspects of airway inflammation. Further dissecting out the mechanism of COX-1-mediated mast cell activation in AERD will be an important next phase in our understanding of NSAID-induced hypersensitivity as well as AERD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edsel M Abud
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology, Scripps Clinic, San Diego, USA
- Scripps Research Translational Institute, Scripps Research, San Diego, USA
| | - Andrew A White
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology, Scripps Clinic, San Diego, USA.
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Laidlaw TM, Menzies-Gow A, Caveney S, Han JK, Martin N, Israel E, Lee JK, Llanos JP, Martin N, Megally A, Parikh B, Vong S, Welte T, Corren J. Tezepelumab Efficacy in Patients with Severe, Uncontrolled Asthma with Comorbid Nasal Polyps in NAVIGATOR. J Asthma Allergy 2023; 16:915-932. [PMID: 37692126 PMCID: PMC10488831 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s413064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Tezepelumab, a human monoclonal antibody, blocks thymic stromal lymphopoietin. In the phase 3 NAVIGATOR study (NCT03347279), tezepelumab reduced annualized asthma exacerbation rates (AAERs) versus placebo, irrespective of baseline disease characteristics, and improved lung function and symptom control versus placebo in adults and adolescents with severe, uncontrolled asthma. We assessed the efficacy of tezepelumab in patients with severe asthma with or without nasal polyps (NPs) in the 2 years before randomization in NAVIGATOR. Methods Patients with severe asthma (N=1059) were randomized (1:1) and received tezepelumab 210 mg or placebo every 4 weeks subcutaneously for 52 weeks. Prespecified exploratory analyses included: AAER over 52 weeks and changes from baseline to week 52 in pre-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second, Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT)-22 scores, and asthma control and health-related quality life (HRQoL) outcomes in NP subgroups. Changes from baseline in fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), blood eosinophil counts, total immunoglobulin E (IgE), eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN), matrix metalloproteinase-10 (MMP-10), and serum interleukin (IL)-5, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-13 were assessed (post hoc). Results Tezepelumab reduced the AAER over 52 weeks versus placebo by 85% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 72, 92; n=118) and 51% (95% CI: 40, 60; n=941) in patients with and without NPs, respectively. At week 52, tezepelumab improved lung function, asthma control and HRQoL versus placebo in patients with and without NPs. Tezepelumab reduced SNOT-22 total scores (least-squares mean difference versus placebo [95% CI]) in patients with NPs at 28 weeks (-12.57 points [-19.40, -5.73]) and 52 weeks (-10.58 points [-17.75, -3.41]). At week 52, tezepelumab reduced blood eosinophil counts and FeNO, IgE, IL-5, IL-13, EDN and MMP-10 levels versus placebo, irrespective of NP status. Conclusion Tezepelumab resulted in clinically meaningful improvements in sino-nasal symptoms and asthma outcomes in patients with severe asthma with comorbid NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya M Laidlaw
- Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Diseases Research, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew Menzies-Gow
- Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Scott Caveney
- Global Development, Inflammation, R&D, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Joseph K Han
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Nicole Martin
- Biometrics, Late-Stage Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, MA, USA
- Cytel Inc, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Elliot Israel
- Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jason K Lee
- Evidence Based Medical Educator Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Allergy and Asthma Clinic, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Neil Martin
- Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals Medical, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
- University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Ayman Megally
- Late-Stage Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Bhavini Parikh
- Late-Stage Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Sylvia Vong
- Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Early Respiratory and Immunology, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Tobias Welte
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and German Center for Lung Research, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jonathan Corren
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Oka A, Kanai K, Higaki T, Makihara S, Noda Y, Kariya S, Ando M, Nishimura W, Okano M. Macroarray expression analysis of cytokines and prostaglandin metabolism-related genes in chronic rhinosinusitis. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. GLOBAL 2023; 2:100123. [PMID: 37779524 PMCID: PMC10509877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacig.2023.100123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) can be divided into endotypes by functional or pathophysiologic findings. Objective The aim of this study was to analyze the expression of cytokines, prostaglandin (PG) synthases, and their receptors related to the pathogenesis of CRS, especially those contributing to nasal polyp (NP) formation. Methods NPs and uncinate tissue (UT) samples were collected from 90 patients who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery. They included 75 patients with CRS (including 45 with eosinophilic CRS [eCRS] and 30 with non-eCRS) and 15 patients without CRS. A total of 30 genes were selected for our original DNA array plate to analyze the levels of expression of 10 cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-22, IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP), 4 prostaglandin synthases (prostaglandin D2 [PGD2] synthase, prostaglandin E2 synthase, COX-1, and COX-2), and their 16 receptors. Clustering analysis was performed according to the expression results, and clinical findings of patients from each cluster were investigated. Results The samples could be divided into 3 clusters. Cluster 1 showed elevated levels of expression of IL4, IL5, IL13, TSLP, IL1RL1 (ST2 [an IL-33 receptor]), HPGDS, and GPR44 (CRTH2, a PGD2 receptor); cluster 2 showed elevated levels of expression of IL17A and PTGES; and cluster 3 showed an elevated level of expression of IL25. Regarding clinical features, the main characteristics of each cluster were as follows: NPs from patients with eCRS for cluster 1, NPs and/or UT samples from patients with non-eCRS for cluster 2, and UTs from patients with non-CRS for cluster 3. Conclusion The results suggest that there are associations between type 2 inflammation/PGD2 and eCRS and also between type 3 inflammation/prostaglandin E2 and non-eCRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiko Oka
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, International University of Health and Welfare School of Medicine, Narita, Japan
| | - Kengo Kanai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, International University of Health and Welfare School of Medicine, Narita, Japan
| | - Takaya Higaki
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Makihara
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yohei Noda
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shin Kariya
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mizuo Ando
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Wataru Nishimura
- Department of Molecular Biology, International University of Health and Welfare School of Medicine, Narita, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Okano
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, International University of Health and Welfare School of Medicine, Narita, Japan
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Kim J, Hegener K, Hagedorn C, Jamal Jameel K, Weidinger D, Seuthe IMC, Eichhorn S, Kreppel F, Knobloch J, Park JJH. Long-Term Cryopreservation of Nasal Polyp Tissue in a Biobank for the Isolation and Culture of Primary Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:6383. [PMID: 37047354 PMCID: PMC10094359 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells may play an important role in the pathologic process of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Therefore, providing epithelial cells from a biobank could greatly contribute to further research. In the present work, the isolation of epithelial cells from long-term cryopreserved tissue is demonstrated. Polyp tissues were cryopreserved in a commercially available freezing medium with dimethyl sulfoxide and stored in liquid nitrogen. The outgrowth and proliferation of epithelial cells from cryopreserved tissue were evaluated and compared to that of fresh tissue. Flow cytometric analysis with anti-cytokeratin, anti-p63, and anti-Ki-67 was performed to identify epithelial cells and determine differentiation and proliferation. A functionality test was performed by determining type 2-relevant proteins, representatively thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and periostin, using ELISA. Primary epithelial cells could be isolated from cryopreserved tissues. Cells from cryopreserved tissues showed comparable outgrowth and proliferation to that of fresh tissue. Isolated epithelial cells showed high cytokeratin, p63, and Ki-67 expression and secreted TSLP and periostin. In the present study, a method for long-term cryopreservation of polyp tissue was established, thereby enabling the isolation and cell culture of primary cell culture at a later time. Epithelial cell availability should be greatly improved by including this method in a biobank.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghui Kim
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, St.-Josefs-Hospital Hagen, University of Witten/Herdecke, D-58097 Hagen, Germany
| | - Karla Hegener
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, St.-Josefs-Hospital Hagen, University of Witten/Herdecke, D-58097 Hagen, Germany
| | - Claudia Hagedorn
- Chair of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biomedical Education and Research, School of Life Sciences (ZBAF), University of Witten/Herdecke, D-58453 Witten, Germany
| | - Kaschin Jamal Jameel
- Medical Clinic III for Pneumology, Allergology and Sleep Medicine, Bergmannsheil University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, D-44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniel Weidinger
- Medical Clinic III for Pneumology, Allergology and Sleep Medicine, Bergmannsheil University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, D-44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Inga Marte Charlott Seuthe
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, St.-Josefs-Hospital Hagen, University of Witten/Herdecke, D-58097 Hagen, Germany
| | - Sabine Eichhorn
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, St.-Josefs-Hospital Hagen, University of Witten/Herdecke, D-58097 Hagen, Germany
| | - Florian Kreppel
- Chair of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biomedical Education and Research, School of Life Sciences (ZBAF), University of Witten/Herdecke, D-58453 Witten, Germany
| | - Jürgen Knobloch
- Medical Clinic III for Pneumology, Allergology and Sleep Medicine, Bergmannsheil University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, D-44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Jonas Jae-Hyun Park
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, St.-Josefs-Hospital Hagen, University of Witten/Herdecke, D-58097 Hagen, Germany
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Deng Z, Li Z, She Y, Xie B. Increased Expression of SERPINB10 Associated with Postoperative Recurrence in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:7164318. [PMID: 36398030 PMCID: PMC9666022 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7164318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a common upper airway inflammatory disorder with a high rate of postoperative recurrence. SERPINB10 is a proinflammatory cytokine expressed on epithelial cells, but its role in CRSwNP has not been described. This study is aimed at exploring the SERPINB10 expression in CRSwNP and its relationship with postoperative recidivation. Methods We recruited 140 individuals, consisting of 60 patients with CRSwNP, 40 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (CRSsNP), and 40 healthy controls (HCs). Tissue specimens were collected during the surgery, and SERPINB10 expression was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, and immunofluorescence. We determined the tissue SERPINB10 expression levels in CRSwNP and examined its clinical value in predicting postoperative recurrence. Results We determined that tissue SERPINB10 mRNA and protein levels were increased in the CRSwNP group, especially in the recurrent CRSwNP group, compared with the CRSsNP and HC groups (p < 0.05), and SERPINB10 mRNA levels were correlated with peripheral and tissue eosinophil counts and percentages (p < 0.05). Binary logistic regression analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves suggested that the expressions of tissue SERPINB10 mRNA were significantly linked to postoperative recurrence in CRSwNP patients (AUC = 0.741, p < 0.001). Conclusion Elevated local SERPINB10 levels in patients with CRSwNP were related to tissue eosinophilic inflammation and disease recurrence. These data suggested that SERPINB10 might contribute to the eosinophilic inflammation in CRSwNP and appeared to be a potential biomarker for the prediction of relapse after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghao Deng
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Pathology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yongchuan She
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Changsha Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bin Xie
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Suzuki M, Cooksley C, Suzuki T, Ramezanpour M, Nakazono A, Nakamaru Y, Homma A, Vreugde S. TLR Signals in Epithelial Cells in the Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2022; 2:780425. [PMID: 35387020 PMCID: PMC8974762 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2021.780425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The respiratory tract is constantly at risk of invasion by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. In particular, the mucosal epithelium of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses is at the very forefront of the battles between the host and the invading pathogens. Recent studies have revealed that the epithelium not only constitutes a physical barrier but also takes an essential role in the activation of the immune system. One of the mechanisms equipped in the epithelium to fight against microorganisms is the Toll-like receptor (TLR) response. TLRs recognize common structural components of microorganisms and activate the innate immune system, resulting in the production of a plethora of cytokines and chemokines in the response against microbes. As the epithelia-derived cytokines are deeply involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory conditions in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, such as chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and allergic rhinitis (AR), the molecules involved in the TLR response may be utilized as therapeutic targets for these diseases. There are several differences in the TLR response between nasal and bronchial epithelial cells, and knowledge of the TLR signals in the upper airway is sparse compared to that in the lower airway. In this review, we provide recent evidence on TLR signaling in the upper airway, focusing on the expression, regulation, and responsiveness of TLRs in human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs). We also discuss how TLRs in the epithelium are involved in the pathogenesis of, and possible therapeutic targeting, for CRS and AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanobu Suzuki
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Clare Cooksley
- Department of Surgery-Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Central Adelaide Local Health Network and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Takayoshi Suzuki
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mahnaz Ramezanpour
- Department of Surgery-Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Central Adelaide Local Health Network and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Akira Nakazono
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuji Nakamaru
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Homma
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sarah Vreugde
- Department of Surgery-Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Central Adelaide Local Health Network and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Particulate Matter Exposure and the Changes in Immune Biomarkers: Effects of Biyeom-Go on the Nasal Mucosa of Patients with Allergic Rhinitis and a Particulate Matter-Treated Mouse Model. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:4259669. [PMID: 35378908 PMCID: PMC8976652 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4259669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study was to investigate the effects of Biyeom-go (BYG, an herbal formula) on immune biomarkers present in the nasal mucosa of patients with allergic rhinitis under exposure to particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5), and on changes in goblet cells and immune biomarkers in mice under exposure to Korea diesel particulate matter (KDP20). Thirty patients showing characteristic allergic rhinitis symptoms were enrolled in Jeonju-si, Korea, and treated with BYG thrice a day for four weeks. Changes in the expression of immune biomarkers (interleukin 4 (IL-4), IL-5, IL-8, IL-13, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) mRNA), total nasal symptom scores (TNSS), mini-rhinitis-specific quality of life questionnaire (RQLQ) results, and visual analog scale scores were evaluated after 4 weeks of treatment. Additionally, the difference in PM2.5 concentrations in the air in Jeonju-si, Korea (November, 2019 ∼ March, 2020), was analyzed to determine the change in TNSS. KDP20 (100 μg/mL) was exposed to C57BL/6 mice for 10 days; 0.05% Nasonex (a positive control, mometasone furoate), or BYG was administrated for 5 days twice a day. The expression of inflammatory factors was detected via qRT-PCR using nasopharynx tissue samples of mice. BYG treatment was found to be associated with significant improvement in total nasal symptoms, especially itching and sneezing (p < 0.0001), and mini-RQLQ after 4 weeks. IL-8 (p < 0.01), IL-33 (p < 0.01), and TSLP (p < 0.001) expression levels decreased after BYG treatment. In mice, administration of BYG reduced the number of goblet cells increased through KDP20 treatment. KDP20-induced immune biomarkers (IL-33, TSLP, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and IL-8) were also significantly downregulated in the nasopharynx tissue after BYG treatment. Therefore, BYG may show therapeutic effects against allergic rhinitis in humans, and it was confirmed that the expression of PM-induced inflammatory factors in mice was decreased via BYG treatment.
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Sehanobish E, Asad M, Jerschow E. New concepts for the pathogenesis and management of aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 22:42-48. [PMID: 34739410 PMCID: PMC8702488 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of the current understanding of the pathogenesis of aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD), and an update on its management. RECENT FINDINGS Elevated levels of 15-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid (15-Oxo-ETE), a newly described metabolite of arachidonic acid, have been identified in nasal polyps of AERD patients. In nasal polyps, activated basophils, and interleukin-5 -receptor-α-positive IL-5Rα+ plasma cells are associated with more severe nasal polyposis in AERD. Alveolar monocyte-derived macrophages and their persistent proinflammatory activation were suggested as putative factors contributing to AERD. Although not AERD-specific, three biological agents are now available for the management of both nasal polyposis and asthma. SUMMARY A newly downstream product of 15-lipoxygenase, 15-Oxo-ETE, was recently found to be significantly elevated in nasal polyps from AERD patients. This eicosanoid metabolite likely originates from an interplay between epithelial cells and mast cells. Nasal polyp basophils, IL-5Rα+ plasma cells, and alveolar macrophages were identified as important contributors to inflammation in AERD. Besides traditional aspirin desensitization and treatment for AERD management, several biologics for treatment of asthma are available, including three that have been approved for nasal polyposis. These biologic agents show variable rates of success in controlling AERD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esha Sehanobish
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
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Kabata H, Motomura Y, Kiniwa T, Kobayashi T, Moro K. ILCs and Allergy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1365:75-95. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-8387-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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12
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Carsuzaa F, Béquignon É, Dufour X, de Bonnecaze G, Lecron JC, Favot L. Cytokine Signature and Involvement in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010417. [PMID: 35008843 PMCID: PMC8745309 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are well known to play a central role in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), particularly in maintenance of the inflammatory response and the recruitment of eosinophils. The pathophysiological concepts concerning the involvement of inflammatory cytokines in CRSwNP have gradually evolved. Although the Th2 cytokines environment associated with an eosinophilic infiltration has retained a central role in the genesis of polyps, the role of other cytokine subpopulations has also and more recently been detailed, leading to a specific and complex signature in CRSwNP. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current state of knowledge about the cytokine signature in CRSwNP, the role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of this disease and in the intercellular dialog between epithelial cells, fibroblasts and inflammatory cells. Knowledge of this precise cytokine signature in CRSwNP is fundamental in the perspective of potential targeting biotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Carsuzaa
- Laboratoire Inflammation Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC), Université de Poitiers, 86000 Poitiers, France; (X.D.); (J.-C.L.); (L.F.)
- Oto-Rhino-Laryngologie et Chirurgie Cervico-Maxillo-Faciale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Poitiers, 86021 Poitiers, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)5-49-44-43-28
| | - Émilie Béquignon
- Oto-Rhino-Laryngologie et Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale, Hôpital Henri Mondor et Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, 94010 Créteil, France;
- INSERM U955, Équipe 13, Centre Henri Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Xavier Dufour
- Laboratoire Inflammation Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC), Université de Poitiers, 86000 Poitiers, France; (X.D.); (J.-C.L.); (L.F.)
- Oto-Rhino-Laryngologie et Chirurgie Cervico-Maxillo-Faciale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Poitiers, 86021 Poitiers, France
| | - Guillaume de Bonnecaze
- Oto-Rhino-Laryngologie et Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 31400 Toulouse, France;
| | - Jean-Claude Lecron
- Laboratoire Inflammation Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC), Université de Poitiers, 86000 Poitiers, France; (X.D.); (J.-C.L.); (L.F.)
- Service Immunologie et Inflammation, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Poitiers, 86021 Poitiers, France
| | - Laure Favot
- Laboratoire Inflammation Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC), Université de Poitiers, 86000 Poitiers, France; (X.D.); (J.-C.L.); (L.F.)
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Klimek L, Förster-Ruhrmann U, Becker S, Chaker AM, Strieth S, Hoffmann TK, Dazert S, Deitmer T, Olze H, Glien A, Plontke S, Wrede H, Schlenter WW, Welkoborsky HJ, Wollenberg B, Beule AG, Rudack C, Wagenmann M, Stöver T, Huppertz T, Hagemann J, Bachert C. Positionspapier: Anwendung von Biologika bei chronischer Rhinosinusitis mit Polyposis nasi (CRSwNP) im deutschen Gesundheitssystem. ALLERGO JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s15007-021-4872-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Sehanobish E, Asad M, Barbi M, Porcelli SA, Jerschow E. Aspirin Actions in Treatment of NSAID-Exacerbated Respiratory Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:695815. [PMID: 34305932 PMCID: PMC8297972 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.695815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID)-exacerbated respiratory disease (N-ERD) is characterized by nasal polyposis, chronic rhinosinusitis, adult-onset asthma and hypersensitive reactions to cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) inhibitors. Among the available treatments for this disease, a combination of endoscopic sinus surgery followed by aspirin desensitization and aspirin maintenance therapy has been an effective approach. Studies have shown that long-term aspirin maintenance therapy can reduce the rate of nasal polyp recurrence in patients with N-ERD. However, the exact mechanism by which aspirin can both trigger and suppress airway disease in N-ERD remains poorly understood. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of aspirin effects in N-ERD, cardiovascular disease, and cancer, and consider potential mechanistic pathways accounting for the effects of aspirin in N-ERD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esha Sehanobish
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Mohammad Asad
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Mali Barbi
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Steven A. Porcelli
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Elina Jerschow
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
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Emson C, Corren J, Sałapa K, Hellqvist Å, Parnes JR, Colice G. Efficacy of Tezepelumab in Patients with Severe, Uncontrolled Asthma with and without Nasal Polyposis: A Post Hoc Analysis of the Phase 2b PATHWAY Study. J Asthma Allergy 2021; 14:91-99. [PMID: 33568920 PMCID: PMC7868291 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s288260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tezepelumab is a human monoclonal antibody that blocks thymic stromal lymphopoietin, an epithelial cytokine implicated in asthma pathogenesis, from binding to its heterodimeric receptor. In the phase 2b PATHWAY study, tezepelumab significantly reduced annualized asthma exacerbation rates (AAERs) versus placebo, irrespective of baseline disease characteristics, and improved lung function and symptom control, in adults with severe, uncontrolled asthma. This post hoc analysis assessed the efficacy of tezepelumab in adults with severe, uncontrolled asthma with and without nasal polyposis (NP). Methods In this post hoc analysis of the PATHWAY study (NCT02054130), participants (N=550) were randomized 1:1:1:1 to receive subcutaneous tezepelumab 70 mg every 4 weeks (Q4W), 210 mg Q4W or 280 mg every 2 weeks (Q2W), or placebo Q2W, for 52 weeks. The AAER over 52 weeks and the change from baseline to week 52 in blood eosinophil count, fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) levels and serum levels of interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-13 with tezepelumab 210 mg (the phase 3 dose) and placebo were analyzed in patients grouped by self-reported presence (NP+) or absence (NP-) of NP at screening. Results At baseline, NP+ patients had higher blood eosinophil counts, higher FeNO levels and higher serum IL-5 and IL-13 levels than NP- patients. Tezepelumab 210 mg reduced the AAER versus placebo to a similar extent in both NP+ and NP- patients (NP+, 75% [95% confidence interval (CI): 15, 93], n=23; NP-, 73% [95% CI: 47, 86], n=112). Patients treated with tezepelumab 210 mg demonstrated greater reductions in blood eosinophil count and levels of FeNO, IL-5 and IL-13 than placebo-treated patients, irrespective of NP status. Discussion Tezepelumab reduced exacerbations and reduced type 2 inflammatory biomarkers in patients with and those without NP, supporting its efficacy in a broad population of patients with severe asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Emson
- Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan Corren
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kinga Sałapa
- Biometrics, Late-Stage Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Åsa Hellqvist
- Biometrics, Late-Stage Development, Respiratory and Immunology, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Gene Colice
- Late-Stage Development Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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Liu T, Sun Y, Bai W. The Role of Epigenetics in the Chronic Sinusitis with Nasal Polyp. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2020; 21:1. [PMID: 33236242 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-020-00976-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a common and heterogeneous inflammatory disease. The underlying epigenetic mechanisms and treatment of CRSwNP are partially understood. Of the different epigenetic changes in CRSwNP, histone deacetylases (HDACs), methylation of DNA, and the levels of miRNA are widely studied. Here, we review the human studies of epigenetic mechanisms in CRSwNP. RECENT FINDINGS The promoters of COL18A1, PTGES, PLAT, and TSLP genes are hypermethylated in CRSwNP compared with those of controls, while the promoters of PGDS, ALOX5AP, LTB4R, IL-8, and FZD5 genes are hypomethylated in CRSwNP. Promoter hypermethylation suppresses the gene expression, while promoter hypomethylation increases the gene expression. Studies have shown the elevation in the levels of HDAC2, HDAC4, and H3K4me3 in CRSwNP. In CRSwNP patients, there is also an upregulation of certain miRNAs including miR-125b, miR-155, miR-19a, miR-142-3p, and miR-21 and downregulation of miR-4492. Epigenetics takes part in the immunology of CRSwNP and may give rise to endotypes of CRSwNP. Both HDAC2 and the miRNA including miR-18a, miR-124a, and miR-142-3p may take function in the regulation of glucocorticoid resistance. HDAC inhibitors and KDM2B have shown effectiveness in decreasing nasal polyp, and DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or HDAC inhibitors may have a potential efficacy for the treatment of CRSwNP. Recent advances in the epigenetics of CRSwNP have led to the identification of several potential therapeutic targets for this disease. The use of epigenetics may provide novel and effective biomarkers and therapies for the treatment of nasal polyp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiancong Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Weiliang Bai
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China.
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Laidlaw TM, Buchheit KM. Biologics in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2020; 124:326-332. [PMID: 31830587 PMCID: PMC7113089 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a common and heterogeneous inflammatory condition, for which the drivers of the underlying inflammation are not yet fully understood. The use of biologic therapies to target specifically relevant effector cells or cytokines in CRSwNP is a growing field of interest. The objectives of this review are to provide an update on the existing studies of biologics in CRSwNP and to identify potential future areas for further research. DATA SOURCES An initial literature review of biologic therapies in CRS was performed through publications gathered from a PubMed search for title/abstract containing "biologic" and "chronic rhinosinusitis." Further manuscripts describing scientific premise for each biologic were then reviewed. STUDY SELECTIONS A detailed review of all studies describing biologic therapies targeting inflammation in CRSwNP was performed. RESULTS Biologic therapies targeting interleukin (IL)-4Rα, IL-5, IL-5Rα, IL-33, immunoglobulin (Ig)E, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) have all been developed and have been investigated for treatment in CRSwNP, or current research suggests that they may have utility in this area. Only dupilumab, which inhibits IL-4Rα, has gained Food and Drug Administration approval for the treatment of adults with inadequately controlled CRSwNP. CONCLUSION Recent advances in our understanding of the fundamental drivers of the chronic respiratory inflammation in CRSwNP has led to the identification of several potential therapeutic targets for this disease. Future clinical success will rely on the availability of biomarker-based endotyping and responder analyses so that clinicians can precisely match each patient to the appropriate biologic, thereby optimizing the proper treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya M Laidlaw
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, the Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and the Jeff and Penny Vinik Center, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Kathleen M Buchheit
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, the Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and the Jeff and Penny Vinik Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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18
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Bankova LG, Barrett NA. Epithelial cell function and remodeling in nasal polyposis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2020; 124:333-341. [PMID: 32007569 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2020.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the latest discoveries on airway epithelial cell diversity and remodeling in type 2 inflammation, including nasal polyposis. DATA SOURCES Reviews and primary research manuscripts were identified from PubMed, Google, and Bioarchives, using the search words airway epithelium, nasal polyposis, or chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis AND basal cell, ciliated cell, secretory cell, goblet cell, neuroendocrine cell, pulmonary neuroendocrine cell, ionocyte, brush cell, solitary chemosensory cell, microvillus cell, or tuft cell. STUDY SELECTIONS Studies were selected based on novelty and likely relevance to airway epithelial innate immune functions or the pathobiology of type 2 inflammation. RESULTS Airway epithelial cells are more diverse than previously appreciated, with specialized subsets, including ionocytes, solitary chemosensory cells, and neuroendocrine cells that contribute to important innate immune functions. In chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis, the composition of the epithelium is significantly altered. Loss of ciliated cells and submucosal glands and an increase in basal airway epithelial progenitors leads to loss of innate immune functions and an expansion of proinflammatory potential. Type 2 cytokines play a major role in driving this process. CONCLUSION Airway epithelial remodeling in chronic rhinosinusitis is extensive, leading to loss of innate immune function and enhanced proinflammatory potential. The mechanisms driving airway remodeling and its sequelae deserve further attention before restitution of epithelial differentiation can be considered a reasonable therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lora G Bankova
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nora A Barrett
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Sheikh A, Abraham N. Interleukin-7 Receptor Alpha in Innate Lymphoid Cells: More Than a Marker. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2897. [PMID: 31921158 PMCID: PMC6917604 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a group of immune cells that are important for defense against pathogens, tissue repair, and lymphoid organogenesis. They share similar characteristics with various subsets of helper T cells but lack specific antigen receptors. Interleukin-7 (IL-7) and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) are cytokines that engage the IL-7Rα and have major roles in dictating the fate of ILCs. Recent advances in the field have revealed transcriptional programs associated with ILC development and function. In this article, we will review recent studies of the role of IL-7 and TSLP in ILC development and function during infection and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdalla Sheikh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ninan Abraham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Li J, Jiao J, Gao Y, Zhang Y, Zhang L. Association between methylation in nasal epithelial TSLP gene and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2019; 15:71. [PMID: 31768185 PMCID: PMC6873565 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-019-0389-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study was performed to determine whether there was any association between abnormal DNA methylation of a thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) locus and pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Methods A total of 48 CRS patients with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), 28 CRS patients without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) and 21 control subjects were enrolled into the study; and evaluated for serum total IgE level, olfactory score and nasal resistance. Samples were obtained from nasal polyps of CRSwNP patients, ethmoid mucosae of CRSsNP patients and inferior turbinate (IT) mucosa of control subjects during surgery, and used to isolate purified primary human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs). Genomic DNA was extracted from purified primary HNECs of each subject and DNA methylation ratios for a selected region of the TSLP gene were screened the using MassARRAY EpiTYPER. Results A total of 17 CpG units were analyzed; of which two CpG units (CpG3 and 22:23:24) had increased methylation ratios in the CRSwNP patients compared to the CRSsNP and control subjects after correction for false discovery rate (FDR) (Q < 0.1). The methylation ratios at both CpG3 and CpG22:23:24 units were positively correlated with olfactory score (r = 0.41, P = 0.0001; r = 0.25, P = 0.021) and unilateral nasal resistance at 75 Pa (r = 0.24, P = 0.04; r = 0.24, P = 0.036) and 150 Pa (r = 0.34, P = 0.004; r = 0.25, P = 0.031). Total nasal resistance at 75 Pa/150 Pa or serum total IgE levels were not correlated with the methylation ratios at either CpG unit. Conclusions Increased DNA methylation at the TSLP locus is likely to be associated with CRSwNP pathogenesis; however these findings need to be confirmed in larger multicentre group studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyun Li
- 1Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730 China.,2Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, No. 17 HouGouHuTong, DongCheng District, Beijing, 100005 China
| | - Jian Jiao
- 1Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730 China.,2Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, No. 17 HouGouHuTong, DongCheng District, Beijing, 100005 China
| | - Yunbo Gao
- 1Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730 China.,2Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, No. 17 HouGouHuTong, DongCheng District, Beijing, 100005 China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- 1Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730 China.,2Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, No. 17 HouGouHuTong, DongCheng District, Beijing, 100005 China.,3Department of Allergy, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100176 China
| | - Luo Zhang
- 1Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730 China.,2Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, No. 17 HouGouHuTong, DongCheng District, Beijing, 100005 China.,3Department of Allergy, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100176 China
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[Immunology of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps as a basis for treatment with biologicals]. HNO 2019; 67:15-26. [PMID: 30167718 DOI: 10.1007/s00106-018-0557-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous and multifactorial inflammation of the nasal and paranasal mucosa. Until now, no internationally standardized classification could be developed. In most cases, CRS is phenotypically classified according to chronic rhinosinusitis with (CRScNP) and without nasal polyps (CRSsNP). However, recent studies could show that there are numerous endotypes within these phenotypes based on different inflammatory mechanisms. This review describes the important immunological mechanisms of CRScNP and highlights modern treatment options with biologicals directly addressing particular immunological processes. METHODS Current knowledge on immunological and molecular processes of CRS, particularly CRScNP, was extracted from Medline, PubMed, national and international study- and guideline-registers, and the Cochrane library by a systematic review of the literature. RESULTS Based on current literature, various immunological mechanisms for CRS and CRScNP could be identified. Relevant studies for the treatment of eosinophilic conditions such as asthma or CRScNP are presented and, if available, results of these studies are discussed. CONCLUSION The growing insight into the underlying immunological mechanisms of CRScNP could pave the way for new personalized treatment options such as biologicals in the future.
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Dogan M, Sahin M, Yenisey C. Increased TSLP, IL-33, IL-25, IL-19, IL 21 and amphiregulin (AREG) levels in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyp. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2019; 276:1685-1691. [PMID: 30888496 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-019-05379-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a chronic inflammatory disease. The surrogate indicating biomarkers in patients with CRSwNP need further evaluation. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and amphiregulin (AREG) cytokines in patients with CRSwNP. METHODS Sinonasal tissue samples were collected from 33 patients with CRSwNP and 29 controls. Levels of AREG, IL-19, IL-21, IL-25, IL-33 and TSLP in nasal polyp and control sinonasal tissues were determined following the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. RESULTS We found that AREG, IL-19, IL-21, IL-25, IL-33 and TSLP levels were significantly higher in the CRSwNP group compared to the control group (p < 0.000; p < 0.000; p < 0.000; p < 0.000; p < 0.003; p < 0.021, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicated that AREG, IL-19, IL-21, IL-25, IL-33 and TSLP were significantly increased in tissue samples of CRSwNP patients and may be considered as molecular indicators and targets for therapeutic developments for patients with CRSwNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Dogan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Adnan Menderes University Medical School, 09100, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Sahin
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Adnan Menderes University Medical School, 09100, Aydın, Turkey.
| | - Cigdem Yenisey
- Department of Biochemistry, Adnan Menderes University Medical School, Aydın, Turkey
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Group 2 innate lymphoid cells and eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 19:18-25. [DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Patel NN, Kohanski MA, Maina IW, Workman AD, Herbert DR, Cohen NA. Sentinels at the wall: epithelial-derived cytokines serve as triggers of upper airway type 2 inflammation. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2018; 9:93-99. [PMID: 30260580 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence has demonstrated an expanding role of respiratory epithelial cells in immune surveillance and modulation. Studies have been focusing on the earliest events that link epithelial injury to downstream inflammatory responses. Cytokines produced by and released from respiratory epithelial cells are among these early trigger signals. Epithelial-derived cytokines, namely thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), interleukin (IL)-25, and IL-33, have come to the forefront of recent investigations. Each of these 3 cytokines has been implicated in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), asthma, and atopy. Herein we review studies elucidating the roles of epithelial-derived cytokines in the pathobiology of upper airway disease, with particular emphasis on type 2 inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil N Patel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Rhinology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Michael A Kohanski
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Rhinology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ivy W Maina
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Rhinology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Alan D Workman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Rhinology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - De'Broski R Herbert
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Noam A Cohen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Rhinology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA.,Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA.,Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA
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Heffler E, Malvezzi L, Boita M, Brussino L, De Virgilio A, Ferrando M, Puggioni F, Racca F, Stomeo N, Spriano G, Canonica GW. Immunological mechanisms underlying chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2018; 14:731-737. [PMID: 30107759 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2018.1512407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a common and quality-of-life impacting disorder, with an underlying immunological mechanism similar to other conditions such as eosinophilic asthma or atopic eczema. Areas covered: This review article summarizes the most recent evidence on the main immunological mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis and the perpetuation of CRSwNP, with a particular focus on the key role of epithelium-derived inflammation as a consequence of the interaction with the airborne environment. Expert commentary: The increase in knowledge of the immunology of CRSwNP leads to the development of therapeutical strategies based upon the use of biologic agents that, according to a personalized and precision medicine approach, will provide each single patient with the most suitable immunological treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Heffler
- a Personalized Medicine , Asthma and Allergy - Humanitas Research Hospital , Milan , Italy.,b Department of Biomedical Sciences , Humanitas University , Milan , Italy
| | - Luca Malvezzi
- c Department of Otorhinolaryngology , Humanitas Research Hospital , Milan , Italy
| | - Monica Boita
- d Allergy and Clinical Immunology , University of Torino , Torino , Italy
| | - Luisa Brussino
- d Allergy and Clinical Immunology , University of Torino , Torino , Italy
| | - Armando De Virgilio
- c Department of Otorhinolaryngology , Humanitas Research Hospital , Milan , Italy
| | - Matteo Ferrando
- e Allergy and Respiratory Diseases , University of Genova , Genova , Italy
| | - Francesca Puggioni
- a Personalized Medicine , Asthma and Allergy - Humanitas Research Hospital , Milan , Italy.,b Department of Biomedical Sciences , Humanitas University , Milan , Italy
| | - Francesca Racca
- a Personalized Medicine , Asthma and Allergy - Humanitas Research Hospital , Milan , Italy
| | - Niccolò Stomeo
- a Personalized Medicine , Asthma and Allergy - Humanitas Research Hospital , Milan , Italy.,b Department of Biomedical Sciences , Humanitas University , Milan , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Spriano
- c Department of Otorhinolaryngology , Humanitas Research Hospital , Milan , Italy
| | - Giorgio Walter Canonica
- a Personalized Medicine , Asthma and Allergy - Humanitas Research Hospital , Milan , Italy.,b Department of Biomedical Sciences , Humanitas University , Milan , Italy
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Periostin as a novel biomarker for postoperative recurrence of chronic rhinosinitis with nasal polyps. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11450. [PMID: 30061580 PMCID: PMC6065353 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29612-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) was subdivided into four chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) subtypes using the JESREC scoring system. We sought to identify the gene expression profile and biomarkers related with CRSwNP by RNA-sequence. RNA-sequencing was performed to identify differentially expressed genes between nasal polyps (NPs) and inferior turbinate mucosa from 6 patients with CRSwNP, and subsequently, quantitative real-time PCR was performed to verify the results. ELISA was performed to identify possible biomarkers for postoperative recurrence. In the RNA-sequencing results, periostin (POSTN) expression was the highest in NP. We focused on POSTN and investigated the protein level of POSTN by immunohistochemistry and ELISA. POSTN was diffusely expressed in moderate and severe eosinophilic CRS using immunohistochemistry, and its staining pattern was associated with the severity of the phenotype of the CRSwNP (P < 0.05). There was a significant difference between the POSTN high/low groups for postoperative recurrence when the cutoff point was set at 115.5 ng/ml (P = 0.0072). Our data suggests that the protein expression level of POSTN was associated with the severity of CRSwNP, and serum POSTN can be a novel biomarker for postoperative recurrence of CRSwNP.
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27
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Lloyd CM, Snelgrove RJ. Type 2 immunity: Expanding our view. Sci Immunol 2018; 3:eaat1604. [PMID: 29980619 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aat1604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The classical vision of type 2 immune reactions is that they are characterized by a distinct cellular and cytokine repertoire that is critical for host resistance against helminthic worm infections but, when dysregulated, may cause atopic reactions that result in conditions such as asthma, rhinitis, dermatitis, and anaphylaxis. In this traditional view, the type 2 response is categorized as an adaptive immune response with differentiated T helper cells taking center stage, driving eosinophil recruitment and immunoglobulin production via the secretion of a distinct repertoire of cytokines that include interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, and IL-13. The recent discovery of a group of innate cells that has the capacity to secrete copious amounts of type 2 cytokines, potentially in the absence of adaptive immunity, has reignited interest in type 2 biology. The discovery that these innate lymphoid cells and type 2 cytokines are involved in diverse biological processes-including wound healing, control of metabolic homeostasis, and temperature-has considerably changed our view of type 2 responses and the cytokines, chemokines, and receptors that regulate these responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare M Lloyd
- Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington NHLI, Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Robert J Snelgrove
- Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington NHLI, Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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28
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Kwon OC, Lee EJ, Chang EJ, Youn J, Ghang B, Hong S, Lee CK, Yoo B, Kim YG. IL-17A +GM-CSF + Neutrophils Are the Major Infiltrating Cells in Interstitial Lung Disease in an Autoimmune Arthritis Model. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1544. [PMID: 30013577 PMCID: PMC6036238 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To gain a better understanding of the pathogenesis of autoimmune arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease (ILD), we sought to identify the characteristics of lung-infiltrating cells in SKG mice with ILD. Methods We injected curdlan in SKG mice at 8 weeks of age, and identified the presence of ILD by PET-MRI at 20 weeks post-injection and histological analysis at 22 weeks post-injection. Lung-infiltrating cells were examined by flow cytometry. Analysis of serum cytokines by the Luminex multiplex cytokine assay was performed at 14 and 22 weeks post-injection, and cytokine profiles before and after the development of ILD were compared. Opal multiplexed immunofluorescent staining of lung tissue was also performed. Results At 20 weeks post-injection, curdlan-treated SKG mice developed not only arthritis but also lung inflammation combined with fibrosis, which was identified by PET-MRI and histological analysis. The majority of inflammatory cells that accumulated in the lungs of curdlan-treated SKG mice were CD11b+Gr1+ neutrophils, which co-express IL-17A and GM-CSF, rather than TNF-α. Compared with 14 weeks post-injection, serum levels of GM-CSF, MCP1, IL-17A, IL-23, TSLP, and soluble IL-7Rα had increased at 22 weeks post-injection, whereas those of IFN-γ, IL-22, IL-6, and TNF-α remained unchanged. Furthermore, IL-23, CXCL5, IL-17A, and GM-CSF, but not TNF-α, were observed in immunofluorescent-stained lung tissue. Conclusion We found that IL-17A+GM-CSF+ neutrophils represented the major inflammatory cells in the lungs of curdlan-treated SKG mice. In addition, GM-CSF and IL-17A appear to play a more important role than TNF-α in ILD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oh Chan Kwon
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Chang
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeehee Youn
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byeongzu Ghang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seokchan Hong
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chang-Keun Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bin Yoo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong-Gil Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
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Kim B, Lee HJ, Im NR, Lee DY, Kim HK, Kang CY, Park IH, Lee SH, Lee HM, Lee SH, Baek SK, Kim TH. Decreased expression of CCL17 in the disrupted nasal polyp epithelium and its regulation by IL-4 and IL-5. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197355. [PMID: 29746583 PMCID: PMC5945007 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In airway epithelium, thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (CCL17) and macrophage-derived chemokine (CCL22) are induced by defective epithelial barriers such as E-cadherin and attract the effector cells of Th2 immunity. However, the association between the epithelial barrier and CCL17 expression has not been studied in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyp (CRSwNP). Thus, we aimed to evaluate the expression of CCL17 and its regulation by Th cytokines in nasal polyp (NP) epithelial cells. Methods The expression and distribution of CCL17, CCL22, E-cadherin and/or epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) were measured using real-time PCR, western blot, and immunohistochemistry and compared between normal ethmoid sinus epithelium and NP epithelium. In addition, the expression level of CCL17 was determined in cultured epithelial cells treated with IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, TNF-α, and IFN-γ. Results The expression of CCL17 was decreased in the NP epithelium compared to the epithelium of normal ethmoid sinus, whereas the expression of CCL22 was not decreased. E-cadherin was differentially distributed between the epithelium of normal ethmoid sinus and NP epithelium. EGFR was also decreased in NPs. Interestingly, the stimulation of cultured epithelial cells with Th2 cytokines, IL-4 and IL-5, resulted in an upregulation of CCL17 expression only in NP epithelial cells whereas the expression of CCL17 was increased in both normal epithelial cells and NP epithelial cells by Th1 cytokines. Conclusion Our results suggest that the decreased expression of CCL17 in defective NP epithelium may be closely connected to NP pathogenesis and can be differentially regulated by cytokines in the NP epithelium of patients with CRSwNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoungjae Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Korea University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ji Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Nu-Ri Im
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Doh Young Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ha Kyun Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Cha Young Kang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Il-Ho Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Hoon Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Heung-Man Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Hag Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Kuk Baek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- * E-mail: (THK); (SKB)
| | - Tae Hoon Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- * E-mail: (THK); (SKB)
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Könnecke M, Klimek L, Mullol J, Gevaert P, Wollenberg B. Subtypisierung der Polyposis nasi: Phänotypen, Endotypen und Komorbiditäten. ALLERGO JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s15007-018-1542-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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31
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von Moltke J, Pepper M. Sentinels of the Type 2 Immune Response. Trends Immunol 2018; 39:99-111. [PMID: 29122456 PMCID: PMC6181126 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 immune responses have evolved to sense and respond to large, non-replicating infections or non-microbial noxious compounds in tissues. The development of these responses therefore depends upon highly coordinated and tightly regulated tissue-residing cellular sensors and responders. Multiple exposure to type 2 helper T cell (Th2)-inducing stimuli further enhances both the diversity and potency of the response. This review discusses advances in our understanding of the interacting cellular subsets that comprise both primary and secondary type 2 responses. Current knowledge regarding type 2 immune responses in the lung are initially presented and are then contrasted with what is known about the small intestine. The studies described portray an immune response that depends upon well-organized tissue structures, and suggest their modulation as a therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob von Moltke
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Marion Pepper
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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Wise SK, Lin SY, Toskala E, Orlandi RR, Akdis CA, Alt JA, Azar A, Baroody FM, Bachert C, Canonica GW, Chacko T, Cingi C, Ciprandi G, Corey J, Cox LS, Creticos PS, Custovic A, Damask C, DeConde A, DelGaudio JM, Ebert CS, Eloy JA, Flanagan CE, Fokkens WJ, Franzese C, Gosepath J, Halderman A, Hamilton RG, Hoffman HJ, Hohlfeld JM, Houser SM, Hwang PH, Incorvaia C, Jarvis D, Khalid AN, Kilpeläinen M, Kingdom TT, Krouse H, Larenas-Linnemann D, Laury AM, Lee SE, Levy JM, Luong AU, Marple BF, McCoul ED, McMains KC, Melén E, Mims JW, Moscato G, Mullol J, Nelson HS, Patadia M, Pawankar R, Pfaar O, Platt MP, Reisacher W, Rondón C, Rudmik L, Ryan M, Sastre J, Schlosser RJ, Settipane RA, Sharma HP, Sheikh A, Smith TL, Tantilipikorn P, Tversky JR, Veling MC, Wang DY, Westman M, Wickman M, Zacharek M. International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Allergic Rhinitis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2018; 8:108-352. [PMID: 29438602 PMCID: PMC7286723 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Critical examination of the quality and validity of available allergic rhinitis (AR) literature is necessary to improve understanding and to appropriately translate this knowledge to clinical care of the AR patient. To evaluate the existing AR literature, international multidisciplinary experts with an interest in AR have produced the International Consensus statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Allergic Rhinitis (ICAR:AR). METHODS Using previously described methodology, specific topics were developed relating to AR. Each topic was assigned a literature review, evidence-based review (EBR), or evidence-based review with recommendations (EBRR) format as dictated by available evidence and purpose within the ICAR:AR document. Following iterative reviews of each topic, the ICAR:AR document was synthesized and reviewed by all authors for consensus. RESULTS The ICAR:AR document addresses over 100 individual topics related to AR, including diagnosis, pathophysiology, epidemiology, disease burden, risk factors for the development of AR, allergy testing modalities, treatment, and other conditions/comorbidities associated with AR. CONCLUSION This critical review of the AR literature has identified several strengths; providers can be confident that treatment decisions are supported by rigorous studies. However, there are also substantial gaps in the AR literature. These knowledge gaps should be viewed as opportunities for improvement, as often the things that we teach and the medicine that we practice are not based on the best quality evidence. This document aims to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the AR literature to identify areas for future AR research and improved understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Cezmi A. Akdis
- Allergy/Asthma, Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, Switzerland
| | | | - Antoine Azar
- Allergy/Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Cemal Cingi
- Otolaryngology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Adam DeConde
- Otolaryngology, University of California San Diego, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jan Gosepath
- Otorhinolaryngology, Helios Kliniken Wiesbaden, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Jens M. Hohlfeld
- Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Airway Research Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, German Center for Lung Research, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Amber U. Luong
- Otolaryngology, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, USA
| | | | | | | | - Erik Melén
- Pediatric Allergy, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | | | | | - Joaquim Mullol
- Otolaryngology, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Oliver Pfaar
- Rhinology/Allergy, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Center for Rhinology and Allergology, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | | | | | - Carmen Rondón
- Allergy, Regional University Hospital of Málaga, Spain
| | - Luke Rudmik
- Otolaryngology, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Matthew Ryan
- Otolaryngology, University of Texas Southwestern, USA
| | - Joaquin Sastre
- Allergology, Hospital Universitario Fundacion Jiminez Diaz, Spain
| | | | | | - Hemant P. Sharma
- Allergy/Immunology, Children's National Health System, George Washington University School of Medicine, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - De Yun Wang
- Otolaryngology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Koennecke M, Klimek L, Mullol J, Gevaert P, Wollenberg B. Subtyping of polyposis nasi: phenotypes, endotypes and comorbidities. ALLERGO JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL 2018; 27:56-65. [PMID: 29564208 PMCID: PMC5842507 DOI: 10.1007/s40629-017-0048-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous, multifactorial inflammatory disease of the nasal and paranasal mucosa. It has not been possible to date to develop an internationally standardized, uniform classification for this disorder. A phenotype classification according to CRS with (CRSwNP) and without polyposis (CRSsNP) is usually made. However, a large number of studies have shown that there are also different endotypes of CRS within these phenotypes, with different pathophysiologies of chronic inflammation of the nasal mucosa. This review describes the central immunological processes in nasal polyps, as well as the impact of related diseases on the inflammatory profile of nasal polyps. MATERIALS AND METHODS The current knowledge on the immunological and molecular processes of CRS, in particular CRSwNP and its classification into specific endotypes, was put together by means of a structured literature search in Medline, PubMed, the national and international guideline registers, and the Cochrane Library. RESULTS Based on the current literature, the different immunological processes in CRS and nasal polyps were elaborated and a graphical representation in the form of an immunological network developed. In addition, different inflammatory profiles can be found in CRSwNP depending on related diseases, such as bronchial asthma, cystic fibrosis (CF), or NASID-Exacerbated Respiratory Disease (N‑ERD). CONCLUSION The identification of different endotypes of CRSwNP may help to improve diagnostics and develop novel individual treatment approaches in CRSwNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Koennecke
- Lübeck Campus, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ludger Klimek
- Center for Rhinology and Allergology, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Joaquim Mullol
- Rhinology Unit and Smell Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, CIBERES Spain
| | - Philippe Gevaert
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Barbara Wollenberg
- Lübeck Campus, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
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Li HT, Chen ZG, Liu H, Ye J, Zou XL, Wang YH, Yang HL, Meng P, Zhang TT. Treatment of allergic rhinitis with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides alleviates the lower airway outcomes of combined allergic rhinitis and asthma syndrome via a mechanism that possibly involves in TSLP. Exp Lung Res 2017; 42:322-33. [PMID: 27541375 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2016.1215571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a critical regulator of immune responses associated with Th2 cytokine-mediated inflammation. Intranasal administration of oligodeoxynucleotides with CpG motifs (CpG-ODNs) might improve lower airway outcomes of combined allergic rhinitis and asthma syndrome (CARAS), but the inherent mechanisms of CpG-ODNs are not well defined. This study investigated whether CpG-ODNs treated to upper airway could reduce lower airway TSLP expression as well as whether this reduction could contribute to the alleviation of lower allergic inflammation and airway hyper-reactivity (AHR) in CARAS mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized BALB/c mice were intranasal OVA exposure three times a week for 3 weeks. CpG-ODNs or an anti-TSLP mAb was administered to a subset of these mice 1 hour after intranasal OVA challenge, followed by 5 days of OVA aerosol challenge. The resulting immunological variables, nasal symptoms, and nasal mucosa and lung tissues pathology were evaluated. TSLP production in the lung tissues and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were determined by RT-PCR, western blotting or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The CARAS mice exhibited overexpression of TSLP in the lung tissues and BALF, and also demonstrated significant increases in BALF and splenocyte Th2-associated cytokine production, serum OVA-specific IgE, nose and lung pathologies, and AHR. Intranasal administration of CpG-ODNs restored TSLP in the lower airway, and it significantly reduced the following parameters: Th2-type cytokine production levels; the percentage of eosinophils in the BALF; IL-4 and IL-5 concentrations in the supernatants of cultured splenic lymphocytes; serum OVA-specific IgE; peribronchial inflammation score in the lungs; and nose pathology and nasal symptoms. Similar results were obtained when the CARAS mice were treated with an anti-TSLP mAb to block intranasal TSLP activity. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with intranasal CpG-ODNs improves lower airway immunological variable outcomes in the CARAS model via a mechanism that possibly involves in suppressing pulmonary TSLP-triggered allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Tao Li
- a Department of Pulmonary Diseases , Institute of Respiratory Diseases of Sun Yat-sen University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Zhuang-Gui Chen
- b Department of Pediatrics , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Hui Liu
- a Department of Pulmonary Diseases , Institute of Respiratory Diseases of Sun Yat-sen University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Jin Ye
- c Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Xiao-Ling Zou
- a Department of Pulmonary Diseases , Institute of Respiratory Diseases of Sun Yat-sen University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Yan-Hong Wang
- a Department of Pulmonary Diseases , Institute of Respiratory Diseases of Sun Yat-sen University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Hai-Ling Yang
- a Department of Pulmonary Diseases , Institute of Respiratory Diseases of Sun Yat-sen University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Ping Meng
- a Department of Pulmonary Diseases , Institute of Respiratory Diseases of Sun Yat-sen University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Tian-Tuo Zhang
- a Department of Pulmonary Diseases , Institute of Respiratory Diseases of Sun Yat-sen University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
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Cavagnero K, Doherty TA. Cytokine and Lipid Mediator Regulation of Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILC2s) in Human Allergic Airway Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 2. [PMID: 28959799 PMCID: PMC5614509 DOI: 10.4172/2576-3881.1000116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The recent discovery of group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) has caused a paradigm shift in the understanding of allergic airway disease pathogenesis. Prior to the discovery of ILC2s, Th2 cells were largely thought to be the primary source of type 2 cytokines; however, activated ILC2s have since been shown to contribute significantly, and in some cases, dominantly to type 2 cytokine production. Since the discovery of ILC2s in 2010, many mediators have been shown to regulate their effector functions. Initial studies identified the epithelial derived cytokines IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP as activators of ILC2s, and recent studies have identified many additional cytokine and lipid mediators that are involved in ILC2 regulation. ILC2s and their mediators represent novel therapeutic targets for allergic airway diseases and intensive investigation is underway to better understand ILC2 biology and upstream and downstream pathways that lead to ILC2-driven airway pathology. In this review, we will focus on the cytokine and lipid mediators that regulate ILC2s in human allergic airway disease, as well as highlight newly discovered mediators of mouse ILC2s that may eventually translate to humans.
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Lee JU, Chang HS, Lee HJ, Jung CA, Bae DJ, Song HJ, Park JS, Uh ST, Kim YH, Seo KH, Park CS. Upregulation of interleukin-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin levels in the lungs of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. BMC Pulm Med 2017; 17:39. [PMID: 28202030 PMCID: PMC5312598 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-017-0380-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Innate T helper type 2 (Th2) immune responses mediated by interleukin (IL)-33, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), and IL-25 have been shown to play an important role in pulmonary fibrosis of animal models; however, their clinical implications remain poorly understood. METHODS TSLP, IL-25, and IL-33 concentrations were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids obtained from normal controls (NCs; n = 40) and from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF; n = 100), non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP; n = 22), hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP; n = 20), and sarcoidosis (n = 19). RESULTS The TSLP and IL-33 levels were significantly higher in patients with IPF relative to the NCs (p = 0.01 and p = 0.0001, respectively), NSIP (p = 4.95E - 7 and p = 0.0002, respectively), HP (p = 0.00003 and p = 0.000005, respectively), and sarcoidosis groups (p = 0.003 and p = 0.0001, respectively). However, the IL-25 levels were not significantly different between NC and IPF group (p = 0.432). Receiver operating characteristic curves of the TSLP and IL-33 levels revealed clear differences between the IPF and NC groups (AUC = 0.655 and 0.706, respectively), as well as between the IPF and the other lung disease groups (AUC = 0.786 and 0.781, respectively). Cut-off values of 3.52 pg/μg TSLP and 3.77 pg/μg IL-33 were shown to differentiate between the IPF and NC groups with 99.2 and 94.3% accuracy. Cut-off values of 4.66 pg/μg TSLP and 2.52 pg/μg IL-33 possessed 99.4 and 93.2% accuracy for differentiating among the IPF and other interstitial lung disease groups. CONCLUSIONS Innate immune responses may be associated with the development of IPF. Furthermore, the IL-33 and TSLP levels in BAL fluids may be useful for differentiating IPF from other chronic interstitial lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Uk Lee
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Science Major, Soonchunhyang Graduate School, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Hun Soo Chang
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Science Major, Soonchunhyang Graduate School, Bucheon, Korea.,Genome Research Center and Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Hyeon Ju Lee
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Science Major, Soonchunhyang Graduate School, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Chang An Jung
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Science Major, Soonchunhyang Graduate School, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Da Jeong Bae
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Science Major, Soonchunhyang Graduate School, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Hyun Ji Song
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Science Major, Soonchunhyang Graduate School, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Jong Sook Park
- Genome Research Center and Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Soo-Taek Uh
- Division of Respiratory and Allergy Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Hoon Kim
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Chunan Hospital, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Ki-Hyun Seo
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Chunan Hospital, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Choon-Sik Park
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Science Major, Soonchunhyang Graduate School, Bucheon, Korea. .,Genome Research Center and Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea. .,Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, 1174, Jung-Dong, Wonmi-Ku, Bucheon, Kyeonggi-Do, 420-767, Korea.
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Targeting IL-25 as a novel therapy in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 17:17-22. [DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Release of Type 2 Cytokines by Epithelial Cells of Nasal Polyps. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:2643297. [PMID: 28127565 PMCID: PMC5227162 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2643297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. T2 inflammation of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) may be influenced by epithelial cytokines release (TSLP, IL-25, and IL-33). We investigated the release of TSLP, IL-25, and IL-33 by epithelial CRSwNP cells compared to epithelial sinus mucosa cells of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (CRSsNP). Methods. IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP were measured by ELISA in the supernatant of cell cultures derived by CRSwNP (9 patients, 6 atopic) and CRSsNP (7 patients, 2 atopic) in baseline condition and following stimulation with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (DP), Aspergillus fumigatus (AF), and poly(I:C). Results. CRSwNP epithelial cells released increased levels of IL-25 (from 0.12 ± 0.06 pg/ml to 0.27 ± 0.1 pg/ml, p < 0.01) and TSLP (from 0.77 ± 0.5 pg/ml to 2.53 ± 1.17 pg/ml, p < 0.001) following poly(I:C) stimulation, while CRSsNP epithelial cells released increased levels of IL-25 and IL-33 following AF and DP stimulation, respectively (IL-25: from 0.18 ± 0.07 pg/ml to 0.51 ± 0.1 pg/ml, p < 0.001; IL-33: from 2.57 ± 1.3 pg/ml to 5.7 ± 3.1 pg/ml, p < 0.001). Conclusions. CRSwNP epithelial cells release TSLP and IL-25 when stimulated by poly(I:C) but not by DP or AF, suggesting that viral infection may contribute to maintain and amplify the T2 immune response seen in CRSwNP.
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Oetjen LK, Noti M, Kim BS. New insights into basophil heterogeneity. Semin Immunopathol 2016; 38:549-61. [PMID: 27178409 PMCID: PMC5010479 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-016-0567-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Basophils have become increasingly recognized as important innate immune cells that mediate antihelminth immunity and barrier inflammation. Recent discoveries have uncovered previously unrecognized heterogeneity in basophil populations. However, how diversity in basophil regulation and function impacts human disease remains poorly defined. The goal of the present review is to highlight how new insights into basophil heterogeneity can help us to better understand disease pathogenesis and inform the development of new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landon K Oetjen
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Box 8123, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Center for the Study of Itch, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mario Noti
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Brian S Kim
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Box 8123, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Center for the Study of Itch, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Abstract
Recent discoveries have led to the identification of a novel group of immune cells, the innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). The members of this group are divided into three subpopulations: ILC1s, ILC2s, and ILC3s. ILC2s produce Th2 cytokines, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, upon activation by epithelial cell-derived cytokines, lipid mediators (cysteinyl leukotrienes and prostaglandin D2), and TNF family member TL1A and promote structural and immune cell responses in the airways after antigen exposure. In addition, ILC2 function is also influenced by inducible T cell costimulator (ICOS)/ICOS-ligand (ICOS-L) interactions via direct contact between immune cells. The most common airway antigens are allergens and viruses which are highly linked to the induction of airway diseases with underlying type 2 inflammation including asthma and allergic rhinitis. Based on recent findings linking ILC2s and airway Th2 responses, there is intensive investigation into the role of ILC2s in human disease with the hope of a better understanding of the pathophysiology and the discovery of novel potential therapeutic targets. This review summarizes the recent advances made in elucidating ILC2 involvement in human Th2 airway disease.
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Long H, Liao W, Wang L, Lu Q. A Player and Coordinator: The Versatile Roles of Eosinophils in the Immune System. Transfus Med Hemother 2016; 43:96-108. [PMID: 27226792 PMCID: PMC4872051 DOI: 10.1159/000445215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils have traditionally been associated with allergic diseases and parasite infection. Research advances in the recent decades have brought evolutionary changes in our understanding of eosinophil biology and its roles in immunity. It is currently recognized that eosinophils play multiple roles in both innate and adaptive immunity. As effector cells in innate immunity, eosinophils exert a pro-inflammatory and destructive role in the Th2 immune response associated with allergic inflammation or parasite infection. Eosinophils can also be recruited by danger signals released by pathogen infections or tissue injury, inducing host defense against parasitic, fungal, bacterial or viral infection or promoting tissue repair and remodeling. Eosinophils also serve as nonprofessional antigen-presenting cells in response to allergen challenge or helminth infection, and, meanwhile, are known to function as a versatile coordinator that actively regulates or interacts with various immune cells including T lymphocytes and dendritic cells. More roles of eosinophils implicated in immunity have been proposed including in immune homeostasis, allograft rejection, and anti-tumor immunity. Eosinophil interactions with structural cells are also implicated in the mechanisms in allergic inflammation and in Helicobacter pylori gastritis. These multifaceted roles of eosinophils as both players and coordinators in immune system are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Long
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Liao
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, China
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Kouzaki H, Matsumoto K, Kato T, Tojima I, Shimizu S, Shimizu T. Epithelial Cell-Derived Cytokines Contribute to the Pathophysiology of Eosinophilic Chronic Rhinosinusitis. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2016; 36:169-79. [DOI: 10.1089/jir.2015.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Kouzaki
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Koji Matsumoto
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Kato
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Ichiro Tojima
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Shino Shimizu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Takeshi Shimizu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
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Hydrogen sulfide diminishes the levels of thymic stromal lymphopoietin in activated mast cells. Arch Dermatol Res 2016; 308:103-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-016-1619-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Buchheit KM, Cahill KN, Katz HR, Murphy KC, Feng C, Lee-Sarwar K, Lai J, Bhattacharyya N, Israel E, Boyce JA, Laidlaw TM. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin controls prostaglandin D2 generation in patients with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 137:1566-1576.e5. [PMID: 26691435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostaglandin (PG) D2 is the dominant COX product of mast cells and is an effector of aspirin-induced respiratory reactions in patients with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD). OBJECTIVE We evaluated the role of the innate cytokine thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) acting on mast cells to generate PGD2 and facilitate tissue eosinophilia and nasal polyposis in patients with AERD. METHODS Urinary eicosanoid levels were measured in aspirin-tolerant control subjects and patients with AERD. Nasal polyp specimens from patients with AERD and chronic rhinosinusitis were analyzed by using quantitative PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. Human cord blood-and peripheral blood-derived mast cells were stimulated with TSLP in vitro to assess PGD2 generation. RESULTS Urinary levels of a stable PGD2 metabolite (uPGD-M) were 2-fold higher in patients with AERD relative to those in control subjects and increased further during aspirin-induced reactions. Peak uPGD-M levels during aspirin reactions correlated with reductions in blood eosinophil counts and lung function and increases in nasal congestion. Mast cells sorted from nasal polyps expressed PGD2 synthase (hematopoietic PGD2 synthase) mRNA at higher levels than did eosinophils from the same tissue. Whole nasal polyp TSLP mRNA expression correlated strongly with mRNA encoding hematopoietic PGD2 synthase (r = .75), the mast cell-specific marker carboxypeptidase A3 (r = .74), and uPGD-M (r = 0.74). Levels of the cleaved active form of TSLP were increased in nasal polyps from patients with AERD relative to those in aspirin-tolerant control subjects. Recombinant TSLP induced PGD2 generation by cultured human mast cells. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that mast cell-derived PGD2 is a major effector of type 2 immune responses driven by TSLP and suggests that dysregulation of this innate system contributes significantly to the pathophysiology of AERD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Buchheit
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass.
| | - Katherine N Cahill
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Howard R Katz
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Katherine C Murphy
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Chunli Feng
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | | | - Juying Lai
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Neil Bhattacharyya
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Otolaryngology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Elliot Israel
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Joshua A Boyce
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Tanya M Laidlaw
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
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The paradigm of cytokine networks in allergic airway inflammation. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 15:41-8. [PMID: 25479317 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cytokines are immunomodulatory proteins important in cell signaling. Complex interactions of innate and adaptive immune cells, as well as structural cells and their cytokines, play crucial roles in regulating allergic airway inflammation. Here, we summarize current knowledge about the potential roles of known and newly identified helper T cells and epithelial cell-derived cytokines [interleukin (IL)-9, IL-17, IL-22, IL-25, and IL-33] in allergic rhinitis and asthma. RECENT FINDINGS Although T-helper (Th)2 cells were considered to be the main orchestrators of allergic airway inflammation, recent studies have revealed the potential interaction of other helper T cells and their cytokines in this process. Th17 cells may have a role in allergic rhinitis and asthma, and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. An IL-9-producing subset called Th9 cells, Th22 cells which primarily secrete IL-22, IL-13, tumor necrosis factor-α, Th25 cells via producing IL-25 and epithelial cell-derived thymic stromal lymphopoietin, IL-33, IL-31, and IL-25 are believed to be important for the initiation of allergic reactions and inducing airway inflammation. SUMMARY A new paradigm of an interplay of cytokines is important in allergic rhinitis and asthma in orchestrating the allergic inflammatory response. Potential therapeutic applications emerging from the roles of these cytokines are promising, but need further research.
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Liao B, Cao PP, Zeng M, Zhen Z, Wang H, Zhang YN, Hu CY, Ma J, Li ZY, Song J, Liu JX, Peng LY, Liu Y, Ning Q, Liu Z. Interaction of thymic stromal lymphopoietin, IL-33, and their receptors in epithelial cells in eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Allergy 2015; 70:1169-80. [PMID: 26095319 DOI: 10.1111/all.12667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), IL-25, and IL-33 system contribute to the initiation and development of Th2 responses. This study aimed to explore the involvement of TSLP, IL-25, IL-33, and their receptors in type 2 T-helper (Th) responses in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNPs) and their cross-regulation in human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs). METHODS Immunohistochemistry, quantitative RT-PCR, ELISA, Bio-Plex assay, and flow cytometry were used to detect the expression of TSLP/common γ-like TSLP receptor (TSLPR)/IL-7 receptor α (IL-7Rα), IL-25/IL-17B receptor (IL-17RB), and IL-33/membrane-bound ST2 (ST2L)/soluble ST2 (sST2) in sinonasal mucosa and HNECs. HNECs cultured at an air-liquid interface were used to explore the expression in regulation of these cytokine systems. RESULTS Compared with controls and noneosinophilic CRSwNP, the expression of TSLP/TSLPR/IL-7Rα and ST2L/sST2 was significantly increased in eosinophilic CRSwNP, predominantly in epithelial cells. In contrast, the expression of IL-33 and IL-25/IL-17RB was enhanced in epithelial cells in both eosinophilic and noneosinophilic CRSwNP compared to controls. The expression of TSLP, TSLPR, and ST2L was positively correlated with symptom and computer tomography scan scores in eosinophilic CRSwNP and with Th2 cytokine expression in sinonasal mucosa. The expression of ST2L was correlated with TSLP and its receptor expression. TSLP could induce ST2L expression that promoted IL-33-induced TSLP expression in HNECs. In addition, TSLP/TSLPR/IL-7Rα and ST2L could be induced by Th2 cytokines, while IL-25/IL-17RB and IL-33 could be upregulated by Th1/Th17 cytokines, in HNECs. CONCLUSIONS The positive feedback loop between TSLP, IL-33 and their receptors, and Th2 cytokines may facilitate Th2-skewed inflammation in eosinophilic CRSwNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Liao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - P.-P. Cao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - M. Zeng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Z. Zhen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Peking University First Hospital; Beijing China
| | - H. Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Y.-N. Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Tianjin First Center Hospital; Tianjin China
| | - C.-Y. Hu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat; Xi'an Children's Hospital; Xi'an China
| | - J. Ma
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Z.-Y. Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - J. Song
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - J.-X. Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - L.-Y. Peng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Y. Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Q. Ning
- Department of Infectious Disease; Institute of Infectious Disease; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Z. Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
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Hui CCK, Yu A, Heroux D, Akhabir L, Sandford AJ, Neighbour H, Denburg JA. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) secretion from human nasal epithelium is a function of TSLP genotype. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:993-9. [PMID: 25515628 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent candidate gene and genome-wide association studies have identified "protective" associations between the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1837253 in the TSLP gene and risk for allergy, asthma, and airway hyperresponsiveness. The absence of linkage disequilibrium of rs1837253 with other SNPs in the region suggests it is likely a causal polymorphism for these associations, having functional consequences. We hypothesized that rs1837253 genotype would influence TSLP secretion from mucosal surfaces. We therefore evaluated the secretion of TSLP protein from primary nasal epithelial cells (NECs) of atopic and nonatopic individuals and its association with rs1837253 genotype. We found that although atopic sensitization does not affect the secretion of TSLP from NECs, there was decreased TSLP secretion in NECs obtained from heterozygous (CT; 1.8-fold) and homozygous minor allele (TT; 2.5-fold) individuals, as compared with NECs from homozygous major allele individuals (CC; P<0.05), after double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) stimulation (50 μg ml(-1)). Our novel results show that rs1837253 polymorphism may be directly involved in the regulation of TSLP secretion. This may help explain the protective association of this genetic variant with asthma and related traits. Identifying functional consequences of SNPs in genes with previously reported clinical associations is critical in understanding and targeting allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C K Hui
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - A Yu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - D Heroux
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - L Akhabir
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - A J Sandford
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - H Neighbour
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - J A Denburg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Shin SH, Kim YH, Jin HS, Kang SH. Alternaria Induces Production of Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin in Nasal Fibroblasts Through Toll-like Receptor 2. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2015; 8:63-8. [PMID: 26540503 PMCID: PMC4695410 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2016.8.1.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps is a chronic inflammatory disease with markedly increased eosinophils, Th2-type lymphocytes, fibroblasts, and goblet cells. Fungi are commonly associated with airway inflammatory diseases, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is important in the development of Th2 inflammatory responses. The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction between airborne fungi and nasal fibroblasts in TSLP mRNA and protein expression. Methods Inferior turbinate and nasal polyp fibroblasts were stimulated with Alternaria and Aspergillus, respectively, for 48 hours, and TSLP mRNA and protein expressions were measured. The reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was performed for the Toll-like receptor (TLR) mRNA expression of the nasal fibroblasts. To determine the role of TLR in the induction of TSLP, the fibroblasts were transfected with siRNA against TLR2 and TLR5. Results Alternaria induced TSLP mRNA and protein expression in both inferior turbinate and nasal polyp fibroblasts. The nasal polyp fibroblasts responded more strongly to the fungi. TLR2 and TLR5 mRNA expressions were significantly increased with fungal stimulation and TSLP production was significantly inhibited by siRNA against TLR2. Conclusions The results of this study show that TSLP expression could be induced in nasal fibroblasts by exposure to Alternaria and that TLR2 may be involved in the process. The promotion of TSLP production in nasal fibroblasts by airborne fungi may facilitate the development or exacerbation of Th2-type nasal inflammation, especially in CRS with nasal polyps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Heon Shin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, Korea.
| | - Yee Hyuk Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hyo Sung Jin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Kang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, Korea
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Matsushita K, Kato Y, Akasaki S, Yoshimoto T. Proallergic cytokines and group 2 innate lymphoid cells in allergic nasal diseases. Allergol Int 2015; 64:235-40. [PMID: 26117254 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in our understanding of proallergic cytokines and group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) indicate their critical roles in type 2 immunity-mediated disorders. Proallergic cytokines, interleukin (IL)-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin, are released from epithelial cells in inflamed tissues and drive type 2 inflammation by acting on innate and acquired immune systems. ILC2s are an innate immune population that responds to proallergic cytokines by producing type 2 cytokines. In line with allergic disorders in the lung, skin, and intestine, emerging evidence suggests the involvement of proallergic cytokines and ILC2s in allergic nasal diseases such as chronic rhinosinusitis with polyps (CRSwNP), allergic fungal rhinosinusitis, and allergic rhinitis (AR). In CRSwNP patients, both proallergic cytokine levels and ILC2s frequency are increased in the nasal mucosa. Increased proallergic cytokine levels correlate with poorer disease outcomes in CRSwNP. Levels of nasal proallergic cytokines are also elevated in AR patients. In addition, animal studies demonstrate that cytokines are essential for the development of AR. It is becoming clear that the proallergic cytokine/ILC2s axis participates in allergic diseases by multiple mechanisms dependent upon the inflammatory context. Thus, a thorough understanding of these cytokines and ILC2s including their tissue- and disease-specific roles is essential for targeting the pathways to achieve therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazufumi Matsushita
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yukinori Kato
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan; Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medical Science, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Shoko Akasaki
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yoshimoto
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan; Department of Immunology and Medical Zoology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan.
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De Schryver E, Devuyst L, Derycke L, Dullaers M, Van Zele T, Bachert C, Gevaert P. Local immunoglobulin e in the nasal mucosa: clinical implications. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2015; 7:321-31. [PMID: 25749769 PMCID: PMC4446630 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2015.7.4.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) can be highly elevated in the airway mucosa independently of IgE serum levels and atopic status. Mostly, systemic markers are assessed to investigate inflammation in airway disease for research or clinical practice. A more accurate but more cumbersome approach to determine inflammation at the target organ would be to evaluate markers locally. We review evidence for local production of IgE in allergic rhinitis (AR) and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). Diagnostic and therapeutic consequences in clinical practice are discussed. We describe that the airway mucosa has the intrinsic capability to produce IgE. Moreover, not only do IgE-positive B cells reside within the mucosa, but all tools are present locally for affinity maturation by somatic hypermutation (SHM), clonal expansion, and class switch recombination to IgE. Recognizing local IgE in the absence of systemic IgE has diagnostic and therapeutic consequences. Therefore, we emphasize the importance of local IgE in patients with a history of AR or CRSwNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Els De Schryver
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lien Devuyst
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lara Derycke
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Melissa Dullaers
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thibaut Van Zele
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Claus Bachert
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.; Division of ENT Diseases, Clintec, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philippe Gevaert
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
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