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Lightowlers MW, Gasser RB, Hemphill A, Romig T, Tamarozzi F, Deplazes P, Torgerson PR, Garcia HH, Kern P. Advances in the treatment, diagnosis, control and scientific understanding of taeniid cestode parasite infections over the past 50 years. Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:1167-1192. [PMID: 34757089 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the past 50 years, enormous progress has been made in the diagnosis, treatment and control of taeniid cestode infections/diseases and in the scientific understanding thereof. Most interest in this group of parasites stems from the serious diseases that they cause in humans. It is through this lens that we summarize here the most important breakthroughs that have made a difference to the treatment of human diseases caused by these parasites, reduction in transmission of the taeniid species associated with human disease, or understanding of the parasites' biology likely to impact diagnosis or treatment in the foreseeable future. Key topics discussed are the introduction of anti-cestode drugs, including benzimidazoles and praziquantel, and the development of new imaging modalities that have transformed the diagnosis and post-treatment monitoring of human echinococcoses and neurocysticercosis. The availability of new anti-cestode drugs for use in dogs and a detailed understanding of the transmission dynamics of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato have underpinned successful programs that have eliminated cystic echinococcosis in some areas of the world and greatly reduced the incidence of infection in others. Despite these successes, cystic and alveolar echinococcosis and neurocysticercosis continue to be prevalent in many parts of the world, requiring new or renewed efforts to prevent the associated taeniid infections. Major advances made in the development of practical vaccines against E. granulosus and Taenia solium will hopefully assist in this endeavour, as might the understanding of the parasites' biology that have come from an elucidation of the nuclear genomes of each of the most important taeniid species causing human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall W Lightowlers
- Department of Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia.
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Department of Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew Hemphill
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Romig
- University of Hohenheim, Parasitology Unit, Emil-Wolff-Strasse 34, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Francesca Tamarozzi
- Department of Infectious Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, 37024 Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy
| | - Peter Deplazes
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse, and Medical Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Paul R Torgerson
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hector H Garcia
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory Research-LID, Faculty of Science and Philosophy, Alberto Cazorla Talleri, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Perú
| | - Peter Kern
- Ulm University Hospital, Division of Infectious Diseases, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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Shuaibi S, AlAshqar A, Alabdulhadi M, Al-Adsani W. Challenges in treatment of renal echinococcosis with gross hydatiduria and unsalvageable kidney: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2021; 15:487. [PMID: 34587998 PMCID: PMC8479882 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-021-02992-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Renal echinococcosis is of rare occurrence, and although often asymptomatic, it can present with various mild to drastic presentations, of which hydatiduria is pathognomonic. Diagnosis can be preliminarily established by imaging, and treatment is primarily surgical. We present a patient with renal echinococcosis treated successfully with exclusive antiparasitic pharmacotherapy after refusing surgery despite extensive renal involvement. We hope through this report to help establish future solid guidelines regarding this uncommon therapeutic approach. Case presentation This is a case of a 49-year-old Syrian shepherd presenting with flank pain and passage of grape-skin-like structures in urine. A diagnosis of renal echinococcosis with hydatiduria and significant parenchymal destruction was established based on exposure history, positive serology, imaging findings, and renal scintigraphy. After proper counseling, the patient refused nephrectomy and was therefore started on dual pharmacotherapy (albendazole and praziquantel) and is having an uneventful follow-up and a satisfactory response to treatment. Conclusion This case embodies the daily challenges physicians navigate as they uphold the ethical principles of their practice and support their patients’ autonomy while delivering the best standards of care and consulting the scientific evidence. Although surgery is the cornerstone of renal echinococcosis treatment, treating physicians should be prepared to tackle situations where surgery cannot be done and offer the best next available option for patients who refuse surgery. As data on exclusive pharmacotherapy are limited, future research should thoroughly investigate the efficacy of this uncommon approach and outline reliable recommendations, facilitating future clinical decision-making in this avenue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameera Shuaibi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Al-Amiri Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Abdelrahman AlAshqar
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
| | | | - Wasl Al-Adsani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mubarak Al-Kabeer Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait.,Infectious Diseases Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait
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von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Thompson RA, Krücken J, Grant W, Bowman DD, Schnyder M, Deplazes P. Spread of anthelmintic resistance in intestinal helminths of dogs and cats is currently less pronounced than in ruminants and horses - Yet it is of major concern. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2021; 17:36-45. [PMID: 34343829 PMCID: PMC8347694 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Anthelmintic resistance (AR) has thus far only rarely been reported for intestinal helminths of dogs and cats, in contrast to parasites of livestock and horses. We highlight possible reasons for this striking and important discrepancy, including ecological, biological and genetic factors and/or intervention regimens of key intestinal helminths concerning both host groups. In view of the current knowledge related to the genetics, mechanisms and principles of AR development, we point at issues which in our view contribute to a comparatively lower risk of AR development in intestinal helminths of dogs and cats. Finally, we specify research needs and provide recommendations by which, based on the available information about AR in ruminant and equine helminths, the development of AR in dog and cat helminths may best be documented, prevented or at least postponed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jürgen Krücken
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Warwick Grant
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Microbiology, La Trobe University, Australia
| | - Dwight D Bowman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, USA
| | | | - Peter Deplazes
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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Ma T, Jiang D, Hao M, Fan P, Zhang S, Quzhen G, Xue C, Han S, Wu W, Zheng C, Ding F. Geographical Detector-based influence factors analysis for Echinococcosis prevalence in Tibet, China. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009547. [PMID: 34252103 PMCID: PMC8297938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinococcosis, caused by genus Echinococcus, is the most pathogenic zoonotic parasitic disease in the world. In Tibet of the People's Republic of China, echinococcosis refers principally to two types of severe zoonosis, cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE), which place a serious burden on public health and economy in the local community. However, research on the spatial epidemiology of echinococcosis remains inadequate in Tibet, China. Based on the recorded human echinococcosis data, maps of the spatial distribution of human CE and AE prevalence in Tibet were produced at city level and county level respectively, which show that the prevalence of echinococcosis in northern and western Tibet was much higher than that in other regions. We employ a geographical detector to explore the influencing factors for causing CE and AE while sorting information on the maps of disease prevalence and environment factors (e.g. terrain, population, and yak population). The results of our analysis showed that biological factors have the most impact on the prevalence of echinococcosis, of which the yak population contributes the most for CE, while the dog population contributes the most for AE. In addition, the interaction between various factors, as we found out, might further explain the disease prevalence, which indicated that the echinococcosis prevalence is not simply affected by one single factor, but by multiple factors that are correlated with each other complicatedly. Our results will provide an important reference for the evaluation of the echinococcosis risk, control projects, and prevention programs in Tibet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Carrying Capacity Assessment for Resource and Environment, Ministry of Natural Resources of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Mengmeng Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peiwei Fan
- Department of Geological Engineering and Environment, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Shize Zhang
- Computer Network Information Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gongsang Quzhen
- Tibet Autonomous Region Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China
- National Health Council Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis Prevention and Control, Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China
| | - ChuiZhao Xue
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai Han
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai, China
| | - WeiPing Wu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai, China
| | - Canjun Zheng
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Fangyu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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55
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Borhani M, Fathi S, Darabi E, Jalousian F, Simsek S, Ahmed H, Kesik HK, Hosseini SH, Romig T, Harandi MF, Mobedi I. Echinococcoses in Iran, Turkey, and Pakistan: Old Diseases in the New Millennium. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:e0029020. [PMID: 34076492 PMCID: PMC8262809 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00290-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinococcosis is considered a cosmopolitan zoonosis caused by different species of small taeniid tapeworms of the genus Echinococcus and is regarded as a neglected zoonosis. Cystic and alveolar echinococcoses are endemic diseases of Tibetan, Pamir, and Iranian plateaus. All of the countries within the Iranian plateau are affected by echinococcosis. Pakistan, Turkey, and Iran are the three most populous countries of the region, in which echinococcosis is highly endemic. The three neighboring countries share strong cultural and socioeconomic ties. The present study aimed to provide a broad review of the status of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis, summarizing the current knowledge about geographical distribution, molecular epidemiology, and transmission dynamics of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato and Echinococcus multilocularis in this region. Additionally, we aimed to understand disease burden and risk factors as basic requirements for establishing a surveillance system and planning prevention and control programs. A considerable body of information is available on different aspects of echinococcosis in this region; however, several information and research gaps need to be filled before planning control programs. None of the countries in the region have an elaborate echinococcosis control program. Effective control programs require multi/intersectoral coordination within a One Health approach with a long-term political and administrative commitment and enhanced international collaboration among the three countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Borhani
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Saeid Fathi
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Enayat Darabi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Jalousian
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sami Simsek
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Haroon Ahmed
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Harun Kaya Kesik
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bingol, Bingol, Turkey
| | - Seyed Hossein Hosseini
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Thomas Romig
- Parasitology Unit, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Majid Fasihi Harandi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Iraj Mobedi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Zhu M, Du X, Xu H, Yang S, Wang C, Zhu Y, Zhang T, Zhao W. Metabolic profiling of liver and faeces in mice infected with echinococcosis. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:324. [PMID: 34127037 PMCID: PMC8201681 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04807-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Echinococcosis is a severe zoonotic parasitic disease which severely affects the health of the hosts. The diagnosis of echinococcosis depends mainly on imaging examination. However, the patient is often in the late stage of the disease when the symptoms appear, thus limiting the early diagnosis of echinococcosis. The treatment and prognosis of the patients are hampered because of long-term asymptomatic latency. Metabolomics is a new discipline developed in the late 1990s. It reflects a series of biological responses in pathophysiological processes by demonstrating the changes in metabolism under the influence of internal and external factors. When the organism is invaded by pathogens, the alteration in the characteristics of metabolites in cells becomes extremely sensitive. Here, we used a metabolomics approach involving liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) to determine the molecular mechanism of cystic echinococcosis (CE) and to develop an effective method for CE diagnosis. Methods Twenty 8-week-old female BALB/c mice were divided into normal and Echinococcus granulosus infection groups. To develop the E. granulosus infection model, mice were infected with protoscoleces. Six weeks later, the abdomens of the mice showed significant bulging. An LC–MS/MS system-based metabolomics approach was used to analyse the liver and faeces to reveal the metabolic profiles of mice with echinococcosis. Results We found that the metabolism of nucleotides, alkaloids, amino acids, amides, and organic acids in mice is closely interrelated with E. granulosus infection. In the liver, the metabolic pathways of tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis; phenylalanine, valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis; and phenylalanine metabolism were notably associated with the occurrence and development of hydatid disease, and in the faeces, pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis are thought to be closely associated with the development of CE. Conclusion The metabolomics approach used in this study provides a reference for a highly sensitive and specific diagnostic and screening method for echinococcosis. Graphic Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-04807-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxing Zhu
- Center of Scientific Technology of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Hydatid Disease of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,School of Basic Medical Science of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiancai Du
- Key Laboratory of Hydatid Disease of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,School of Basic Medical Science of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxia Xu
- Center of Scientific Technology of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Hydatid Disease of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Songhao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Hydatid Disease of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,School of Basic Medical Science of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Chan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Hydatid Disease of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,School of Basic Medical Science of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Yazhou Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Hydatid Disease of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,School of Basic Medical Science of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingrui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Hydatid Disease of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,School of Basic Medical Science of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Center of Scientific Technology of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Hydatid Disease of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.
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Vaccination with rEGVac elicits immunoprotection against different stages of Echinococcus granulosus life cycle: A pilot study. Acta Trop 2021; 218:105883. [PMID: 33676937 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination against dog-sheep transmission cycle is necessary to control cystic echinococcosis (CE) infection. A multi-epitope multi-antigenic recombinant vaccine was developed-comprising the three putative vaccine antigens EG95, Eg14-3-3 and EgEnolase-was cloned and expressed. In a pilot experiment, the multi-antigen vaccine was assessed in 15 dogs and 15 sheep (five experimental groups and three animals in each group) by two subcutaneous doses 28 days apart. To evaluate the efficacy of the vaccine candidate first immunological analysis were done comprising IgG and IgE antibodies and the cytokine IL-4 in sera of the immunized dogs and sheep. Serum IgG, IgE, and IL-4, in particular in the dogs, were increased after the two rounds of vaccine candidate injection, while the total number of hydatid cysts was reduced (~85.43%). This pilot trial indicated significant immune protection efficacy against E. granulosus especially in dogs, while its efficacy in sheep was not as high as dogs. The multi-antigenic candidate vaccine is proposed as a protective vaccine modality in both dogs and sheep.
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Uchiumi L, Mujica G, Araya D, Salvitti JC, Sobrino M, Moguillansky S, Solari A, Blanco P, Barrera F, Lamunier J, Arezo M, Seleiman M, Yadon ZE, Tamarozzi F, Casulli A, Larrieu E. Prevalence of human cystic echinococcosis in the towns of Ñorquinco and Ramos Mexia in Rio Negro Province, Argentina, and direct risk factors for infection. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:262. [PMID: 34011406 PMCID: PMC8136178 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04753-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a parasitic zoonosis caused by infection with the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus (s.l.). This study investigated the prevalence and potential risk factors associated with human CE in the towns and rural areas of Ñorquinco and Ramos Mexia, Rio Negro province, Argentina. Methods To detect abdominal CE cysts, we screened 892 volunteers by ultrasound and investigated potential risk factors for CE using a standardized questionnaire. Prevalence ratio (PR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) was used to measure the association between CE and the factors investigated, applying bivariate and multivariate analyses. Results Abdominal CE was detected in 42/892 screened volunteers (4.7%, 95% CI 3.2–6.1), only two of whom were under 15 years of age. Thirteen (30.9%) CE cases had 25 cysts in active stages (CE1, CE2, CE3a, according to the WHO Informal Working Group on Echinococcosis [WHO-IWGE] classification). The most relevant risk factors identified in the bivariate analysis included: living in rural areas (P = 0.003), age > 40 years (P = 0.000), always drinking water from natural sources (P = 0.007), residing in rural areas during the first 5 years of life (P = 0.000) and having lived more than 20 years at the current address (P = 0.013). In the multivariate final model, the statistically significant risk factors were: frequently touching dogs (P = 0.012), residing in rural areas during the first 5 years of life (P = 0.004), smoking (P = 0.000), age > 60 years (P = 0.002) and living in rural areas (P = 0.017). Conclusions Our results point toward infection with CE being acquired since childhood and with constant exposure throughout life, especially in rural areas with a general environmental contamination. Graphic Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-04753-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Uchiumi
- Hospital "Artémides Zatti", Viedma, Provincia de Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Mujica
- Coordinación de Salud Ambiental, Ministerio de Salud, Viedma, Provincia de Rio Negro, Argentina
| | - Daniel Araya
- Coordinación de Salud Ambiental, Ministerio de Salud, Viedma, Provincia de Rio Negro, Argentina
| | - Juan Carlos Salvitti
- Hospital "Ramón Carrillo", San Carlos de Bariloche, Provincia de Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Mariano Sobrino
- Hospital "Ramón Carrillo", San Carlos de Bariloche, Provincia de Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Sergio Moguillansky
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Comahue, Cipolletti, Provincia de Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Solari
- Hospital "Raul Fernicola", Valcheta, Provincia de Rio Negro, Argentina
| | - Patricia Blanco
- Coordinación de Salud Ambiental, Ministerio de Salud, Viedma, Provincia de Rio Negro, Argentina
| | - Fabiana Barrera
- Hospital Area Programa de Ramos Mexia, Ministro Ramos Mexía, Argentina
| | | | - Marcos Arezo
- Coordinación de Salud Ambiental, Ministerio de Salud, Viedma, Provincia de Rio Negro, Argentina
| | - Marcos Seleiman
- Coordinación de Salud Ambiental, Ministerio de Salud, Viedma, Provincia de Rio Negro, Argentina
| | - Zaida E Yadon
- Instituto de Investigaciones Epidemiológicas, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Francesca Tamarozzi
- WHO Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology, Detection and Control of Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Adriano Casulli
- WHO Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology, Detection and Control of Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy.,European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Edmundo Larrieu
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, General Pico, Provincia de La Pampa, Argentina. .,Escuela de Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Rio Negro, Choele Choel, Provincia de Rio Negro, Argentina.
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Abstract
The second World Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) Day was celebrated on 30 January 2021. To mark the occasion, the World Health Organization (WHO) launched its roadmap for NTDs for the period 2021 to 2030, which is aimed at increasing prevention and control of these too-long neglected diseases. Described here is a global overview on past achievements, current challenges, and future prospects for the WHO NTDs roadmap 2021–2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Casulli
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
- WHO Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology, Detection and Control of Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Saadi A, Antoine-Moussiaux N, Sahibi H, Filali H, Marcotty T, Thys S. Feasibility and acceptability of a new integrated approach to control cystic echinococcosis in Morocco: Vaccination of sheep and anthelmintic treatment of dogs. Prev Vet Med 2021; 192:105373. [PMID: 33971556 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) or hydatidosis is a common parasitic disease worldwide, especially in poor and developing countries. In Morocco, CE is a major zoonosis, despite the implementation of a national control program since 2007. Therefore, in 2016, a field trial that associates the EG95 vaccine (lambs) and anthelmintic treatment (dogs) was started in the Mid Atlas, the most endemic region in Morocco, with preliminary positive results. Here, a qualitative approach was used to analyze the feasibility and social acceptability of this strategy. Fifteen focus group discussions were separately conducted with breeders and with their wives, and forty-two individual interviews were performed with private-sector veterinarians and officers from structures responsible for the CE control program. Recordings were transcribed and analyzed with the R software, using the RQDA package. This qualitative research was validated using the credibility, transferability, dependability and confirmability criteria. This study showed that the professionals' views on sheep vaccination and anthelmintic treatment were divided between acceptability and concerns. Conversely, breeders and their wives highlighted the issue of the costs of procedures the utility of which was not immediately clear to them. All participants proposed solutions to improve this strategy, and also stressed the lack of education on CE. By bringing together the views of the communities and the professionals, this study traced the main lines (targeting the different aspects of CE and taking into account the local socio-cultural beliefs) that must be taken into account to ensure the short- and long-term CE control in Morocco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aouatif Saadi
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), University of Liege, Belgium; Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Parasitological Unit, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco.
| | | | - Hamid Sahibi
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Parasitological Unit, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Hind Filali
- National School of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Tanguy Marcotty
- Integrated Veterinary Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namur, Belgium
| | - Séverine Thys
- Department of Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium
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Houston S, Belga S, Buttenschoen K, Cooper R, Girgis S, Gottstein B, Low G, Massolo A, MacDonald C, Müller N, Preiksaitis J, Sarlieve P, Vaughan S, Kowalewska-Grochowska K. Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of Alveolar Echinococcosis: An Emerging Infectious Disease in Alberta, Canada. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 104:1863-1869. [PMID: 33755579 PMCID: PMC8103444 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-1577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a zoonotic cestode infection which is usually fatal in the absence of treatment. Treatment involves major surgery or indefinite antiparasitic therapy. The incidence is rising in Europe and Asia, with an increased risk observed in immunocompromised individuals. Previously, AE acquisition in North America was extremely rare, except for one remote Alaskan Island. Recent studies have demonstrated a new European-like strain of Echinococcus multilocularis (Em) in wildlife and in human AE in western Canada. We report the experience of all AE patients diagnosed in Alberta. Each was diagnosed by histopathology, serology, and PCR-confirmed by a reference laboratory. Seventeen cases of human AE, aged 19-78 years, nine females, were diagnosed between 2013 and 2020: all definitely or probably acquired in Alberta. Six lived in urban areas, and 14 had kept dogs. In eight, the lesions were found incidentally on abdominal imaging performed for other indications. Six were immunocompromised to varying degrees. Six were first diagnosed at surgery. All have been recommended benzimidazole therapy. One died of surgical complications. Clinicians should be aware of this diagnostic possibility in patients presenting with focal nonmalignant hepatic mass lesions. Greater urbanization of coyotes, the predominant definitive host of Em in Alberta, and growing numbers of immune suppressed individuals in the human population may lead to increasing recognition of AE in North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stan Houston
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada;,Address correspondence to Stan Houston, University of Alberta, 1-124 Clinical Sciences Bldg., 11350 83 Ave., Edmonton T6G 2G3, Canada. E-mail:
| | - Sara Belga
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada;,University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Gavin Low
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Echinococcus multilocularis genetic diversity in Swiss domestic pigs assessed by EmsB microsatellite analyzes. Vet Parasitol 2021; 293:109429. [PMID: 33895467 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Assessing the genetic diversity of the parasite Echinococcus multilocularis provides key information about the temporal and spatial strain flow in a given area. Previous studies indicated that a historical endemic area conventionally presents a relatively high genetic diversity, whereas peripheral or newly endemic areas exhibit a more restricted variability of the parasite. The Swiss plateau region is part of the European historically endemic area, and the genetic diversity has already been investigated by assessing either human metacestode isolates or adult worms from foxes. To date, there have been no studies covering the whole geographical area affected by the parasite. The aim of the present study was to make use of the domestic pig to investigate the genetic diversity of E. multilocularis in relation to spatial distribution. A total of 55 E. multilocularis-induced hepatic lesions from slaughtered pigs from Switzerland were studied using EmsB microsatellite analyzes, and findings were compared to already published data (originating from human, primate, foxes, and rodent samples). A total of 12 EmsB profiles were described among the domestic pigs, some of them presenting a clear spatial organization in the Swiss plateau, with three of the main profiles geographically separated. One of the 12 EmsB profiles has been newly identified for Switzerland in this study, while the other 11 profiles had been previously described in other Swiss E. multilocularis isolates from other hosts. Overall, a total of 18 EmsB profiles have so far been described within the Swiss endemic area. Six profiles appeared only among human, primate, rodent, and fox samples. Based on a richness and diversity accumulation analysis, the sampling efficiency for the whole studied area has now been improved considerably by compilation of 178 E. multilocularis specimens obtained from four different intermediate and one definitive host species in Switzerland.
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Yang SJ, Xiao N, Li JZ, Feng Y, Ma JY, Quzhen GS, Yu Q, Zhang T, Yi SC, Zhou XN. A remote management system for control and surveillance of echinococcosis: design and implementation based on internet of things. Infect Dis Poverty 2021; 10:50. [PMID: 33849655 PMCID: PMC8042360 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-021-00833-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As a neglected cross-species parasitic disease transmitted between canines and livestock, echinococcosis remains a global public health concern with a heavy disease burden. In China, especially in the epidemic pastoral communities on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the harsh climate, low socio-economic status, poor overall hygiene, and remote and insufficient access to all owned dogs exacerbate the difficulty in implementing the ambitious control programme for echinococcosis. We aimed to design and implement a remote management system (RMS) based on internet of things (IoT) for control and surveillance of echinococcosis by combining deworming devices to realise long-distance smart deworming control, smooth statistical analysis and result display. New methods and tools are urgently needed to increase the deworming coverage and frequency, promote real-time scientific surveillance, and prevent transmission of echinococcosis in remoted transmission areas. Methods From 2016 to 2019, we had cooperated and developed the smart collar and smart feeder with the Central Research Institute of Shanghai Electric Group Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) and Shenzhen Jizhi Future Technology Co., Ltd. (Shenzhen, China). From September 2019 to March 2020, We had proposed the RMS based on IoT as a novel tool to control smart deworming devices to deliver efficient praziquantel (PZQ) baits to dogs regularly and automatically and also as a smart digital management platform to monitor, analyse, and display the epidemic trends of echinococcosis dynamically, in real time in Hezuo City, Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Gansu Province, China. Starting from January 2018, The RMS has been maintained and upgraded by Shanghai Yier Information Technology Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). The database was based on MySQL tools and the Chi-square test was used to probe the difference and changes of variables in different groups. Results The smart collars are fully capable of anti-collision, waterproof, and cold-proof performance, and the battery’s energy is sufficient, the anti-collision rate, water-proof rate, cold-proof rate and voltage normal rate is 99.6% (521/523), 100.0% (523/523), 100.0% (523/523) and 100.0% (523/523), respectively. The RMS can accurately analyse the monitoring data and parameters including positive rates of canine faeces, and the prevalence of echinococcosis in the general population livestock, and children. The data of dogs deworming and surveillance for echinococcosis is able to be controlled using RMS and has expanded gradually in townships to the whole Hezuo region. The automatic delivering PZQ rate, collar positioning rate, deliver PZQ reminding rate, and fault report rate is 91.1% (1914/2102), 92.1% (13 580/14 745), 92.1% (1936/2102) and 84.7% (1287/1519), respectively. After using the RMS from 2019, the missing rate of monitoring data decreased from 32.1% (9/28) to 0 (0/16). A total of 48 administrators (3, 3, 8, 11, 23 at the provincial, municipal, county, township, village levels, respectively) participated in the questionnaire survey, with 93.8% of its overall satisfaction rate. Conclusions The existing difficulties and challenges in the way of prevention and control for echinococcosis can partially be resolved using the innovative, IoT-based technologies and tools. The proposed RMS advance the upgrade of existing manual prevention and control models for echinococcosis, especially in the current ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, as social distance and community blockade continue. Graphic abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40249-021-00833-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Jie Yang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, (National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Xiao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, (National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Zhong Li
- Tibet Center for Disease Control and Prevention, NHC Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis Prevention and Control, Lhasa, China
| | - Yu Feng
- Department of Parasitic Diseases, Gansu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jun-Ying Ma
- Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, China
| | - Gong-Sang Quzhen
- Tibet Center for Disease Control and Prevention, NHC Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis Prevention and Control, Lhasa, China
| | - Qing Yu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, (National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, (National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-Cheng Yi
- Shanghai Yier Information Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China. .,NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, (National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Shanghai, China. .,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China. .,WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China. .,School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Prullage J, Bowman D, Ulrich M, Tielemans E. Efficacy of a novel topical combination of esafoxolaner, eprinomectin and praziquantel against Echinococcus multilocularis infections in cats. Parasite 2021; 28:29. [PMID: 33812461 PMCID: PMC8019559 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2021025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
NexGard® Combo, a novel topical endectoparasiticide formulation for cats combining esafoxolaner, eprinomectin and praziquantel, for the treatment of internal and external parasite infestations, including arthropods, nematodes and cestodes, was tested for efficacy against induced infections of Echinococcus multilocularis in cats, in two experimental studies. The two studies were performed in the United States with the same E. multilocularis isolate sourced locally. In each study, 20 cats were inoculated intra-gastrically with ~30,000 E. multilocularis protoscoleces three weeks before treatment, then ten cats were randomly allocated to a placebo control group or to the novel formulation treated group. Inoculated cats were treated topically once at the minimum recommended dose of the novel formulation, or with an identical volume of placebo. One week after treatment, cats were humanely euthanized for parasite recovery and count. The efficacy calculation was based on comparison of number of scoleces found in the control group and the novel formulation group. In the two control groups, E. multilocularis scoleces were found in five (range: 30-1025) and eight (range 2-345) cats, the geometric means inclusive of the ten cats per group were 8.9 and 28.8, respectively. In the two novel formulation-treated groups, none of the cats harbored any E. multilocularis scoleces, demonstrating 100% efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Prullage
- Boehringer-Ingelheim Animal Health, Missouri Research Center 6498 Jade Rd. Fulton 65251 MO USA
| | - Dwight Bowman
- Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine Ithaca 14850 NY USA
| | - Michael Ulrich
- Cheri Hill Kennel and Supply Inc. 17190 Polk Rd. Stanwood 49346 MI USA
| | - Eric Tielemans
- Boehringer-Ingelheim Animal Health 29 Avenue Tony Garnier 69007 Lyon France
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Rong X, Fan M, Zhu H, Zheng Y. Dynamic modeling and optimal control of cystic echinococcosis. Infect Dis Poverty 2021; 10:38. [PMID: 33762009 PMCID: PMC7992812 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-021-00807-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cystic echinococcosis is one of the most severe helminth zoonosis with a drastic impact on human health and livestock industry. Investigating optimal control strategy and assessing the crucial factors are essential for developing countermeasures to mitigate this disease. Methods Two compartment models were formulated to study the dynamics of cystic echinococcosis transmission, to evaluate the effectiveness of various control measures, and to find the optimal control strategy. Sensitive analyses were conducted by obtaining PRCCs and contour plot was used to evaluate the effect of key parameters on the basic reproduction number. Based on forward–backward sweep method, numerical simulations were employed to investigate effects of key factors on the transmission of cystic echinococcosis and to obtain the optimal control strategy. Results The food resources of stray dog and invalid sheep vaccination rate, which are always neglected, were significant to the transmission and control of cystic echinococcosis. Numerical simulations suggest that, the implementation of optimal control strategy can significantly reduce the infections. Improving the cost of health education and domestic dog deworming could not decrease human infections. Conclusions Our study showed that only a long-term use of the optimal control measures can eliminate the disease. Meanwhile, during the intervention, sheep vaccination and stray dogs disposing should be emphasized ahead of domestic dogs deworming to minimize the control cost. Simultaneously reducing other wild intermediate hosts and strengthening the sheep vaccination as well as disposing the stray dogs would be most effective.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmiao Rong
- College of Mathematical Sciences, Harbin Engineering University, 145 Nantong Street, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China.,School of Mathematics and Statistics, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Fan
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huaiping Zhu
- CDM, LAMPS and Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Yaohui Zheng
- Animal Health Supervision Institute of Xingan League, Tiexi North Road, Ulanhot, Inner Mongolia, 137400, People's Republic of China
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Wang L, Wang Q, Cai H, Wang H, Huang Y, Feng Y, Bai X, Qin M, Manguin S, Gavotte L, Wu W, Frutos R. Evaluation of fecal immunoassays for canine Echinococcus infection in China. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0008690. [PMID: 33720943 PMCID: PMC7993806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human echinococcosis is present worldwide but it is in China that disease prevalence is the highest. In western China, especially in the Tibetan Plateau, the burden of echinococcosis is the most important. Dogs are a major definitive host of Echinococcus and monitoring the presence of Echinococcus worms in dogs is therefore essential to efficiently control the disease. Detection kits based on three different technologies including sandwich ELISA, (indirect) ELISA, and gold immunodiffusion, are currently marketed and used in China. The objective of this work was to assess the efficacy of these kits, in particular with respect to sensitivity and specificity. Four fecal antigen detection kits for canine infection reflecting the three technologies were obtained from companies and tested in parallel on 220 fecal samples. The results indicate that the performance is lower than expected, in particular in terms of sensitivity. The best results were obtained with the sandwich ELISA technology. The gold immunofiltration yielded the poorest results. In all cases, further development is needed to improve the performance of these kits which are key components for the control of echinococcosis. Although present worldwide, human echinococcosis is at its highest prevalence in western China and particularly in the Tibetan Plateau. Controlling echinococcosis is a national priority and routine monitoring must be established. Dogs are the main infection source in China and surveying Echinococcus worms in dogs is therefore a research priority. Commercial detection kits are currently in use in China to monitor the presence of Echinococcus in dogs. The kits are based on three different technologies including sandwich ELISA with two monoclonal antibodies, (indirect) ELISA, and gold immunodiffusion. National survey programmes are essential for the control of echinococcosis and it is thus very important to assess the efficacy of these kits for the programmes. This work was therefore undertaken to assess efficacy of the kits, in particular with respect to sensitivity and specificity. Four fecal antigen detection kits for canine infection reflecting the three technologies were obtained from companies and tested in parallel on 220 fecal samples. The performance was lower than expected, in particular for their sensitivity which ranged between 51.5% and 83.9% with only two samples displaying a worm burden lower than 100. Three out of four kits showed non-specific cross-reactions with other parasites. The best results were obtained with the sandwich ELISA technology, whereas gold immunofiltration yielded the poorest results. However, in all cases, further development is strongly needed to improve the performance of these kits which are key components for the control of echinococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
- HydroSciences Montpellier (HSM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), CNRS, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- ISEM, UMR 5557, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Cirad, UMR 17, Intertryp, Campus international de Baillarguet, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- IES, Université Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- * E-mail: (LW); (WW)
| | - Qian Wang
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Huixia Cai
- Qinghai Provincial Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, China
| | - Hu Wang
- Qinghai Provincial Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Feng
- Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuefei Bai
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Qin
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Sylvie Manguin
- HydroSciences Montpellier (HSM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), CNRS, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Gavotte
- ISEM, UMR 5557, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Weiping Wu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (LW); (WW)
| | - Roger Frutos
- Cirad, UMR 17, Intertryp, Campus international de Baillarguet, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- IES, Université Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Wang Y, Ma BC, Wang LY, Quzhen G, Pang HS. Effects of management of infection source of echinococcosis in Linzhi, Tibet Autonomous Region of China. Infect Dis Poverty 2021; 10:25. [PMID: 33676564 PMCID: PMC7936428 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-021-00805-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Echinococcosis is highly endemic in western and northern China. Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) is the most serious prevalent area. Linzhi is located in southeastern part of TAR. Dogs are the primary infection source for the transmission of echinococcosis to humans. A control and prevention campaign based on dog management has been implemented in the past three years. This study aims to evaluate the effects of dog management on the infection rate of dogs. Methods Data of dog population, registration and de-worming of seven counties/district in Linzhi between 2017 and 2019 were obtained from the annual prevention and control report. Domestic dog fecal samples were collected from each endemic town of seven counties/district in Linzhi in 2019 to determine the infection of domestic dogs using coproantigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data analysis was processed using SPSS statistics to compare dog infection rate between 2016 and 2019 by chi-square test, and maps were mapped using ArcGIS. Results In Linzhi, domestic dog population has decreased from 17 407 in 2017 to 12 663 in 2019, while the registration rate has increased from 75.9% in 2017 to 98.6% in 2019. Similarly, stray dog population has decreased from 14 336 in 2017 to 11 837 in 2019, while sheltered rate has increased from 84.6% in 2017 to 96.6% in 2019. Dog de-worming frequency has increased from 4 times per annum in 2017 to 12 times in 2019, indicating that approximately every dog was dewormed monthly. A total of 2715 dog fecal samples were collected for coproantigen ELISA assay. The dog infection rate was 2.8% (77/2715) in 2019, which was significantly lower than 7.3% (45/618) in 2016 (P < 0.05). Conclusions Increased dog registration, decreased dog population, and increased dog de-worming frequency contributed to significantly decrease the dog infection rate in Linzhi. Control and prevention campaign based on dog management could significantly decrease dog infection with Echinococcus spp. in echinococcosis endemic areas.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, MOST; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Bing-Cheng Ma
- Linzhi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Linzhi, 850000, China
| | - Li-Ying Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, MOST; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,Doctorate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences for Health (CBS2), University of Montpellier, Montpellier, 34395, France.
| | - Gongsang Quzhen
- Tibet Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis Prevention and Control, National Health Commission, Lhasa, 850000, China
| | - Hua-Sheng Pang
- Tibet Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis Prevention and Control, National Health Commission, Lhasa, 850000, China
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Shafiei R, Taghasi F, Hashemi SA, Panahi Y, Arefkhah N, Omidian M, Arianfar F, Mostafavi-Pour Z, Sarkari B. Seroprevalence of Cystic Echinococcosis Using Recombinant Antigen B-ELISA in North Khorasan Province, Northeast of Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 50:592-597. [PMID: 34178807 PMCID: PMC8214599 DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v50i3.5605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is one of the most important helminthic parasitic diseases in Iran. The current study aimed to assess the seroprevalence of CE in North Khorasan Province, Northeast of Iran in 2018. Methods The study was carried out in seven cities of North Khorasan Province. Venous blood samples were collected from 932 individuals referring to health centers of those seven cities. A questionnaire was used to obtain the data regarding the subject's gender, age, residence and risk factors linked to the hydatid cyst. Sera samples were evaluated for anti-hydatid cyst antibodies in an ELISA system, using a recombinant B8/1 antigen of E. granulosus. Results Of the 932 recruited subjects, 496 (53.2%) were male and 436 (46.8%) were female. The range of participants' age was between 11 to 83 yr old and the mean age of the subjects was 35.4 (±12.7) years. Anti-hydatid cyst antibodies were detected in the sera of 37 out of 932 subjects, corresponding to a seroprevalence rate of 3.96%. From these, 20 (54.05%) were male and 17 (45.95%) were female. There were no associations between seropositivity to hydatid cyst and age, the gender of the participants, residential areas and having contact with dogs (P>0.05). Conclusion CE is relatively prevalent throughout the North Khorasan Province in the Northeast of Iran. Rate of CE infection in this Province is somewhat similar to the rate of infection in other parts of the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Shafiei
- Vector-Borne Diseases Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran.,Department of Pathobiology and Laboratory Sciences, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Taghasi
- Student Research Committee, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Seyed Ahmad Hashemi
- Department of Pathobiology and Laboratory Sciences, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Yaser Panahi
- Laboratory Affairs, Health Assistances, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Nasir Arefkhah
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Mostafa Omidian
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farzane Arianfar
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zohreh Mostafavi-Pour
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bahador Sarkari
- Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Amarir F, Rhalem A, Sadak A, Raes M, Oukessou M, Saadi A, Bouslikhane M, Gauci CG, Lightowlers MW, Kirschvink N, Marcotty T. Control of cystic echinococcosis in the Middle Atlas, Morocco: Field evaluation of the EG95 vaccine in sheep and cesticide treatment in dogs. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009253. [PMID: 33684115 PMCID: PMC7971873 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is an important cause of human morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in Morocco and other North African countries. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We investigated the potential of three strategies to reduce Echinococcus granulosus transmission: (1) 4-monthly treatment of dogs with praziquantel, (2) vaccination of sheep with the EG95 vaccine and (3) a combination of both measures. These measures were implemented during four consecutive years in different areas of the Middle Atlas Mountains in Morocco. The outcome of the interventions was assessed through hydatid cyst (viable and non-viable) counts in liver and lungs using necropsy or in vivo ultrasound examination of the liver. A total of 402 lambs were recruited for annual vaccination with the EG95 anti-E. granulosus vaccine and 395 similar lambs were selected as non-vaccinated controls. At approximately four years of age the relative risk (estimated as odds ratio) for vaccinated sheep to have viable hydatid cysts compared with non-vaccinated controls was 3% (9.37% of the vaccinated sheep were found infected while 72.82% of the controls were infected; p = 0.002). The number of viable cysts in vaccinated animals was reduced by approximately 97% (mean counts were 0.28 and 9.18 respectively; p<0.001). An average of 595 owned dogs received 4-monthly treatment during the 44 months trial, corresponding to 91% of the owned dog population. Approximately, 5% of them were examined for E. granulosus adult worms by arecoline purge or eggs in feces (confirmed by PCR). The proportion of infected dogs significantly decreased after treatment (12% versus 35%; p<0.001). Post-treatment incidence of re-infestation corresponded to a monthly risk of 4% (95% CI: 3-6%). Treatment of owned dogs on a 4-monthly basis did not reduce the level of transmission of E. granulosus to sheep, nor did it enhance the level of control generated by vaccination of sheep with EG95, possibly because of unowned dogs and wild canids were not treated. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These data suggest that vaccination of sheep with EG95 has the potential to reduce the level of CE in Morocco and in other parts of the world with similar transmission dynamics. Under the epidemiological circumstances existing in the trial area, 4-monthly treatment of owned dogs with praziquantel was insufficient to have a major impact of E. granulosus transmission to sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatimaezzahra Amarir
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Hassan II Agronomy and Veterinary Institute (IAV), Rabat, Morocco
- Integrated Veterinary Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Belgium
- Laboratory of Zoology and General Biology, Parasitological and Ecological Unit, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abdelkbir Rhalem
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Hassan II Agronomy and Veterinary Institute (IAV), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abderrahim Sadak
- Laboratory of Zoology and General Biology, Parasitological and Ecological Unit, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Marianne Raes
- Integrated Veterinary Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Belgium
| | - Mohamed Oukessou
- Unit of Physiology and Therapeutics, Department of Veterinary Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hassan II Agronomic and Veterinary Institute, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Aouatif Saadi
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Hassan II Agronomy and Veterinary Institute (IAV), Rabat, Morocco
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Mohammed Bouslikhane
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Hassan II Agronomy and Veterinary Institute (IAV), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Charles G. Gauci
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Nathalie Kirschvink
- Integrated Veterinary Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Belgium
| | - Tanguy Marcotty
- Integrated Veterinary Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Belgium
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Anvari D, Pourmalek N, Rezaei S, Fotovati A, Hosseini SA, Daryani A, Spotin A, Sarvi S, Hosseini M, Narouei MR, Kalkali M, Pendar F, Gholami S. The global status and genetic characterization of hydatidosis in camels ( Camelus dromedarius): a systematic literature review with meta-analysis based on published papers. Parasitology 2021; 148:259-273. [PMID: 32940199 PMCID: PMC11010127 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182020001705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydatidosis is a potential zoonotic helminthic disease affecting a broad spectrum of mammals, including humans, worldwide. The current review was conducted to investigate the genotypic status and prevalence of hydatid disease in camels across the world. For the purpose of the study, the articles addressing the worldwide prevalence of hydatidosis in camels were searched in several English language databases. The search process resulted in the inclusion of 122 papers. Based on the data presented in the reviewed articles, the pooled prevalence of hydatid disease in camels across the world was measured at 23.75% (95% CI 20.15-27.55). Moreover, the subgroup analysis demonstrated significant differences in the overall prevalence of hydatidosis among camels based on year, geographic area, climate parameters, camel population, gender, infected organ, fertility rate of the cyst and laboratory diagnostic technique. Furthermore, the Echinococcus granulosus genotypes identified in camels with hydatidosis included G1, G2, G3, G1-G3, G5, G6, G7, G6-G7 and G6-G10, with G6 being the most common genotype throughout the world. The data obtained from the current study are central to the better conceptualization of the biological and epidemiological characteristics of E. granulosus s.l. genotypes around the world, which can be helpful in the planning and adoption of more comprehensive control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davood Anvari
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- School of Medicine, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | - Nima Pourmalek
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Karaj, Iran
| | - Saeed Rezaei
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Karaj, Iran
| | - Amir Fotovati
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
| | - Seyed Abdollah Hosseini
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ahmad Daryani
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Adel Spotin
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shahabeddin Sarvi
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mona Hosseini
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Kalkali
- Student Research Committee, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | - Faezeh Pendar
- Student Research Committee, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | - Shirzad Gholami
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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Grimm J, Krickl J, Beck A, Nell J, Bergmann M, Tappe D, Grüner B, Barth TFE, Brehm K. Establishing and evaluation of a polymerase chain reaction for the detection of Echinococcus multilocularis in human tissue. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009155. [PMID: 33630840 PMCID: PMC7906421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is caused by metacestode larva of the tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis. AE diagnostics currently rely on imaging techniques supported by serology, but unequivocal detection of AE is difficult. Although polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods to detect tapeworm DNA in biopsies have been suggested for several species, no validated protocol adhering to accepted guidelines has so far been presented for AE diagnostics. We herein established a PCR protocol for metacestode biopsies and technically evaluated the method using isolated parasite DNA and cells, biopsies of clinically relevant material, and formalin fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) human tissue blocks. We compared the results with an immunochemical (IHC) approach using the monoclonal antibody Em2G11 specific for the antigen Em2 of E. mulitlocularis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Based on tapeworm 12S rDNA sequences we established and validated a PCR protocol for robust detection of as little as 50 parasite cells per specimen and report 127 cases of positive identification of Echinococcus species in samples from humans and animals. For further validation, we analyzed 45 liver, heart, brain, and soft tissue samples as well as cytological probes of aspirates of FFPE-material from 18 patients with clinically confirmed AE. Of each patient we analyzed (i) fully viable lesions with laminated layer; (ii) tissue with mAbEm2G11-positive small particles of E. multilocularis (spems); (iii) mAbEm2G11-negative tissue adjacent to the main lesion; and (iv) lymph node tissue with mAbEm2G11-positive spems. To identify the areas for the PCR-based approach, we performed IHC-staining with the monoclonal antibody Em2G11. Micro-dissected tissue of these areas was then used for PCR-analysis. 9 of 15 analyzed samples with viable E. multilocularis lesions with laminated layer were positive by PCR. Of this group, all samples preserved for less than 6 years (6/6) were tested positive. 11 of 15 samples of spems and 7 of 9 samples of the control group mAbEm2G11-negative tissue were negative by PCR. We further show that all probes from lymph nodes with spems are PCR negative. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We present a sensitive PCR method for the detection of E. multilocularis in human tissue, particularly in fresh biopsy material and tissue blocks stored for less than 5 years. While the diagnostic sensitivity of material containing only spems was higher using IHC, PCR detection was possible in IHC negative liver tissue and in patients with negative serology. Our results support the view that spems do not contain parasitic DNA or viable cells of the parasite. spems thus most probably do not directly contribute to metastasis formation during AE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julian Krickl
- Consultant Laboratory for Echinococcosis, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Annika Beck
- Institute of Pathology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Juliane Nell
- Institute of Pathology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Monika Bergmann
- Consultant Laboratory for Echinococcosis, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Tappe
- Consultant Laboratory for Echinococcosis, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Beate Grüner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital and Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Klaus Brehm
- Consultant Laboratory for Echinococcosis, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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Tamarozzi F, Longoni SS, Vola A, Degani M, Tais S, Rizzi E, Prato M, Scarso S, Silva R, Brunetti E, Bisoffi Z, Perandin F. Evaluation of Nine Commercial Serological Tests for the Diagnosis of Human Hepatic Cyst Echinococcosis and the Differential Diagnosis with Other Focal Liver Lesions: A Diagnostic Accuracy Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11020167. [PMID: 33503986 PMCID: PMC7911993 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11020167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The differential diagnosis of hepatic cystic echinococcosis (CE) may be challenging. When imaging is insufficient, serology can be applied, but no consensus diagnostic algorithm exists. We evaluated the performances of nine serological tests commercialized in Europe for the diagnosis of “echinococcosis”. We performed a diagnostic accuracy study using a panel of sera from patients with hepatic CE (n = 45 “liquid” content stages, n = 25 “solid” content stages) and non-CE focal liver lesions (n = 54 with “liquid” content, n = 11 with “solid” content). The diagnosis and staging of CE were based on ultrasound (gold standard). Nine commercial seroassays (5 ELISA, 2 WB, 1 Chemiluminescence Immunoassay [CLIA] and 1 Immunochromatographic test [ICT]) were the index tests. Sensitivity (Se) ranged from 43 to 94% and from 31 to 87%, and specificity (Sp) from 68 to 100% and from 94 to 100%, when borderline results were considered positive or negative, respectively. Three seroassays (2 ELISA, 1 WB) were excluded from further analyses due to poor performances. When tests were combined, Sp was 98–100%. The best results were obtained using the WB-LDBIO alone (Se 83%) or as a third test after two non-WB tests (Se 67–86%). A validated WB or two non-WB tests, read with stringent criteria (borderline = negative and considered positive only if concordant positive), possibly confirmed by the WB, appear sensible approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Tamarozzi
- Department of Infectious Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, 37024 Verona, Italy; (S.S.L.); (M.D.); (S.T.); (E.R.); (M.P.); (S.S.); (R.S.); (Z.B.); (F.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0456013226
| | - Silvia Stefania Longoni
- Department of Infectious Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, 37024 Verona, Italy; (S.S.L.); (M.D.); (S.T.); (E.R.); (M.P.); (S.S.); (R.S.); (Z.B.); (F.P.)
| | - Ambra Vola
- Department of Medical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.V.); (E.B.)
| | - Monica Degani
- Department of Infectious Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, 37024 Verona, Italy; (S.S.L.); (M.D.); (S.T.); (E.R.); (M.P.); (S.S.); (R.S.); (Z.B.); (F.P.)
| | - Stefano Tais
- Department of Infectious Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, 37024 Verona, Italy; (S.S.L.); (M.D.); (S.T.); (E.R.); (M.P.); (S.S.); (R.S.); (Z.B.); (F.P.)
| | - Eleonora Rizzi
- Department of Infectious Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, 37024 Verona, Italy; (S.S.L.); (M.D.); (S.T.); (E.R.); (M.P.); (S.S.); (R.S.); (Z.B.); (F.P.)
| | - Marco Prato
- Department of Infectious Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, 37024 Verona, Italy; (S.S.L.); (M.D.); (S.T.); (E.R.); (M.P.); (S.S.); (R.S.); (Z.B.); (F.P.)
| | - Salvatore Scarso
- Department of Infectious Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, 37024 Verona, Italy; (S.S.L.); (M.D.); (S.T.); (E.R.); (M.P.); (S.S.); (R.S.); (Z.B.); (F.P.)
| | - Ronaldo Silva
- Department of Infectious Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, 37024 Verona, Italy; (S.S.L.); (M.D.); (S.T.); (E.R.); (M.P.); (S.S.); (R.S.); (Z.B.); (F.P.)
| | - Enrico Brunetti
- Department of Medical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.V.); (E.B.)
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Zeno Bisoffi
- Department of Infectious Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, 37024 Verona, Italy; (S.S.L.); (M.D.); (S.T.); (E.R.); (M.P.); (S.S.); (R.S.); (Z.B.); (F.P.)
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy
| | - Francesca Perandin
- Department of Infectious Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, 37024 Verona, Italy; (S.S.L.); (M.D.); (S.T.); (E.R.); (M.P.); (S.S.); (R.S.); (Z.B.); (F.P.)
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Cringoli G, Pepe P, Bosco A, Maurelli MP, Baldi L, Ciaramella P, Musella V, Buonanno ML, Capuano F, Corrado F, Ianniello D, Alves LC, Sarnelli P, Rinaldi L. An integrated approach to control Cystic Echinococcosis in southern Italy. Vet Parasitol 2021; 290:109347. [PMID: 33444910 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a severe zoonosis, caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. This helminth infection is of increasing public health and socio-economic concern due to the considerable morbidity rates that cause economic losses both in the public health sector and in the livestock industry. Control programmes against E. granulosus are considered long-term actions which require an integrated approach and high expenditure of time and financial resources. Since 2010, an integrated approach to control CE has been implemented in a highly endemic area of continental southern Italy (Campania region). Innovative procedures and tools have been developed and exploited during the control programme based on the following strategies: i) active and passive surveillance in livestock (using geospatial tools for georeferencing), ii) diagnosis in dogs (using the FLOTAC techniques and molecular analysis), iii) targeted treatment of farm dogs (using purpose-built confinement cages), iv) early diagnosis in livestock (by ultrasonography), v) surveillance in humans (through hospital discharge records analysis), vi) monitoring the food chain (analysing raw vegetables), vii) outreach activities to the general public (through dissemination material, e.g. brochures, gadgets, videos, virtual reality). Over eight years, the integrated approach and the new strategies developed have resulted in a noteworthy reduction of the parasite infection rates in livestock (e.g. up to 30 % in sheep). The results obtained so far highlight that using a one health multidisciplinary and multi-institution effort is of pivotal importance in preparing CE control programmes at regional level and could be extended to other endemic Mediterranean areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cringoli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Centro Regionale per il Monitoraggio delle Parassitosi (CREMOPAR), Regione Campania, Eboli, SA, Italy; Centro di Riferimento Regionale per le Malattie degli Animali Domestici (CReSan), Regione Campania, Naples, Italy
| | - P Pepe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Centro Regionale per il Monitoraggio delle Parassitosi (CREMOPAR), Regione Campania, Eboli, SA, Italy
| | - A Bosco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Centro Regionale per il Monitoraggio delle Parassitosi (CREMOPAR), Regione Campania, Eboli, SA, Italy
| | - M P Maurelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Centro Regionale per il Monitoraggio delle Parassitosi (CREMOPAR), Regione Campania, Eboli, SA, Italy
| | - L Baldi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - P Ciaramella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - V Musella
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - M L Buonanno
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - F Capuano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - F Corrado
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - D Ianniello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Centro Regionale per il Monitoraggio delle Parassitosi (CREMOPAR), Regione Campania, Eboli, SA, Italy
| | - L C Alves
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - P Sarnelli
- Centro Regionale per il Monitoraggio delle Parassitosi (CREMOPAR), Regione Campania, Eboli, SA, Italy; UOD Prevenzione e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria Regione Campania, Naples, Italy
| | - L Rinaldi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Centro Regionale per il Monitoraggio delle Parassitosi (CREMOPAR), Regione Campania, Eboli, SA, Italy; Centro di Riferimento Regionale per le Malattie degli Animali Domestici (CReSan), Regione Campania, Naples, Italy.
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Wang Z, Xu J, Song G, Pang M, Guo B, Xu X, Wang H, Zhou Y, Ren L, Zhou H, Ma J, Fan H. Nutritional status and screening tools to detect nutritional risk in hospitalized patients with hepatic echinococcosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:74. [PMID: 33357363 PMCID: PMC7758020 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2020071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Background: Echinococcosis is a chronic consumptive liver disease. Little research has been carried out on the nutritional status of infected patients, though liver diseases are often associated with malnutrition. Our study investigated four different nutrition screening tools, to assess nutritional risks of hospitalized patients with echinococcosis. Methods: Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS 2002), Short Form of Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA-SF), Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST), and the Nutrition Risk Index (NRI) were used to assess 164 patients with alveolar echinococcosis (AE) and 232 with cystic echinococcosis (CE). Results were then compared with European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) criteria for malnutrition diagnosis. Results: According to ESPEN standards for malnutrition diagnosis, 29.2% of CE patients and 31.1% of AE patients were malnourished. The malnutrition risk rates for CE and AE patients were as follows: NRS 2002 – 40.3% and 30.7%; MUST – 51.5% and 50.9%; MNA-SF – 46.8% and 44.1%; and NRI – 51.1% and 67.4%. In patients with CE, MNA-SF and NRS 2002 results correlated well with ESPEN results (k = 0.515, 0.496). Area-under-the-curve (AUC) values of MNA-SF and NRS 2002 were 0.803 and 0.776, respectively. For patients with AE, NRS 2002 and MNA-SF results correlated well with ESPEN (k = 0.555, 0.493). AUC values of NRS 2002 and MNA-SF were 0.776 and 0.792, respectively. Conclusion: This study is the first to analyze hospitalized echinococcosis patients based on these nutritional screening tools. Our results suggest that NRS 2002 and MNA-SF are suitable tools for nutritional screening of inpatients with echinococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Wang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining 810001, PR China
| | - Jin Xu
- Qinghai University, Xining 810001, PR China
| | - Ge Song
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, PR China
| | - MingQuan Pang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining 810001, PR China
| | - Bin Guo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining 810001, PR China
| | - XiaoLei Xu
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining 810001, PR China
| | - HaiJiu Wang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining 810001, PR China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining 810001, PR China
| | - Li Ren
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining 810001, PR China
| | - Hu Zhou
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining 810001, PR China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining 810001, PR China
| | - HaiNing Fan
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining 810001, PR China - Qinghai Province Key Laboratory of Hydatid Disease Research, Xining 810001, PR China
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75
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Prediction and Identification of Epitopes in the Emy162 Antigen of Echinococcus multilocularis. Acta Parasitol 2020; 65:919-928. [PMID: 32542510 DOI: 10.2478/s11686-020-00231-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a zoonotic disease caused by the parasitism of Echinococcus multilocularis larvae in the intermediate host or the final host. This study aims to identify and analyze the B-cell and T-cell (Th1, Th2 and Th17) epitopes of E. multilocularis antigen Emy162. METHODS (1) The secondary structural characteristics of the Emy162 protein were predicted by bioinformatics software to further predict the potential T- and B-cell epitopes. (2) The dominant antigen epitopes were detected by ELISA through the reaction of patient serum with small B-cell antigen peptide and assessing the proliferation of splenic lymphocytes of mice immunized with Emy162. (3) The expression of cytokines in splenic lymphocytes of mice stimulated by small T-cell antigen peptides was detected by ELISA, ELISpot and flow cytometry to enable the identification of the T-cell epitopes. RESULTS (1) The high-scored T-cell epitopes were located at positions E7-13, E36-41, E80-89, E87-96, E97-106 and E129-139, while B-cell epitopes were located at positions E7-13, E19-27, E28-36, E37-48, E78-83, E101-109, E112-121 and E129-139. (2) The three advanced antigen epitopes of Emy162 were E19-27, E112-121 and E129-139. (3) The four Th1 advanced antigen epitopes of Emy162 were E7-13, E36-41, E80-89 and E129-139. The three Th2 advanced antigen epitopes were E36-41, E87-96 and E97-106. The three Th17 advanced antigen epitopes were E36-41, E87-96 and E97-106. CONCLUSION (1) The Emy162 protein has advanced antigenicity and numerous potential epitopes. Six T-cell and eight B-cell dominant epitopes were revealed using bioinformatics methods. (2) There are three dominant B-cell epitopes, four dominant Th1 epitopes, three dominant Th2 epitopes, and three dominant Th17 epitopes in the Emy162 antigen.
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Khan A, Ahmed H, Khan H, Saleem S, Simsek S, Brunetti E, Afzal MS, Manciulli T, Budke CM. Cystic Echinococcosis in Pakistan: A Review of Reported Cases, Diagnosis, and Management. Acta Trop 2020; 212:105709. [PMID: 32956637 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic disease that occurs in humans and ungulates due to infection with the larval stage of the taeniid cestode Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. It has been estimated that approximately one million people are infected annually, resulting in US$3 billion in human and livestock-associated direct and indirect losses per year. CE is a serious public health concern in many parts of the world, including Pakistan. This review discusses the causative agent as well as the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of CE in Pakistan.
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Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato and Echinococcus multilocularis: A review. Res Vet Sci 2020; 135:517-522. [PMID: 33246571 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Echinococcus spp. have a global distribution and are found on every continent except Antarctica. Infections with these parasites are considered extremely serious, contributing to significant morbidity and mortality in addition to substantial economic losses to the livestock industry. Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) and Echinococcus multilocularis, causing cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE) respectively, are the two main species of interest from a human and veterinary perspective. This review collates the current state-of-the-art understanding of these two parasites within four key areas of relevance to human and veterinary professionals: transmission and epidemiology, clinical signs and pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment and prevention. This review should serve as a broad introduction to the most important Echinococcus spp. The reader is advised to seek out specific literature on individual diseases and their causative parasites for a deeper understanding.
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Wang Q, Zhong B, Yu W, Zhang G, Budke CM, Liao S, He W, Chen F, Xu K, Xie F, Danbazeli, Wang Q, Yang L, Huang Y, Li R, Yao R, Giraudoux P, Craig PS. Assessment of a 10-year dog deworming programme on the transmission of Echinococcus multilocularis in Tibetan communities in Sichuan Province, China. Int J Parasitol 2020; 51:159-166. [PMID: 33220298 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Human alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is considered a neglected zoonotic disease by the World Health Organization (WHO). The causative pathogen, Echinococcus multilocularis, lives as an adult tapeworm in the intestinal tract of canines. AE was identified as an emerging public health issue in Tibetan communities of Shiqu County 20 years ago. On St. Lawrence Island, Alaska (USA), in the 1980s peri-domestic transmission of E. multilocularis was controlled by regular deworming of owned dogs over a 10-year period. In Tibetan communities, on the Tibetan Plateau, control of E. multilocularis transmission is challenging due to the continental setting, complex epidemiology, disease ecology, geography, and socio-cultural factors. However, a control programme based on deworming owned dogs using praziquental (PZQ) has been carried out since 2006. Assessment was conducted in townships where baseline data were available 10 years prior. Purging of dogs by oral administration of arecoline was used to measure E. multilocularis prevalence, trapping small mammals around communities was employed to assess the change in infection of pikas and voles, and analysis of human AE abdominal ultrasound-based data was used to understand the change in prevalence in the past decade. In all three evaluated townships, the E. multilocularis prevalence in owned dogs was significantly (P < 0.01) reduced from 7.23% (25/346) during 2000-2003 to 0.55% (1/181) in 2016. Human AE ultrasound-based prevalence (adjusted for age and sex) in five evaluated townships decreased significantly (P < 0.01) from 6.25% (200/3,198) during 2000-2002 to 3.67% (706/19,247) during 2015-2017. The 2016 prevalence of E. multilocularis metacestodes in small mammal intermediate hosts was not significantly different from the prevalence in 2008. The control programme was effective in reducing E. multilocularis infection in owned dogs and human AE prevalence, but did not significantly impact infection in wildlife intermediate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China.
| | - Bo Zhong
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China.
| | - Wenjie Yu
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Guangjia Zhang
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Christine M Budke
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Sha Liao
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Wei He
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Fan Chen
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Kejun Xu
- Ganzi Prefecture Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Fei Xie
- Shiqu County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Danbazeli
- Ganzi Prefecture Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Ruirui Li
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Renxing Yao
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Patrick Giraudoux
- UMR 6249 Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
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Santucciu C, Bonelli P, Peruzzu A, Fancellu A, Marras V, Carta A, Mastrandrea S, Bagella G, Piseddu T, Profili S, Porcu A, Masala G. Cystic Echinococcosis: Clinical, Immunological, and Biomolecular Evaluation of Patients from Sardinia (Italy). Pathogens 2020; 9:E907. [PMID: 33143032 PMCID: PMC7693143 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE), a zoonotic disease caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.), is a worldwide public health problem. Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.), associated with G1 and G3 genotypes, is endemic with high prevalence in the Mediterranean basin. The parasite's life cycle comprises definitive hosts (canids) and intermediate hosts (ruminants) and can occasionally involve humans. The main aim of this research was to confirm the diagnosis of 13 patients suspected of CE who presented different complications and needed the surgical removal of the cysts. We also wanted to understand and clarify more the diagnosis of echinococcosis in humans. For this purpose, the patients first underwent cyst evaluation by ultrasound (US), immunological analysis, and then total pericystectomy, followed by parasitological, histopathological, and molecular biology examinations of the cysts. US stadiated one CE1, one CE2, eight CE3b, one CE4, and two CE5; immunology evidenced nine positives; histopathology confirmed 11 CE cysts, of which 8 fertile presenting protoscoleces were identified as E. granulosus s.s. by molecular biology, genotyped as three G1 and four G3 by neighbor-joining (NJ) phylogenetic tree. In conclusion, the results showed that 11 patients were affected by E. granulosus s.s. G1 orG3, and 2 cystic neoformations were of non-parasitic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Santucciu
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, National Reference Center for Echinococcosis (CeNRE), IZS della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (P.B.); (A.P.); (S.M.); (T.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Piero Bonelli
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, National Reference Center for Echinococcosis (CeNRE), IZS della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (P.B.); (A.P.); (S.M.); (T.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Angela Peruzzu
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, National Reference Center for Echinococcosis (CeNRE), IZS della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (P.B.); (A.P.); (S.M.); (T.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Alessandro Fancellu
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.F.); (A.P.)
| | - Vincenzo Marras
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Pathology, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Antonello Carta
- U.O.C. di Radiologia, A.O.U., 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Scilla Mastrandrea
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, National Reference Center for Echinococcosis (CeNRE), IZS della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (P.B.); (A.P.); (S.M.); (T.P.); (G.M.)
- U.O.C. di Malattie Infettive, A.O.U., 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giorgio Bagella
- Radiology Unit, University Hospital of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Toni Piseddu
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, National Reference Center for Echinococcosis (CeNRE), IZS della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (P.B.); (A.P.); (S.M.); (T.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Stefano Profili
- U.O.C. di Radiologia, A.O.U., 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Alberto Porcu
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.F.); (A.P.)
| | - Giovanna Masala
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, National Reference Center for Echinococcosis (CeNRE), IZS della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (P.B.); (A.P.); (S.M.); (T.P.); (G.M.)
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Morandi B, Mazzone A, Gori F, Alvarez Rojas CA, Galuppi R, Deplazes P, Poglayen G. New Insights Into the Peculiar World of the Shepherd-Dog Parasites: An Overview From Maremma (Tuscany, Italy). Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:564164. [PMID: 33088834 PMCID: PMC7544896 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.564164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Several developments have been recently achieved to understand pet-dog parasites and their relationship with hosts; however, parasites' presence and distribution in shepherd-dog have been mainly neglected; this knowledge gap is of critical sanitary importance, as shepherd-dogs could harbor zoonotic helminths including Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. The related human disease, cystic echinococcosis, is a worldwide neglected disease, with high endemicity in the Mediterranean Basin. To evaluate the presence of E. granulosus and other parasites, a sheep-dog population from the province of Grosseto (Tuscany, Italy) has been investigated. Overall, 648 dog fecal samples obtained from 50 modern sheep farms, having a total of 216 dogs, were collected. Specimens were analyzed using a standardized centrifugal flotation method (specific gravity = 1.3). Taeniid eggs detected were further isolated using a sieving/flotation technique. DNA was isolated from eggs for PCR and sequence analyses for species identification (gene target: 12S rRNA and nad1). Thirty-nine (78%) farms tested positive for at least one parasite species or genus. The most represented intestinal helminths were Toxocara spp. in 64% of farms, followed by Ancylostomatidae (58%), Trichuris vulpis (50%), Capillaria spp. (34%), and taeniids (32%). Sequence analyses confirmed the presence of Taenia hydatigena in seven farms, Taenia (syn. Multiceps) multiceps in five farms, and T. pisiformis in one farm. No DNA was extracted from four previously taeniid egg-positive farms. No amplification of amplicon corresponding to E. granulosus was achieved in the investigated farms. Although not entirely expected, Spearman's test showed a positive correlation between flock size and the number of dogs per farm (ρ = 0.588, P < 0.001). The quantitative analysis reported that the home slaughter practice was affected neither by the flock size nor by the number of dogs per farm. The probability to diagnose farms positive for taeniids had been increased by about 35% for each dog unit increase [odds ratio (OR) = 1.35, P = 0.012]. In conclusion, the wide distribution of T. hydatigena and T. multiceps detected in the present study clearly reveals that dogs have still access to raw offal, a major risk for the transmission of E. granulosus. Home slaughtering is an unavoidable practice, and more efforts must be undertaken by the public health system to prevent and control potential zoonotic taeniids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetto Morandi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Angelica Mazzone
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Gori
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Roberta Galuppi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Peter Deplazes
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Poglayen
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Miambo R, Afonso S, Noormahomed E, Pondja A, Mukaratirwa S. Echinococcosis in humans and animals in Southern Africa Development Community countries: A systematic review. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2020; 20:e00087. [PMID: 32995581 PMCID: PMC7501418 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2020.e00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The taeniid Echinococcus is the causative agent of the zoonotic disease echinococcosis/hydatidosis and is associated with economic losses in livestock production. This review summarizes available scientific literature on circulating species of Echinococcus in humans, wild and domestic animals in countries of Southern Africa Development Community, and identifies knowledge gaps and recommend research priorities. Data were systematically accessed from Google Scholar, MEDLINE/PubMed and from library resources from December 2017 to June 2019. Meta-analysis was conducted in STATA program and heterogeneity and prevalence values were pooled by host species with 95% confidence interval. In intermediate hosts, the overall prevalence of Echinococcus by meat inspection was 10% (CI: 9-11%) in small ruminants, 7% (CI: 5-8%) in cattle, 1% (CI: 0-1%) in pigs and 9% (CI: 0-29%) in wild herbivores. In canids by CoproAg-ELISA and necropsy the prevalence was of 10% (CI: 8-10%) and 6% (CI: 3-10%) respectively. A high level of heterogeneity (I2 > 65%) was observed for all study groups. Echinococcus equinus, E. canadensis, E ortleppi and E. felidis were reported from wildlife and E. ortleppi, E. granulosus s. s. and E. canadensis from humans. There is paucity of research in echinococcosis and gaps in prevalence reports over time in both humans and animals in the SADC region and we recommend an increase in future studies on the epidemiology of disease, risk factors for transmission in animals and humans and its relation with human health specially in the advent of HIV pandemic following a "One Health" approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.D. Miambo
- Faculty of Veterinary, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
- School of Life Science, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - S.M.S Afonso
- Faculty of Veterinary, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - E.V. Noormahomed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
- Mozambique Institute for Health Education and Research (MIHER), Maputo, Mozambique
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Division, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - A. Pondja
- Faculty of Veterinary, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - S. Mukaratirwa
- School of Life Science, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
- One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
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82
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Lawson A, Boaz R, Corberán-Vallet A, Arezo M, Larrieu E, Vigilato MA, Del Rio Vilas VJ. Integration of animal health and public health surveillance sources to exhaustively inform the risk of zoonosis: An application to echinococcosis in Rio Negro, Argentina. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008545. [PMID: 32841252 PMCID: PMC7473527 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis of zoonotic disease risk requires the consideration of both human and animal geo-referenced disease incidence data. Here we show an application of joint Bayesian analyses to the study of echinococcosis granulosus (EG) in the province of Rio Negro, Argentina. We focus on merging passive and active surveillance data sources of animal and human EG cases using joint Bayesian spatial and spatio-temporal models. While similar spatial clustering and temporal trending was apparent, there appears to be limited lagged dependence between animal and human outcomes. Beyond the data quality issues relating to missingness at different times, we were able to identify relations between dog and human data and the highest ‘at risk’ areas for echinococcosis within the province. This work focuses on utilizing animal disease data to try and inform our understanding of the spread of diseases in humans. We implement predictive models to estimate the relationship between the distribution of disease in animal populations and the distribution of disease in human populations. Development of a better understanding of this relationship could inform animal and public health interventions aiming to mitigate against human disease before it spreads. Missing data and limited data resources made discovery of these relationships difficult, but we fit multiple model types to try and identify any connection between these two populations. We found specific areas with elevated risk of human disease and changes in disease risk over time. Finally, there was some indication of an association between previous years’ levels of animal disease and human disease when using animals as covariables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Lawson
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - R Boaz
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Marcos Arezo
- Ministerio de Salud, Viedma, Rio Negro, Argentina
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Diversity of Taenia and Hydatigera (Cestoda: Taeniidae) in domestic dogs in Kenya. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:2863-2875. [PMID: 32666190 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06793-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Taenia species of domestic dogs can cause cysticercosis and coenurosis in a wide range of intermediate hosts including humans. Most taeniids of dogs are globally distributed, but some wildlife-transmitted species can be specific for certain regions. Generally, little information exists on the species composition and frequency in most regions of the world, which impairs risk assessment and control strategies. This study determined the range of taeniid species in dogs in four widely spaced areas of Kenya by genetic identification of eggs in faeces collected from the environment. Individual taeniid eggs were characterised by nested polymerase chain reaction of NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 and cytochrome C oxidase 1 genes, restriction fragment length polymorphism and partial sequencing. Overall 79/1621 (4.9%) faecal samples contained eggs of Taenia or Hydatigera (8.0% in Turkana, 4.8% in Isiolo, 3.8% in Maasai Mara and 1.3% in Meru). Taenia hydatigena and T. multiceps were the most frequent, found in 36 and 15 samples, respectively. Other eggs found in the faeces belonged to T. serialis (sensu lato), T. madoquae (the first record in domestic dogs), T. ovis, T. saginata and Hydatigera taeniaeformis. Polymorphism of nad1 sequences revealed 22 and 8 haplotypes of T. hydatigena and T. multiceps, respectively. The results show the involvement of dogs in both domestic and sylvatic transmission cycles. In addition to the species range, this study provides data on the intraspecific diversity of T. hydatigena and T. multiceps in Kenya, which will serve as baseline information for further studies into cysticercosis and coenurosis in livestock and humans in the region.
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Dorjsuren T, Ganzorig S, Dagvasumberel M, Tsend-Ayush A, Ganbold C, Ganbat M, Tsogzolbaatar EO, Tsevelvaanchig U, Narantsogt G, Boldbaatar C, Mundur B, Khand-Ish M, Agvaandaram G. Prevalence and risk factors associated with human cystic echinococcosis in rural areas, Mongolia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235399. [PMID: 32614862 PMCID: PMC7331993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis is a chronic, complex and neglected zoonotic disease with considerable socio-economic impact on the affected population. Even though Mongolia is included in the list of high cystic echinococcosis risk countries, there has been very limited research and evidence on the prevalence or prevention of cystic echinococcosis. This field-based cross-sectional study to investigate the prevalence of cystic echinococcosis and its potential risk factors in Mongolia was conducted from April 2016 to March 2018. A total of 1,993 people were examined by ultrasound in five provinces of Mongolia. All cystic echinococcosis positive cases were classified according to the WHO-IWGE expert recommendations. The logistic regression model was used to detect the association between the presence of echinococcus infection and each potential risk factor. This was the first community survey based on ultrasound screening in Mongolia. We found 98 cystic echinococcosis cases (prevalence = 4.9%), including 85 abdominal ultrasound cystic echinococcosis positive cases and 13 abdominal ultrasound cystic echinococcosis negative cases (surgically treated cystic echinococcosis cases 11, and 2 confirmed cases of lung cystic echinococcosis by chestcomputed tomography in hospital of Ulaanbaatar). The prevalence of cystic echinococcosis varied greatly among different provinces, ranging from 2.0% to 13.1%. Children, elderly people and those with lower education had higher chances of getting cystic echinococcosis. Rather than dog ownership itself, daily practice for cleaning dog feces was associated with increased odds of cystic echinococcosis. The results of the present study show very high endemicity of cystic echinococcosis in Umnugovi province. Evaluation of potential risk factors associated with cystic echinococcosisshow high significance for following factors: demographics (age), social condition (education level) and hygiene practices (cleaning dog feces and use of gloves). Children under 18 and elderly people are considered as the most risk age groups in Mongolia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temuulen Dorjsuren
- Department of Biology, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
- * E-mail:
| | - Sumiya Ganzorig
- Laboratory of space and biological resources, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | | | - Altansukh Tsend-Ayush
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Chimedlkhamsuren Ganbold
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Mandukhai Ganbat
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Enkh-Oyun Tsogzolbaatar
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | | | - Giimaa Narantsogt
- Department of Biology, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | | | - Burnee Mundur
- Department of Biology, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Munkhgerel Khand-Ish
- Department of Biology, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Gurbadam Agvaandaram
- Department of Biology, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
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Sander VA, Sánchez López EF, Mendoza Morales L, Ramos Duarte VA, Corigliano MG, Clemente M. Use of Veterinary Vaccines for Livestock as a Strategy to Control Foodborne Parasitic Diseases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:288. [PMID: 32670892 PMCID: PMC7332557 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Foodborne diseases (FBDs) are a major concern worldwide since they are associated with high mortality and morbidity in the human population. Among the causative agents of FBDs, Taenia solium, Echinococcus granulosus, Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium spp., and Trichinella spiralis are listed in the top global risk ranking of foodborne parasites. One common feature between them is that they affect domestic livestock, encompassing an enormous risk to global food production and human health from farm to fork, infecting animals, and people either directly or indirectly. Several approaches have been employed to control FBDs caused by parasites, including veterinary vaccines for livestock. Veterinary vaccines against foodborne parasites not only improve the animal health by controlling animal infections but also contribute to increase public health by controlling an important source of FBDs. In the present review, we discuss the advances in the development of veterinary vaccines for domestic livestock as a strategy to control foodborne parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Marina Clemente
- Laboratorio de Molecular Farming y Vacunas, Unidad Biotecnológica 6-UB6, INTECH, UNSAM-CONICET, Chascomús, Argentina
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86
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Shahriarirad R, Erfani A, Eskandarisani M, Rastegarian M, Taghizadeh H, Sarkari B. Human cystic echinococcosis in southwest Iran: a 15-year retrospective epidemiological study of hospitalized cases. Trop Med Health 2020; 48:49. [PMID: 32577086 PMCID: PMC7304208 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-020-00238-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is considered as a neglected disease with significant mortality and morbidity in most of the developing countries. The current study aimed to retrospectively assess the demographic and epidemiologic features of human CE surgical cases in a 15-year period in Fars province, southwestern Iran. Methods A 15-year (2004–2018) retrospective study was conducted to find out the epidemiological and clinical picture of CE in patients who undergone surgeries for CE in two main hospitals in Fars Province, southwestern Iran. Hospital records were reviewed, and data were retrieved from each CE patient’s record. Results A total of 501 CE surgical cases were recorded during a 15-year period, corresponding to an average annual incidence of 33.4 and a surgical incidence rate of 0.74/100,000 population. Of these, 242 (48.6%) were male, and 256 (52.4%) were female. Patients’ age ranged from 2 to 96 years, with a mean age of 34.92 (± 19.87) years. A significantly higher rate of CE cases was noted in subject’s ≥ 50 years of age. The highest frequency of cases (62:12.5%) was recorded in the year 2017. The most commonly involved organs were liver (339 cases; 57.8%) and lung (279 cases; 47.6%). Concurrent involvement of two organs was seen in 58 (9.9%) cases of both lung and liver, 10 (1.6%) cases of lung and other locations (but not liver), and 23 (3.9%) cases of liver and other locations (but not lung). Reoperation was noted in 67 (13.4%) of the cases. The size of the lung hydatid cyst varied, ranging between 2 and 24 cm (mean = 7.33, SD = 3.737). The size of liver hydatid cysts ranged from 1 to 26 cm (mean 9.04, SD = 4.275). Conclusion The findings of the current study demonstrated a nearly constant prevalence of CE during the last 15 years in southern Iran. Further studies are needed to find out the reasons behind the recurrence of the disease, which is substantial, in surgically-treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Shahriarirad
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Erfani
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | | | - Hajar Taghizadeh
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bahador Sarkari
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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87
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Torgerson PR, Robertson LJ, Enemark HL, Foehr J, van der Giessen JWB, Kapel CMO, Klun I, Trevisan C. Source attribution of human echinococcosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008382. [PMID: 32569309 PMCID: PMC7332091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A substantial proportion of echinococcosis transmission to humans via contamination of food has been assumed. However, the relative importance of food as a transmission vehicle has previously been estimated through expert opinion rather than empirical data. OBJECTIVE To find and evaluate empirical data that could be used to estimate the source attribution of echinococcosis, in particular the proportion that is transmitted through contaminated food. METHODS A systematic review was undertaken to identify reports on the risk factors for human cystic (CE) and alveolar (AE) echinococcosis. Data bases searched included PubMed, Scopus, Web of Knowledge, Cab Direct, Science Direct, Google Scholar, eLIBRARY.RU, CyberLeninka, CNKI and VIP. Search terms included Echinococc*, hydatid, epidemiology, logistic regression, risk factors, odds ratio, relative risk, risk factors. Reports, including grey literature where available, that had suitable data were selected and data were extracted. The main pathways of transmission were hypothesised to be contact with the definitive host, contaminated water, contaminated food and contaminated environment (other than food). For each study the attributable fraction for these potential sources of infection was calculated from the data presented. A meta-analysis was then undertaken to obtain pooled estimates for the relative contribution of these transmission pathways. RESULTS Data from 28 cross-sectional studies and 14 case-control studies were extracted. There was strong evidence for transmission by direct contact with dogs for both CE and AE. The estimated attributable fractions were 26.1% (CI 13.8%-39.6%) and 34.4% (CI 20.7% -48.2%) respectively. Transmission through contaminated water was estimated to be responsible for approximately 29.4% (CI 12.1%-51.7%) for CE and 24.8% (CI 10.6% to 42.6%) for AE. Contaminated food may be responsible for approximately 23.4% of CE cases (CI 2.1%-47.3%). Globally, there was insufficient evidence to conclude AE can be transmitted by food, although case control studies from low human incidence areas suggested that possibly 32.5% (CI 10.0%-53.2%) could be transmitted by food. There was also insufficient evidence that direct contact with foxes was a significant source of human disease. There were no suitable studies with a risk of environmental contact reported, but the residual attributable fraction thatwould likely include this pathway was approximately 21.1% for CE and 11.1% for AE. CONCLUSIONS The results support the hypothesis that dog contact and drinking contaminated water are major pathways of transmission of both CE and AE. For contaminated food, the results are less consistent, but suggest that it is an important transmission pathway and provide better evidence than expert elicitations as previously used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R. Torgerson
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lucy J. Robertson
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Adamstuen Campus, Norway
| | - Heidi L. Enemark
- Department of Animal Health and Food Safety, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Junwei Foehr
- Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Joke W. B. van der Giessen
- Center for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Netherlands
| | - Christian M. O. Kapel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Section for Organismal Biology, Denmark
| | - Ivana Klun
- Centre of Excellence for Food- and Vector-borne Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Chiara Trevisan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Belgium
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88
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Autochthonous liver cystic hydatid: Past or actual French shepherd's disease? IDCases 2020; 21:e00843. [PMID: 32509529 PMCID: PMC7264046 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2020.e00843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Autochthonous hydatidosis in France and western Europa are uncommon since the beginning of the 21st century. We report here an authentic indigenous cystic echinococcosis case in a French shepherd. The risk of remerging pathology should not be neglected and measures to interrupt parasite transmission are still relevant.
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89
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Control of Cystic Echinococcosis in Iran: Where Do We Stand? Trends Parasitol 2020; 36:578-581. [PMID: 32402838 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is an important public health challenge in Iran that requires a One Health approach to control. Filling information gaps and research needs on different aspects of the disease, including parasite biology, disease ecology, human/animal infection, and administrative issues, is essential to address challenges faced by CE control programs.
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90
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Weng X, Mu Z, Wei X, Wang X, Zuo Q, Ma S, Ding Y, Wang X, Wu W, Craig PS, Wang Z. The effects of dog management on Echinococcus spp. prevalence in villages on the eastern Tibetan Plateau, China. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:207. [PMID: 32317015 PMCID: PMC7175499 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04082-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pastoral area of the eastern Tibetan Plateau is highly endemic for human echinococcosis. Domestic dogs are the main definitive host for the transmission of both Echinococcus granulosus (sensu lato) and E. multilocularis to humans. To control the infection risks, a national-level canine echinococcosis prevention and control programme has been implemented since 2015 in Shiqu County, Ganze Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan, China. The objective of this study was to evaluate its effect on Echinococcus spp. prevalence in dogs. METHODS We surveyed 69 households with 84 owned dogs, for dog fecal samples and dog keeping information in the villages of Rizha and Eduoma. A total of 105 dog fecal samples (75 from owned dogs and 30 unknown dog fecal samples) were collected between 2015-2017 to determine Echinococcus spp. prevalence using copro-PCR. Eight variables based on household surveys were included into a logistic regression model for significant risk factors to canine echinococcosis prevalence in dogs. RESULTS Between 2015-2017, the overall Echinococcus spp. copro-DNA prevalence decreased significantly in dogs from 51.2% (2015) to 20.0% (2017) in Rizha, and insignificantly from 11.5% (2016) to 4.3% (2017) in Eduoma. Echinococcus multilocularis was the most prevalent species continually copro-DNA detected during the entire study period, while E. granulosus was rare and not detected in 2017. Echinococcus shiquicus copro-DNA prevalence (a probable non-zoonotic wildlife species) was as high in dogs as that of E. multilocularis, although only detected in 2015 in Rizha. Unleashed dog feces were mainly collected in Rizha in 2015. Although 93.2% of owned dogs were leashed, and the monthly praziquantel dosing rate reached 97%, E. multilocularis infection could still be detected in 11.1% of owned dogs in 2017. Monthly deworming, leashing dogs 24 h per day, and the avoidance of dogs feeding on livestock viscera were significant measures to prevent canine echinococcosis infection in owned dogs. CONCLUSIONS Carrying out a canine echinococcosis prevention and control programme can significantly decrease Echinococcus spp. prevalence. The potential contact between leashed dogs and wild small mammals is still a risk for re-infection of owned dogs with E. multilocularis. This study shows that the long-term application of regular dog treatment with praziquantel in the vast and remote echinococcosis endemic areas of the eastern Tibetan Plateau can reduce transmission in dogs but remains a challenging intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Weng
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiqiang Mu
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Wei
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingqiu Zuo
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuo Ma
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Youzhong Ding
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Science and Technology Museum, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiping Wu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Philip S Craig
- School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Greater Manchester, UK
| | - Zhenghuan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China. .,Joint Translational Science & Technology Research Institute, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Urbanization and Ecological Restoration, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
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91
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Qucuo N, Wu G, He R, Quzhen D, Zhuoga C, Deji S, Zhang L, Zhao Z, Du Z. Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding echinococcosis in Xizang Autonomous Region, China. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:483. [PMID: 32293375 PMCID: PMC7158018 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-8314-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Echinococcosis is a neglected zoonotic parasitic disease caused echinococcus parasitizes, poseing a significant economic burden on both humans and animals. There are limited studies on echinococcosis in China, especially Xizang Autonomous Region, although the area is endemic area for echinococcosis. The study aimed to provide information for strategic prevention against this disease. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among the residents in Xizang Autonomous Region, China to evaluate their knowledge, attitudes and practices on endemicity of echinococcosis. A face-to-face survey was conducted to collect the data using a well-designed questionnaire. The contents included basic personal information, knowledge, attitudes and practices about echinococcosis, personal hygiene and behavior habits, dog feeding and whether they had received the information on echinococcosis, and so on. We surveyed 840 persons in practice. All data analysis was performed using Epi Info 7.2. Results Of the total particpants, 86.8% had a primary education level or below (including primary and illiterate), and even 45.0% were illiterate. Farmers and herdsmen represent the main occupations in this study. People who know all the echinococcosis-related knowledge in the questionnaire only accounted for 8.7% of the participants. However, none of the participants was aware of routes of echinococcosis infection in human or dogs. The data showed participants with higher educational background had the high awareness rate of echinococcosis-related knowledge or attitudes (chi-square for trend, χ2 = 21.23, p<0.05 & χ2 = 48.43, p<0.05). In addition, The percentage of the participant with awareness of echinococcosis-related practices was associated with their age and principle occupation (χ2 = 52.72, p<0.05 & χ2 = 20.63, p<0.05). Conclusions Xizang Autonomous Region is an epidemic area of Echinococcosis. The prevalence of the disease has been largely due to the lack of knowledge, awareness, and poor hygiene practice in local residences. Therefore, effective disease prevention education and awareness campaigns in community will be significantly helpful in prevention and control of echinococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Qucuo
- Xizang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lasa, 850000, Xizang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangjian Wu
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250014, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China.,Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruifeng He
- Xizang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lasa, 850000, Xizang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Danzeng Quzhen
- Xizang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lasa, 850000, Xizang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Ciren Zhuoga
- Xizang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lasa, 850000, Xizang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Suolang Deji
- Xizang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lasa, 850000, Xizang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijie Zhang
- Chinese Center For Disease Control And Prevention, Beijing, 100050, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250014, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhongjun Du
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 18877, Jingshi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250062, People's Republic of China.
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92
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Arezo M, Mujica G, Uchiumi L, Santillán G, Herrero E, Labanchi JL, Araya D, Salvitti JC, Cabrera M, Grizmado C, Calabro A, Talmon G, Sepulveda L, Galvan JM, Volpe M, Bastin V, Seleiman M, Panomarenko O, Tissot H, Sobrino M, Crowley P, Daffner J, Larrieu E. Identification of potential 'hot spots' of cystic echinococcosis transmission in the province of Río Negro, Argentina. Acta Trop 2020; 204:105341. [PMID: 31954134 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a parasitic zoonosis caused by Echinococcus granulosus. The control program of CE of Rio Negro province, Argentina, involves annual surveillance using ultrasound (US) screening in school children, and five-year cross-sectional surveys to detect livestock farms with parasitized dogs by coproELISA with confirmation tests (Western Blot or PCR). Control program is based on deworming of dogs with praziquantel and the aim is to identify areas at risk of Cystic echinococcosis transmission to humans, using all available data sources. The information was spatially distributed in 13 program areas and, at a smaller geographical scale, in 80 Primary Health Care Centers. CoproELISA surveys involved three randomized sampling periods (2003-05, 2009-10, 2017-18), with 1790 canine fecal samples. The US surveys were conducted in 2003-08, 2009-16 and 2017-18 in 34,515 children. Heat maps were created at the smallest geographic scale with QGIS 3.4.6. For the consecutive sampling periods, prevalence of positive canine fecal samples from livestock farms were 14.7, 12.1 and 7.8%, respectively, and children prevalence was 0.4, 0.2 and 0.1%, respectively. The study has been developed on a scale according to which the temporal-spatial distribution of CE allows to adjust control strategies in those areas of potential transmission of the zoonosis to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Arezo
- Ministerio de Salud, Provincia de Río Negro, Viedma, Argentina
| | | | | | - Graciela Santillán
- Instituto Nacional de Microbiología "ANLIS-MALBRAN", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Herrero
- Ministerio de Salud, Provincia de Río Negro, Viedma, Argentina
| | - Jose Luis Labanchi
- Ministerio de Salud, Provincia de Río Negro, Viedma, Argentina; Carrera de Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Choele Choel, Argentina
| | - Daniel Araya
- Ministerio de Salud, Provincia de Río Negro, Viedma, Argentina
| | | | - Marta Cabrera
- Instituto Nacional de Microbiología "ANLIS-MALBRAN", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Arnoldo Calabro
- Ministerio de Salud, Provincia de Río Negro, Viedma, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Talmon
- Ministerio de Salud, Provincia de Río Negro, Viedma, Argentina
| | - Luis Sepulveda
- Ministerio de Salud, Provincia de Río Negro, Viedma, Argentina
| | | | - Marcela Volpe
- Ministerio de Salud, Provincia de Río Negro, Viedma, Argentina
| | - Vanesa Bastin
- Instituto Nacional de Microbiología "ANLIS-MALBRAN", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcos Seleiman
- Ministerio de Salud, Provincia de Río Negro, Viedma, Argentina
| | | | - Hebe Tissot
- Ministerio de Salud, Provincia de Río Negro, Viedma, Argentina
| | - Mariano Sobrino
- Ministerio de Salud, Provincia de Río Negro, Viedma, Argentina
| | - Pablo Crowley
- Ministerio de Salud, Provincia de Río Negro, Viedma, Argentina; Carrera de Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Choele Choel, Argentina
| | - Jose Daffner
- Carrera de Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Choele Choel, Argentina
| | - Edmundo Larrieu
- Carrera de Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Choele Choel, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, General Pico, Argentina.
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93
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Reinventing the Wheel of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato Transmission to Humans. Trends Parasitol 2020; 36:427-434. [PMID: 32298630 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Control of cystic echinococcosis (CE) relies on interrupting Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato transmission through interventions in dogs and livestock. However, primary prevention measures aimed at avoiding ingestion of Echinococcus eggs may help reduce the burden of human CE. CE is generally considered, to variable extents, to be foodborne, but there is little evidence on the actual contamination of matrices and sociocultural factors involved in parasite transmission. An overall appraisal of published literature suggests that environmental contamination, possibly through hand-to-mouth transmission, may be of primary importance. While in most endemic areas sufficient epidemiological information is available to start CE control programs, identifying the main sources of infection to humans would allow optimization of site-specific interventions while avoiding irrelevant health education messages.
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94
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An integrated surgical training program for hepatic cystic echinococcosis in Xinjiang of China. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008023. [PMID: 32163408 PMCID: PMC7093013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human cystic echinococcosis (CE) is one of the commonest zoonoses, and it is endemic in many parts of the world including China. Complications and recurrences after the surgical treatment of hepatic CE (HCE) incur a large personal, healthcare, and societal burden. There has been some progress in HCE prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, but there is no “one size fits all” approach, and surgery still remains the cornerstone of treatment for some cyst stages and locations or in areas with little knowledge or access to other treatment modalities. In 2009 we designed and implemented a program to improve surgical outcomes from HCE in Xinjiang province, China. Methodology/Principal findings A multimodal HCE training program was implemented in eleven primary hospitals in Xinjiang province, China, which provided education and training on HCE clinical knowledge and practice, the application of diagnostic and treatment options, and optimal surgery. The management of HCE cases was analyzed before and after program implementation. Contrast enhanced CT use, application of scoloicidal agents, removal of necrotic cyst wall remnants, appropriate perioperative drug use, and the use of optimal surgical approach increased after program implementation. Further, postoperative recurrences and residual cavity complications creased from 7.4% to 1.3% and 15.2% to 9.0% after program implementation, respectively. Conclusions/Significance Tis integrated surgical training program is useful for improving outcomes of patients with HCE and can be used in institutions in other endemic areas. Hepatic cystic echinococcosis (HCE) is an endemic and neglected global disease. Many deprived areas in China still lack the knowledge and expertise to successfully treat HCE surgically, which results in high postoperative complication and recurrence rates that further decrease postoperative quality of life. In this study, we aimed to transfer our extensive experience in the development and implementation of effective surgery for HCE to eleven hospitals in the Echinococcus granulosus endemic province of Xinjiang to improve the surgical treatment of HCE. Our results indicate that our training program effectively reduces recurrence and complication rates and will be of use in other endemic areas.
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95
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Wang Q, Yang L, Wang Y, Zhang GJ, Zhong B, Wu WP, Zheng CJ, Liao S, Yu WJ, He W, Wang Q, Chen F, Li RR, Huang Y, Yao R, Zhou XN. Disease burden of echinococcosis in Tibetan communities-A significant public health issue in an underdeveloped region of western China. Acta Trop 2020; 203:105283. [PMID: 31811863 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Echinococcosis is considered by the World Health Organization (WHO) to be a neglected zoonotic disease in the world. Some Tibetan communities were found to be highly endemic for echinococcosis just 20 years ago. Until recently, we were able to understand the overall disease burden of echinococcosis in Tibetan communities after prevalence data being available from nationwide investigations from 2012 to 2016. Data were abstracted from 9 publications regarding to echinococcosis prevalence between 2016-2018; from 10 data bases on echinococcosis prevalence for 151 Tibetan counties; and statistics of population, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and health staff from 44 local statistic bureaus and government websites at provincial, prefecture and county level, and 2 books of provincial yearly statistics. These data were used to estimate the Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) due to cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE). The distribution of DALYs was presented geographically and economically. The echinococcosis DALYs in the Tibetan communities were estimated to be 126,159 (95%UI 122,415-137,675) annually using the method recommended by WHO. AE DALYs were estimated to be 105,829 (95%UI 101,969-117,090), which were more than CE DALYs of 20,330 (95%UI 19,690-21,581). Echinococcosis affects people more in underdeveloped areas. There was a tendency that a higher echinococcosis DALYs were usually correlated a higher altitude. Health services are also poorly provided in terms of number of health staff of 5.05 per 1000 population in comparison with the national average of 5.8 per 1000 population. The data suggest that the echinococcosis burden in the center region of Qinghai-Tibet plateau is higher than that of other regions, and consequently more control and health services should be provided to the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Institute for Parasitic Diseases Control, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
| | - Liu Yang
- Institute for Parasitic Diseases Control, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
| | - Yifei Wang
- Ultrasonography Department, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Guang-Jia Zhang
- Institute for Parasitic Diseases Control, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Bo Zhong
- Institute for Parasitic Diseases Control, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Wei-Ping Wu
- Department for Control of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Can-Jun Zheng
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Sha Liao
- Institute for Parasitic Diseases Control, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Wen-Jie Yu
- Institute for Parasitic Diseases Control, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Wei He
- Institute for Parasitic Diseases Control, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute for Parasitic Diseases Control, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Fan Chen
- Institute for Parasitic Diseases Control, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Rui-Rui Li
- Institute for Parasitic Diseases Control, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Institute for Parasitic Diseases Control, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Renxin Yao
- Institute for Parasitic Diseases Control, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- Department for Control of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 102206, China
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96
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Seroprevalence of Cystic Echinococcosis and related risk factors for infection among children in a rural community in Fars Province, Southern Iran. CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GLOBAL HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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97
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Milhau N, Almouazen E, Bouteille S, Hellel-Bourtal I, Azzouz-Maache S, Benavides U, Petavy AF, Marchal T. In vitro evaluations on canine monocyte-derived dendritic cells of a nanoparticles delivery system for vaccine antigen against Echinococcus granulosus. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229121. [PMID: 32101539 PMCID: PMC7043750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since dogs play a central role in the contamination of humans and livestock with Echinococcus granulosus, the development of an effective vaccine for dogs is essential to control the disease caused by this parasite. For this purpose, a formulation based on biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) as delivery system of recombinant Echinococcus granulosus antigen (tropomyosin EgTrp) adjuved with monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) has been developed. The obtained nanoparticles had a size of approximately 200 nm in diameter into which the antigen was correctly preserved and encapsulated. The efficiency of this system to deliver the antigen was evaluated in vitro on canine monocyte-derived dendritic cells (cMoDCs) generated from peripheral blood monocytes. After 48 h of contact between the formulations and cMoDCs, we observed no toxic effect on the cells but a strong internalization of the NPs, probably through different pathways depending on the presence or not of MPLA. An evaluation of cMoDCs activation by flow cytometry showed a stronger expression of CD80, CD86, CD40 and MHCII by cells treated with any of the tested formulations or with LPS (positive control) in comparison to cells treated with PBS (negative control). A higher activation was observed for cells challenged with EgTrp-NPs-MPLA compared to EgTrp alone. Formulations with MPLA, even at low ratio of MPLA, give better results than formulations without MPLA, proving the importance of the adjuvant in the nanoparticles structure. Moreover, autologous T CD4+ cell proliferation observed in presence of cMoDCs challenged with EgTrp-NPs-MPLA was higher than those observed after challenged with EgTrp alone (p<0.05). These first results suggest that our formulation could be used as an antigen delivery system to targeting canine dendritic cells in the course of Echinococcus granulosus vaccine development.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Animals
- Antigens, Protozoan/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Protozoan/genetics
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Dendritic Cells/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dogs/blood
- Dogs/immunology
- Dogs/parasitology
- Drug Carriers/chemistry
- Drug Carriers/toxicity
- Echinococcosis/immunology
- Echinococcosis/parasitology
- Echinococcosis/prevention & control
- Echinococcosis/veterinary
- Echinococcus granulosus/genetics
- Echinococcus granulosus/immunology
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Lipid A/analogs & derivatives
- Lipid A/chemistry
- Lipid A/toxicity
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Monocytes/physiology
- Nanoparticles/chemistry
- Nanoparticles/toxicity
- Polyesters/chemistry
- Polyesters/toxicity
- Primary Cell Culture
- Protozoan Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Protozoan Vaccines/genetics
- Protozoan Vaccines/immunology
- Toxicity Tests, Acute
- Tropomyosin/administration & dosage
- Tropomyosin/genetics
- Tropomyosin/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadège Milhau
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, UPSP ICE 2011.03.101, Marcy L’Etoile, France
| | - Eyad Almouazen
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, Villeurbanne, France
- ISPB-Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Sylvie Bouteille
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Laboratoire d’Histopathologie, Marcy L’Etoile, France
| | - Imène Hellel-Bourtal
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Samira Azzouz-Maache
- ISPB-Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), UMR InterTryp IRD/CIRAD, campus international de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
| | - Uruguaysito Benavides
- Immunology Department, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Anne-Françoise Petavy
- ISPB-Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), UMR InterTryp IRD/CIRAD, campus international de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Marchal
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, UPSP ICE 2011.03.101, Marcy L’Etoile, France
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Laboratoire d’Histopathologie, Marcy L’Etoile, France
- * E-mail:
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98
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Successful Surgical Treatment of a Brain Stem Hydatid Cyst in a Child. Case Rep Surg 2020; 2020:5645812. [PMID: 32047700 PMCID: PMC7003271 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5645812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydatid disease is a parasitic infestation, which is endemic in the Mediterranean region. It is often located in the liver and the lungs, whereas brain stem hydatid cysts are extremely rare. We report a case of a five-year-old female who presented with hemiparesis, and after investigations, she was diagnosed with a hydatid cyst in the pons. She also had cysts in her liver and kidney. The cerebral cyst was completely removed without rupture, using gentle water-jet dissection (Dowling's technique). She was feeling well after 4-month follow-up. We emphasize the importance of keeping hydatid cysts in the differential diagnosis of pediatric infratentorial cystic lesions.
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99
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Liu Y, Tian F, Shan J, Gao J, Li B, Lv J, Zhou X, Cai X, Wen H, Ma X. Kupffer Cells: Important Participant of Hepatic Alveolar Echinococcosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:8. [PMID: 32064239 PMCID: PMC7000360 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: Kupffer cells (KCs) are the liver-resident macrophages and play a leading role in the regulation of liver homeostasis in physiological conditions and in pathology. The study aims to investigate the anti-echinococcosis effect of KCs and the effects of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) activation in the progression of liver fibrosis in hepatic alveolar echinococcosis (hepatic AE). Methods: Hematoxylin—eosin (H&E) and Masson staining were used to assess the pathological inflammatory changes and collagen deposition, respectively. Immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR were used to detect the number of aggregates of KCs, the expression of cytokines and activation of HSCs. Results: In the close group, H&E staining showed that the normal lobular structure was destroyed and inflammatory infiltration around the lesion could be observed, and Masson staining showed that blue collagen fibers were clearly deposited near the portal area. IHC showed that KCs surface markers CD68 and CD163, cytokine iNOS and Arg-1 were positively expressed in the vicinity of inflammatory lesions. qRT-PCR indicated that TNF-α, IL-10, and TGF-β1 secreted by KCs were significantly higher than those in the distance group (P < 0.01). It is worth noticing that the expression levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines were slightly higher than that of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Both IHC and qRT-PCR results showed that HSCs activation markers, the expression of α-SMA and Desmin significantly increased. Conclusions: Our research indicates that KCs have immune-protective effect of anti-echinococcosis and promote liver fiber repair, and it also suggests that they have potential therapeutic value for patients with hepatic AE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Fengming Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Jiaoyu Shan
- College of Basic Medicine of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Jian Gao
- College of Basic Medicine of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Jie Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xuanlin Cai
- College of Basic Medicine of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Hao Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xiumin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.,College of Basic Medicine of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
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100
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Larrieu E, Uchiumi L, Salvitti JC, Sobrino M, Panomarenko O, Tissot H, Mercapide CH, Sustercic J, Arezo M, Mujica G, Herrero E, Labanchi JL, Grizmado C, Araya D, Talmon G, Galvan JM, Sepulveda L, Seleiman M, Cornejo T, Echenique H, Del Carpio M. Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of cystic echinococcosis in asymptomatic carriers. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2020; 113:74-80. [PMID: 30412239 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/try112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Río Negro Province is endemic for cystic echinococcosis (CE). A CE control program includes early diagnosis in humans. During 1980-1996, screening was done with serology and surgery was the unique choice of treatment. Since 1997, ultrasound (US) has been the method of choice for screening, and new choices of treatment for asymptomatic carriers are discussed in the CE guidelines. Methods Between 1997 and 2016, 42 734 abdominal USs were performed, 192 new asymptomatic cases were diagnosed and underwent a protocol according to the size, location and type of cyst. Treatment options included active surveillance (US monitoring, 83 [43.3%]), antiparasitic (albendazole, 92 [47.9%]) and surgery (17 [8.8%], including percutaneous treatment). Results After 7.7 y of follow-up, of the cases under active surveillance, 28 (33.7%) had to change treatment: 5 (6%) to surgery and 22 (26.5%) to albendazole. Of the patients treated with albendazole, 3 (3.2%) were operated on and 13 (14%) were treated with a second cycle of albendazole. Conclusion As a result of the present study, resolution of CE in a non-surgical way with albendazole is confirmed to be effective in asymptomatic carriers with CE1 or CE3a cysts. An update eliminates the strategy of active surveillance in type CE1 cysts <3 cm and is replaced by treatment with antiparasitic in all asymptomatic cases with CE1 or CE3a cysts <10 cm. The update also limits follow-up to 12-18 months to evaluate those cases with non-response to antiparasitic and switch to a surgical option.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hebe Tissot
- Hospital Rogelio Cortizo, Ingeniero Jacobacci
| | | | | | - Marcos Arezo
- National University of Río Negro, Choele Choel, Argentina.,Health Ministry of Río Negro
| | | | | | - José Luis Labanchi
- National University of Río Negro, Choele Choel, Argentina.,Hospital López Lima, General Roca
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