601
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Adaptation of Elecsys ® anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 immunoassay to dried blood spots: proof of concept. Bioanalysis 2021; 13:161-167. [PMID: 33538622 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Several automated immunoassays have been validated on serum/plasma to evaluate the presence of significant levels of anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (anti-SARS-CoV-2) antibodies, signs of a present or past infection, but the use of dried blood spots (DBS) would facilitate sampling, shipping and storage. Objective: The aim of this project was to give proof of concept of the possibility to use of the automatized Elecsys® anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassay with a volumetric DBS device. Results: Linearity and correlation were satisfactory between volumetric DBS and plasma. A cut-off value was suggested and should be validated with more samples. Conclusion: this study strongly support the possibility to work with volumetric DBS instead of serum/plasma to test for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.
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602
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Shim E. Optimal Allocation of the Limited COVID-19 Vaccine Supply in South Korea. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10040591. [PMID: 33557344 PMCID: PMC7914460 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10040591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Initial supply of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccine may be limited, necessitating its effective use. Herein, an age-structured model of COVID-19 spread in South Korea is parameterized to understand the epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19. The model determines optimal vaccine allocation for minimizing infections, deaths, and years of life lost while accounting for population factors, such as country-specific age distribution and contact structure, and various levels of vaccine efficacy. A transmission-blocking vaccine should be prioritized in adults aged 20–49 years and those older than 50 years to minimize the cumulative incidence and mortality, respectively. A strategy to minimize years of life lost involves the vaccination of adults aged 40–69 years, reflecting the relatively high case-fatality rates and years of life lost in this age group. An incidence-minimizing vaccination strategy is highly sensitive to vaccine efficacy, and vaccines with lower efficacy should be administered to teenagers and adults aged 50–59 years. Consideration of age-specific contact rates and vaccine efficacy is critical to optimize vaccine allocation. New recommendations for COVID-19 vaccines under consideration by the Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are mainly based on a mortality-minimizing allocation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunha Shim
- Department of Mathematics, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Korea
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603
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McGill AR, Kahlil R, Dutta R, Green R, Howell M, Mohapatra S, Mohapatra SS. SARS-CoV-2 Immuno-Pathogenesis and Potential for Diverse Vaccines and Therapies: Opportunities and Challenges. Infect Dis Rep 2021; 13:102-125. [PMID: 33557330 PMCID: PMC7931091 DOI: 10.3390/idr13010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel coronavirus that emerged from Wuhan, China in late 2019 causing coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 infection begins by attaching to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor (ACE2) via the spike glycoprotein, followed by cleavage by TMPRSS2, revealing the viral fusion domain. Other presumptive receptors for SARS-CoV-2 attachment include CD147, neuropilin-1 (NRP1), and Myeloid C-lectin like receptor (CLR), each of which might play a role in the systemic viral spread. The pathology of SARS-CoV-2 infection ranges from asymptomatic to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome, often displaying a cytokine storm syndrome, which can be life-threatening. Despite progress made, the detailed mechanisms underlying SARS-CoV-2 interaction with the host immune system remain unclear and are an area of very active research. The process's key players include viral non-structural proteins and open reading frame products, which have been implicated in immune antagonism. The dysregulation of the innate immune system results in reduced adaptive immune responses characterized by rapidly diminishing antibody titers. Several treatment options for COVID-19 are emerging, with immunotherapies, peptide therapies, and nucleic acid vaccines showing promise. This review discusses the advances in the immunopathology of SARS-CoV-2, vaccines and therapies under investigation to counter the effects of this virus, as well as viral variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. McGill
- Department of Veterans Affairs, James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (A.R.M.); (R.K.); (R.D.); (R.G.); (M.H.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Roukiah Kahlil
- Department of Veterans Affairs, James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (A.R.M.); (R.K.); (R.D.); (R.G.); (M.H.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Rinku Dutta
- Department of Veterans Affairs, James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (A.R.M.); (R.K.); (R.D.); (R.G.); (M.H.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Ryan Green
- Department of Veterans Affairs, James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (A.R.M.); (R.K.); (R.D.); (R.G.); (M.H.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Mark Howell
- Department of Veterans Affairs, James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (A.R.M.); (R.K.); (R.D.); (R.G.); (M.H.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Subhra Mohapatra
- Department of Veterans Affairs, James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (A.R.M.); (R.K.); (R.D.); (R.G.); (M.H.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Shyam S. Mohapatra
- Department of Veterans Affairs, James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (A.R.M.); (R.K.); (R.D.); (R.G.); (M.H.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Pharmacy Graduate Programs, Taneja College, MDC30, 12908 USF Health Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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604
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Teo SP. Review of COVID-19 Vaccines and Their Evidence in Older Adults. Ann Geriatr Med Res 2021; 25:4-9. [PMID: 33550776 PMCID: PMC8024166 DOI: 10.4235/agmr.21.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in a global pandemic and significant loss of life. Older people are vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infections and complications; thus, they are a priority group to receive COVID-19 vaccines. This review discusses considerations for COVID-19 vaccines for older adults. The general concepts of vaccine effectiveness in older adults are described, particularly immune senescence and vaccine development approaches to improve immunogenicity. The types of COVID-19 vaccine platforms are also described before reviewing the available, although limited, evidence from phase 3 COVID-19 vaccine trials relevant to older adults. The BNT162b2 vaccine by Pfizer-BioNTech and mRNA-1273 vaccine from Moderna demonstrated high efficacy and immunogenicity, which were also observed in older people. While the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) by AstraZeneca demonstrated some efficacy in older people, the vaccine dose requires clarification through further studies. Finally, the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine by Janssen Pharmaceuticals shows promise as a single-dose vaccine with a potential durability of response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyh Poh Teo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Saleha (RIPAS) Hospital, Brunei Darussalam
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605
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COVID-19 Vaccine: Development, Testing, and Distribution. CLIN NURSE SPEC 2021; 35:62-64. [PMID: 33534247 DOI: 10.1097/nur.0000000000000583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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606
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Biała M, Lelonek E, Knysz B. COVID-19 vaccine candidates: A review. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2021. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0014.7051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In December 2019 the first cases of atypical pneumonia caused by a novel coronavirus
SARS-CoV-2 were reported in Wuhan, China. This new infection was called coronavirus disease
2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 is primarily transmitted human-to-human via direct contact and
via the air-respiratory droplets and/or aerosols. The clinical manifestations of COVID-19 could
range from asymptomatic or mild non-specific symptoms to severe pneumonia with multiple
organ failure and death. The virus spread rapidly to almost all the countries in the world
within a few months, and on the 11th of March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO)
announced the COVID-19 pandemic. Since then, a dynamic increase in the number of COVID-19
infections and deaths has been recorded worldwide. The COVID-19 pandemic is accelerating
and causing annex tensive impact on the functioning of health care and is also leading to an
economic crisis in the world. Today, it is difficult to ultimately assess the long-term effects
of the pandemic, although it is known that they will be experienced for decades. Therefore,
the most important goal is to stop the pandemic and develop an effective vaccine against
SARS-CoV-2. Using the ClinicalTrials.gov and World Health Organization databases, we shed
light on the current worldwide clinical and pre-clinical trials in search for a COVID-19 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Biała
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Liver Diseases and Acquired Immune Deficiences, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
| | - Edyta Lelonek
- Department and Clinic of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
| | - Brygida Knysz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Liver Diseases and Acquired Immune Deficiences, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
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607
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Inactivated COVID-19 vaccines to make a global impact. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021; 21:746-748. [PMID: 33548196 PMCID: PMC7906657 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(21)00020-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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608
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Bonam SR, Kotla NG, Bohara RA, Rochev Y, Webster TJ, Bayry J. Potential immuno-nanomedicine strategies to fight COVID-19 like pulmonary infections. NANO TODAY 2021; 36:101051. [PMID: 33519949 PMCID: PMC7834523 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2020.101051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a pandemic. At the time of writing this (October 14, 2020), more than 38.4 million people have become affected, and 1.0 million people have died across the world. The death rate is undoubtedly correlated with the cytokine storm and other pathological pulmonary characteristics, as a result of which the lungs cannot provide sufficient oxygen to the body's vital organs. While diversified drugs have been tested as a first line therapy, the complexity of fatal cases has not been reduced so far, and the world is looking for a treatment to combat the virus. However, to date, and despite such promise, we have received very limited information about the potential of nanomedicine to fight against COVID-19 or as an adjunct therapy in the treatment regimen. Over the past two decades, various therapeutic strategies, including direct-acting antiviral drugs, immunomodulators, a few non-specific drugs (simple to complex), have been explored to treat Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), influenza, and sometimes the common flu, thus, correlating and developing specific drugs centric to COVID-19 is possible. This review article focuses on the pulmonary pathology caused by SARS-CoV-2 and other viral pathogens, highlighting possible nanomedicine therapeutic strategies that should be further tested immediately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasa Reddy Bonam
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe-Immunopathologie et Immunointervention Thérapeutique, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris F-75006, France
| | - Niranjan G Kotla
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - Raghvendra A Bohara
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, D. Y. Patil Education Society (Institution Deemed to be University), Kolhapur (MS), India
| | - Yury Rochev
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Thomas J Webster
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jagadeesh Bayry
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe-Immunopathologie et Immunointervention Thérapeutique, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris F-75006, France
- Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Kozhippara, Palakkad 678557, India
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609
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Abstract
Vaccines are urgently needed to control the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and to help the return to pre-pandemic normalcy. A great many vaccine candidates are being developed, several of which have completed late-stage clinical trials and are reporting positive results. In this Progress article, we discuss which viral elements are used in COVID-19 vaccine candidates, why they might act as good targets for the immune system and the implications for protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianpan Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - George F Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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610
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Ewer KJ, Barrett JR, Belij-Rammerstorfer S, Sharpe H, Makinson R, Morter R, Flaxman A, Wright D, Bellamy D, Bittaye M, Dold C, Provine NM, Aboagye J, Fowler J, Silk SE, Alderson J, Aley PK, Angus B, Berrie E, Bibi S, Cicconi P, Clutterbuck EA, Chelysheva I, Folegatti PM, Fuskova M, Green CM, Jenkin D, Kerridge S, Lawrie A, Minassian AM, Moore M, Mujadidi Y, Plested E, Poulton I, Ramasamy MN, Robinson H, Song R, Snape MD, Tarrant R, Voysey M, Watson MEE, Douglas AD, Hill AVS, Gilbert SC, Pollard AJ, Lambe T. T cell and antibody responses induced by a single dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine in a phase 1/2 clinical trial. Nat Med 2021; 27:270-278. [PMID: 33335323 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-01194-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 416] [Impact Index Per Article: 138.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), has caused a global pandemic, and safe, effective vaccines are urgently needed1. Strong, Th1-skewed T cell responses can drive protective humoral and cell-mediated immune responses2 and might reduce the potential for disease enhancement3. Cytotoxic T cells clear virus-infected host cells and contribute to control of infection4. Studies of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 have suggested a protective role for both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in recovery from COVID-19 (refs. 5,6). ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) is a candidate SARS-CoV-2 vaccine comprising a replication-deficient simian adenovirus expressing full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. We recently reported preliminary safety and immunogenicity data from a phase 1/2 trial of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (NCT04400838)7 given as either a one- or two-dose regimen. The vaccine was tolerated, with induction of neutralizing antibodies and antigen-specific T cells against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Here we describe, in detail, exploratory analyses of the immune responses in adults, aged 18-55 years, up to 8 weeks after vaccination with a single dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 in this trial, demonstrating an induction of a Th1-biased response characterized by interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α cytokine secretion by CD4+ T cells and antibody production predominantly of IgG1 and IgG3 subclasses. CD8+ T cells, of monofunctional, polyfunctional and cytotoxic phenotypes, were also induced. Taken together, these results suggest a favorable immune profile induced by ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine, supporting the progression of this vaccine candidate to ongoing phase 2/3 trials to assess vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie J Ewer
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | | | | | - Hannah Sharpe
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Amy Flaxman
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel Wright
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Christina Dold
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Jamie Fowler
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah E Silk
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jennifer Alderson
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Parvinder K Aley
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Brian Angus
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eleanor Berrie
- Clinical Biomanufacturing Facility, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sagida Bibi
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paola Cicconi
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Irina Chelysheva
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Catherine M Green
- Clinical Biomanufacturing Facility, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel Jenkin
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Simon Kerridge
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alison Lawrie
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Maria Moore
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yama Mujadidi
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emma Plested
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ian Poulton
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Maheshi N Ramasamy
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hannah Robinson
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rinn Song
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew D Snape
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard Tarrant
- Clinical Biomanufacturing Facility, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Merryn Voysey
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Teresa Lambe
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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611
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Strizova Z, Smetanova J, Bartunkova J, Milota T. Principles and Challenges in anti-COVID-19 Vaccine Development. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2021; 182:339-349. [PMID: 33524979 PMCID: PMC7900461 DOI: 10.1159/000514225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-infected patients keeps rising in most of the European countries despite the pandemic precaution measures. The current antiviral and anti-inflammatory therapeutic approaches are only supportive, have limited efficacy, and the prevention in reducing the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 virus is the best hope for public health. It is presumed that an effective vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 infection could mobilize the innate and adaptive immune responses and provide a protection against severe forms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease. As the race for the effective and safe vaccine has begun, different strategies were introduced. To date, viral vector-based vaccines, genetic vaccines, attenuated vaccines, and protein-based vaccines are the major vaccine types tested in the clinical trials. Over 80 clinical trials have been initiated; however, only 18 vaccines have reached the clinical phase II/III or III, and 4 vaccine candidates are under consideration or have been approved for the use so far. In addition, the protective effect of the off-target vaccines, such as Bacillus Calmette-Guérin and measles vaccine, is being explored in randomized prospective clinical trials with SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. In this review, we discuss the most promising anti-COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials and different vaccination strategies in order to provide more clarity into the ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Strizova
- Department of Immunology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jitka Smetanova
- Department of Immunology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jirina Bartunkova
- Department of Immunology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czechia
| | - Tomas Milota
- Department of Immunology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czechia,
- Department of Paediatric and Adult Rheumatology, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czechia,
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612
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Velikova T, Georgiev T. SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and autoimmune diseases amidst the COVID-19 crisis. Rheumatol Int 2021. [PMID: 33515320 DOI: 10.1007/s00296‐021‐04792‐9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has become challenging even for the most durable healthcare systems. It seems that vaccination, one of the most effective public-health interventions, presents a ray of hope to end the pandemic by achieving herd immunity. In this review, we aimed to cover aspects of the current knowledge of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines and vaccine candidates in the light of autoimmune inflammatory diseases (AIIDs) and to analyze their potential in terms of safety and effectiveness in patients with AIIDs. Therefore, a focused narrative review was carried out to predict the possible implications of different types of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines which confer distinct immune mechanisms to establish immune response and protection against COVID-19: whole virus (inactivated or weakened), viral vector (replicating and non-replicating), nucleic acid (RNA, DNA), and protein-based (protein subunit, virus-like particle). Still, there is uncertainty among patients with AIIDs and clinicians about the effectiveness and safety of the new vaccines. There are a variety of approaches towards building a protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2. Only high-quality clinical trials would clarify the underlying immunological mechanisms of the newly implemented vaccines/adjuvants in patients living with AIIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsvetelina Velikova
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital "Lozenetz", Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, 1 Kozyak Str., 1407, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Tsvetoslav Georgiev
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University-Varna, 55 Marin Drinov Str., Varna, 9002, Bulgaria. .,Clinic of Rheumatology, University Hospital "St. Marina", 1 Hristo Smirnenski Blvd., 9010, Varna, Bulgaria.
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613
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DiPiazza AT, Graham BS, Ruckwardt TJ. T cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2 following natural infection and vaccination. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 538:211-217. [PMID: 33190827 PMCID: PMC7584424 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 first emerged in the human population in late 2019 in Wuhan, China, and in a matter of months, spread across the globe resulting in the Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic and substantial economic fallout. SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted between humans via respiratory particles, with infection presenting a spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic to respiratory failure with multiorgan dysfunction and death in severe cases. Prior experiences with human pathogenic coronaviruses and respiratory virus diseases in general have revealed an important role for cellular immunity in limiting disease severity. Here, we review some of the key mechanisms underlying cell-mediated immunity to respiratory viruses and summarize our current understanding of the functional capacity and role of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells following natural infection and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony T DiPiazza
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA.
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Tracy J Ruckwardt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA.
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614
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Boechat JL, Wandalsen GF, Kuschnir FC, Delgado L. COVID-19 and Pediatric Asthma: Clinical and Management Challenges. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18031093. [PMID: 33530624 PMCID: PMC7908623 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18031093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is the most frequent chronic condition in childhood and a current concern exists about asthma in the pediatric population and its risk for severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Although all ages can be affected, SARS-CoV-2 infection has lower clinical impact on children and adolescents than on adults. Fever, cough and shortness of breath are the most common symptoms and signs in children; wheezing has not been frequently reported. Published studies suggest that children with asthma do not appear to be disproportionately more affected by COVID-19. This hypothesis raises two issues: is asthma (and/or atopy) an independent protective factor for COVID-19? If yes, why? Explanations for this could include the lower IFN-α production, protective role of eosinophils in the airway, and antiviral and immunomodulatory proprieties of inhaled steroids. Additionally, recent evidence supports that allergic sensitization is inversely related to ACE2 expression. Obesity is a known risk factor for COVID-19 in adults. However, in the childhood asthma–obesity phenotype, the classic atopic Th2 pattern seems to predominate, which could hypothetically be a protective factor for severe SARS-CoV-2 infection in children with both conditions. Finally, the return to school activities raises concerns, as asymptomatic children could act as vectors for the spread of the disease. Although this is still a controversial topic, the identification and management of asymptomatic children is an important approach during the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic. Focus on asthma control, risk stratification, and medication adherence will be essential to allow children with asthma to return safely to school.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Laerte Boechat
- Clinical Immunology Service, Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24070-035, Brazil
- Basic and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto 4200-319, Portugal;
- Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto 4200-319, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Gustavo Falbo Wandalsen
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, São Paulo 04025-002, Brazil;
| | - Fabio Chigres Kuschnir
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20943-000, Brazil;
| | - Luís Delgado
- Basic and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto 4200-319, Portugal;
- Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto 4200-319, Portugal
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615
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Mirzaei F, Vafaei SA, Abbasi-Oshaghi E. Regarding the Article: Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Current Status and Prospects for Drug and Vaccine Development. Arch Med Res 2021; 52:456-457. [PMID: 33483149 PMCID: PMC7802598 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Mirzaei
- Anatomy Department, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Seyyed Alireza Vafaei
- Department of Clinical Biology, Islamic Azad University Sanandaj Branch, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Abbasi-Oshaghi
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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616
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Belete TM. Review on Up-to-Date Status of Candidate Vaccines for COVID-19 Disease. Infect Drug Resist 2021; 14:151-161. [PMID: 33500636 PMCID: PMC7826065 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s288877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The global pandemic of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 continues to spread and poses serious threats to public health and economic stability throughout the world. Thus, to protect the global population, developing safe and effective vaccines is mandatory to control the spread of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Since genomic sequences of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 have similarity and use the same receptor (ACE2), it is important to learn from the development of SARS-CoV-1 vaccines for the development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Normally vaccine development takes 10-15 years but vaccine development against SARS-CoV2 is going on at a very fast pace resulting in almost breakthrough methods of vaccine development by several research institutions. The whole process of vaccine development including clinical trials gets shortened and may be fast tracked to 15-18 months. Global collaborations and increased research efforts among the scientific community have led to more than 214 candidate vaccines globally. The current review highlights the different approaches and technologies used around the world for the design and development of the vaccines and also focuses on the recent status of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates under development by various institutions to combat the world threat of COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tafere Mulaw Belete
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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617
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Tanis J, Vancutsem E, Piérard D, Weets I, Bjerke M, Schiettecatte J, De Geyter D. Evaluation of four laboratory-based SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody immunoassays. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 100:115313. [PMID: 33548855 PMCID: PMC7816597 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2021.115313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To evaluate the diagnostic performances of four SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody immunoassays. Methods Following immunoassays were studied: Abbott's SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay, Diasorin's Liaison SARS-CoV-2 S2/S2 IgG assay, Euroimmun's Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG ELISA, and Roche's Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 assay. Specificity was retrospectively evaluated with 38 samples from 2019. Sensitivity samples (n = 147) were taken from SARS-CoV-2 real-time PCR-positive patients who developed COVID-19 symptoms ten days earlier. Results Mean specificity was 96.6%. Mean sensitivity was 62.7% from ten days after onset of symptoms, 84.4% from 15 days after onset of symptoms, and 87.5% from 20 days after onset of symptoms. Conclusions Specificity was high, while Abbott and Roche were 100% specific. Sensitivity increased over time, with Abbott and Roche having the highest sensitivity at all time points with ≥90% from 20 days after symptoms' onset. These findings may assist in selecting SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody immunoassays for additional diagnostics, epidemiological research, and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorg Tanis
- Department of Clinical Biology, Laboratory of Microbiology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Ellen Vancutsem
- Department of Clinical Biology, Laboratory of Microbiology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Denis Piérard
- Department of Clinical Biology, Laboratory of Microbiology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ilse Weets
- Department of Clinical Biology, Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maria Bjerke
- Department of Clinical Biology, Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Johan Schiettecatte
- Department of Clinical Biology, Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Deborah De Geyter
- Department of Clinical Biology, Laboratory of Microbiology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
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618
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Marcus N, Frizinsky S, Hagin D, Ovadia A, Hanna S, Farkash M, Maoz-Segal R, Agmon-Levin N, Broides A, Nahum A, Rosenberg E, Kuperman AA, Dinur-Schejter Y, Berkun Y, Toker O, Goldberg S, Confino-Cohen R, Scheuerman O, Badarneh B, Epstein-Rigbi N, Etzioni A, Dalal I, Somech R. Minor Clinical Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Patients With Primary Immunodeficiency in Israel. Front Immunol 2021; 11:614086. [PMID: 33519822 PMCID: PMC7840610 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.614086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few months the world has witnessed a global pandemic due to severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Obviously, this pandemic affected individuals differently, with a significant impact on populations considered to be at high-risk. One such population, was assumed to be patients with primary genetic defect involving components or pathways of the immune system. While human immunity against COVID-19 is not fully understood, it is, so far, well documented, that both adaptive and innate cells have a critical role in protection against SARS-CoV-2. Here, we aimed to summarize the clinical and laboratory data on primary immunodeficiency (PID) patients in Israel, who were tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, in order to estimate the impact of COVID-19 on such patients. Data was collected from mid-February to end-September. During this time Israel experienced two “waves” of COVID-19 diseases; the first, from mid-February to mid-May and the second from mid-June and still ongoing at the end of data collection. A total of 20 PID patients, aged 4 months to 60 years, were tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, all but one, were detected during the second wave. Fourteen of the patients were on routine monthly IVIG replacement therapy at the time of virus detection. None of the patients displayed severe illness and none required hospitalization; moreover, 7/20 patients were completely asymptomatic. Possible explanations for the minimal clinical impact of COVID-19 pandemic observed in our PID patients include high level of awareness, extra-precautions, and even self-isolation. It is also possible that only specific immune pathways (e.g. type I interferon signaling), may increase the risk for a more severe course of disease and these are not affected in many of the PID patients. In some cases, lack of an immune response actually may be a protective measure against the development of COVID-19 sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nufar Marcus
- Allergy and Immunology Unit, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Kipper Institute of Immunology, Petach Tikva, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,The Jeffrey Modell Foundation Israeli Network for Primary Immunodeficiency, New York, NY, United States
| | - Shirly Frizinsky
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,The Jeffrey Modell Foundation Israeli Network for Primary Immunodeficiency, New York, NY, United States.,Pediatric Department A and the Immunology Service, Jeffrey Modell Foundation Center, "Edmond and Lily Safra" Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Clinical Immunology, Angioedema and Allergy Unit, Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Israel
| | - David Hagin
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,The Jeffrey Modell Foundation Israeli Network for Primary Immunodeficiency, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Adi Ovadia
- The Jeffrey Modell Foundation Israeli Network for Primary Immunodeficiency, New York, NY, United States.,Pediatric Allergy Unit, E. Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel.,Pediatric Department, E. Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
| | - Suhair Hanna
- The Jeffrey Modell Foundation Israeli Network for Primary Immunodeficiency, New York, NY, United States.,Ruth Children Hospital, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Michael Farkash
- Allergy and Immunology Unit, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Kipper Institute of Immunology, Petach Tikva, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,The Jeffrey Modell Foundation Israeli Network for Primary Immunodeficiency, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ramit Maoz-Segal
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Clinical Immunology, Angioedema and Allergy Unit, Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Israel
| | - Nancy Agmon-Levin
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Clinical Immunology, Angioedema and Allergy Unit, Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Israel
| | - Arnon Broides
- The Jeffrey Modell Foundation Israeli Network for Primary Immunodeficiency, New York, NY, United States.,Immunology Clinic, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Amit Nahum
- The Jeffrey Modell Foundation Israeli Network for Primary Immunodeficiency, New York, NY, United States.,Immunology Clinic, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Elli Rosenberg
- The Jeffrey Modell Foundation Israeli Network for Primary Immunodeficiency, New York, NY, United States.,Immunology Clinic, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Amir Asher Kuperman
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel.,Blood Coagulation Service and Pediatric Hematology Clinic, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Yael Dinur-Schejter
- The Jeffrey Modell Foundation Israeli Network for Primary Immunodeficiency, New York, NY, United States.,Bone Marrow Transplantation Department, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yackov Berkun
- The Jeffrey Modell Foundation Israeli Network for Primary Immunodeficiency, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Mount Scopus Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ori Toker
- The Jeffrey Modell Foundation Israeli Network for Primary Immunodeficiency, New York, NY, United States.,Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,The Allergy and Immunology Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shmuel Goldberg
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,Pediatric Pulmonary Unit, Pediatric Division, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ronit Confino-Cohen
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Meir Medical Center, Kfar-Saba, Israel
| | - Oded Scheuerman
- Pediatrics B, Schneider Children Medical Center Israel, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Basel Badarneh
- Allergy and Immunology Unit, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Kipper Institute of Immunology, Petach Tikva, Israel.,Pediatric Department, Allergy and Immunology Clinic, Carmel Medical Center, Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
| | - Na'ama Epstein-Rigbi
- Institute of Allergy, Immunology and Pediatric Pulmonology, Shamir (Former Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Amos Etzioni
- The Jeffrey Modell Foundation Israeli Network for Primary Immunodeficiency, New York, NY, United States.,Ruth Children Hospital, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ilan Dalal
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,The Jeffrey Modell Foundation Israeli Network for Primary Immunodeficiency, New York, NY, United States.,Pediatric Allergy Unit, E. Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel.,Pediatric Department, E. Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
| | - Raz Somech
- The Jeffrey Modell Foundation Israeli Network for Primary Immunodeficiency, New York, NY, United States.,Pediatric Department A and the Immunology Service, Jeffrey Modell Foundation Center, "Edmond and Lily Safra" Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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619
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Fougeroux C, Goksøyr L, Idorn M, Soroka V, Myeni SK, Dagil R, Janitzek CM, Søgaard M, Aves KL, Horsted EW, Erdoğan SM, Gustavsson T, Dorosz J, Clemmensen S, Fredsgaard L, Thrane S, Vidal-Calvo EE, Khalifé P, Hulen TM, Choudhary S, Theisen M, Singh SK, Garcia-Senosiain A, Van Oosten L, Pijlman G, Hierzberger B, Domeyer T, Nalewajek BW, Strøbæk A, Skrzypczak M, Andersson LF, Buus S, Buus AS, Christensen JP, Dalebout TJ, Iversen K, Harritshøj LH, Mordmüller B, Ullum H, Reinert LS, de Jongh WA, Kikkert M, Paludan SR, Theander TG, Nielsen MA, Salanti A, Sander AF. Capsid-like particles decorated with the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain elicit strong virus neutralization activity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:324. [PMID: 33436573 PMCID: PMC7804149 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20251-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid development of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine is a global priority. Here, we develop two capsid-like particle (CLP)-based vaccines displaying the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. RBD antigens are displayed on AP205 CLPs through a split-protein Tag/Catcher, ensuring unidirectional and high-density display of RBD. Both soluble recombinant RBD and RBD displayed on CLPs bind the ACE2 receptor with nanomolar affinity. Mice are vaccinated with soluble RBD or CLP-displayed RBD, formulated in Squalene-Water-Emulsion. The RBD-CLP vaccines induce higher levels of serum anti-spike antibodies than the soluble RBD vaccines. Remarkably, one injection with our lead RBD-CLP vaccine in mice elicits virus neutralization antibody titers comparable to those found in patients that had recovered from COVID-19. Following booster vaccinations, the virus neutralization titers exceed those measured after natural infection, at serum dilutions above 1:10,000. Thus, the RBD-CLP vaccine is a highly promising candidate for preventing COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Louise Goksøyr
- AdaptVac Aps, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Manja Idorn
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Sebenzile K Myeni
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, ZA, Leiden, 2333, Netherlands
| | - Robert Dagil
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VAR2pharmaceuticals, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christoph M Janitzek
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Max Søgaard
- ExpreS2ion Biotechnologies Aps, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Kara-Lee Aves
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emma W Horsted
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sayit Mahmut Erdoğan
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Turkish Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tobias Gustavsson
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VAR2pharmaceuticals, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jerzy Dorosz
- ExpreS2ion Biotechnologies Aps, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | | | - Laurits Fredsgaard
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Paul Khalifé
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas M Hulen
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Swati Choudhary
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VAR2pharmaceuticals, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Theisen
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institute, 2300, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susheel K Singh
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institute, 2300, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Asier Garcia-Senosiain
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institute, 2300, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Linda Van Oosten
- Department of Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Virology, 6700AA, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Gorben Pijlman
- Department of Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Virology, 6700AA, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Tanja Domeyer
- ExpreS2ion Biotechnologies Aps, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | - Søren Buus
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Danmark
| | - Anette Stryhn Buus
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Danmark
| | - Jan Pravsgaard Christensen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Danmark
| | - Tim J Dalebout
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, ZA, Leiden, 2333, Netherlands
| | - Kasper Iversen
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev Hospital, 2730, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Lene H Harritshøj
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Benjamin Mordmüller
- Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Institut für Tropenmedizin, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, BP 242, Lambaréné, Gabon
| | - Henrik Ullum
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev Hospital, 2730, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Line S Reinert
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Willem Adriaan de Jongh
- AdaptVac Aps, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
- ExpreS2ion Biotechnologies Aps, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Marjolein Kikkert
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, ZA, Leiden, 2333, Netherlands
| | - Søren R Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thor G Theander
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten A Nielsen
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Ali Salanti
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VAR2pharmaceuticals, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Adam F Sander
- AdaptVac Aps, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark.
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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620
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Impact of Sudden Global Events on Cross-Field Research Cooperation. INFORMATION 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/info12010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the outbreak of COVID-19, in addition to the continuous increment in the number of infected patients, the number of COVID-19-related papers has also increased significantly. According to the statistics, its number even exceeds the research of some research fields over many years. Similar to COVID-19, the related research on COVID-19 also seems highly infectious. What causes this situation? By crawling the data of COVID-19-related papers from web of Sciences this year, we found that there are three mechanisms to promote the rapid growth of the number of COVID-19 papers: incentive mechanism, cross-field collaboration mechanism, and potential impact mechanism of writing papers. To understand the impact of COVID-19 on cross-domain paper network further, we proposed a new construction method of multi-field paper association structure network based on COVID-19. The paper association mechanism and the wall breaking principle between multiple research fields were found through the experiments. Then, combined with the constructed network, we gave the knowledge dissemination model of the new discoveries in multiple fields and obtained some relevant new findings.
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621
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Patel MD, Rosenstrom E, Ivy JS, Mayorga ME, Keskinocak P, Boyce RM, Hassmiller Lich K, Smith RL, Johnson KT, Swann JL. The Joint Impact of COVID-19 Vaccination and Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions on Infections, Hospitalizations, and Mortality: An Agent-Based Simulation. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021:2020.12.30.20248888. [PMID: 33442712 PMCID: PMC7805476 DOI: 10.1101/2020.12.30.20248888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 has the potential to significantly reduce transmission and morbidity and mortality due to COVID-19. This modeling study simulated the comparative and joint impact of COVID-19 vaccine efficacy and coverage with and without non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) on total infections, hospitalizations, and deaths. Methods An agent-based simulation model was employed to estimate incident SARS-CoV-2 infections and COVID-19-associated hospitalizations and deaths over 18 months for the State of North Carolina, a population of roughly 10.5 million. Vaccine efficacy of 50% and 90% and vaccine coverage of 25%, 50%, and 75% (at the end of a 6-month distribution period) were evaluated. Six vaccination scenarios were simulated with NPIs (i.e., reduced mobility, school closings, face mask usage) maintained and removed during the period of vaccine distribution. Results In the worst-case vaccination scenario (50% efficacy and 25% coverage), 2,231,134 new SARS-CoV-2 infections occurred with NPIs removed and 799,949 infections with NPIs maintained. In contrast, in the best-case scenario (90% efficacy and 75% coverage), there were 450,575 new infections with NPIs maintained and 527,409 with NPIs removed. When NPIs were removed, lower efficacy (50%) and higher coverage (75%) reduced infection risk by a greater magnitude than higher efficacy (90%) and lower coverage (25%) compared to the worst-case scenario (absolute risk reduction 13% and 8%, respectively). Conclusion Simulation results suggest that premature lifting of NPIs while vaccines are distributed may result in substantial increases in infections, hospitalizations, and deaths. Furthermore, as NPIs are removed, higher vaccination coverage with less efficacious vaccines can contribute to a larger reduction in risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to more efficacious vaccines at lower coverage. Our findings highlight the need for well-resourced and coordinated efforts to achieve high vaccine coverage and continued adherence to NPIs before many pre-pandemic activities can be resumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehul D. Patel
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Erik Rosenstrom
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, North Carolina State University
| | - Julie S. Ivy
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, North Carolina State University
| | - Maria E. Mayorga
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, North Carolina State University
| | - Pinar Keskinocak
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
| | - Ross M. Boyce
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Kristen Hassmiller Lich
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Raymond L. Smith
- Department of Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, East Carolina University
| | - Karl T. Johnson
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Julie L. Swann
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, North Carolina State University
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622
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Bachmann MF, Mohsen MO, Zha L, Vogel M, Speiser DE. SARS-CoV-2 structural features may explain limited neutralizing-antibody responses. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:2. [PMID: 33398006 PMCID: PMC7782831 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-00264-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutralizing antibody responses of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients may be low and of short duration. We propose here that coronaviruses employ a structural strategy to avoid strong and enduring antibody responses. Other viruses induce optimal and long-lived neutralizing antibody responses, thanks to 20 or more repetitive, rigid antigenic epitopes, spaced by 5–10 nm, present on the viral surface. Such arrays of repetitive and highly organized structures are recognized by the immune system as pathogen-associated structural patterns (PASPs), which are characteristic for pathogen surfaces. In contrast, coronaviruses are large particles with long spikes (S protein) embedded in a fluid membrane. Therefore, the neutralizing epitopes (which are on the S protein) are loosely “floating” and widely spaced by an average of about 25 nm. Consequently, recruitment of complement is poor and stimulation of B cells remains suboptimal, offering an explanation for the inefficient and short-lived neutralizing antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin F Bachmann
- International Immunology Centre, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.
- Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Mona O Mohsen
- Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lisha Zha
- International Immunology Centre, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Monique Vogel
- International Immunology Centre, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Daniel E Speiser
- University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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623
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Anwar MM. Immunotherapies and COVID-19 related Neurological manifestations: A Comprehensive Review Article. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2021; 41:960-975. [PMID: 33393415 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2020.1865400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In December 2019, an outbreak of pandemic severe respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) initially occurred in China, has spread the world resulted in serious threats to human public health. Uncommon neurological manifestations with pathophysiological symptoms were observed in infected patients including headache, seizures, and neuroimmunological disorders. Regardless of whether these neurological symptoms are direct or indirect casual infection relationship, this novel viral infection has a relevant impact on the neuroimmune system that requires a neurologist's careful assessment. Recently, the use of immunotherapy has been emerged in fighting against COVID-19 infection despite the uncertain efficiency in managing COVID-19 related disorders or even its proven failure by increasing its severity. Herein, the author is addressing the first approaches in using immunotherapies in controlling COVID-19 viral impact on the brain by highlighting their role in decreasing or increasing infection risks among subjects. This point of view review article supports the use of immunotherapies in managing COVID-19 neurological disorders but in optimal timing and duration to ensure the maximum therapeutic outcome by reducing morbidity and mortality rate. Based on recently published data, the current review article highlights the beneficial effects and drawbacks of using immunotherapies to combat COVID-19 and its neurological symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai M Anwar
- Department of Biochemistry, National Organization for Drug Control and Research (Nodcar)/egyptian Drug Authority , Cairo, Egypt
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624
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Yang Z, Li J. Letter from China: Response after the first wave of COVID-19. Respirology 2021; 26:273-274. [PMID: 33389782 DOI: 10.1111/resp.13998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowei Yang
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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625
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COVID-19 in teriflunomide-treated patients with multiple sclerosis: A case report and literature review. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2021; 48:102734. [PMID: 33429305 PMCID: PMC7836732 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND . Teriflunomide is an immunomodulatory drug approved for Multiple Sclerosis (MS) treatment that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, a mitochondrial enzyme involved in the de novo pyrimidine synthesis pathway. This mechanism can produce antiviral effects, thus teriflunomide has gained attention during COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, in the last months, some case-reports have been published describing MS patients treated with teriflunomide who developed mild and self-limiting forms of COVID-19. METHODS Here, we describe the case of a 57-year-old man affected by MS, and treated with teriflunomide, who developed a mild form of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Moreover, we provide a detailed literature review about the available cases of COVID-19 in MS patients treated with teriflunomide. We report clinical features, disease course and outcome, and we discuss similarities and differences among patients. RESULTS Apart from the present report, since February 2020, five papers have been published describing 14 MS patients who developed SARS-CoV-2 infection during teriflunomide treatment. Patients were mostly female (53%), with an average age of 50.5 (±11.3) years. Median EDSS was 2.25 (range 0-6). The average time on treatment with teriflunomide was 3.7 (± 1.6) years. Relevant comorbidities were present in 4 patients (27%). Regarding SARS-CoV-2 infection, the most common symptom was fever (100%) followed by gastrointestinal disturbances (67%), fatigue (55%) and cough (55%). 5 patients were hospitalized and 2 required oxygen support. In patient hospitalized (n=5) compared to the others (n=10), age was significantly higher (59.6 vs 45.9 years, p=0.025) while gender, EDSS, duration of teriflunomide therapy and comorbidities were not significantly different. Outcome was good for all patients with a variable recovery time, ranging from few days to some weeks. Teriflunomide was continued during the entire course of SARS-CoV-2 infection in all patients except for two. Compared to the patients already described, our patient was 7 years older, average time on teriflunomide treatment was about 2.5 years shorter, and median EDSS was 1.5 point lower. Despite significant comorbidities, the outcome was good since our patient was hospitalized but he did not require oxygen supplementation nor intensive care and was able to return at home after only 10 days. Teriflunomide therapy was continued throughout the period. CONCLUSION Available data suggest that teriflunomide therapy should not be discontinued in MS patients who develop SARS-CoV-2 infection, also in presence of significant comorbidities or clinical conditions requiring hospitalization. Additional studies are necessary to assess if the drug can also have a protective role against SARS-CoV-2.
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626
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Liu CH, Huang HY, Tu YF, Lai WY, Wang CL, Sun JR, Chien Y, Lin TW, Lin YY, Chien CS, Huang CH, Chen YM, Huang PI, Wang FD, Yang YP. Highlight of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 vaccine development against COVID-19 pandemic. J Chin Med Assoc 2021; 84:9-13. [PMID: 33186212 DOI: 10.1097/jcma.0000000000000461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has brought an unprecedented impact upon the global economy and public health. Although the SARS-CoV-2 virology has been gradually investigated, measures to combat this new threat in public health are still absent. To date, no certificated drug or vaccine has been developed for the treatment or prevention of coronavirus disease Extensive researches and international coordination has been conducted to rapidly develop novel vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Several major breakthroughs have been made through the identification of the genetic sequence and structural/non-structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2, which enabled the development of RNA-, DNA-based vaccines, subunit vaccines, and attenuated viral vaccines. In this review article, we present an overview of the recent advances of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and the challenges that may be encountered in the development process, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of these approaches that may help in effectively countering COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hsuan Liu
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsuan-Yang Huang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yung-Fang Tu
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wei-Yi Lai
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Lin Wang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jun-Ren Sun
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yueh Chien
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tzu-Wei Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Ying Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chian-Shiu Chien
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chih-Heng Huang
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yuh-Min Chen
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Cancer Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pin-I Huang
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Fu-Der Wang
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Ping Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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627
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Li J, Luo H, Deng G, Chang J, Qiu X, Liu C, Qin B. Multidimensional Evaluation of All-Cause Mortality Risk and Survival Analysis for Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:3140-3149. [PMID: 34400884 PMCID: PMC8364453 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.58889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused over 3.8 million deaths globally. Up to date, the number of death in 2021 is more than that in 2020 globally. Here, we aimed to compare clinical characteristics of deceased patients and recovered patients, and analyze the risk factors of death to help reduce mortality of COVID-19. Methods: In this retrospective study, a total of 2719 COVID-19 patients were enrolled, including 109 deceased patients and 2610 recovered patients. Medical records of all patients were collected between February 4, 2020, and April 7, 2020. Clinical characteristics, laboratory indices, treatments, and deep-learning system- assessed lung lesion volumes were analyzed. The effect of different medications on survival time of fatal cases was also investigated. Results: The deceased patients were older (73 years versus 60 years) and had a male predominance. Nausea (10.1% versus 4.1%) and dyspnea (54.1% versus 39.2%) were more common in deceased patients. The proportion of patients with comorbidities in deceased patients was significantly higher than those in recovered patients. The median times from hospital admission to outcome in deceased patients and recovered patients were 9 days and 13 days, respectively. Patients with severe or critical COVID-19 were more frequent in deceased group. Leukocytosis (11.35×109/L versus 5.60×109/L) and lymphocytopenia (0.52×109/L versus 1.58×109/L) were shown in patients who died. The level of prothrombin time, activated partial prothrombin time, D-dimer, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, urea, creatinine, creatine kinase, glucose, brain natriuretic peptide, and inflammatory indicators were significantly higher in deceased patients than in recovered patients. The volumes of ground-glass, consolidation, total lesions and total lung in all patients were quantified. Complications were more common in deceased patients than in recovered patients; respiratory failure (57.8%), septic shock (36.7%), and acute respiratory distress syndrome (26.6%) were the most common complications in patients who died. Many treatments were more frequent in deceased patients, such as antibiotic therapy (88.1% versus 53.7%), glucocorticoid treatment (70.6% versus 11.0%), intravenous immunoglobin treatment (36.6% versus 4.9%), invasive mechanical ventilation (62.3% versus 3.8%). Antivirals, antibiotics, traditional Chinese medicines and glucocorticoid treatment may significantly increase the survival time of fatal cases. Quantitative computed tomography imaging results were correlated with biochemical markers. Conclusions: Most patients with fatal outcomes were more likely to have common comorbidities. The leading causes of death were respiratory failure and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Acute respiratory distress syndrome, respiratory failure and septic shock were the most common serious complications. Antivirals, antibiotics, traditional Chinese medicines, and glucocorticoid treatment may prolong the survival time of deceased patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hu Luo
- No 1. Intensive Care Unit, Huoshenshan Hospital, Wuhan, China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Gang Deng
- Department of Radiology, Guanggu district, Hubei Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Wuhan, China.,63650 Hospital of PLA, Malan, 841700, China
| | - Jinying Chang
- College of Mathematics and Statistics, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoming Qiu
- Department of Radiology, Huangshi Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Radiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Bo Qin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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628
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Greco R, Alexander T, Burman J, Del Papa N, de Vries-Bouwstra J, Farge D, Henes J, Kazmi M, Kirgizov K, Muraro PA, Ricart E, Rovira M, Saccardi R, Sharrack B, Snarski E, Withers B, Jessop H, Boglione C, Kramer E, Badoglio M, Labopin M, Orchard K, Corbacioglu S, Ljungman P, Mikulska M, De la Camara R, Snowden JA. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for autoimmune diseases in the time of COVID-19: EBMT guidelines and recommendations. Bone Marrow Transplant 2021; 56:1493-1508. [PMID: 34031556 PMCID: PMC8143059 DOI: 10.1038/s41409-021-01326-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), represents one of the biggest challenges of 21st century, threatening public health around the globe. Increasing age and presence of co-morbidities are reported risk factors for severe disease and mortality, along with autoimmune diseases (ADs) and immunosuppressive treatments such as haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), which are also associated with adverse outcomes. We review the impact of the pandemic on specific groups of patients with neurological, rheumatological, and gastroenterological indications, along with the challenges delivering HSCT in adult and pediatric populations. Moving forward, we developed consensus-based guidelines and recommendations for best practice and quality of patient care in order to support clinicians, scientists, and their multidisciplinary teams, as well as patients and their carers. These guidelines aim to support national and international organizations related to autoimmune diseases and local clinical teams delivering HSCT. Areas of unmet need and future research questions are also highlighted. The waves of the COVID-19 pandemic are predicted to be followed by an "endemic" phase and therefore an ongoing risk within a "new normality". These recommendations reflect currently available evidence, coupled with expert opinion, and will be revised according to necessary modifications in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Greco
- grid.15496.3fUnit of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Tobias Alexander
- grid.7468.d0000 0001 2248 7639Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Burman
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Jeska de Vries-Bouwstra
- grid.10419.3d0000000089452978Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dominique Farge
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Auto-Immunes Systémiques Rares d’Ile-de-France, Filière, Paris, France ,grid.508487.60000 0004 7885 7602EA 3518, Université Denis Diderot, Paris, France ,grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Department of Internal Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Jörg Henes
- grid.411544.10000 0001 0196 8249Department for Internal Medicine II (Oncology, Hematology, Rheumatology and Immunology), University Hospital Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Majid Kazmi
- grid.239826.40000 0004 0391 895XKings Health Partners, Department of Haematology, Guys Hospital, London, UK
| | - Kirill Kirgizov
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Center of Oncology, Institute of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Paolo A. Muraro
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Elena Ricart
- grid.410458.c0000 0000 9635 9413Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.10403.36Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Rovira
- grid.10403.36BMT Unit, Department of Haematology, Hospital Clinic, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Institute Josep Carreras, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Riccardo Saccardi
- grid.24704.350000 0004 1759 9494Department of Haematology, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Basil Sharrack
- grid.31410.370000 0000 9422 8284Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS, Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK ,grid.11835.3e0000 0004 1936 9262NIHR Neurosciences Biomedical Research Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Emilian Snarski
- grid.13339.3b0000000113287408Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland ,LUX MED Oncology, Warsaw, Poland ,grid.499028.ePolish Stem Cells Bank (PBKM), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Withers
- Department of Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplant, Sydney, Australia
| | - Helen Jessop
- grid.31410.370000 0000 9422 8284Department of Haematology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Claudia Boglione
- grid.24704.350000 0004 1759 9494Department of Haematology, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Ellen Kramer
- Patient Advocacy Committee, EBMT Executive Office, Eddific Dr. Frederic, Duran i Jorda, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuela Badoglio
- grid.492743.fEBMT Paris study office/CEREST-TC—Department of Haematology, Saint Antoine Hospital—INSERM UMR 938—Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Myriam Labopin
- grid.492743.fEBMT Paris study office/CEREST-TC—Department of Haematology, Saint Antoine Hospital—INSERM UMR 938—Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Kim Orchard
- grid.123047.30000000103590315Department of Haematology, University Hospital Southampton and University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Selim Corbacioglu
- grid.7727.50000 0001 2190 5763Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Per Ljungman
- grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge; Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine Huddinge Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malgorzata Mikulska
- grid.410345.70000 0004 1756 7871Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Genoa (DISSAL) and Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Rafael De la Camara
- grid.411251.20000 0004 1767 647XDepartment of Hematology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - John A. Snowden
- grid.31410.370000 0000 9422 8284Department of Haematology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK ,grid.11835.3e0000 0004 1936 9262Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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EMERGENCIA DE SARS-COV-2. ASPECTOS BÁSICOS SOBRE SU ORIGEN, EPIDEMIOLOGÍA, ESTRUCTURA Y PATOGENIA PARA CLÍNICOS. REVISTA MÉDICA CLÍNICA LAS CONDES 2021. [PMCID: PMC7849593 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmclc.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 es el tercer coronavirus que emerge en las últimas dos décadas y produce la enfermedad denominada COVID-19 (enfermedad infecciosa por coronavirus 2019). Ha demostrado ser fácilmente transmisible entre humanos con una rápida diseminación mundial y declarada como pandemia el 11 de marzo 2020. A la fecha ha causado millones de casos y muertes, disrupción de servicios sanitarios y severas consecuencias sociales, económicas y políticas en todos los países. Los estudios filogenéticos lo relacionan con SARS-CoV presentes en murciélagos. Comparte características de patogenicidad con sus parientes más cercanos, SARS-CoV y MERS-CoV. 15 a 20% de los afectados presentan cuadros graves. A la fecha no se cuenta con antivirales efectivos ni vacunas. Para un adecuado control se hace imprescindible dilucidar aspectos epidemiológicos, moleculares y de patogenicidad. En esta revisión se presenta información básica sobre epidemiología, origen, estructura y patogenia de SARS-CoV-2.
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630
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Bhise V, Dhib-Jalbut S. Potential Risks and Benefits of Multiple Sclerosis Immune Therapies in the COVID-19 Era: Clinical and Immunological Perspectives. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:244-251. [PMID: 33533012 PMCID: PMC7853164 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus SARS-CoV2 has emerged as one of the greatest infectious disease health challenges in a century. Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) have a particular vulnerability to infections through their use of immunosuppressive disease-modifying therapies (DMTs). Specific DMTs pose particular risk based on their mechanisms of action (MOA). As a result, patients require individualized approaches to starting new treatments and continuation of therapy. Additionally, vaccinations must be considered carefully, and individuals on long-term B cell-depleting therapies may have diminished immune responses to vaccination, based on preserved T cells and diminished but present antibody titers to influenza vaccines. We review the immunology behind these treatments and their impact on COVID-19, as well as the current recommendations for best practices for use of DMTs in patients with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Bhise
- Departments of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 89 French Street, Suite 2200, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
| | - Suhayl Dhib-Jalbut
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 125 Paterson Street, Suite 65000, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
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631
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Wang J, Li Y, Nie G. Multifunctional biomolecule nanostructures for cancer therapy. NATURE REVIEWS. MATERIALS 2021; 6:766-783. [PMID: 34026278 PMCID: PMC8132739 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-021-00315-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Biomolecule-based nanostructures are inherently multifunctional and harbour diverse biological activities, which can be explored for cancer nanomedicine. The supramolecular properties of biomolecules can be precisely programmed for the design of smart drug delivery vehicles, enabling efficient transport in vivo, targeted drug delivery and combinatorial therapy within a single design. In this Review, we discuss biomolecule-based nanostructures, including polysaccharides, nucleic acids, peptides and proteins, and highlight their enormous design space for multifunctional nanomedicines. We identify key challenges in cancer nanomedicine that can be addressed by biomolecule-based nanostructures and survey the distinct biological activities, programmability and in vivo behaviour of biomolecule-based nanostructures. Finally, we discuss challenges in the rational design, characterization and fabrication of biomolecule-based nanostructures, and identify obstacles that need to be overcome to enable clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, China, Beijing, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiye Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, China, Beijing, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guangjun Nie
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, China, Beijing, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- GBA Research Innovation Institute for Nanotechnology, Guangdong, China
- Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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632
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Windpessl M, Bruchfeld A, Anders HJ, Kramer H, Waldman M, Renia L, Ng LFP, Xing Z, Kronbichler A. COVID-19 vaccines and kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2021; 17:291-293. [PMID: 33558753 PMCID: PMC7869766 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-021-00406-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Windpessl
- grid.459707.80000 0004 0522 7001Department of Internal Medicine IV, Section of Nephrology, Klinikum Wels-Grieskirchen, Wels, Austria ,grid.9970.70000 0001 1941 5140Medical Faculty, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Annette Bruchfeld
- grid.5640.70000 0001 2162 9922Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden ,grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Department of Renal Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and CLINTEC Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- grid.411095.80000 0004 0477 2585Division of Nephrology, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, LMU Klinikum, Munich, Germany
| | - Holly Kramer
- grid.164971.c0000 0001 1089 6558Department of Public Health Sciences and Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL USA ,grid.280893.80000 0004 0419 5175Hines VA Medical Center, Hines, IL USA
| | - Meryl Waldman
- grid.419635.c0000 0001 2203 7304Kidney Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Laurent Renia
- grid.185448.40000 0004 0637 0221A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.430276.40000 0004 0387 2429Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lisa F. P. Ng
- grid.185448.40000 0004 0637 0221A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.430276.40000 0004 0387 2429Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.10025.360000 0004 1936 8470Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Zhou Xing
- grid.25073.330000 0004 1936 8227McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada ,grid.25073.330000 0004 1936 8227Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada ,grid.25073.330000 0004 1936 8227Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - Andreas Kronbichler
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ,grid.5361.10000 0000 8853 2677Department of Internal Medicine IV, Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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633
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Artificial intelligence predicts the immunogenic landscape of SARS-CoV-2 leading to universal blueprints for vaccine designs. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22375. [PMID: 33361777 PMCID: PMC7758335 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78758-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The global population is at present suffering from a pandemic of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the novel coronavirus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The goal of this study was to use artificial intelligence (AI) to predict blueprints for designing universal vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, that contain a sufficiently broad repertoire of T-cell epitopes capable of providing coverage and protection across the global population. To help achieve these aims, we profiled the entire SARS-CoV-2 proteome across the most frequent 100 HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-DR alleles in the human population, using host-infected cell surface antigen presentation and immunogenicity predictors from the NEC Immune Profiler suite of tools, and generated comprehensive epitope maps. We then used these epitope maps as input for a Monte Carlo simulation designed to identify statistically significant “epitope hotspot” regions in the virus that are most likely to be immunogenic across a broad spectrum of HLA types. We then removed epitope hotspots that shared significant homology with proteins in the human proteome to reduce the chance of inducing off-target autoimmune responses. We also analyzed the antigen presentation and immunogenic landscape of all the nonsynonymous mutations across 3,400 different sequences of the virus, to identify a trend whereby SARS-COV-2 mutations are predicted to have reduced potential to be presented by host-infected cells, and consequently detected by the host immune system. A sequence conservation analysis then removed epitope hotspots that occurred in less-conserved regions of the viral proteome. Finally, we used a database of the HLA haplotypes of approximately 22,000 individuals to develop a “digital twin” type simulation to model how effective different combinations of hotspots would work in a diverse human population; the approach identified an optimal constellation of epitope hotspots that could provide maximum coverage in the global population. By combining the antigen presentation to the infected-host cell surface and immunogenicity predictions of the NEC Immune Profiler with a robust Monte Carlo and digital twin simulation, we have profiled the entire SARS-CoV-2 proteome and identified a subset of epitope hotspots that could be harnessed in a vaccine formulation to provide a broad coverage across the global population.
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634
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Malone B, Simovski B, Moliné C, Cheng J, Gheorghe M, Fontenelle H, Vardaxis I, Tennøe S, Malmberg JA, Stratford R, Clancy T. Artificial intelligence predicts the immunogenic landscape of SARS-CoV-2 leading to universal blueprints for vaccine designs. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22375. [PMID: 33361777 DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.21.052084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The global population is at present suffering from a pandemic of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the novel coronavirus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The goal of this study was to use artificial intelligence (AI) to predict blueprints for designing universal vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, that contain a sufficiently broad repertoire of T-cell epitopes capable of providing coverage and protection across the global population. To help achieve these aims, we profiled the entire SARS-CoV-2 proteome across the most frequent 100 HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-DR alleles in the human population, using host-infected cell surface antigen presentation and immunogenicity predictors from the NEC Immune Profiler suite of tools, and generated comprehensive epitope maps. We then used these epitope maps as input for a Monte Carlo simulation designed to identify statistically significant "epitope hotspot" regions in the virus that are most likely to be immunogenic across a broad spectrum of HLA types. We then removed epitope hotspots that shared significant homology with proteins in the human proteome to reduce the chance of inducing off-target autoimmune responses. We also analyzed the antigen presentation and immunogenic landscape of all the nonsynonymous mutations across 3,400 different sequences of the virus, to identify a trend whereby SARS-COV-2 mutations are predicted to have reduced potential to be presented by host-infected cells, and consequently detected by the host immune system. A sequence conservation analysis then removed epitope hotspots that occurred in less-conserved regions of the viral proteome. Finally, we used a database of the HLA haplotypes of approximately 22,000 individuals to develop a "digital twin" type simulation to model how effective different combinations of hotspots would work in a diverse human population; the approach identified an optimal constellation of epitope hotspots that could provide maximum coverage in the global population. By combining the antigen presentation to the infected-host cell surface and immunogenicity predictions of the NEC Immune Profiler with a robust Monte Carlo and digital twin simulation, we have profiled the entire SARS-CoV-2 proteome and identified a subset of epitope hotspots that could be harnessed in a vaccine formulation to provide a broad coverage across the global population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Malone
- NEC Laboratories Europe GmbH, Kurfuersten-Anlage 36, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Boris Simovski
- NEC OncoImmunity AS, Ullernchausseen 64/66, 0379, Oslo, Norway
| | - Clément Moliné
- NEC OncoImmunity AS, Ullernchausseen 64/66, 0379, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jun Cheng
- NEC Laboratories Europe GmbH, Kurfuersten-Anlage 36, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marius Gheorghe
- NEC OncoImmunity AS, Ullernchausseen 64/66, 0379, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Simen Tennøe
- NEC OncoImmunity AS, Ullernchausseen 64/66, 0379, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Trevor Clancy
- NEC OncoImmunity AS, Ullernchausseen 64/66, 0379, Oslo, Norway.
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635
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Pollard AJ, Bijker EM. A guide to vaccinology: from basic principles to new developments. Nat Rev Immunol 2020; 21:83-100. [PMID: 33353987 PMCID: PMC7754704 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-020-00479-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 668] [Impact Index Per Article: 167.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Immunization is a cornerstone of public health policy and is demonstrably highly cost-effective when used to protect child health. Although it could be argued that immunology has not thus far contributed much to vaccine development, in that most of the vaccines we use today were developed and tested empirically, it is clear that there are major challenges ahead to develop new vaccines for difficult-to-target pathogens, for which we urgently need a better understanding of protective immunity. Moreover, recognition of the huge potential and challenges for vaccines to control disease outbreaks and protect the older population, together with the availability of an array of new technologies, make it the perfect time for immunologists to be involved in designing the next generation of powerful immunogens. This Review provides an introductory overview of vaccines, immunization and related issues and thereby aims to inform a broad scientific audience about the underlying immunological concepts. This Review, aimed at a broad scientific audience, provides an introductory guide to the history, development and immunological basis of vaccines, immunization and related issues to provide insight into the challenges facing immunologists who are designing the next generation of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK.
| | - Else M Bijker
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK
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636
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Won JH, Lee H. The Current Status of Drug Repositioning and Vaccine Developments for the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9775. [PMID: 33371468 PMCID: PMC7767501 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first identified, the world has vehemently worked to develop treatments and vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) at an unprecedented speed. Few of the repositioned drugs for COVID-19 have shown that they were efficacious and safe. In contrast, a couple of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 will be ready for mass rollout early next year. Despite successful vaccine development for COVID-19, the world will face a whole new set of challenges including scale-up manufacturing, cold-chain logistics, long-term safety, and low vaccine acceptance. We highlighted the importance of knowledge sharing and collaboration to find innovative answers to these challenges and to prepare for newly emerging viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hyun Won
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea;
- Center for Convergence Approaches in Drug Development, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Howard Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea;
- Center for Convergence Approaches in Drug Development, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 16229, Korea
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637
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Harnessing Cellular Immunity for Vaccination against Respiratory Viruses. Vaccines (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040783
expr 839529059 + 832255227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe respiratory viral infections, such as influenza, metapneumovirus (HMPV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus (RV), and coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), cause significant mortality and morbidity worldwide. These viruses have been identified as important causative agents of acute respiratory disease in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Clinical signs of infection range from mild upper respiratory illness to more serious lower respiratory illness, including bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Additionally, these illnesses can have long-lasting impact on patient health well beyond resolution of the viral infection. Aside from influenza, there are currently no licensed vaccines against these viruses. However, several research groups have tested various vaccine candidates, including those that utilize attenuated virus, virus-like particles (VLPs), protein subunits, and nanoparticles, as well as recent RNA vaccines, with several of these approaches showing promise. Historically, vaccine candidates have advanced, dependent upon the ability to activate the humoral immune response, specifically leading to strong B cell responses and neutralizing antibody production. More recently, it has been recognized that the cellular immune response is also critical in proper resolution of viral infection and protection against detrimental immunopathology associated with severe disease and therefore, must also be considered when analyzing the efficacy and safety of vaccine candidates. These candidates would ideally result in robust CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses as well as high-affinity neutralizing antibody. This review will aim to summarize established and new approaches that are being examined to harness the cellular immune response during respiratory viral vaccination.
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638
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Lukacs NW, Malinczak CA. Harnessing Cellular Immunity for Vaccination against Respiratory Viruses. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:783. [PMID: 33371275 PMCID: PMC7766447 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe respiratory viral infections, such as influenza, metapneumovirus (HMPV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus (RV), and coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), cause significant mortality and morbidity worldwide. These viruses have been identified as important causative agents of acute respiratory disease in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Clinical signs of infection range from mild upper respiratory illness to more serious lower respiratory illness, including bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Additionally, these illnesses can have long-lasting impact on patient health well beyond resolution of the viral infection. Aside from influenza, there are currently no licensed vaccines against these viruses. However, several research groups have tested various vaccine candidates, including those that utilize attenuated virus, virus-like particles (VLPs), protein subunits, and nanoparticles, as well as recent RNA vaccines, with several of these approaches showing promise. Historically, vaccine candidates have advanced, dependent upon the ability to activate the humoral immune response, specifically leading to strong B cell responses and neutralizing antibody production. More recently, it has been recognized that the cellular immune response is also critical in proper resolution of viral infection and protection against detrimental immunopathology associated with severe disease and therefore, must also be considered when analyzing the efficacy and safety of vaccine candidates. These candidates would ideally result in robust CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses as well as high-affinity neutralizing antibody. This review will aim to summarize established and new approaches that are being examined to harness the cellular immune response during respiratory viral vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W. Lukacs
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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639
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Abstract
COVID-19 is an emerging rapidly evolving situation, which is widely disseminated all over the world. During this period, the concept of herd immunity is often mentioned, but it is easily misunderstood. In the context of COVID-19, this article comprehensively expounds the concept and purpose of herd immunity, the necessary conditions for realizing the herd immunity, the restrictive conditions for the application of herd immunity, and the challenges faced by the realization of herd immunity. Furthermore, starting from the "three elements," which refers to the characteristics of the pathogen and the population, as well as the behaviors taken by the population, the relationship between herd immunity and COVID-19 is deeply analyzed. Based on the aforementioned, the implementation of corresponding measures is expected to slow down the spread of the epidemic and even eliminate pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Dong
- The Second Clinical School Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Deng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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640
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Validation of dried blood spot sample modifications to two commercially available COVID-19 IgG antibody immunoassays. Bioanalysis 2020; 13:13-28. [PMID: 33319585 PMCID: PMC7739400 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Coronavirus disease 2019 antibody testing often relies on venous blood collection, which is labor-intensive, inconvenient and expensive compared with finger-stick capillary dried blood spot (DBS) collection. The purpose of our work was to determine if two commercially available anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for IgG antibodies against spike S1 subunit and nucleocapsid proteins could be validated for use with DBS. Materials & methods: Kit supplied reagents were used to extract DBS, and in-house DBS calibrators were included on every run. Results: Positive/negative concordance between DBS and serum was 100/99.3% for the spike S1 subunit assay and 100/98% for the nucleocapsid assay. Conclusion: Validation of the DBS Coronavirus disease 2019 IgG antibody assays demonstrated that serum and DBS can produce equivalent results with minimal kit modifications.
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641
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Alexandrova R, Beykov P, Vassilev D, Jukić M, Podlipnik Č. The virus that shook the world: questions and answers about SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2020.1847683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Radostina Alexandrova
- Department of Pathology Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Pencho Beykov
- Department of Pathology Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Sofa, Bulgaria
| | - Dobrin Vassilev
- “Alexandrovska” University Hospital, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Marko Jukić
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Thermodynamics, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, Faculty of Mathematics, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Črtomir Podlipnik
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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642
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Karlsson AC, Humbert M, Buggert M. The known unknowns of T cell immunity to COVID-19. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:5/53/eabe8063. [PMID: 33208380 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abe8063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tremendous progress has been made in understanding the role of T cell immunity in acute and convalescent COVID-19 infection. Here we shed light on the "known unknowns" of pre-existing and acquired T cell responses in relation to acute and convalescent SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika C Karlsson
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Marion Humbert
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcus Buggert
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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643
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Russell RL, Pelka P, Mark BL. Frontrunners in the race to develop a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Can J Microbiol 2020; 67:189-212. [PMID: 33264067 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2020-0465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies continue to be published on the COVID-19 pandemic that is being caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Given the rapidly evolving global response to SARS-CoV-2, here we primarily review the leading COVID-19 vaccine strategies that are currently in Phase III clinical trials. Nonreplicating viral vector strategies, inactivated virus, recombinant protein subunit vaccines, and nucleic acid vaccine platforms are all being pursued in an effort to combat the infection. Preclinical and clinal trial results of these efforts are examined as well as the characteristics of each vaccine strategy from the humoral and cellular immune responses they stimulate, effects of any adjuvants used, and the potential risks associated with immunization such as antibody-dependent enhancement. A number of promising advancements have been made toward the development of multiple vaccine candidates. Preliminary data now emerging from phase III clinical trials show encouraging results for the protective efficacy and safety of at least 3 frontrunning candidates. There is hope that one or more will emerge as potent weapons to protect against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel L Russell
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Peter Pelka
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Brian L Mark
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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644
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamud Sheek-Hussein
- Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fikri M Abu-Zidan
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
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645
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Ura T, Yamashita A, Mizuki N, Okuda K, Shimada M. New vaccine production platforms used in developing SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates. Vaccine 2020; 39:197-201. [PMID: 33279318 PMCID: PMC7685034 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The threat of the current coronavirus disease pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is accelerating the development of potential vaccines. Candidate vaccines have been generated using existing technologies that have been applied for developing vaccines against other infectious diseases. Two new types of platforms, mRNA- and viral vector-based vaccines, have been gaining attention owing to the rapid advancement in their methodologies. In clinical trials, setting appropriate immunological endpoints plays a key role in evaluating the efficacy and safety of candidate vaccines. Updated information about immunological features from individuals who have or have not been exposed to SARS-CoV-2 continues to guide effective vaccine development strategies. This review highlights key strategies for generating candidate SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and considerations for vaccine development and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Ura
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Akio Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Mizuki
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Kenji Okuda
- Department of Molecular Biodefense Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Masaru Shimada
- Department of Molecular Biodefense Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan.
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646
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Ghosh S, Malik YS. Drawing Comparisons between SARS-CoV-2 and the Animal Coronaviruses. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1840. [PMID: 33238451 PMCID: PMC7700164 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by a novel zoonotic coronavirus (CoV), SARS-CoV-2, has infected 46,182 million people, resulting in 1,197,026 deaths (as of 1 November 2020), with devastating and far-reaching impacts on economies and societies worldwide. The complex origin, extended human-to-human transmission, pathogenesis, host immune responses, and various clinical presentations of SARS-CoV-2 have presented serious challenges in understanding and combating the pandemic situation. Human CoVs gained attention only after the SARS-CoV outbreak of 2002-2003. On the other hand, animal CoVs have been studied extensively for many decades, providing a plethora of important information on their genetic diversity, transmission, tissue tropism and pathology, host immunity, and therapeutic and prophylactic strategies, some of which have striking resemblance to those seen with SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, the evolution of human CoVs, including SARS-CoV-2, is intermingled with those of animal CoVs. In this comprehensive review, attempts have been made to compare the current knowledge on evolution, transmission, pathogenesis, immunopathology, therapeutics, and prophylaxis of SARS-CoV-2 with those of various animal CoVs. Information on animal CoVs might enhance our understanding of SARS-CoV-2, and accordingly, benefit the development of effective control and prevention strategies against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Ghosh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Yashpal S. Malik
- College of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Science University, Ludhiana 141004, India;
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Baid R, Agarwal R. Prioritising COVID-19 vaccination: an unprecedented conundrum. Postgrad Med J 2020; 98:e90. [PMID: 33218967 DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-139249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Baid
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Lilavati Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rakesh Agarwal
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, WB, India
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648
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Singh DD, Han I, Choi EH, Yadav DK. Immunopathology, host-virus genome interactions, and effective vaccine development in SARS-CoV-2. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:3774-3787. [PMID: 33235690 PMCID: PMC7677077 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are a group of enveloped RNA viruses that are diversely found in humans and now declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020. The population's susceptibility to these highly pathogenic coronaviruses has contributed to large outbreaks, evolved into public health events, and rapidly transmitted globally. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop effective therapies and vaccines against this disease. In the primary stage of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-COV-2) infection, the signs and symptoms are nonspecific, and many more cases have been observed than initially expected. Genome sequencing is performed regularly to identify genetic changes to SARS-COV-2, and vaccine development is focused on manufacture, production, and based on specific problems, and very few are available on recent developments in the prevention of outbreaks. The aim of this review article to explore recent updates on SARS-COV-2 in the context of pathogenesis during disease progression, and innate acquired mechanisms of defense, This includes advances in diagnostics, susceptibility, and severity of host-virus genome interactions, modes of transmission, active compounds being used in pre-clinical and clinical trials for the treatment of patients, vaccine developments, and the effectiveness of SARS-COV-2 prevention and control measures. We have summarized the importance of pathophysiology immune response, Diagnostics, vaccine development currently approaches explored for SARS-COV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desh Deepak Singh
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Ihn Han
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Department of Electrical & Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ha Choi
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Department of Electrical & Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Yadav
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Hambakmoeiro 191, Yeonsu-gu, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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649
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Adams K, Weber KS, Johnson SM. Exposome and Immunity Training: How Pathogen Exposure Order Influences Innate Immune Cell Lineage Commitment and Function. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228462. [PMID: 33187101 PMCID: PMC7697998 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune memory is a defining characteristic of adaptive immunity, but recent work has shown that the activation of innate immunity can also improve responsiveness in subsequent exposures. This has been coined “trained immunity” and diverges with the perception that the innate immune system is primitive, non-specific, and reacts to novel and recurrent antigen exposures similarly. The “exposome” is the cumulative exposures (diet, exercise, environmental exposure, vaccination, genetics, etc.) an individual has experienced and provides a mechanism for the establishment of immune training or immunotolerance. It is becoming increasingly clear that trained immunity constitutes a delicate balance between the dose, duration, and order of exposures. Upon innate stimuli, trained immunity or tolerance is shaped by epigenetic and metabolic changes that alter hematopoietic stem cell lineage commitment and responses to infection. Due to the immunomodulatory role of the exposome, understanding innate immune training is critical for understanding why some individuals exhibit protective phenotypes while closely related individuals may experience immunotolerant effects (e.g., the order of exposure can result in completely divergent immune responses). Research on the exposome and trained immunity may be leveraged to identify key factors for improving vaccination development, altering inflammatory disease development, and introducing potential new prophylactic treatments, especially for diseases such as COVID-19, which is currently a major health issue for the world. Furthermore, continued exposome research may prevent many deleterious effects caused by immunotolerance that frequently result in host morbidity or mortality.
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650
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Henrich TJ, Jones T, Beckford-Vera D, Price PM, VanBrocklin HF. Total-Body PET Imaging in Infectious Diseases. PET Clin 2020; 16:89-97. [PMID: 33160926 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2020.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Total-body PET enables high-sensitivity imaging with dramatically improved signal-to-noise ratio. These enhanced performance characteristics allow for decreased PET scanning times acquiring data "total-body wide" and can be leveraged to decrease the amount of radiotracer required, thereby permitting more frequent imaging or longer imaging periods during radiotracer decay. Novel approaches to PET imaging of infectious diseases are emerging, including those that directly visualize pathogens in vivo and characterize concomitant immune responses and inflammation. Efforts to develop these imaging approaches are hampered by challenges of traditional imaging platforms, which may be overcome by novel total-body PET strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Henrich
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 3, Room 525A, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
| | - Terry Jones
- Department of Radiology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Denis Beckford-Vera
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Henry F VanBrocklin
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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