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Cariati I, Bonanni R, Pallone G, Scimeca M, Frank C, Tancredi V, D’Arcangelo G. Hippocampal Adaptations to Continuous Aerobic Training: A Functional and Ultrastructural Evaluation in a Young Murine Model. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2021; 6:jfmk6040101. [PMID: 34940510 PMCID: PMC8706318 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk6040101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic training is known to influence cognitive processes, such as memory and learning, both in animal models and in humans. Particularly, in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that aerobic exercise can increase neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus, improve hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP), and reduce age-related decline in mnemonic function. However, the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Based on this evidence, the aim of our study was to verify whether the application of two aerobic training protocols, different in terms of speed and speed variation, could modulate synaptic plasticity in a young murine model. Therefore, we assessed the presence of any functional changes by extracellular recordings in vitro in mouse hippocampal slices and structural alterations by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Our results showed that an aerobic training protocol, well designed in terms of speed and speed variation, significantly contributes to improving synaptic plasticity and hippocampal ultrastructure, optimizing its benefits in the brain. Future studies will aim to clarify the underlying biological mechanisms involved in the modulation of synaptic plasticity induced by aerobic training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Cariati
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Roberto Bonanni
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Gabriele Pallone
- Department of System Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (G.P.); (V.T.); (G.D.)
| | - Manuel Scimeca
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Claudio Frank
- UniCamillus-Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Via di Sant’Alessandro 8, 00131 Rome, Italy;
| | - Virginia Tancredi
- Department of System Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (G.P.); (V.T.); (G.D.)
- Centre of Space Bio-Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna D’Arcangelo
- Department of System Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (G.P.); (V.T.); (G.D.)
- Centre of Space Bio-Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
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Montejo L, Solé B, Verdolini N, Martínez-Arán A, Bonnín CDM, Radua J, Martín-Villalba I, Williams E, García-Rizo C, Mezquida G, Bernardo M, Vieta E, Torrent C, Amoretti S. Self-reported neurocognitive symptoms during COVID-19 lockdown and its associated factors in a sample of psychiatric patients. Results from the BRIS-MHC study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 53:7-18. [PMID: 34348213 PMCID: PMC8619656 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lockdown caused by COVID-19 pandemic has a negative impact on mental health. The aim was to assess self-reported neurocognitive symptoms during the lockdown and identify associated vulnerable and protective factors in a sample of psychiatric patients in a Spanish population. These results are part of the Barcelona ResIlience Survey for Mental Health COVID-19 (BRIS-MHC) project. Neurocognitive symptoms were assessed through an online survey considering the five items that represented self-reported neurocognitive complaints. We split the sample into two groups based on the severity of the self-reported neurocognitive complaints: intact cognitive function/mild cognitive impairment (CI-) and moderate/severe cognitive impairment (CI+). Univariate analyses were used to compare both groups in terms of sociodemographic and clinical variables. Multiple logistic regression models were carried out to identify clinical variables and coping strategies associated with neurocognitive symptoms. 198 patients with different psychiatric diagnoses were included in this study. One hundred seventeen patients were classified in the CI- group and 81 in the CI+ group. Depressive symptoms and negative psychotic-like symptoms were vulnerable factors for neurocognitive impairment. Coping strategies of performing physical activity, carrying out relaxing activities and maintaining a routine were protective factors against cognitive impairment. Lockdown situation negatively impact on neurocognitive function. Psychopathological symptoms and coping strategies were associated with neurocognitive symptoms during lockdown in subjects with psychiatric illness. The early treatment of psychopathological symptoms in psychiatric patients and promoting coping strategies during lockdown should be considered an intervention strategy against cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Montejo
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Institute of Neuroscience, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, c/Villarroel, 170, 12-0, 08036 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Brisa Solé
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Institute of Neuroscience, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, c/Villarroel, 170, 12-0, 08036 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Norma Verdolini
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Institute of Neuroscience, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, c/Villarroel, 170, 12-0, 08036 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anabel Martínez-Arán
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Institute of Neuroscience, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, c/Villarroel, 170, 12-0, 08036 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Caterina Del Mar Bonnín
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Institute of Neuroscience, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, c/Villarroel, 170, 12-0, 08036 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joaquim Radua
- Imaging of Mood- and Anxiety-Related Disorders (IMARD) Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain; Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical-detection (EPIC) Lab, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Inés Martín-Villalba
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Institute of Neuroscience, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, c/Villarroel, 170, 12-0, 08036 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Evelin Williams
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Institute of Neuroscience, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, c/Villarroel, 170, 12-0, 08036 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Clemente García-Rizo
- Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Neuroscience Institute, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gisela Mezquida
- Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Neuroscience Institute, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Bernardo
- Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Neuroscience Institute, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Vieta
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Institute of Neuroscience, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, c/Villarroel, 170, 12-0, 08036 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Carla Torrent
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Institute of Neuroscience, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, c/Villarroel, 170, 12-0, 08036 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Silvia Amoretti
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Institute of Neuroscience, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, c/Villarroel, 170, 12-0, 08036 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Neuroscience Institute, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
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Marrero-Cristobal G, Gelpi-Dominguez U, Morales-Silva R, Alvarado-Torres J, Perez-Torres J, Perez-Perez Y, Sepulveda-Orengo M. Aerobic exercise as a promising nonpharmacological therapy for the treatment of substance use disorders. J Neurosci Res 2021; 100:1602-1642. [PMID: 34850988 PMCID: PMC9156662 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite the prevalence and public health impact of substance use disorders (SUDs), effective long-term treatments remain elusive. Aerobic exercise is a promising, nonpharmacological treatment currently under investigation as a strategy for preventing drug relapse. Aerobic exercise could be incorporated into the comprehensive treatment regimens for people with substance abuse disorders. Preclinical studies of SUD with animal models have shown that aerobic exercise diminishes drug-seeking behavior, which leads to relapse, in both male and female rats. Nevertheless, little is known regarding the effects of substance abuse-induced cellular and physiological adaptations believed to be responsible for drug-seeking behavior. Accordingly, the overall goal of this review is to provide a summary and an assessment of findings to date, highlighting evidence of the molecular and neurological effects of exercise on adaptations associated with SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ursula Gelpi-Dominguez
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, PR, USA
| | - Roberto Morales-Silva
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, PR, USA
| | - John Alvarado-Torres
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, PR, USA
| | - Joshua Perez-Torres
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, PR, USA
| | - Yobet Perez-Perez
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, PR, USA
| | - Marian Sepulveda-Orengo
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, PR, USA
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Cabral DF, Hinchman CA, Nunez C, Rice J, Loewenstein DA, Cahalin LP, Rundek T, Pascual-Leone A, Gomes-Osman J. Harnessing Neuroplasticity to Promote Brain Health in Aging Adults: Protocol for the MOVE-Cog Intervention Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2021; 10:e33589. [PMID: 34817393 PMCID: PMC8663452 DOI: 10.2196/33589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Extensive evidence supports a link between aerobic exercise and cognitive improvements in aging adults. A major limitation with existing research is the high variability in cognitive response to exercise. Our incomplete understanding of the mechanisms that influence this variability and the low adherence to exercise are critical knowledge gaps and major barriers for the systematic implementation of exercise for promoting cognitive health in aging. Objective We aimed to provide an in-person and remotely delivered intervention study protocol with the main goal of informing the knowledge gap on the mechanistic action of exercise on the brain by characterizing important mechanisms of neuroplasticity, cardiorespiratory fitness response, and genetics proposed to underlie cognitive response to exercise. Methods This is an open-label, 2-month, interventional study protocol in neurologically healthy sedentary adults. This study was delivered fully in-person and in remote options. Participants underwent a total of 30 sessions, including the screening session, 3 pretest (baseline) assessments, 24 moderate-to-vigorous aerobic exercise sessions, and 3 posttest assessments. We recruited participants aged 55 years and above, sedentary, and cognitively healthy. Primary outcomes were neuroplasticity, cognitive function, and cardiorespiratory fitness. Secondary outcomes included genetic factors, endothelium function, functional mobility and postural control, exercise questionnaires, depression, and sleep. We also explored study feasibility, exercise adherence, technology adaptability, and compliance of both in-person and remote protocols. Results The recruitment phase and data collection of this study have concluded. Results are expected to be published by the end of 2021 or in early 2022. Conclusions The data generated in these studies will introduce tangible parameters to guide the development of personalized exercise prescription models for maximal cognitive benefit in aging adults. Successful completion of the specific aims will enable researchers to acquire the appropriate expertise to design and conduct studies by testing personalized exercise interventions in person and remotely delivered, likely to be more effective at promoting cognitive health in aging adults. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03804528; http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03804528 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) RR1-10.2196/33589
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Affiliation(s)
- Danylo F Cabral
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Coral Gables, FL, United States
| | - Carrie A Hinchman
- School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Christina Nunez
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Coral Gables, FL, United States
| | - Jordyn Rice
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Coral Gables, FL, United States
| | - David A Loewenstein
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience and Aging, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Lawrence P Cahalin
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Coral Gables, FL, United States
| | - Tatjana Rundek
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.,Evelyn McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Rosindale, MA, United States.,Deanna and Sidney Wolk Center for Memory Health, Hebrew SeniorLife, Rosindale, MA, United States.,Guttmann Brain Health Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joyce Gomes-Osman
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Coral Gables, FL, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.,Evelyn McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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Korkusuz S, Top E. Does the combination of physical activity and attention training affect the motor skills and cognitive activities of individuals with mild intellectual disability? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2021; 69:654-662. [PMID: 37547556 PMCID: PMC10402842 DOI: 10.1080/20473869.2021.1995640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with mild intellectual disability (MID) were worse than their peers who typically develop in motor skills and attention-demanding assignments. In this study, effect of a 14-week physical activity and attention training practise on the motor skills, visual retention, perception and attention levels of students with MID were analysed. Twenty-two individuals between 7 and 14 ages participated voluntarily. Activities based on developing attention skills and physical activities enhancing fine-gross motor skills (40 + 60 min./2 days/14 weeks) were given to the experimental group. d2 Test of Attention, Benton Visual Retention and Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-2nd version tests were used as data collection tools. There was significant difference in terms of total number of items processed, commissions, raw score of errors, total number of items minus error scores, concentration performance, Benton visual retention test and perception, fine motor skill precision, fine motor skill integration, manual dexterity and upper-limb coordination values regarding group and time dependant (p< .05). However, there was no significant difference in omissions and fluctuation rate values (p> .05). As a result; it is determined that the combination of physical activity and attention training practises features a positive effect on visual retention, perception, attention and motor skill levels of students with MID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevda Korkusuz
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Usak, Usak, Turkey
| | - Elif Top
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Usak, Usak, Turkey
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56
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Cognitive and Executive Functions of Young Men regarding Sport Activity and Personality Traits. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su132111752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Sport activity can be a moderator of change in the level of cognitive and executive functions. This research sample consisted of 71 men aged 22.66 ± 1.91 years. This group was split into two subgroups: nonathletes (n = 26) and athletes (n = 45). The athletes included open skill sport athletes (n = 21) and closed skill sport athletes (n = 24). We used a standardized S-test to detect the level of cognitive functions, a standardized EPQ-R questionnaire to find out the degree of neuroticism and a standardized IVE questionnaire to measure the level of impulsivity. For data processing, we used the Kruskal–Wallis test following the Mann–Whitney test. To calculate the effect of size differences we used the coefficients η2 and r. Our research showed a higher level of cognitive function of athletes compared to nonathletes. More detailed data analysis showed that open skill sport disciplines are influential. There is also a negative relationship between the level of cognitive function and the degree of impulsivity and neuroticism. It seems that sport activity, specifically open skill sport disciplines, has the potential to increase the cognitive functions of young adult men. Personality traits—neuroticism and impulsivity—have a negative relationship with the level of cognitive functions of young men.
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Balance Expertise Is Associated with Superior Spatial Perspective-Taking Skills. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11111401. [PMID: 34827399 PMCID: PMC8615958 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11111401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Balance training interventions over several months have been shown to improve spatial cognitive functions and to induce structural plasticity in brain regions associated with visual-vestibular self-motion processing. In the present cross-sectional study, we tested whether long-term balance practice is associated with better spatial cognition. To this end, spatial perspective-taking abilities were compared between balance experts (n = 40) practicing sports such as gymnastics, acrobatics or slacklining for at least four hours a week for the last two years, endurance athletes (n = 38) and sedentary healthy individuals (n = 58). The balance group showed better performance in a dynamic balance task compared to both the endurance group and the sedentary group. Furthermore, the balance group outperformed the sedentary group in a spatial perspective-taking task. A regression analysis across all participants revealed a positive association between individual balance performance and spatial perspective-taking abilities. Groups did not differ in executive functions, and individual balance performance did not correlate with executive functions, suggesting a specific association between balance skills and spatial cognition. The results are in line with theories of embodied cognition, assuming that sensorimotor experience shapes cognitive functions.
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58
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Acute and Chronic Exercise Effects on Human Memory: What We Know and Where to Go from Here. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10214812. [PMID: 34768329 PMCID: PMC8584999 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10214812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the acquisition, storage, and retrieval of memories was once thought to happen within a single memory system with multiple processes operating on it, it is now believed that memory is comprised of both distinct and interacting brain systems [...].
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Ramnath U, Rauch L, Lambert EV, Kolbe-Alexander T. Efficacy of interactive video gaming in older adults with memory complaints: A cluster-randomized exercise intervention. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252016. [PMID: 34032799 PMCID: PMC8148311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The effects of aging on physical and mental health may be ameliorated by regular participation in physical activity (PA). There is also evidence for the benefits of various training modalities on cognition and functional ability in older adults. The aim of this study was to compare effects of a 12-week active video gaming intervention (X Box Kinect Sports) to conventional multimodal supervised exercise on fitness, functional ability and cognitive performance in older adults with memory complaints. Methods Participants (n = 45, 72±5 yrs.) were recruited from 6 retirement homes and cluster-randomized into the Interactive Video Gaming (IVG) group (N = 23) or Conventional Multimodal (CM) group (N = 22), meeting 2 x 1 hour sessions, weekly for 12 weeks. Pre-post measures included: 6 min walk, timed up and go, dynamic balance, functional reach, Mini-Mental State Examination, N-back Task and the Modified Stroop task. Results The IVG group demonstrated significant improvement in the total number correct responses on the Stroop task (P = 0.028) and for average reaction time of correct colour-words (P = 0.024), compared to the CM group. Functional ability improved significantly in the IVG group, including the 6-min walk (P = 0.017), dynamic balance (P = 0.03), timed up and go (P<0.001) and functional reach (P<0.0010). Conclusion An active interactive video gaming intervention was more effective than conventional multimodal exercise in improving executive and global cognitive performance and functional capacity in older adults with subjective memory complaints. Trial registration Pan African Clinical Trial Registry—PACTR202008547335106.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udhir Ramnath
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Laurie Rauch
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Estelle Victoria Lambert
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tracy Kolbe-Alexander
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- School of Health and Well-Being, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, Australia
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Infantes-Paniagua Á, Silva AF, Ramirez-Campillo R, Sarmento H, González-Fernández FT, González-Víllora S, Clemente FM. Active School Breaks and Students' Attention: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11060675. [PMID: 34064202 PMCID: PMC8224334 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11060675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
School physical activity breaks are currently being proposed as a way to improve students’ learning. However, there is no clear evidence of the effects of active school breaks on academic-related cognitive outcomes. The present systematic review with meta-analysis scrutinized and synthesized the literature related to the effects of active breaks on students’ attention. On January 12th, 2021, PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science were searched for published interventions with counterbalanced cross-over or parallel-groups designs with a control group, including school-based active breaks, objective attentional outcomes, and healthy students of any age. Studies’ results were qualitatively synthesized, and meta-analyses were performed if at least three study groups provided pre-post data for the same measure. Results showed some positive acute and chronic effects of active breaks on attentional outcomes (i.e., accuracy, concentration, inhibition, and sustained attention), especially on selective attention. However, most of the results were not significant. The small number of included studies and their heterogeneous design are the primary limitations of the present study. Although the results do not clearly point out the positive effects of active breaks, they do not compromise students’ attention. The key roles of intensity and the leader of the active break are discussed. INPLASY registration number: 202110054.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Infantes-Paniagua
- Department of Physical Education, Arts Education, and Music, Faculty of Education of Albacete, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-967-599-200 (ext. 2564)
| | - Ana Filipa Silva
- N2i, Polytechnic Institute of Maia, 4475-690 Maia, Portugal;
- The Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, 8320000 Santiago, Chile;
- Centro de Investigación en Fisiología del Ejercicio, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, 7500000 Santiago, Chile
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Francisco Tomás González-Fernández
- Centro de Estudios Superiores Alberta Giménez, Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Pontifical University of Comillas, 07013 Palma, Spain;
| | - Sixto González-Víllora
- Department of Physical Education, Arts Education, and Music, Faculty of Education of Cuenca, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 17071 Cuenca, Spain;
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal;
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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Sung MC, Ku B, Leung W, MacDonald M. The Effect of Physical Activity Interventions on Executive Function Among People with Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Meta-Analysis. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 52:1030-1050. [PMID: 33856619 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The current meta-analysis comprehensively examined the effects of physical activity interventions on executive function among people with neurodevelopmental disorders. The meta-analysis included 34 studies with 1058 participants aged 5-33 years. Results indicated an overall significant medium effect of physical activity interventions on improving executive function in people with neurodevelopmental disorders under the random-effect model (Hedges' g = 0.56, p < .001). Significant moderators of the effects of physical activity intervention on executive function included age, intervention length and session time, executive function subdomains, and intervention dose (total minutes in the intervention). This meta-analysis provides support for the effectiveness of physical activity interventions on executive function among people with neurodevelopmental disorders. Future studies and limitations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chih Sung
- Adapted Physical Activity, Kinesiology, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Rm 8 Women's Building, 160 SW 26th St, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Byungmo Ku
- Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Willie Leung
- Adapted Physical Activity, Kinesiology, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Rm 8 Women's Building, 160 SW 26th St, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Megan MacDonald
- Adapted Physical Activity, Kinesiology, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Rm 8 Women's Building, 160 SW 26th St, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
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Neikrug AB, Mander BA, Radom-Aizik S, Chen IY, Stehli A, Lui KK, Chappel-Farley MG, Dave A, Benca RM. Aerobic fitness and the sleeping brain of adolescents-a pilot study. SLEEP ADVANCES : A JOURNAL OF THE SLEEP RESEARCH SOCIETY 2021; 2:zpab005. [PMID: 33981996 PMCID: PMC8101484 DOI: 10.1093/sleepadvances/zpab005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Aerobic fitness (AF) and sleep are major determinants of health in adolescents and impact neurocognitive and psychological development. However, little is known about the interactions between AF and sleep during the developmental transition experienced across adolescence. This study aimed to consider the relationships between AF and habitual sleep patterns and sleep neurophysiology in healthy adolescents. METHODS Subjects (mean age = 14.6 ± 2.3 years old, range 11-17, 11 females) were evaluated for AF (peak VO2 assessed by ramp-type progressive cycle ergometry in the laboratory), habitual sleep duration and efficiency (7-14 days actigraphy), and topographic patterns of spectral power in slow wave, theta, and sleep spindle frequencies in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep using overnight polysomnography (PSG) with high-density electroencephalography (hdEEG, 128 channels). RESULTS Significant relationships were observed between peak VO2 and habitual bedtime (r = -0.650, p = .009) and wake-up time (r = -0.603, p = .017), with greater fitness associated with going to bed and waking up earlier. Peak VO2 significantly predicted slow oscillations (0.5-1 Hz, p = .018) and theta activity (4.5-7.5 Hz, p = .002) over anterior frontal and central derivations (p < .001 and p = .001, respectively) after adjusting for sex and pubertal development stage. Similar associations were detected for fast sleep spindle activity (13-16 Hz, p = .006), which was greater over temporo-parietal derivations. CONCLUSIONS Greater AF was associated with a more mature pattern of topographically-specific features of sleep EEG known to support neuroplasticity and cognitive processes and which are dependent on prefrontal cortex and hippocampal function in adolescents and adults. AF was also correlated with a smaller behavioral sleep phase delay commonly seen during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel B Neikrug
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Bryce A Mander
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Shlomit Radom-Aizik
- Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research Center, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Ivy Y Chen
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Annamarie Stehli
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA
- Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research Center, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Kitty K Lui
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Miranda G Chappel-Farley
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Abhishek Dave
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Ruth M Benca
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA
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63
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d'Arbeloff T, Elliott ML, Knodt AR, Sison M, Melzer TR, Ireland D, Ramrakha S, Poulton R, Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Hariri AR. Midlife Cardiovascular Fitness Is Reflected in the Brain's White Matter. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:652575. [PMID: 33889085 PMCID: PMC8055854 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.652575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Disappointing results from clinical trials designed to delay structural brain decline and the accompanying increase in risk for dementia in older adults have precipitated a shift in testing promising interventions from late in life toward midlife before irreversible damage has accumulated. This shift, however, requires targeting midlife biomarkers that are associated with clinical changes manifesting only in late life. Here we explored possible links between one putative biomarker, distributed integrity of brain white matter, and two intervention targets, cardiovascular fitness and healthy lifestyle behaviors, in midlife. At age 45, fractional anisotropy (FA) derived from diffusion weighted MRI was used to estimate the microstructural integrity of distributed white matter tracts in a population-representative birth cohort. Age-45 cardiovascular fitness (VO2Max; N = 801) was estimated from heart rates obtained during submaximal exercise tests; age-45 healthy lifestyle behaviors were estimated using the Nyberg Health Index (N = 854). Ten-fold cross-validated elastic net predictive modeling revealed that estimated VO2Max was modestly associated with distributed FA. In contrast, there was no significant association between Nyberg Health Index scores and FA. Our findings suggest that cardiovascular fitness levels, but not healthy lifestyle behaviors, are associated with the distributed integrity of white matter in the brain in midlife. These patterns could help inform future clinical intervention research targeting ADRDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy d'Arbeloff
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Maxwell L Elliott
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Annchen R Knodt
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Maria Sison
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Tracy R Melzer
- New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - David Ireland
- Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sandhya Ramrakha
- Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Richie Poulton
- Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Avshalom Caspi
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Social, Genetic, & Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States.,Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Terrie E Moffitt
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Social, Genetic, & Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States.,Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Ahmad R Hariri
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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The relationships between prolonged sedentary time, physical activity, cognitive control, and P3 in adults with overweight and obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2021; 45:746-757. [PMID: 33526853 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-020-00734-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES To assess the relationships between daily sedentary time (ST), prolonged ST, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), and behavioral and neuroelectric indices of cognitive control in adults with overweight and obesity (OW/OB). SUBJECTS/METHODS A cross-sectional design was used. Overall, 89 adults (BMI = 31.9 ± 4.9 kg/m2) provided measures of ST, prolonged ST (i.e., ST accumulated in ≥20 min), and MVPA from a hip-worn accelerometer worn over 7 days. Inhibitory control was measured with a modified Eriksen flanker task and cognitive flexibility with task switching. The amplitude and the latency of the P3 component of event-related potentials during each task were used as measures of attentional resource allocation and information processing speed, respectively. RESULTS After adjusting for ST and MVPA, prolonged ST was related to greater interference (i.e., a larger decrement in accuracy between congruent and incongruent trials of the flanker task) indicative of a specific relationship between prolonged ST and poorer inhibitory control. Before adjusting for ST, MVPA was related to a smaller Global Switch Cost expressed as larger (more positive) amplitude of the P3 difference wave (mixed-task minus single-task condition of the switch task). Adjustment for ST attenuated this association to non-significance. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that future interventions focused on improving inhibitory control in adults with OW/OB should target restructuring ST in addition to current efforts to increase MVPA.
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65
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Bang-Kittilsen G, Egeland J, Holmen TL, Bigseth TT, Andersen E, Mordal J, Ulleberg P, Engh JA. High-intensity interval training and active video gaming improve neurocognition in schizophrenia: a randomized controlled trial. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2021; 271:339-353. [PMID: 33156372 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-020-01200-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There is a need for treatments targeting neurocognitive dysfunctions in schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to investigate the neurocognitive effect of aerobic high-intensity interval training (HIIT). A comparison group performed sport simulating active video gaming (AVG). We anticipated that HIIT would improve neurocognition beyond any effect of AVG, due to engagement in higher intensity cardiorespiratory demands. Recent research on the beneficial neurocognitive effect of AVG challenges this expectation but added new relevance to comparing the two interventions. This is an observer-blinded randomized controlled trial. Eighty-two outpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia were allocated to HIIT (n = 43) or AVG (n = 39). Both groups received two supervised sessions per week for 12 weeks. The attrition rate was 31%, and 65% of the participants were defined as protocol compliant study completers. Intention-to-treat analyses showed significant improvements in the neurocognitive composite score from baseline to post-intervention and from baseline to 4 months follow-up in the total sample. The same pattern of results was found in several subdomains. Contrary to our hypothesis, we found no interaction effects of time and group, indicating equal effects in both groups. Separate within-group analysis unexpectedly showed trends of differential effects in the learning domain, as HIIT showed post-intervention improvement in verbal but not visual learning, while AVG showed improvement in visual but not verbal learning. HIIT and AVG improve neurocognition equally, suggesting that both interventions may be applied to target neurocognition in schizophrenia. Future research should investigate trends towards possible differential effects of exercise modes on neurocognitive subdomains. NCT02205684, 31.07.14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gry Bang-Kittilsen
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Mail Office Box 2168, 3103, Tønsberg, Norway.
| | - Jens Egeland
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Mail Office Box 2168, 3103, Tønsberg, Norway.,Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tom Langerud Holmen
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Mail Office Box 2168, 3103, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Therese Torgersen Bigseth
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Mail Office Box 2168, 3103, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Eivind Andersen
- Faculty of Humanities, Sports and Educational Science, University of Southeast Norway, Horten, Norway
| | - Jon Mordal
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Mail Office Box 2168, 3103, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Pål Ulleberg
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - John Abel Engh
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Mail Office Box 2168, 3103, Tønsberg, Norway
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The Acute Effects of Different Exercise Intensities on Associative Novel Word Learning in Healthy Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Aging Phys Act 2021; 29:793-806. [PMID: 33581683 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2020-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies show positive effects of acute exercise on language learning in young adults with lower baseline learning abilities; however, this is yet to be investigated in older adults. This study investigated the acute effects of different exercise intensities on new word learning in healthy older adults with lower and higher baseline learning abilities. Sixty older adults (mean age = 66.4 (4.6); 43 females) performed either a single bout of stretching exercise, moderate-intensity continuous exercise, or high-intensity interval exercise followed by a word learning task. In lower baseline learners, between-group differences were observed on immediate new word recall success, with the moderate-intensity continuous exercise group performing better than the stretching group. These findings suggest immediate benefits of moderate-intensity continuous exercise that are limited to word learning performance of older adults with lower baseline learning abilities. Further investigation into underlying mechanisms could lead to a better understanding of individual differences in responding to acute exercise.
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67
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The Shirom-Melamed Vigor Measure for Students: Factorial Analysis and Construct Validity in Spanish Undergraduate University Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17249590. [PMID: 33371465 PMCID: PMC7767495 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Students suffer from a decrease in physical activity during their education period. This lower level of activity could affect, through various paths, their academic performance, mental health, and satisfaction with life. In these two studies, we assumed that vigor, a positive affect variable, would act as a mediating variable in the above relationship, and thus, we proposed an instrument for evaluating vigor in academic contexts. In Study 1, 707 undergraduates (59.7% women) responded to the vigor scale adapted for students to test factorial validation (through confirmatory factor analysis) and obtain reliability indicators. In Study 2, 309 undergraduates (55.3% women) completed a questionnaire measuring physical activity, mental health, satisfaction with life, vigor, and academic performance to test a structural model of the relationships between the variables to obtain construct validity. A measurement model with three related factors, each representing one dimension of vigor, optimally fit the data, and the reliability indices were adequate (Study 1). Moreover, the mediational model confirmed a complete influence of physical activity on satisfaction with life, academic performance, and mental health levels through students’ vigor levels with optimal adjusting values (Study 2). Proposing an instrument such as the Shirom-Melamed Vigor Measure for students allows the opening of a research venue that is focused on the study of positive affects in academic contexts, as well as the testing of the physical activity pathways of action in obtaining positive results.
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68
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de Las Heras B, Rodrigues L, Cristini J, Weiss M, Prats-Puig A, Roig M. Does the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Val66Met Polymorphism Modulate the Effects of Physical Activity and Exercise on Cognition? Neuroscientist 2020; 28:69-86. [PMID: 33300425 DOI: 10.1177/1073858420975712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Val66Met is a polymorphism of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene that encodes a substitution of a valine (Val) to methionine (Met) amino acid. Carrying this polymorphism reduces the activity-dependent secretion of the BDNF protein, which can potentially affect brain plasticity and cognition. We reviewed the biology of Val66Met and surveyed 26 studies (11,417 participants) that examined the role of this polymorphism in moderating the cognitive response to physical activity (PA) and exercise. Nine observational studies confirmed a moderating effect of Val66Met on the cognitive response to PA but differences between Val and Met carriers were inconsistent and only significant in some cognitive domains. Only five interventional studies found a moderating effect of Val66Met on the cognitive response to exercise, which was also inconsistent in its direction. Two studies showed a superior cognitive response in Val carriers and three studies showed a better response in Met carriers. These results do not support a general and consistent effect of Val66Met in moderating the cognitive response to PA or exercise. Both Val and Met carriers can improve specific aspects of cognition by increasing PA and engaging in exercise. Causes for discrepancies among studies, effect moderators, and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernat de Las Heras
- Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Montreal Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, Quebec, Canada.,School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lynden Rodrigues
- Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Montreal Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, Quebec, Canada.,School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jacopo Cristini
- Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Montreal Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, Quebec, Canada.,School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maxana Weiss
- Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Montreal Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, Quebec, Canada.,School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anna Prats-Puig
- University School of Health and Sport (EUSES), University of Girona, Girona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Marc Roig
- Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Montreal Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, Quebec, Canada.,School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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69
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Roig-Coll F, Castells-Sánchez A, Lamonja-Vicente N, Torán-Monserrat P, Pera G, García-Molina A, Tormos JM, Montero-Alía P, Alzamora MT, Dacosta-Aguayo R, Soriano-Raya JJ, Cáceres C, Erickson KI, Mataró M. Effects of Aerobic Exercise, Cognitive and Combined Training on Cognition in Physically Inactive Healthy Late-Middle-Aged Adults: The Projecte Moviment Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:590168. [PMID: 33192485 PMCID: PMC7664521 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.590168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lifestyle interventions are promising strategies to promote cognitive health in aging. Projecte Moviment examines if aerobic exercise (AE), computerized cognitive training (CCT), and their combination (COMB) improves cognition, psychological health, and physical status compared to a control group. We assessed the moderating role of age and sex and the mediating effects of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), physical activity (PA), and psychological health on intervention-related cognitive benefits. Methods This was a 12-week multi-domain, single-blind, proof-of-concept randomized controlled trial (RCT). 96 healthy adults aged 50-70 years were assigned to AE, CCT, COMB, and a wait-list control group. The per protocol sample, which completed the intervention with a level of adherence > 80%, consisted of 82 participants (62% female; age = 58.38 ± 5.47). We assessed cognition, psychological health, CRF, and energy expenditure in PA at baseline and after the intervention. We regressed change in each outcome on the treatment variables, baseline score, sex, age, and education. We used PROCESS Macro to perform the mediation and moderation analyses. Results AE benefited Working Memory (SMD = 0.29, p = 0.037) and Attention (SMD = 0.33, p = 0.028) including the Attention-Speed (SMD = 0.31, p = 0.042) domain, compared to Control. COMB improved Attention (SMD = 0.30, p = 0.043), Speed (SMD = 0.30, p = 0.044), and the Attention-Speed (SMD = 0.30, p = 0.041) domain. CTT group did not show any cognitive change compared to Control. Sportive PA (S-PA) and CRF increased in AE and COMB. Age and sex did not moderate intervention-related cognitive benefits. Change in S-PA, but not in CRF, significantly mediated improvements on Attention-Speed in AE. Conclusion A 12-week AE program improved Executive Function and Attention-Speed in healthy late-middle-aged adults. Combining it with CCT did not provide further benefits. Our results add support to the clinical relevance of even short-term AE as an intervention to enhance cognition and highlight the mediating role of change in S-PA in these benefits. Clinical Trial Registration www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT03123900.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Roig-Coll
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Castells-Sánchez
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noemí Lamonja-Vicente
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Pere Torán-Monserrat
- Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Metropolitana Nord, Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina, Mataró, Spain
| | - Guillem Pera
- Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Metropolitana Nord, Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina, Mataró, Spain
| | - Alberto García-Molina
- Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Maria Tormos
- Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar Montero-Alía
- Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Metropolitana Nord, Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina, Mataró, Spain
| | - Maria Teresa Alzamora
- Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Metropolitana Nord, Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina, Mataró, Spain
| | - Rosalía Dacosta-Aguayo
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan José Soriano-Raya
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cynthia Cáceres
- Department of Neurosciences, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kirk I Erickson
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Discipline of Exercise Science, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Maria Mataró
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
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70
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d'Arbeloff T, Cooke M, Knodt AR, Sison M, Melzer TR, Ireland D, Poulton R, Ramrakha S, Moffitt TE, Caspi A, Hariri AR. Is cardiovascular fitness associated with structural brain integrity in midlife? Evidence from a population-representative birth cohort study. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:20888-20914. [PMID: 33082296 PMCID: PMC7655208 DOI: 10.18632/aging.104112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Improving cardiovascular fitness may buffer against age-related cognitive decline and mitigate dementia risk by staving off brain atrophy. However, it is unclear if such effects reflect factors operating in childhood (neuroselection) or adulthood (neuroprotection). Using data from 807 members of the Dunedin Study, a population-representative birth cohort, we investigated associations between cardiovascular fitness and structural brain integrity at age 45, and the extent to which associations reflected possible neuroselection or neuroprotection by controlling for childhood IQ. Higher fitness, as indexed by VO2Max, was not associated with average cortical thickness, total surface area, or subcortical gray matter volume including the hippocampus. However, higher fitness was associated with thicker cortex in prefrontal and temporal regions as well as greater cerebellar gray matter volume. Higher fitness was also associated with decreased hippocampal fissure volume. These associations were unaffected by the inclusion of childhood IQ in analyses. In contrast, a higher rate of decline in cardiovascular fitness from 26 to 45 years was not robustly associated with structural brain integrity. Our findings are consistent with a neuroprotective account of adult cardiovascular fitness but suggest that effects are not uniformly observed across the brain and reflect contemporaneous fitness more so than decline over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy d'Arbeloff
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Megan Cooke
- Center for Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Annchen R Knodt
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Maria Sison
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Tracy R Melzer
- New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - David Ireland
- Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, NZ
| | - Richie Poulton
- Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, NZ
| | - Sandhya Ramrakha
- Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, NZ
| | - Terrie E Moffitt
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Avshalom Caspi
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Ahmad R Hariri
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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71
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Lehmann N, Villringer A, Taubert M. Intrinsic Connectivity Changes Mediate the Beneficial Effect of Cardiovascular Exercise on Sustained Visual Attention. Cereb Cortex Commun 2020; 1:tgaa075. [PMID: 34296135 PMCID: PMC8152900 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgaa075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular exercise (CE) is an evidence-based healthy lifestyle strategy. Yet, little is known about its effects on brain and cognition in young adults. Furthermore, evidence supporting a causal path linking CE to human cognitive performance via neuroplasticity is currently lacking. To understand the brain networks that mediate the CE-cognition relationship, we conducted a longitudinal, controlled trial with healthy human participants to compare the effects of a 2-week CE intervention against a non-CE control group on cognitive performance. Concomitantly, we used structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the neural mechanisms mediating between CE and cognition. On the behavioral level, we found that CE improved sustained attention, but not processing speed or short-term memory. Using graph theoretical measures and statistical mediation analysis, we found that a localized increase in eigenvector centrality in the left middle frontal gyrus, probably reflecting changes within an attention-related network, conveyed the effect of CE on cognition. Finally, we found CE-induced changes in white matter microstructure that correlated with intrinsic connectivity changes (intermodal correlation). These results suggest that CE is a promising intervention strategy to improve sustained attention via brain plasticity in young, healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Lehmann
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Human Sciences, Institute III, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg 39104, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Mind and Brain Institute, Charité and Humboldt University, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Marco Taubert
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Human Sciences, Institute III, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg 39104, Germany
- Center for Behavioral and Brain Science (CBBS), Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg 39106, Germany
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72
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Shukla D, Al-Shamil Z, Belfry G, Heath M. A single bout of moderate intensity exercise improves cognitive flexibility: evidence from task-switching. Exp Brain Res 2020; 238:2333-2346. [PMID: 32743687 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-020-05885-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Executive function entails the core components of response inhibition, working memory and cognitive flexibility. An accumulating literature has shown that a single bout of exercise improves the response inhibition and working memory components of executive function; however, limited work has examined a putative exercise-related improvement to cognitive flexibility. To address this limitation, Experiment 1 entailed a 20-min session of moderate intensity aerobic exercise (via cycle ergometer), and pre- and post-exercise cognitive flexibility was examined via a task-switching paradigm involving alternating pro- and antisaccades (AABB: A = prosaccade, B = antisaccade). In Experiment 2, participants sat on the cycle ergometer without exercising (i.e., rest break) and the same AABB paradigm was examined pre- and post-break. We used an AABB pro- and antisaccade paradigm because previous work has shown that a prosaccade preceded by an antisaccade exhibits a reliable-and large magnitude-increase in reaction time, whereas the converse switch does not (i.e., the unidirectional prosaccade switch-cost). Experiment 1 showed a unidirectional prosaccade switch-cost pre-exercise (p = .012)-but not post-exercise (p = .30), and a two one-sided t test indicated that the latter comparison was within an equivalence boundary (p < .01). In contrast, Experiment 2 revealed a unidirectional prosaccade switch-cost at pre- and post-break assessments (ps < .01). Accordingly, our results indicate that a single bout of exercise improves cognitive flexibility and provides convergent evidence that exercise improves global components of executive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Shukla
- School of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Zain Al-Shamil
- School of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Glen Belfry
- School of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew Heath
- School of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada.
- Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
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73
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Shao M, Lai Y, Gong A, Yang Y, Chen T, Jiang C. Effect of shooting experience on executive function: differences between experts and novices. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9802. [PMID: 32983637 PMCID: PMC7500350 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Executive function (EF) plays an important role in controlling human actions. Shooting is a closed motor skill, characterized by high anti-interference ability and high mental intensity. However, the beneficial effects of closed exercises such as shooting on EF remain unclear. Methods We utilized an expert-novice paradigm and the Flanker task to examine the EF of shooting athletes. Participants were assigned into the novice group, expert group, or control group, based on the level of training and competition experience. Reaction time (RT) and accuracy of performance across the three groups were compared. Results For the simple task, the control group showed a longer RT than the novice group, for all three inter-stimulus interval (ISI) conditions. Significant differences between the control and the expert groups were observed only at 300-ms and 400-ms ISIs. For the complex task, the control group exhibited a higher RT than the novice and expert groups at the 300- and 400-ms ISIs. Conclusions The self-control during performing closed motor skills in the environment determines that shooters have proficient anti-interference ability. This ability is uncorrelated with task type, but most likely is affected by reserved task response time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Shao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness Evaluation and Technical Analysis, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China.,Faculty of Social and Public Administration, Guangdong Baiyun University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yinghui Lai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness Evaluation and Technical Analysis, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China.,School of Education Science, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, China
| | - AnMin Gong
- School of Information Engineering, Engineering University of Armed Police Force, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Changhao Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness Evaluation and Technical Analysis, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
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74
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Brush C, Bocchine AJ, Olson RL, Ude AA, Dhillon SK, Alderman BL. Does aerobic fitness moderate age-related cognitive slowing? Evidence from the P3 and lateralized readiness potentials. Int J Psychophysiol 2020; 155:63-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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75
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Sexton CE, Betts JF, Dennis A, Doherty A, Leeson P, Holloway C, Dall'Armellina E, Winkler AM, Demnitz N, Wassenaar T, Dawes H, Johansen-Berg H. The effects of an aerobic training intervention on cognition, grey matter volumes and white matter microstructure. Physiol Behav 2020; 223:112923. [PMID: 32474233 PMCID: PMC7378567 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
While there is strong evidence from observational studies that physical activity is associated with reduced risk of cognitive decline and dementia, the extent to which aerobic training interventions impact on cognitive health and brain structure remains subject to debate. In a pilot study of 46 healthy older adults (66.6 years ± 5.2 years, 63% female), we compared the effects of a twelve-week aerobic training programme to a waitlist control condition on cardiorespiratory fitness, cognition and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) outcomes. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by VO2 max testing. Cognitive assessments spanned executive function, memory and processing speed. Structural MRI analysis included examination of hippocampal volume, and voxel-wise assessment of grey matter volumes using voxel-based morphometry. Diffusion tensor imaging analysis of fractional anisotropy, axial diffusivity and radial diffusivity was performed using tract-based spatial statistics. While the intervention successfully increased cardiorespiratory fitness, there was no evidence that the aerobic training programme led to changes in cognitive functioning or measures of brain structure in older adults. Interventions that are longer lasting, multi-factorial, or targeted at specific high-risk populations, may yield more encouraging results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Sexton
- FMRIB Centre, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, OX3 9DU; Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, UK.
| | - Jill F Betts
- FMRIB Centre, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, OX3 9DU
| | - Andrea Dennis
- FMRIB Centre, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, OX3 9DU
| | - Aiden Doherty
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, OX3 7LF.
| | - Paul Leeson
- Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, OX3 9DU.
| | - Cameron Holloway
- University of Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, OX3 9DU.
| | - Erica Dall'Armellina
- University of Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, OX3 9DU.
| | - Anderson M Winkler
- FMRIB Centre, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, OX3 9DU
| | - Naiara Demnitz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, OX3 7JX.
| | - Thomas Wassenaar
- FMRIB Centre, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, OX3 9DU.
| | - Helen Dawes
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK, OX3 0BP.
| | - Heidi Johansen-Berg
- FMRIB Centre, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, OX3 9DU.
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76
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Barha CK, Liu-Ambrose T. Sex differences in exercise efficacy: Is midlife a critical window for promoting healthy cognitive aging? FASEB J 2020; 34:11329-11336. [PMID: 32761860 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000857r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Dementia is one of the most pressing health care issues of this century. As no curative treatment for dementia exists, research efforts are growing to identify effective lifestyle interventions to prevent or delay onset. One such promising strategy that promotes cognitive and brain health is engaging in physical exercise. However, current exercise recommendations are imprecise. To advance the potential of exercise as a preventative and treatment strategy, important questions regarding moderators (ie, biological sex and age) are being addressed in the literature. Biological sex is recognized as an important variable to consider in exercise efficacy on brain health, with females showing greater cognitive gains. This may be related to sex differences in underlying mechanisms. Here, we argue to better understand the sex differences in exercise efficacy, the timing of exercise intervention should also be considered. Specifically, we present the hypothesis that midlife in females is a critical window for the implementation of exercise as an early intervention to promote brain health and prevent dementia. Further, we speculate that exercise interventions targeting midlife will be of critical importance for the female brain, as females exit this period of the lifespan at greater risk for cognitive impairment. Given the potential sex differences in dementia risk and prevalence, it is imperative to assess potential sex differences in exercise efficacy as an early intervention during midlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy K Barha
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Aging, Mobility, and Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Physical Activity for Precision Health Research Cluster, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Teresa Liu-Ambrose
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Aging, Mobility, and Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Physical Activity for Precision Health Research Cluster, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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77
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Dougherty RJ, Boots EA, Lindheimer JB, Stegner AJ, Van Riper S, Edwards DF, Gallagher CL, Carlsson CM, Rowley HA, Bendlin BB, Asthana S, Hermann BP, Sager MA, Johnson SC, Okonkwo OC, Cook DB. Fitness, independent of physical activity is associated with cerebral blood flow in adults at risk for Alzheimer's disease. Brain Imaging Behav 2020; 14:1154-1163. [PMID: 30852709 PMCID: PMC6733668 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-019-00068-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Patterns of decreased resting cerebral blood flow (CBF) within the inferior temporal gyri, angular gyri, and posterior cingulate are a feature of aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD) and have shown to be predictive of cognitive decline among older adults. Fitness and physical activity are both associated with many indices of brain health and may positively influence CBF, however, the majority of research to date has examined these measures in isolation, leaving the potential independent associations unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the unique contributions of fitness and physical activity when predicting CBF in cognitively healthy adults at risk for AD. One hundred participants (63% female) from the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention underwent a maximal exercise test, physical activity monitoring, and a 3-D arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging scan. For the entire sample, fitness was significantly associated with CBF while accounting for physical activity, age, gender, APOE ε4, family history of AD, education, and handedness (p = .026). Further, fitness explained significantly more variance than the combined effect of the covariates on CBF (R2 change = .059; p = .047). These results appear to be gender dependent, our data suggest fitness level, independent of physical activity, is associated with greater CBF in regions that are known to decline with age and AD for female (p = .011), but not male participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Dougherty
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin School of Education, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Boots
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Jacob B Lindheimer
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin School of Education, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Aaron J Stegner
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin School of Education, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Stephanie Van Riper
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin School of Education, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Dorothy F Edwards
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin School of Education, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Catherine L Gallagher
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Cynthia M Carlsson
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Howard A Rowley
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Barbara B Bendlin
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Sanjay Asthana
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Bruce P Hermann
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Mark A Sager
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Sterling C Johnson
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Ozioma C Okonkwo
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Dane B Cook
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin School of Education, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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78
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Rominger C, Fink A, Weber B, Papousek I, Schwerdtfeger AR. Everyday bodily movement is associated with creativity independently from active positive affect: a Bayesian mediation analysis approach. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11985. [PMID: 32686709 PMCID: PMC7371881 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68632-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous (predominantly) laboratory studies reported positive relations of physical activity (or everyday bodily movement) with executive functioning, some even showed effects on creative thinking. Furthermore, positive-activated affect was found to be positively associated with everyday bodily movements and creativity. The mechanisms, however, underlying these relationships are poorly understood. The aim of this study was twofold: Firstly, we investigated whether everyday bodily movement was associated with creative performance. Secondly, we examined if positive-activated affect may mediate the association between bodily movement and creative performance. In a sample of 79 participants everyday bodily movement was recorded during five consecutive days using accelerometers. Creativity in the figural and verbal domain was assessed with performance tests, along with self-reported positive-activated affect as a trait. Findings revealed that creativity, positive-activated affect, and everyday bodily movement were associated with each other. However, positive-activated affect did not mediate the association between everyday bodily movement and creative performance. The pattern of findings argues for shared variance between bodily movement and creativity (fluency and originality) that is largely independent from variations in positive-activated affect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Rominger
- Department of Psychology, Health Psychology Unit, University of Graz, Univ.-Platz 2, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Andreas Fink
- Department of Psychology, Health Psychology Unit, University of Graz, Univ.-Platz 2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Bernhard Weber
- Department of Psychology, Health Psychology Unit, University of Graz, Univ.-Platz 2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Ilona Papousek
- Department of Psychology, Health Psychology Unit, University of Graz, Univ.-Platz 2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas R Schwerdtfeger
- Department of Psychology, Health Psychology Unit, University of Graz, Univ.-Platz 2, 8010, Graz, Austria
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79
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Wang CM, Tseng SM, Huang CS. Design of an Interactive Nostalgic Amusement Device with User-Friendly Tangible Interfaces for Improving the Health of Older Adults. Healthcare (Basel) 2020; 8:E179. [PMID: 32575389 PMCID: PMC7349908 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare8020179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To help older adults achieve active aging, an interactive device with tangible interfaces is proposed, which combines human-machine interaction techniques and older adults' life experiences to provide three functions: nostalgia, leisure, and entertainment. Firstly, by a review of related theories and studies, principles for designing a desirable interactive device were established. Accordingly, a prototype device with an interactive game was constructed, which was then tested in a field experiment and improved according to the users' opinions collected by interviews. Subsequently, in a second experiment the users' and some experts' feedback about the system's usability and user interaction satisfaction was collected and analyzed, and found to be reliable and valid for further evaluations of the effectiveness of the proposed system, resulting in the following findings about the older adults who have played the game: the participants become more willing to use technological devices; involving them in the game creates positive aging effects; participants become more receptive to technology products; the participating older adults' cognitive abilities are trained and their body exercises increased, creating sensory stimulation and health promotion effects; and considering users with cognitive impairments who have stress and difficulty operating the device, the system needs to be improved in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Ming Wang
- Department of Digital Media Design, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Douliu 64002, Taiwan;
| | - Shih-Mo Tseng
- Graduate School of Design, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Douliu 64002, Taiwan;
| | - Chen-Siang Huang
- Department of Digital Media Design, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Douliu 64002, Taiwan;
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80
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Halloway S, Arfanakis K, Wilbur J, Schoeny ME, Pressler SJ. Accelerometer Physical Activity is Associated with Greater Gray Matter Volumes in Older Adults Without Dementia or Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2020; 74:1142-1151. [PMID: 29432610 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gby010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Physical activity (PA) is a modifiable health behavior that can protect against age-related gray matter atrophy and cognitive dysfunction. Current studies of PA and gray matter failed to utilize device measures of PA and do not focus on adults >80 years. Thus, the purpose of this secondary analysis was to examine cross-sectional associations between accelerometer lifestyle PA and (a) gray matter volumes and (b) cognitive function, controlling for demographics, and health status. METHOD Participants were 262 older adults without dementia or mild cognitive impairment from Rush Memory and Aging Project, an epidemiological cohort study. Participants wore an accelerometer to assess total daily lifestyle PA, and completed anatomical magnetic resonance imaging to assess gray matter volumes and a neurocognitive test battery to assess cognitive function. RESULTS Multivariate linear regression indicated that higher levels of total daily lifestyle PA was significantly related to larger gray matter volumes, F(2, 215) = 3.61, p = .027, including subcortical gray matter (β = 0.17, p = .007) and total gray matter (β = 0.11, p = .049), with no significant associations between lifestyle PA and cognitive function. DISCUSSION These findings may inform future lifestyle PA interventions in order to attenuate age-related gray matter atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Konstantinos Arfanakis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL.,Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | | | | | - Susan J Pressler
- Indiana University School of Nursing, Center for Enhancing Quality of Life in Chronic Illness, Indianapolis, IN
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81
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Moratal C, Lupiáñez J, Ballester R, Huertas F. Deliberate Soccer Practice Modulates Attentional Functioning in Children. Front Psychol 2020; 11:761. [PMID: 32477207 PMCID: PMC7235161 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to explore the association between the regular practice of open-skill sports (i.e., soccer) and executive control, along with other attentional functions (i.e., alerting and orienting) during preadolescence. The study was conducted on 131 participants (70 non-athletes and 61 soccer players). To measure cognitive performance, participants performed the Attentional Network Test—Interactions (ANT-I) task. Compared to non-athletes, soccer players showed overall faster responses and better executive control (e.g., reduced interference from distractors). Overall, our results provide new empirical evidence supporting the positive association between regular sports practice and cognitive performance, and more specifically executive functions. However, is important to note that the relationship between regular sport practice and cognition is complex and multifactorial. Our findings can be partly explained by the “cardiovascular fitness hypothesis” and the “cognitive component skills approach,” suggesting that an externally paced sport environment with high physical fitness and perceptual–cognitive demands may be an appropriate setting to optimize the development of cognitive functioning during early adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consuelo Moratal
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Catholic Universiy of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Lupiáñez
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Rafael Ballester
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Catholic Universiy of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
| | - Florentino Huertas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Catholic Universiy of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
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82
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Acute exercise-related cognitive effects are not attributable to changes in end-tidal CO2 or cerebral blood velocity. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:1637-1649. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04393-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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83
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Piccoli M, Tannou T, Hernandorena I, Koeberle S. [Ethical approach to the issue of confinement of the elderly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: Prevention of frailty versus risk of vulnerability]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 14:100539. [PMID: 32835057 PMCID: PMC7250767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemep.2020.100539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
La pandémie à COVID-19 touche particulièrement les personnes les plus âgées et expose à un risque de mortalité les plus fragiles. Des mesures de confinement, de distanciation sociale et d’isolement ont été mises en place pour limiter la propagation virale. S’il existe un rationnel clair pour réduire la contagiosité de l’infection par ce biais, les conséquences néfastes de cet isolement social, en particulier pour cette population hétérogène, âgée et fragile sont difficiles à appréhender. En particulier, la rupture avec les structures habituelles de support et de soutien à domicile ou en institution, mais aussi le risque d’une diminution de « l’empowerment » de la personne âgée par rapport à ses propres décisions de santé et de vie sociale, imposent une vigilance particulière pour éviter un risque d’âgisme sociétal. Il peut ainsi exister, en regard de cette population particulière, des conflits de valeurs entre protection individuelle et collective, d’une part, et respect de l’autonomie et de l’indépendance, d’autre part. Cet article propose une réflexion éthique de la question du confinement des personnes âgées à risque de fragilités, s’appuyant sur des principes de l’éthique médicale, pour ouvrir les pistes de réflexion qui permettent une approche positive de la vulnérabilité, garante du respect de la dignité de la personne et de l’équité dans l’accès aux soins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Piccoli
- Département médico-universitaire de gériatrie, AP-HP, centre université de Paris, site Broca, 54-56, rue Pascal, 75013 Paris, France.,EA 4468 maladie d'Alzheimer, facteurs de risques, soins et accompagnement des patients et familles, université de Paris, 54-56, rue Pascal, 75013 Paris, France
| | - T Tannou
- service de gériatrie, CHU, 25000 Besançon, France.,Équipe « éthique et progrès médical », CIC Inserm 1431, CHU de Besançon, 25000 France.,EA 481 Neurosciences intégratives et cliniques, université Franche Comté, 25000 Besançon, France.,Centre de recherche, institut universitaire gériatrique de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - I Hernandorena
- Département médico-universitaire de gériatrie, AP-HP, centre université de Paris, site Broca, 54-56, rue Pascal, 75013 Paris, France.,EA 4468 maladie d'Alzheimer, facteurs de risques, soins et accompagnement des patients et familles, université de Paris, 54-56, rue Pascal, 75013 Paris, France
| | - S Koeberle
- service de gériatrie, CHU, 25000 Besançon, France.,Équipe « éthique et progrès médical », CIC Inserm 1431, CHU de Besançon, 25000 France
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84
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Effects of Exercise on Cognitive Performance in Older Adults: A Narrative Review of the Evidence, Possible Biological Mechanisms, and Recommendations for Exercise Prescription. J Aging Res 2020; 2020:1407896. [PMID: 32509348 PMCID: PMC7244966 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1407896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical activity and exercise have emerged as potential methods to improve brain health among older adults. However, there are currently no physical activity guidelines aimed at improving cognitive function, and the mechanisms underlying these cognitive benefits are poorly understood. The purpose of this narrative review is to present the current evidence regarding the effects of physical activity and exercise on cognition in older adults without cognitive impairment, identify potential mechanisms underlying these effects, and make recommendations for exercise prescription to enhance cognitive performance. The review begins with a summary of evidence of the effect of chronic physical activity and exercise on cognition. Attention then turns to four main biological mechanisms that appear to underlie exercise-induced cognitive improvement, including the upregulation of growth factors and neuroplasticity, inhibition of inflammatory biomarker production, improved vascular function, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation. The last section provides an overview of exercise parameters known to optimize cognition in older adults, such as exercise type, frequency, intensity, session duration, and exercise program duration.
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85
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Foster C, Steventon JJ, Helme D, Tomassini V, Wise RG. Assessment of the Effects of Aerobic Fitness on Cerebrovascular Function in Young Adults Using Multiple Inversion Time Arterial Spin Labeling MRI. Front Physiol 2020; 11:360. [PMID: 32372976 PMCID: PMC7187806 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This cross-sectional study investigated the effects of aerobic fitness on cerebrovascular function in the healthy brain. Gray matter cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) were quantified in a sample of young adults within a normal fitness range. Based on existing Transcranial Doppler ultrasound and fMRI evidence, we predicted a positive relationship between fitness and resting gray matter CBF and CVR. Exploratory hypotheses that higher V . O2peak would be associated with higher GM volume and cognitive performance were also investigated. 20 adults underwent a V . O2peak test and a battery of cognitive tests. All subjects also underwent an MRI scan where multiple inversion time (MTI) pulsed arterial spin labeling (PASL) was used to quantify resting CBF and CVR to 5% CO2. Region of interest analysis showed a non-significant inverse correlation between whole-brain gray matter CBF and V . O2peak; r = -0.4, p = 0.08, corrected p (p') = 0.16 and a significant positive correlation between V . O2peak and whole-brain averaged gray matter CVR; r = 0.62, p = 0.003, p' = 0.006. Voxel-wise analysis revealed a significant inverse association between V . O2peak and resting CBF in the left and right thalamus, brainstem, right lateral occipital cortex, left intra-calcarine cortex and cerebellum. The results of this study suggest that aerobic fitness is associated with lower baseline CBF and greater CVR in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Foster
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica J. Steventon
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute (NMHRI), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Helme
- Department of Anaesthetics and Intensive Care Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Valentina Tomassini
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, “G. D’Annunzio University” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), “G. D’Annunzio University” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Richard G. Wise
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, “G. D’Annunzio University” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), “G. D’Annunzio University” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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86
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Morris TP, Fried PJ, Macone J, Stillman A, Gomes-Osman J, Costa-Miserachs D, Muñoz JMT, Santarnecchi E, Pascual-Leone A. Light aerobic exercise modulates executive function and cortical excitability. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 51:1723-1734. [PMID: 31605625 PMCID: PMC7150631 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Single bouts of aerobic exercise can modulate cortical excitability and executive cognitive function, but less is known about the effect of light-intensity exercise, an intensity of exercise more achievable for certain clinical populations. Fourteen healthy adults (aged 22 to 30) completed the following study procedures twice (≥7 days apart) before and after 30 min of either light aerobic exercise (cycling) or seated rest: neurocognitive battery (multitasking performance, inhibitory control and spatial working memory), paired-pulse TMS measures of cortical excitability. Significant improvements in response times during multitasking performance and increases in intracortical facilitation (ICF) were seen following light aerobic exercise. Light aerobic exercise can modulate cortical excitability and some executive function tasks. Populations with deficits in multitasking ability may benefit from this intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P Morris
- Berenson-Allen Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation and the Division of Cognitive Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Peter J Fried
- Berenson-Allen Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation and the Division of Cognitive Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Joanna Macone
- Berenson-Allen Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation and the Division of Cognitive Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Alexandra Stillman
- Berenson-Allen Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation and the Division of Cognitive Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Joyce Gomes-Osman
- Berenson-Allen Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation and the Division of Cognitive Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | - David Costa-Miserachs
- Departament de Psicobiologia i Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jose Maria Tormos Muñoz
- Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació adscrit a la Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain
- Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emiliano Santarnecchi
- Berenson-Allen Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation and the Division of Cognitive Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Berenson-Allen Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation and the Division of Cognitive Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació adscrit a la Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
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87
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Lehmann N, Villringer A, Taubert M. Colocalized White Matter Plasticity and Increased Cerebral Blood Flow Mediate the Beneficial Effect of Cardiovascular Exercise on Long-Term Motor Learning. J Neurosci 2020; 40:2416-2429. [PMID: 32041897 PMCID: PMC7083530 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2310-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular exercise (CE) is a promising intervention strategy to facilitate cognition and motor learning in healthy and diseased populations of all ages. CE elevates humoral parameters, such as growth factors, and stimulates brain changes potentially relevant for learning and behavioral adaptations. However, the causal relationship between CE-induced brain changes and human's ability to learn remains unclear. We tested the hypothesis that CE elicits a positive effect on learning via alterations in brain structure (morphological changes of gray and white matter) and function (functional connectivity and cerebral blood flow in resting state). We conducted a randomized controlled trial with healthy male and female human participants to compare the effects of a 2 week CE intervention against a non-CE control group on subsequent learning of a challenging new motor task (dynamic balancing; DBT) over 6 consecutive weeks. We used multimodal neuroimaging [T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diffusion-weighted MRI, perfusion-weighted MRI, and resting state functional MRI] to investigate the neural mechanisms mediating between CE and learning. As expected, subjects receiving CE subsequently learned the DBT at a higher rate. Using a modified nonparametric combination approach along with multiple mediator analysis, we show that this learning boost was conveyed by CE-induced increases in cerebral blood flow in frontal brain regions and changes in white matter microstructure in frontotemporal fiber tracts. Our study revealed neural mechanisms for the CE-learning link within the brain, probably allowing for a higher flexibility to adapt to highly novel environmental stimuli, such as learning a complex task.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT It is established that cardiovascular exercise (CE) is an effective approach to promote learning and memory, yet little is known about the underlying neural transfer mechanisms through which CE acts on learning. We provide evidence that CE facilitates learning in human participants via plasticity in prefrontal white matter tracts and a colocalized increase in cerebral blood flow. Our findings are among the first to demonstrate a transfer potential of experience-induced brain plasticity. In addition to practical implications for health professionals and coaches, our work paves the way for future studies investigating effects of CE in patients suffering from prefrontal hypoperfusion or white matter diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Lehmann
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 04103 Leipzig, Germany,
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Institute III, Department of Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Mind and Brain Institute, Charité and Humboldt University, 10117 Berlin, Germany, and
| | - Marco Taubert
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Institute III, Department of Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral and Brain Science, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
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88
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Booth JN, Chesham RA, Brooks NE, Gorely T, Moran CN. A citizen science study of short physical activity breaks at school: improvements in cognition and wellbeing with self-paced activity. BMC Med 2020; 18:62. [PMID: 32178667 PMCID: PMC7077117 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-01539-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND School-based physical activity and running programmes, such as The Daily Mile™, are increasing in popularity globally. The aim of this research was to examine the acute impact of such classroom physical activity breaks on cognition and affective wellbeing. METHODS A total of 5463 school pupils from 332 schools took part in a citizen science project with a repeated measures design. They completed tasks of cognition (inhibition, verbal, and visuo-spatial working memory) and the Children's Feeling Scale and Felt Arousal Scale before and after three different outdoor activities: a classroom break of 15 min of self-paced activity, a near maximal exhaustion activity (the bleep test), and a no-exercise control group where pupils sat or stood outside. Wellbeing and fitness were examined as mediators of the relationship between outdoor activity and cognition. RESULTS Fifteen minutes of self-paced outdoor activity was beneficial for pupils' cognition and wellbeing in comparison to both other activities (Cohen's d effect sizes ranging from 0.04 to 0.22; small). The relationship with cognition was not mediated by participants' fitness level and was only partially mediated by wellbeing. Change scores for alertness were higher after the bleep test compared to the control activity but similar for all other outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Taking a break from the classroom to complete 15 min of self-paced physical activity should be considered a worthwhile activity by class teachers, school management, and policymakers. Additionally, more intense physical activity should not be considered to be detrimental.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine N Booth
- Moray House School of Education and Sport, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 8AQ, Scotland, UK.
| | - Ross A Chesham
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
| | - Naomi E Brooks
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
| | - Trish Gorely
- School of Health, Social Care and Life Sciences, University of the Highlands and Islands, Centre for Health Sciences, Old Perth Road, Inverness, IV2 3JH, UK
| | - Colin N Moran
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
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89
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Gooderham GK, Ho S, Handy TC. Variability in Executive Control Performance Is Predicted by Physical Activity. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 13:463. [PMID: 32038199 PMCID: PMC6985373 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) promotes neurogenesis and has neuroprotective effects on the brain, bolstering the structural and functional resources necessary for improved cognitive functioning. Intraindividual variability (IIV) in cognitive performance is linked to neuropsychological structure and functional ability. Despite evidence of the neurogenerative and neuroprotective effects of PA, limited investigation into the link between PA and IIV has been conducted. Across three studies we investigate the effect of PA on IIV in reaction time (RT) on three modified Flanker Tasks. The International PA Questionnaire was used to evaluate PA while the Attention Network Test (ANT) and two additional modified Flanker Tasks were used to assess executive control and attentional performance. RT coefficients of variation (RTCV) were calculated for each participant by dividing the standard deviation by the mean RT for each stimuli condition. Analysis revealed that basic RT was not associated with PA nor was PA predictive of IIV on the modified Flanker Tasks. However, three consistent findings emerged from analysis of the ANT. First, RTCV and moderate PA were positively related, such that more self-reported moderate PA was associated with greater IIV. Conversely, RTCV and vigorous PA were negatively related. Finally, when controlling for the effects of PA on IIV in young adults, variability decreases as age increases. In sum, PA is predictive of IIV on attentional and executive control tasks in young adults, though only at particular intensities and on certain tasks, indicating that task type and cognitive load are important determinants of the relationship between PA and cognitive performance. These findings are consistent with prior literature that suggests that the role of PA in young adults is reliant on specific interventions and measures in order to detect effects more readily found in adolescent and aging populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kyle Gooderham
- Attentional Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Simon Ho
- Attentional Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Todd C Handy
- Attentional Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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90
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Effect of High Intensity Interval Training Compared to Continuous Training on Cognitive Performance in Young Healthy Adults: A Pilot Study. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10020081. [PMID: 32033006 PMCID: PMC7071608 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10020081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
To improve cognitive function, moving the body is strongly recommended; however, evidence regarding the proper training modality is still lacking. The purpose of this study was therefore to assess the effects of high intensity interval training (HIIT) compared to moderate intensity continuous exercise (MICE), representing the same total training load, on improving cognitive function in healthy adults. It was hypothesized that after 6 weeks (3 days/week) of stationary bike training, HIIT would improve executive functions more than MICE. Twenty-five participants exercised three times a week for 6 weeks after randomization to the HIIT or MICE training groups. Target intensity was 60% of peak power output (PPO) in the MICE group and 100% PPO in the HIIT group. After training, PPO significantly increased in both the HIIT and MICE groups (9% and 15%, p < 0.01). HIIT was mainly associated with a greater improvement in overall reaction time in the executive components of the computerized Stroop task (980.43 ± 135.27 ms vs. 860.04 ± 75.63 ms, p < 0.01) and the trail making test (42.35 ± 14.86 s vs. 30.35 ± 4.13 s, p < 0.01). T exercise protocol was clearly an important factor in improving executive functions in young adults.
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91
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Kharlova I, Deng WH, Mamen J, Mamen A, Fredriksen MV, Fredriksen PM. The Weather Impact on Physical Activity of 6-12 Year Old Children: A Clustered Study of the Health Oriented Pedagogical Project (HOPP). Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:E9. [PMID: 31963824 PMCID: PMC7022780 DOI: 10.3390/sports8010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is commonly known that children do not engage in a sufficient amount of physical activity. Weather conditions and day length may influence physical activity of children. Little is known about the relationship between physical activity and seasons. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between weather conditions and physical activity in 6-12 year old children based on hip-worn Actigraph wGT3X-BT accelerometer data. The study sample consisted of 2015 subjects aged 6-12 years from the Health Oriented Pedagogical Project (HOPP) study carried out in Horten municipality and Akershus county, Norway. Six days of sedentary and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity data was gathered in January-June and September-October, 2015, presented as daily averages. The accelerometer-monitored physical activity of children grouped within nine schools was matched with regional weather conditions and assessed with the means of linear mixed models. Increased day length was associated with decreased sedentary behavior. Warmer temperature and dry weather were associated with increased moderate-to-vigorous physical activity after adjusting for age and sex. One-hour increase in daylight resulted in a decrease of sedentary time by, on average, 2 min (95% CI = (-2.577, -0.798)). For every 5 °C increase in temperature (range: -0.95 and 15.51 °C) and dry weather, average moderate-to vigorous physical activity increased by 72 and 67 min (males and females, respectively) (p < 0.001). Days with precipitation had, on average, 10 fewer minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity compared with days without precipitation (95% CI = (-16.704, -3.259)). Higher temperatures and dry weather led to higher physical activity levels, seeing larger increases among boys than girls. A school-based physical activity intervention program should be adjusted regarding local weather conditions in line with the present findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iana Kharlova
- School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, 0150 Oslo, Norway (W.H.D.); (A.M.); (M.V.F.)
| | - Wei Hai Deng
- School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, 0150 Oslo, Norway (W.H.D.); (A.M.); (M.V.F.)
| | - Jostein Mamen
- The Norwegian Meteorological Institute, 0371 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Asgeir Mamen
- School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, 0150 Oslo, Norway (W.H.D.); (A.M.); (M.V.F.)
| | - Maren Valand Fredriksen
- School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, 0150 Oslo, Norway (W.H.D.); (A.M.); (M.V.F.)
| | - Per Morten Fredriksen
- School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, 0150 Oslo, Norway (W.H.D.); (A.M.); (M.V.F.)
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92
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Smith PJ. Pathways of Prevention: A Scoping Review of Dietary and Exercise Interventions for Neurocognition. Brain Plast 2019; 5:3-38. [PMID: 31970058 PMCID: PMC6971820 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-190083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) represent an increasingly urgent public health concern, with an increasing number of baby boomers now at risk. Due to a lack of efficacious therapies among symptomatic older adults, an increasing emphasis has been placed on preventive measures that can curb or even prevent ADRD development among middle-aged adults. Lifestyle modification using aerobic exercise and dietary modification represents one of the primary treatment modalities used to mitigate ADRD risk, with an increasing number of trials demonstrating that exercise and dietary change, individually and together, improve neurocognitive performance among middle-aged and older adults. Despite several optimistic findings, examination of treatment changes across lifestyle interventions reveals a variable pattern of improvements, with large individual differences across trials. The present review attempts to synthesize available literature linking lifestyle modification to neurocognitive changes, outline putative mechanisms of treatment improvement, and discuss discrepant trial findings. In addition, previous mechanistic assumptions linking lifestyle to neurocognition are discussed, with a focus on potential solutions to improve our understanding of individual neurocognitive differences in response to lifestyle modification. Specific recommendations include integration of contemporary causal inference approaches for analyzing parallel mechanistic pathways and treatment-exposure interactions. Methodological recommendations include trial multiphase optimization strategy (MOST) design approaches that leverage individual differences for improved treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Primary), Duke University Medical Center, NC, USA
- Department of Medicine (Secondary), Duke University Medical Center, NC, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences (Secondary), Duke University, NC, USA
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93
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Erickson KI, Hillman C, Stillman CM, Ballard RM, Bloodgood B, Conroy DE, Macko R, Marquez DX, Petruzzello SJ, Powell KE. Physical Activity, Cognition, and Brain Outcomes: A Review of the 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 51:1242-1251. [PMID: 31095081 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 500] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Physical activity (PA) is known to improve cognitive and brain function, but debate continues regarding the consistency and magnitude of its effects, populations and cognitive domains most affected, and parameters necessary to achieve the greatest improvements (e.g., dose). METHODS In this umbrella review conducted in part for the 2018 Health and Human Services Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans Advisory Committee, we examined whether PA interventions enhance cognitive and brain outcomes across the life span, as well as in populations experiencing cognitive dysfunction (e.g., schizophrenia). Systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and pooled analyses were used. We further examined whether engaging in greater amounts of PA is associated with a reduced risk of developing cognitive impairment and dementia in late adulthood. RESULTS Moderate evidence from randomized controlled trials indicates an association between moderate- to vigorous-intensity PA and improvements in cognition, including performance on academic achievement and neuropsychological tests, such as those measuring processing speed, memory, and executive function. Strong evidence demonstrates that acute bouts of moderate- to vigorous-intensity PA have transient benefits for cognition during the postrecovery period after exercise. Strong evidence demonstrates that greater amounts of PA are associated with a reduced risk of developing cognitive impairment, including Alzheimer's disease. The strength of the findings varies across the life span and in individuals with medical conditions influencing cognition. CONCLUSIONS There is moderate-to-strong support that PA benefits cognitive functioning during early and late periods of the life span and in certain populations characterized by cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk I Erickson
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Charles Hillman
- Department of Psychology and Department of Physical Therapy, Movement, and Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA
| | | | - Rachel M Ballard
- Office of Disease Prevention, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - David E Conroy
- Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Richard Macko
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - David X Marquez
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, Center for Research on Health and Aging, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Steven J Petruzzello
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
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Ekblom MM, Ekblom ÖB, Börjesson M, Bergström G, Jern C, Wallin A. Device-Measured Sedentary Behavior, Physical Activity and Aerobic Fitness Are Independent Correlates of Cognitive Performance in Healthy Middle-Aged Adults-Results from the SCAPIS Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16245136. [PMID: 31888199 PMCID: PMC6949984 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16245136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
High aerobic fitness, more moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and less sedentary behavior (SED) have all been suggested to promote cognitive functions, but it is unclear whether they are independent predictors of specific cognitive domains. This study aimed to investigate to what extent aerobic fitness MVPA and SED are independently associated with cognitive performance among middle-aged Swedish adults. We acquired device-based measures of aerobic fitness, cognitive performance and percent daily time spent in MVPA and SED in Swedish adults (n = 216; 54–66 years old). Aerobic fitness was associated with better performance at one out of two tests of speed/attention and one out of four tests of executive attention, and with worse performance at one of seven tests of memory. Increasing %MVPA was associated with better performance at one out of seven tests of memory and two out of three tests of verbal ability, whereas increasing %SED was associated with better performance at all four tests of executive attention and four out of seven tests of memory. These findings suggest that aerobic fitness, %MVPA and %SED are partly independent correlates of cognitive performance. To fully understand the association between SED and performance at several tests of cognitive function, future investigations might attempt to investigate intellectually engaging SED (such as reading books) separately from mentally undemanding SED (such as watching TV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M. Ekblom
- The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, 11486 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Correspondence:
| | - Örjan B. Ekblom
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Mats Börjesson
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburgh, Sweden; (M.B.); (A.W.)
- Center for Health and Performance, Department of Food, Nutrition and Sports Science, 40530 Gothenburgh, Sweden
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Ostra, University of Gothenburg, 41345 Gothenburgh, Sweden
| | - Göran Bergström
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburgh, Sweden;
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburgh, Sweden
| | - Christina Jern
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden;
- Department of Clinical genetics and genomics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburgh, Sweden
| | - Anders Wallin
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburgh, Sweden; (M.B.); (A.W.)
- The Memory Clinic, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 40530 Gothenburgh, Sweden
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95
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Barha CK, Hsu CL, Ten Brinke L, Liu-Ambrose T. Biological Sex: A Potential Moderator of Physical Activity Efficacy on Brain Health. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:329. [PMID: 31866852 PMCID: PMC6908464 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of older people worldwide living with cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative diseases is growing at an unprecedented rate. Despite accumulating evidence that engaging in physical activity is a promising primary behavioral strategy to delay or avert the deleterious effects of aging on brain health, a large degree of variation exists in study findings. Thus, before physical activity and exercise can be prescribed as “medicine” for promoting brain health, it is imperative to understand how different biological factors can attenuate or amplify the effects of physical activity on cognition at the individual level. In this review article, we briefly discuss the current state of the literature, examining the relationship between physical activity and brain health in older adults and we present the argument that biological sex is a potent moderator of this relationship. Additionally, we highlight some of the potential neurobiological mechanisms underlying this sex difference for this relatively new and rapidly expanding line of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy K Barha
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Chun-Liang Hsu
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lisanne Ten Brinke
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Teresa Liu-Ambrose
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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96
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Relationships between Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour and Cognitive Functions in Office Workers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16234721. [PMID: 31783476 PMCID: PMC6926659 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16234721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence from animal experiments suggests that physical activity (PA) promotes neuroplasticity and learning. For humans, most research on the relationship between PA, sedentary behaviour (SB), and cognitive function has relied on self-reported measures of behaviour. Office work is characterised by high durations of SB combined with high work demands. While previous studies have shown that fitter office workers outperform their less fit colleagues in cognitive tests, the importance of PA and SB remains unknown. This study investigated associations between objectively measured PA and SB, using hip-worn accelerometers, and cognitive functions in 334 office workers. Time spent in moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) was not associated with any cognitive outcome. However, time spent in SB tended to be positively associated with words recalled in free recall (β = 0.125). For the least fit participants, the average length of MVPA bouts was favourably related to Stroop performance (β = -0.211), while for the fitter individuals, a longer average length of MVPA bouts was related to worse recognition (β = -0.216). While our findings indicate that the length of MVPA bouts was associated with better Stroop performance in the least fit participants, our findings do not support the notion that more time spent in MVPA or less time in SB is associated with better cognitive function.
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97
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Jonasson LS, Nyberg L, Axelsson J, Kramer AF, Riklund K, Boraxbekk CJ. Higher striatal D2-receptor availability in aerobically fit older adults but non-selective intervention effects after aerobic versus resistance training. Neuroimage 2019; 202:116044. [PMID: 31352122 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is much evidence that dopamine is vital for cognitive functioning in aging. Here we tested the hypothesis that aerobic exercise and fitness influence dopaminergic neurotransmission in the striatum, and in turn performance on offline working-memory updating tasks. Dopaminergic neurotransmission was measured by positron emission tomography (PET) and the non-displacable binding potential (BPND) of [11C]raclopride, i.e. dopamine (DA) D2-receptor (D2R) availability. Fifty-four sedentary older adults underwent a six-months exercise intervention, performing either aerobic exercise or stretching, toning, and resistance active control training. At baseline, higher aerobic fitness levels (VO2peak) were associated with higher BPND in the striatum, providing evidence of a link between an objective measure of aerobic fitness and D2R in older adults. BPND decreased substantially over the intervention in both groups but the intervention effects were non-selective with respect to exercise group. The decrease was several times larger than any previously estimated annual decline in D2R, potentially due to increased endogenous DA. Working-memory was unrelated to D2R both at baseline and following the intervention. To conclude, we provide partial evidence for a link between physical exercise and DA. Utilizing a PET protocol able to disentangle both D2R and DA levels could shed further light on whether, and how, aerobic exercise impacts the dopaminergic system in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars S Jonasson
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Lars Nyberg
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Jan Axelsson
- Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Arthur F Kramer
- Departments of Psychology and Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA.
| | - Katrine Riklund
- Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Carl-Johan Boraxbekk
- Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Center for Demographic and Aging Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.
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98
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Norouzi E, Hosseini F, Vaezmosavi M, Gerber M, Pühse U, Brand S. Zumba dancing and aerobic exercise can improve working memory, motor function, and depressive symptoms in female patients with Fibromyalgia. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 20:981-991. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1683610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Norouzi
- Department of Human Motor Behavior, Faculty of Sport Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - FatemehSadat Hosseini
- Department of Human Motor Behavior, Faculty of Sport Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mohammad Vaezmosavi
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Social Science, Imam Hosien University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Markus Gerber
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Division of Sport and Psychosocial Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Uwe Pühse
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Division of Sport and Psychosocial Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Serge Brand
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Division of Sport and Psychosocial Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Psychiatric Clinics, Centre for Affective, Stress and Sleep, Disorders, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Department of Psychiatry, Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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99
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Herold F, Müller P, Gronwald T, Müller NG. Dose-Response Matters! - A Perspective on the Exercise Prescription in Exercise-Cognition Research. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2338. [PMID: 31736815 PMCID: PMC6839278 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In general, it is well recognized that both acute physical exercises and regular physical training influence brain plasticity and cognitive functions positively. However, growing evidence shows that the same physical exercises induce very heterogeneous outcomes across individuals. In an attempt to better understand this interindividual heterogeneity in response to acute and regular physical exercising, most research, so far, has focused on non-modifiable factors such as sex and different genotypes, while relatively little attention has been paid to exercise prescription as a modifiable factor. With an adapted exercise prescription, dosage can be made comparable across individuals, a procedure that is necessary to better understand the dose-response relationship in exercise-cognition research. This improved understanding of dose-response relationships could help to design more efficient physical training approaches against, for instance, cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Herold
- Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Müller
- Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Gronwald
- Department Performance, Neuroscience, Therapy and Health, Medical School Hamburg, University of Applied Sciences and Medical University, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Notger G. Müller
- Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
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100
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Association among Executive Function, Physical Activity, and Weight Status in Youth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55100677. [PMID: 31597316 PMCID: PMC6843179 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55100677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Background and objectives: Executive function (EF) is an umbrella term that encompasses the set of higher-order processes. Core EFs are inhibition, interference control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. The aim of the study was to compare the EF between normal weight (NW) and inactive overweight (OW), NW and sport trained (ST), ST and OW 16-19-year-old youths. In addition, the relationship between EF and peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) was evaluated. Materials and Methods: 10 NW, 14 ST, and 10 OW youths participated in this study. EF was evaluated using the ANAM4 battery. VO2peak was measured during an increasing walking exercise (modified Balke test). Results: The NW youths demonstrated better visual tracking and attention (94.28% ± 3.11%/90.23% ± 2.01%), response inhibition (95.65% ± 1.83%/92.48% ± 1.05%), speed of processing, and alternating attention with a motor speed component (95.5% ± 3.51%/89.01% ± 4.09%) than the OW youths (p < 0.05). The ST youths demonstrated better visual tracking and attention (96.76% ± 1.85%/90.23% ± 2.01%), response inhibition (97.58% ± 0.94%/92.48% ± 1.05%), speed of processing, and alternating attention with a motor speed component (98.35% ± 1.35%/89.01% ± 4.09%) than the OW youths (p < 0.05). The ST youths demonstrated better EF results than NW youths (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The ST 16-19-year-old youths demonstrated better EF than their OW and NW peers. The NW youths demonstrated better EF than their OW peers. There was a significant correlation between VO2peak and EF indicators in all groups of participants.
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