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Wang W, Xiong P, Zhang H, Zhu Q, Liao C, Jiang G. Analysis, occurrence, toxicity and environmental health risks of synthetic phenolic antioxidants: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 201:111531. [PMID: 34146526 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The continuous improvement of living standards is related to higher requirements for the freshness and taste of food. For example, synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) are added to fats and fried foods as food additives to minimize the oxidative rancidity of oils and fats. Hence, the global use of SPAs is increasing year by year. Dibutyl hydroxytoluene is one of the widely used SPAs, often in combination with butyl hydroxyanisole or gallate SPAs. The extensive use of these compounds makes them and their transformation products to be widespread in various environmental matrices, including indoor dust, wastewater, river water, sewage sludge, and sediment, as well as human samples, such as nails and urine, at concentrations varying from nanogram per gram (ng/g) to microgram per gram (μg/g). Animal experiments have shown that high-dose SPA exposure is toxic, which may lead to DNA damage and mismatches and the development of cancerous tumors. Since the biosphere shares the same set of genetic codes, humans and animals have many identical or similar feedback mechanisms and information pathways. Therefore, the damage of SPAs to animals may also threaten human health. This review discusses the properties, occurrence, analysis, and environmental health risks of typical SPAs, including butyl hydroxyanisole, dibutyl hydroxytoluene, tert-butylhydroquinone, propyl gallate, octyl gallate, and lauryl gallate, used as food additives. In addition, AO2246, which is used in food packaging bags, is also considered. Future research directions on SPAs and their transformation products (TPs) are identified and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Ping Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - He Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Castelhano Gebara R, de Oliveira Gonçalves Alho L, Bruno de Abreu C, da Silva Mansano A, Moreira RA, Swerts Rocha G, Gama Melão MDG. Toxicity and Risk Assessment of Zinc and Aluminum Mixtures to Ceriodaphnia silvestrii (Crustacea: Cladocera). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:2912-2922. [PMID: 34265115 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite the co-occurrence of metals in aquatic environments, their joint effects are generally not considered during risk assessments. Data on the combined effects of zinc (Zn) and aluminum (Al) on aquatic animals are extremely scarce in the literature, although these metals are commonly used in domestic and industrial activities. In the present study, we investigated the effects of mixtures of Zn and Al on the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia silvestrii. We evaluated immobility (at 48 h) and ingestion rates (at 24 h). We also performed chronic toxicity tests for single metals. The environmental risks of these substances for tropical freshwaters were estimated from the risk quotient (measured environmental concentration/predicted no-effect concentration). In immobility tests, our results showed a 48-h median effect concentration (EC50) of 0.22 mg Zn L-1 and 0.52 mg Al L-1 , and we observed synergistic effects of Zn and Al, following the independent action model. The ingestion rates of C. silvestrii were inhibited at 0.1, 0.4, and 0.5 mg Al L-1 , and they were increased at 0.08 mg Zn L-1 ; we observed antagonistic effects in all treatments combined with 0.5 mg Al L-1 . In terms of chronic toxicity, a 7-d EC50 occurred at 0.11 mg Zn L-1 and 0.37 mg Al L-1 . The risk assessment suggests a potential risk of these metals at environmentally relevant concentrations, especially when in a mixture. Therefore, we recommend mixture toxicity tests during risk assessments to ensure that zooplankton are protected. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2912-2922. © 2021 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Castelhano Gebara
- Department of Hydrobiology. Universidade Federal de São Carlos. São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Ecology and Natural Resources, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lays de Oliveira Gonçalves Alho
- Department of Hydrobiology. Universidade Federal de São Carlos. São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Ecology and Natural Resources, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cínthia Bruno de Abreu
- Department of Hydrobiology. Universidade Federal de São Carlos. São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Ecology and Natural Resources, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adrislaine da Silva Mansano
- Department of Hydrobiology. Universidade Federal de São Carlos. São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Ecology and Natural Resources, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raquel Aparecida Moreira
- Núcleo de Estudos em Ecossistemas Aquáticos (NEEA)/Centro de Recursos Hídricos e Estudos Ambientais (CRHEA)/Departamento de Hidráulica e Saneamento (SHS), São Carlos School of Engineering, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Giseli Swerts Rocha
- Núcleo de Estudos em Ecossistemas Aquáticos (NEEA)/Centro de Recursos Hídricos e Estudos Ambientais (CRHEA)/Departamento de Hidráulica e Saneamento (SHS), São Carlos School of Engineering, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Maria da Graça Gama Melão
- Department of Hydrobiology. Universidade Federal de São Carlos. São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Ecology and Natural Resources, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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53
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Bekele TG, Zhao H, Yang J, Chegen RG, Chen J, Mekonen S, Qadeer A. A review of environmental occurrence, analysis, bioaccumulation, and toxicity of organophosphate esters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:49507-49528. [PMID: 34378126 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15861-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The ban and restriction of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and major brominated flame retardants (BFRs), including hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), due to their confirmed detrimental effects on wildlife and humans have paved the way for the wide application of organophosphate esters (OPEs). OPEs have been extensively used as alternative flame retardants, plasticizer, and antifoaming agents in various industrial and consumer products, which leads to an increase in production, usage, and discharge in the environment. We compile recent information on the production/usage and physicochemical properties of OPEs and discussed and compared the available sample treatment and analysis techniques of OPEs, including extraction, clean-up, and instrumental analysis. The occurrence of OPEs in sediment, aquatic biota, surface, and drinking water is documented. Toxicity, human exposure, and ecological risks of OPEs were summarized; toxicological data of several OPEs shows different adverse health effects on aquatic organisms and humans. Much attention was given to document evidence regarding the bioaccumulation and biomagnification potential of OPEs in aquatic organisms. Finally, identified research gaps and avenues for future studies are forwarded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadiyose Girma Bekele
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
- Department of Natural Resource Management, Arba Minch University, 21, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.
| | - Ruth Gebretsadik Chegen
- Department of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No.1 Linghai Road, High-tech Zone District, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Seblework Mekonen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, Jimma University, 378, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Abdul Qadeer
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
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Xiao K, Lu Z, Yang C, Zhao S, Zheng H, Gao Y, Kaluwin C, Liu Y, Cai M. Occurrence, distribution and risk assessment of organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticizers in surface seawater of the West Pacific. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 170:112691. [PMID: 34225195 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-eight samples of surface seawater were collected from the West Pacific Ocean during 2019 using a high-volume solid-phase extraction with high-throughput organic analysis (Hi-throat/Hi-volume SPE) method, and concentrations of 10 organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticizers (OPEs) were determined. The total OPE concentration in the samples was 3.02-48.4 ng L-1 (mean 25.0 ± 10.5 ng L-1), with tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) being the largest contributor. Cluster analysis results showed off-shore input from the coast of East and Southeast Asia was an important source of these chemicals. Tri-p-tolyl phosphate (TpTP) should also be considered for long-term monitoring, because of its high detection frequency. Results of a risk assessment indicated low ecological risk to species in the West Pacific Ocean for TPhP and ΣOPEs. Hazard quotients (HQs) were all <1, indicating that the health risk to humans from these chemicals was at acceptable levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyan Xiao
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhibo Lu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chao Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Song Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Metallogeny, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Hongyuan Zheng
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China
| | - Chalapan Kaluwin
- University of Papua New Guinea, Waigani, Port Moresby, National Capital District, NCD 134, Papua New Guinea
| | - Yanguang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Metallogeny, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Qingdao 266061, China.
| | - Minghong Cai
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China.
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55
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Chen MH, Ma WL. A review on the occurrence of organophosphate flame retardants in the aquatic environment in China and implications for risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 783:147064. [PMID: 34088162 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), used extensively as substitutes for polybrominated diphenyl ethers, are ubiquitous environmental contaminants. OPFR pollution in aquatic environments, the main sink of pollutants, has been studied extensively over the past decade. Here, we review the current knowledge on the consumption and applications of OPFRs, and on their ecotoxicity in aquatic environments worldwide. We also synthesize the available evidence on the occurrence of OPFRs in aquatic environments in China (wastewater treatment plant influent and effluent, surface water, sediment, aquatic biota, and drinking water). Across China, the measured concentrations of OPFRs differ by more than three orders of magnitude. Risk assessments based on these measurements indicate a low level of ecological risk from OPFRs in most aquatic environments in China, and a low risk to human health from drinking water and aquatic products. Finally, we identify gaps in the current knowledge and directions for further research on OPFRs in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hong Chen
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin 150090, China.
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56
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Liu L, Zhen X, Wang X, Zhang D, Sun L, Tang J. Spatio-temporal variations and input patterns on the legacy and novel brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in coastal rivers of North China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 283:117093. [PMID: 33857880 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209) has been subject to restrictions since 2018 in developed countries but is still manufacturing in China. Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) is widely used as a replacement for BDE209. To better understand the behaviors and fates of these legacy and novel brominated flame retardants (BFRs), water samples were collected from the estuaries of 36 rivers that drain into the Bohai Sea (BS) and North Yellow Sea (NYS) in 2017 and 2018. The results showed that BDE209 was still the predominant compound with a median concentration of 2470 pg L-1, whereas DBDPE had a median concentration of 129 pg L-1. Spatially, relatively high concentrations were observed in the rivers near Laizhou Bay (LB), which is the manufacturing hub of BFRs. BDE209 concentrations were significantly higher in dry season than in wet season, which indicates a dominant process of dilution by precipitation during the wet season. DBDPE concentration showed no significant seasonal difference. This implies that wet deposition was the major additional source of DBDPE during the wet season, and the concentration increased further during the autumn as a result of a time-lag effect. The BFR concentrations in urban rivers were lower than those reported by a study undertaken in August 2013. An increase in the BFR concentrations in rural rivers since 2013 suggested increases in the use and non-point source emissions of BFRs in some remote aquatic environments. The estimated annual inputs of BDE209 and DBDPE into the BS were ∼95.9 kg yr-1 and ∼26.8 kg yr-1, respectively, whereas those into the NYS were ∼24.1 kg yr-1 and ∼8.38 kg yr-1. The results revealed an ecological risk of BDE209 in winter especially in the Xiaoqing River, thus suggesting the impact of BDE209 on the aquatic environment and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, 510640, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), CAS, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, 510640, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), CAS, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Daochang Zhang
- Yantai Municipal Bureau of Hydrology, Yantai, 264000, China
| | - Linting Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), CAS, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jianhui Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), CAS, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, 264003, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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Xu L, Zhang B, Hu Q, Liu Y, Shang T, Zeng X, Yu Z. Occurrence and spatio-seasonal distribution of organophosphate tri- and di-esters in surface water from Dongting Lake and their potential biological risk. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 282:117031. [PMID: 33831629 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, 24 surface water samples were collected from Dongting Lake, China, in the wet and dry seasons, then the concentrations, composition profiles and spatio-seasonal variations of nine organophosphate triesters (OPEs) and five organophosphate diesters (Di-OPs) were determined. Significantly higher total OPE concentrations (∑OPEs) were observed in the wet season (49.5-148 ng L-1) than in the dry season (5.00-45.7 ng L-1) suggesting higher input via tributaries discharge as well as wet deposition in the studied region. Whereas lower levels of TnBP and (triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) in wet season reflected their possible degradation under solar irradiation. Comparable levels of total Di-OPs (∑Di-OPs) were found in the wet season (3.41-13.9 ng L-1) and dry season (1.01-12.3 ng L-1). Tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate and tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate were the main OPE components, while diphenyl phosphate, di-n-butyl phosphate and bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate were the main Di-OP components. High levels of OPEs and Di-OPs were found in Datong Lake suggesting possible local emissions potentially related to fishery activity in the land-locked lake. Samples at river mouths to the lake also have higher levels of target OPEs and Di-OPs, the results disclosed obvious discharges from tributaries in Hunan Province. Negligible non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks were determined based on the measured concentrations in source waters. A limited ecological risk aquatic organisms in the Dongting Lake was identified, with most risk from TPHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Jiangxi Academy of Environmental Sciences, Nanchang, 330039, China
| | - Biao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qiongpu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Hangzhou PuYu Technology Development Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311305, China
| | - Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ting Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Nanchang City Development and Reform Commission, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Xiangying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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Peng X, Chen G, Fan Y, Zhu Z, Guo S, Zhou J, Tan J. Lifetime bioaccumulation, gender difference, tissue distribution, and parental transfer of organophosphorus plastic additives in freshwater fish. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 280:116948. [PMID: 33773303 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plastic pollution has been a growing global issue. Various plastic additives may enter the environment with plastic debris, which could also become contaminants. Lifetime bioaccumulation, gender difference, tissue distribution, and parental transfer potential of commonly applied organophosphorus plastic additives (OPPAs) were investigated in wildlife fish of the Pearl River system, China. The OPPAs were widely detected in 7 consumable fish species. Tris (2-chloropropyl) phosphate was the predominant compound, with a median concentration of 18.8 ng/g lipid weight. The total OPPA concentrations (ΣOPPAs) were higher in the livers and swimming bladders, suggesting important roles of lipophilicity on the OPPAs accumulation in the fish. Besides, the livers were more abundant in the non-chlorinated OPPAs relative to the other tissues, indicating potentially stronger metabolism of the chlorinated OPPAs in the livers. Redbelly tilapia contained obviously lower ΣOPPAs than the other species. On the other hand, proportions of the chlorinated OPPAs were obviously lower in barbel chub and Guangdong black bream. For an individual species, higher ΣOPPAs were usually detected in the female than in the male fish. Furthermore, the females contained higher proportions of the non-chlorinated OPPAs. These results suggested potentially more accumulation of the OPPAs, particularly the non-chlorinated OPPAs in the female than in the male fish. Body weight dependence of the OPPAs accumulation showed varied patterns depending on species, tissue, and compound. Species-specific characteristics affected by both ecology and organisms' physiology should be considered in combination in assessing bioaccumulation of the OPPAs. The OPPAs were slightly bioaccumulative with LogBAFs of 1.2-3.3. The OPPAs did not show obvious inclination to be partitioned to biota from sediment. Omnipresence of the OPPAs in both egg/ovary and testis of the fish suggested potential transgenerational transfer of these chemicals, which can be a serious ecological issue and warrants further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Guangdong - Hong Kong - Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Guangshi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yujuan Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zewen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jianhua Tan
- Guangzhou Institute of Quality Monitoring and Testing, Guangzhou, 510050, China
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Zhang Y, Yi X, Huang K, Sun Q, Kong R, Chen S, Liang C, Li M, Letcher RJ, Liu C. Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate Reduces Growth Hormone Expression via Binding to Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone Receptors and Inhibits the Growth of Crucian Carp. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:8108-8118. [PMID: 34062063 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCIPP) has commonly been used as an additive flame retardant and frequently detected in the aquatic environment and in biological samples worldwide. Recently, it was found that exposure to TDCIPP inhibited the growth of zebrafish, but the relevant molecular mechanisms remained unclear. In this study, 5 day-old crucian carp (Carassius auratus) larvae were treated with 0.5, 5, or 50 μg/L TDCIPP for 90 days; the effect on growth was evaluated; and related molecular mechanisms were explored. Results demonstrated that 5 or 50 μg/L TDCIPP treatment significantly inhibited the growth of crucian carp and downregulated the expression of growth hormones (ghs), growth hormone receptor (ghr), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (igf1). Molecular docking, dual-luciferase reporter gene assay, and in vitro experiments demonstrated that TDCIPP could bind to the growth hormone releasing hormone receptor protein of crucian carp and disturb the stimulation of growth hormone releasing hormone to the expression of ghs, resulting in the decrease of the mRNA level of gh1 and gh2 in pituitary cells. Our findings provide new perceptions into the molecular mechanisms of developmental toxicity of TDCIPP in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkang Zhang
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xun'e Yi
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qian Sun
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ren Kong
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chengqian Liang
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Meng Li
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Komolafe O, Mrozik W, Dolfing J, Acharya K, Vassalle L, Mota CR, Davenport R. Occurrence and removal of micropollutants in full-scale aerobic, anaerobic and facultative wastewater treatment plants in Brazil. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 287:112286. [PMID: 33706091 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate micropollutant occurrence and removal in a low-middle income country (LMIC) by investigating the occurrence of 28 chemicals from different classes (triclosan, 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 4 estrogens and 8 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners) in three technologically diverse full-scale Brazilian wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). These chemicals were detected at concentrations similar to those reported in other low-middle income countries (LMICs) and high-income countries (HICs) (0.1-49 μg/L) indicating their widespread use globally and the need for more studies in LMICs that are typically characterized by relatively inadequate wastewater treatment barriers. Among the three different WWTPs investigated for removal of these chemicals, the least energy intensive system, waste stabilization ponds (WSPs), was the most effective (95-99%) compared to the activated sludge (79-94%), and Up-flow sludge blanket reactor (UASB) with trickling filters system (89-95%). These results highlight the potential of WSPs for micropollutant removal-especially in warm climates. However, the effluent from all three WWTP could pose a risk to aquatic organisms when discharged into the receiving waters as the effluent concentrations of triclosan, some estrogens, PAHs and BDE 209 were above European environmental quality standards (EQS) or predicted no effect concentration (PNEC values), indicating that receiving water bodies could benefit from further treatment. In combination, these results help to further understand prevailing concentrations of micropollutants globally and fate in current wastewater treatment systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oladapo Komolafe
- GFL Environmental Inc. Greater Toronto Area, L5T 2L2, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Wojciech Mrozik
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jan Dolfing
- Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Northumbria University, NE1 8QH, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Kishor Acharya
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Lucas Vassalle
- Departamento de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Cesar R Mota
- Departamento de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Russell Davenport
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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Li Y, Ma H, Chen R, Zhang H, Nakanishi T, Hu J. Maternal Transfer of 2-Ethylhexyl Diphenyl Phosphate Leads to Developmental Toxicity Possibly by Blocking the Retinoic Acid Receptor and Retinoic X Receptor in Japanese Medaka ( Oryzias latipes). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:5056-5064. [PMID: 33685123 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
2-Ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) has been detected in wild fish with high concentrations, which may pose a risk in the embryo development considering its potential maternal transfer. In this study, EHDPP was demonstrated to elicit antagonistic activity to medaka retinoic acid receptor (mRAR) and retinoic X receptor (mRXR) with 50% inhibitory concentration of 18 and 36 μM, respectively. After adult female medaka were exposed to EHDPP at 156, 405, and 1161 ng/L for 35 days, the embryonic EHDPP concentrations (364-4824 ng/g lipid weight (lw)) were higher than those in the maternal tissues (15.0-4166 ng/g lw), showing notable maternal transfer. The embryonic concentration of EHDPP decreased limitedly during 1-2 day post-fertilization (dpf, the main developmental window of eye) but then decreased sharply after 2 dpf. The transcript abundance of cyp26a1 was inhibited and subsequent increasing embryonic all-trans RA level was observed in embryos, showing RAR/RXR antagonistic activity. These results may specifically contribute to the increased eye deformity incidences in all exposure groups (up to 8.0%; 51/637) relative to the control (1.0%, 7/733). The response behavior of the larvae to light stimulation was impaired in a dose-dependent manner, demonstrating a vision disorder. Because such developmental toxicities were observed at the environmental level, EHDPP may pose a threat to the survival of wild larvae and therefore a population risk for wild fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Haojia Ma
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ruichao Chen
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tsuyoshi Nakanishi
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry and Molecular Toxicology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Jianying Hu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Hou R, Wang Y, Zhou S, Zhou L, Yuan Y, Xu Y. Aerobic degradation of nonhalogenated organophosphate flame esters (OPEs) by enriched cultures from sludge: Kinetics, pathways, bacterial community evolution, and toxicity evaluation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 760:143385. [PMID: 33243516 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The degradation by bacteria has been considered the main process for eliminating nonhalogenated organophosphate esters (OPEs) from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), but limited research has reported the biodegradation processes and clarified the microbial-mediated mechanisms for nonhalogenated OPE degradation in WWTPs. The aim of this study was to monitor the biodegradation of the most common nonhalogenated OPEs, namely, tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), tris (n-butyl) phosphate (TNBP) and trisphenyl phosphate (TPHP), under aerobic conditions by sludge cultures from a conventional sewage plant. The microbial cultures were enriched separately with each OPE from activated sludge cultures, and the presence of glucose significantly enhanced degradation of the OPEs during the enrichment. The removal ratios for the three OPEs reached 29.3-89.9% after 5 cycles (25 days) of cultivation, and the first-order degradation kinetics followed the order of TPHP > TBOEP > TNBP, with their half-lives ranging between 12.8 and 99.0 h. Pathways of hydrolysis, hydroxylation, methoxylation, and substitution were confirmed for the aerobic biodegradation of these nonhalogenated OPEs, but only di-alkyl phosphates (DAPs) largely accumulated in culture medium as the most predominant transformation products. Phylotypes in Klebsiella were significantly more abundant during OPE biodegradation than in the initial sludge, which indicated that these microorganisms are associated with the biodegradation of nonhalogenated OPEs in sludge culture. Biodegradation of all investigated nonhalogenated OPEs was associated with a significant reduction in the residual toxicity to Vibrio fischeri, indicating a rather positive ecotoxicological outcome of the aerobic biotransformation processes achieved by the enriched sludge culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shaofeng Zhou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lihua Zhou
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yong Yuan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yiping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Jiao E, Hu X, Li L, Zhang H, Zhu Z, Yin D, Qiu Y. Occurrence and risk evaluation of organophosphorus flame retardants in two urban rivers in Yangtze River Delta. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:146. [PMID: 33635436 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-08853-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and profiles of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) were investigated in the Huangpu and Shiwuli Rivers, two urban rivers in the Yangtze River Delta, China. The total concentrations of OPEs were found at part-per-trillion ranges, with average concentrations that ranged from 424 to 1.84 × 103 ng L-1 for Huangpu River and 221 to 1.84 × 103 ng L-1 for Shiwuli River. Three chlorinated OPFRs including tris(chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), and tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) were the most abundant compounds among the investigated OPFRs, accounting for 90.6-99.8% of total concentrations. In Huangpu River, the OPFR concentrations were significantly higher in the dry season than in the wet season which indicates obvious seasonal variation. Chlorinated OPFR concentrations differed significantly between upstream and downstream reaches of the Shiwuli River, as the result of geographic features and wastewater discharge. Estimated risk was calculated to compare predicted no-effect concentrations (PNEC) to observed concentrations of OPFRs. The results indicated no significant acute adverse effects of OPFRs in the two urban rivers for fish, daphnia, or algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enmiao Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xiaohui Hu
- Shanghai Hydraulic Engineering Group Co. Ltd., Shanghai, 201612, China
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zhiliang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Daqiang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yanling Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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64
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Suzuki G, Matsukami H, Michinaka C, Hashimoto S, Nakayama K, Sakai SI. Emission of Dioxin-like Compounds and Flame Retardants from Commercial Facilities Handling Deca-BDE and Their Downstream Sewage Treatment Plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:2324-2335. [PMID: 33440927 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Commercial mixtures of decabromodiphenyl ether (deca-BDE), a brominated flame retardant, contain not only polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs, mainly BDE-209) as the main component but also dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) such as polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDFs). Deca-BDE handling facilities (DHFs) and sewage treatment plants receiving effluent from DHFs are point sources of DLC and flame retardant (FR) pollution. Here, we examined their emission in Japan. For DHF effluents, DLCs detected by the dioxin-responsive chemically activated luciferase expression (DR-CALUX) assay were 1.3-890 pg TCDD-EQ/L (median 46 pg TCDD-EQ/L), while PBDEs and other FRs were <2.0-110,000 ng/L (610 ng/L) and 150-4,800,000 ng/L (41,000 ng/L). Risk quotients based on predicted no-effect concentrations suggested that DLCs, decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate (TDBP-TAZTO), and bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) (BPA-BDPP) present significant risks for aquatic organisms. The concentrations of PBDFs, which are impurities in deca-BDE, were expected to decrease with the inclusion of deca-BDE in the Stockholm Convention list of persistent organic pollutants (May 2017). However, DLCs other than PBDFs and alternative FRs such as DBDPE, TDBP-TAZTO, and BPA-BDPP are likely still discharged. Additional findings indicate that strong (e.g., DLCs, DBDPE, and BPA-BDPP), but not weak (e.g., TDBP-TAZTO), hydrophobic compounds are sufficiently removed by current wastewater treatment processes in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Suzuki
- Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Hidenori Matsukami
- Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Chieko Michinaka
- Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Shunji Hashimoto
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Analysis, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Kei Nakayama
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Sakai
- Environment Preservation Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Yin H, Liu Q, Deng X, Liu X, Fang S, Xiong Y, Song J. Organophosphate esters in water, suspended particulate matter (SPM) and sediments of the Minjiang River, China. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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66
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Nantaba F, Palm WU, Wasswa J, Bouwman H, Kylin H, Kümmerer K. Temporal dynamics and ecotoxicological risk assessment of personal care products, phthalate ester plasticizers, and organophosphorus flame retardants in water from Lake Victoria, Uganda. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 262:127716. [PMID: 32799137 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
For the first time the occurrence of 25 organic micropollutants (OMPs) including; 11 personal care products (PCPs), six phthalate ester plasticizers (PEPs) and eight organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) was investigated in 72 water samples obtained from five bays in the Uganda sector of Lake Victoria. In addition, an assessment of the potential ecotoxic risk of the target OMPs to aquatic organisms was conducted. Water samples were analyzed for the target OMPs using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). All the target PCPs were found in all the water samples with the exception of musk ketone and 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol. Triclosan (89-1400 ng L-1), benzophenone (36-1300 ng L-1), and 4-methylbenzylidine camphor (21-1500 ng L-1) were the most predominant PCPs. All the six plasticizers were found in all the water samples with dibutyl phthalate (350-16 000 ng L-1), and bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (210-23 000 ng L-1) detected at the highest concentrations. Five OPFRs out of the eight targeted were found in all the water samples. Tricresyl phosphate (25-8100 ng L-1), tris-(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (24-6500 ng L-1) and triphenyl phosphate (54-4300 ng L-1) were the most dominant OPFRs. The highest concentrations of OMPs were recorded in Murchison and Thurston Bays, presumably due to industrial wastewater effluents from the highly industrialized localities of the two Bays. Ecotoxicological risk assessment showed that PCPs (triclosan, musk ketone, and 4-MBC), plasticizers (dibutyl phthalate, bis-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate and bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate) and OPFRs (tricresyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphate and tris-(2-chloroethyl) phosphate) pose a high ecotoxic risk to lives of aquatic organisms (risk quotients, RQ > 1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Nantaba
- Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Wolf-Ulrich Palm
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Germany
| | - John Wasswa
- Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Hindrik Bouwman
- Research Unit: Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Henrik Kylin
- Research Unit: Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Department of Thematic Research - Environmental Change, Linköping University, SE-58183, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Klaus Kümmerer
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Germany
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Kanda K, Ito S, Koh DH, Kim EY, Iwata H. Effects of tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate exposure on chicken embryos in a shell-less incubation system. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 207:111263. [PMID: 32916532 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) is an organophosphate flame retardant that used in textiles, industrial materials, and furniture to delay the spread of fire after ignition. TCEP has been detected in the tissues and eggs of fish and birds. However, there are no studies regarding the effects of TCEP on avian embryos. In the present study, we investigated the developmental toxicity of TCEP exposure on chicken embryos in a shell-less incubation system, which enables in situ observation. Chicken embryos were treated with graded doses of TCEP (50, 250, and 500 nmol/g egg) on incubation day 0. The survival rate, morphological biometrics, heart rate, and length and branch number of extraembryonic blood vessels were measured on incubation days 3-9. Survival rates were reduced from incubation day 3 and were significantly decreased until day 9. Body length, head + bill length and eye diameter were significantly reduced by TCEP exposure. Regarding skeletal effects, spine length was decreased in a dose-dependent manner on day 9. Body weight on day 9 significantly reduced in all TCEP treatment groups. These results suggest that TCEP exposure to >50 nmol/g egg retards development in chicken embryos. TCEP exposure to 500 nmol/g egg significantly increased heart weight to body weight ratio in the embryos. More than 250 nmol/g egg of TCEP significantly reduced the heart rate of embryos in the early developmental stage. The formation of extraembryonic blood vessels and the number of erythrocytes were significantly reduced even with 50 nmol/g egg of TCEP. These findings suggest that TCEP exposure specifically affects the cardiovascular system in chicken embryos, which leads to developmental delay. The results of this study also demonstrate that the shell-less incubation system can be used to continuously monitor the effects of chemicals on developing avian embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Kanda
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Shohei Ito
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Dong-Hee Koh
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science and Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Young Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science and Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hisato Iwata
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan.
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68
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Son Y, Lee YM, Zoh KD. Kinetics and degradation mechanism of tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate in the UV/H 2O 2 reaction. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 260:127461. [PMID: 32673865 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) is a chlorinated organic phosphate used in various applications as a flame retardant and plasticizer. TCPP is a known suspected carcinogen and is not effectively removed by traditional water treatments such as biological, chlorination, and UV irradiation. In this study, the UV/H2O2 reaction was employed to degrade TCPP in water. TCPP was effectively degraded in the UV/H2O2 reaction by pseudofirst-order kinetics. The second-order rate constant of the reaction between the TCPP and OH radical was determined to be 4.35 (±0.13) × 108 M-1 s-1 using the competition kinetics with nitrobenzene as a reference compound. The degradation of TCPP was affected by the amount of H2O2, pH, and coexisting water components such as HCO3-, NO3-, and humic acid. Approximately 64.2% of total organic carbon (TOC) in TCPP was mineralized in 12 h during the UV/H2O2 reaction, whereas chloride (Cl-) and phosphate (PO43-) ions were identified as ionic byproducts with the recoveries of 96% chlorine (Cl) and 50% phosphorus (P). Five organic transformation products (TPs) of TCPP were also identified using LC-qTOF/MS. Considering the identified TPs, the main degradation pathway of TCPP during the UV/H2O2 reaction was found to be OH-radical-induced hydroxylation. Finally, a 70% decrease in bioluminescence inhibition in Vibrio fischeri was observed during the UV/H2O2 reaction, and the time-toxicity profile was similar to the time-peak area profile of TPs. The result of this study implies that TCPP can be efficiently removed with significant mineralization and toxicity reduction by the UV/H2O2 process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeongjo Son
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Institute of Health & Environment, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Young-Min Lee
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Duk Zoh
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Institute of Health & Environment, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea; Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
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Cui H, Chang Y, Jiang X, Li M. Triphenyl phosphate exposure induces kidney structural damage and gut microbiota disorders in mice under different diets. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 144:106054. [PMID: 32818822 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of humans to organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) and the consequent health risk have increased owing to the latter's widespread application. Although triphenyl phosphate (TPP), an OPFR, is a potential chemical determinant of liver function damage, its effects on kidney function in mice under high fructose/fat (HFF) diet are still unclear. In this study, C57BL/6J mice were fed HFF to generate an obesity model and mice were exposed to low dose (0.01 mg/kg/day; TPP-L) and high dose (1 mg/kg/day; TPP-H) of TPP for 12 weeks. Results showed that TPP-L and TPP-H combined with HFF, as well as TPP-H alone, caused kidney structural damage and gut microbiota disorders in mice. Inflammatory response induced by nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB p65)/nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) and caspase-3 promoted kidney structure damage, as well as accumulation of triglyceride and total cholesterol and the protein residues in urine. Although TPP-L did not cause obvious structural damage in the kidneys, 0.01 mg/kg TPP induced significant inflammation and gut microbiota disorders. These findings provide new insights regarding health risk assessment after chronic exposure to TPP and HFF alone, as well as a combination of TPP with HFF in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yeqian Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaofeng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Choo G, Oh JE. Seasonal occurrence and removal of organophosphate esters in conventional and advanced drinking water treatment plants. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 186:116359. [PMID: 32898789 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the fate of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in conventional and advanced drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) was investigated in field scale. In addition, the risk of OPEs by drinking water was assessed. The average total OPE concentrations in raw and treated water were lower in the rainy season (94.3 and 57.1 ng/L, respectively) than dry season (163 and 84.2 ng/L, respectively). Advanced DWTPs showed better removal efficiencies of major OPEs rather than those in conventional DWTPs. The average removal rates for two chlorinated OPEs, including tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (TCEP) and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TCIPP), were negative (TCEP: -87%, TCIPP: -41%) for a conventional DWTP but positive (TCEP: 46%, TCIPP: 49%) for advanced DWTPs using granular activated carbon filtration. The average removal rates for advanced DWTPs were statistically higher for the alkyl/aryl OPEs, tri-n-butyl phosphate (TNBP: 67%) and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP: 63%), than those for the conventional DWTPs (TNBP: 21%, TBOEP: 25%). The hazardous quotient (HQ) of major OPEs were lower for advanced DWTPs and water irrigated from upstream sties/reservoir compared to that of conventional DWTPs and water irrigated from downstream sites. We believe that this is the first comparison of OPE removal efficiencies achieved in conventional and advanced DWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyojin Choo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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71
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Wang Y, Li Z, Tan F, Xu Y, Zhao H, Chen J. Occurrence and air-soil exchange of organophosphate flame retardants in the air and soil of Dalian, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114850. [PMID: 32474341 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the concentrations, distributions, potential sources, and air-soil exchange of 10 OPFRs in the air and soil of Dalian. The concentrations of Σ10OPFRs in the soil were in the range of 1.07-288 ng/g (mean: 14.0 ng/g), while the concentrations of Σ10OPFRs in the passive air samples were in the range of 313-4760 pg/m3 (mean: 1630 pg/m3). Generally, the concentrations of OPFRs are relatively high in urban areas compared with those in suburban and rural areas, indicating the influence of intensive anthropogenic activities on local OPFR concentrations. Tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) was the most abundant congener, followed by tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TNBP). Spearman correlation analysis illustrated that OPFRs in the air shared common sources, while the sources of OPFRs in the soil were diverse. Net volatilization of TNBP from the soil to the air was observed at all sampling sites, whereas opposite trends were observed for TCIPP, TDCIPP, TBOEP, TPHP, EHDPP, TEHP, TPPO, and TMPP. The exchange trends of TCEP were characterized as volatilization in urban areas, but equilibrium in rural ones. TCEP showed the highest volatilization flux (1100 ng/m3/d), whereas TCIPP showed the highest deposition flux (-171 ng/m3/d). The significant diffusive fluxes of certain OPFRs, especially of those with suspected toxicities, suggested potential high exposure levels to these chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Feng Tan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
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72
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Zhang D, Li S, Zhu F, Li C, Xu Y, Qing D, Wang J. The influence of an upgrade on the reduction of organophosphate flame retardants in a wastewater treatment plant. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 256:126895. [PMID: 32460157 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The appearance of an increased amount of organophosphate flame retardant (OPFRs) in natural water is related the treated effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and thus understanding the OPFRs concentration and reduction variation in WWTPs would provide valuable insight into OPFR management and reduction. In this study, we have analyzed OPFRs (10 kinds: tris(chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP), tris(1,3-dichloropropyl) phosphate (TDCP), tris(phenyl) phosphate (TPhP), tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP), diphenylcresylphosphate (DCP), tris(methylphenyl) phosphate (TCP), tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDP), and tris(butyl) phosphate (TBP)) in both water and sludge samples collected from different phases of a WWTP upgrading. The results show that TCPP and TCEP were mainly present in the aqueous phase, whereas TEHP dominated in the solid phase. The overall OPFR reduction efficiencies were above 40% through whole treatment processes by all the phases. More OPFRs reduction efficiency in primary sedimentation tanks was higher mainly because of bigger tank volume. The anaerobic zone in all cases could decrease OPFRs by over 13%. The removal of OPFRs in the oxic zone highly varied under the influence of the aeration pipe, water temperature, and aeration amount. Compared with chlorinated OPFRs, aryl and alkyl OPFRs were easier to reduce and less affected by the upgrading. Because OPFRs have been widely used in plastic materials such as pipes, WWTP upgrading - which usually requires more aeration and addition of reagents and instruments and the aim of which is normally to reduce more COD, N and P -- has introduced more OPFRs into the water within the WWTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongrui Zhang
- School of Environment & Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, No. 59 Zhongguancundajie Road, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Shenghong Li
- School of Environment & Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, No. 59 Zhongguancundajie Road, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Fenfen Zhu
- School of Environment & Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, No. 59 Zhongguancundajie Road, Beijing, 100872, China.
| | - Chenghui Li
- School of Environment & Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, No. 59 Zhongguancundajie Road, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Yiping Xu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Dahan Qing
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Research Center, Beijing Drainage Group, Beijing, 100124, China
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73
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Xing L, Tao M, Zhang Q, Kong M, Sun J, Jia S, Liu CH. Occurrence, spatial distribution and risk assessment of organophosphate esters in surface water from the lower Yangtze River Basin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 734:139380. [PMID: 32464373 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are extensively used as flame retardants and plasticizers in China; however, their potential carcinogenicity causes great concern. To date, their environmental distribution in water samples from the lower Yangtze River Basin still remains uncharacterized. This study systematically investigated the occurrence and spatial distribution of 13 OPEs, as well as their associated potential risks, in water samples from the lower Yangtze River and its 88 major inflowing rivers. The total OPE (ΣOPEs) concentrations ranged from 55.6 to 5071 ng/L, with a median of 144 ng/L. Among them, halogenated OPEs were the dominant group with an average of 61.6%, and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (12.6-450 ng/L, median: 53.38 ng/L) and tris(2-choroethyl) phosphate (11.0-1202 ng/L, median: 36.4 ng/L) were the most abundant OPEs. Significantly different concentrations were found with spatial variations (p < 0.01), and were higher in southern cities than in northern cities of the lower Yangtze River Basin. Principal component analysis with multiple linear regression and Spearman correlations showed that the main sources were likely emission of vehicular and marine traffic. Ecological risk analysis showed that the risk quotient (RQ) values of samples remained below 1, but the percentage of 0.1 < RQ ≤ 1 was 26.9%, indicating a medium risk of OPEs in water samples. Moreover, ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate predominantly contributed to the ecological risk, accounting for >89.2% of the total ecological risk of ΣOPEs. However, the total non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of ΣOPEs were negligible at the detected concentrations, even in a high exposure scenario. The risks from major inflowing rivers of the lower Yangtze River were almost one order of magnitude higher than those of the mainstream lower Yangtze River.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Nanjing University & Yancheng Academy of Environmental Protection Technology and Engineering, Yancheng 224000, China
| | - Meng Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, No.8 Jiangwangmiao Street, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Ming Kong
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, No.8 Jiangwangmiao Street, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Suzhou Capital Greinworth Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd, Suzhou 215216, China
| | - Shuyu Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Chang-Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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74
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Wang X, Zhu Q, Yan X, Wang Y, Liao C, Jiang G. A review of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in the environment: Analysis, occurrence and risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 731:139071. [PMID: 32438088 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are used as additives in flame retardants and plasticizers. Due to phase out of several congeners of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), the application of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) is continuously increasing over the years. As a consequence, large amounts of OPEs enter the environment. Sewage and solid waste (especially e-waste) treatment plants are the important sources of OPEs released to the environment. Other sources include emissions of OPE-containing materials and vehicle fuel into the atmosphere. OPEs are widely detected in air, dust, water, soil, sediment and sludge. To know the pollution situation of OPEs, a variety of methods on their pretreatment and determination have been developed. We discussed and compared the analytical methods of OPEs, including extraction, purification as well as GC- and LC-based determination techniques. Much attention has been paid to OPEs because some of them are recognized highly toxic to biota, and the toxicological investigations of the most concerned OPEs were summarized. Risk assessments showed that the aquatic and benthic environments in some regions are under considerable ecological risks of OPEs. Finally, we pointed out problems in the current studies on OPEs and provided some suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xueting Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China
| | - Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China
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75
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Na G, Hou C, Li R, Shi Y, Gao H, Jin S, Gao Y, Jiao L, Cai Y. Occurrence, distribution, air-seawater exchange and atmospheric deposition of organophosphate esters (OPEs) from the Northwestern Pacific to the Arctic Ocean. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 157:111243. [PMID: 32469743 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Eleven organophosphate esters (OPEs) in air and seawater were investigated from the Northwestern Pacific to the Arctic Ocean. The concentration of Σ11OPEs in air and seawater ranged from 231.56 to 1884.25 pg/m3 and from 8.47 to 143.45 ng/L, respectively. Halogenated OPEs dominated in both two media. The slight decreasing trend was observed for OPEs in gaseous air, no obvious trend for particle-bound OPEs and in seawater. The net air-seawater exchange flux ranged from -792.68 to 590.29 pg/m2/day. The dry deposition flux ranged from 16.4 to 185 ng/m2/day with high value observed at the Bering Strait (64.70 ng/m2/day). The relationship between temperature and OPEs particle-bound fractions suggests that temperature might be a driving factor of OPEs long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT). This research highlighted that OPEs are subject to LRAT from the Asian continent to the northwestern Pacific and Arctic Oceans and demonstrated the "sink" in polar regions of OPEs atmospheric transportation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangshui Na
- College of Marine Environment and Ecology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China; Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China.
| | - Chao Hou
- College of Marine Environment and Ecology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ruijing Li
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yali Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Hui Gao
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Shuaichen Jin
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yunze Gao
- College of Marine Environment and Ecology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Liping Jiao
- Third Institute Of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, P.R.C, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yaqi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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76
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Liu Q, Tang X, Jian X, Yang Y, Ma W, Wang Y, Zhang X. Toxic effect and mechanism of tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCPP) on the marine alga Phaeodactylum tricornutum. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 252:126467. [PMID: 32222518 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCPP) is an organophosphate-based plasticizer and flame retardant with a high production volume. The ubiquitous distribution and persistence of TDCPP in aquatic environment have led to concerns over its possible toxic effects on aquatic organism. However, data regarding the toxicity of TDCPP on algae are limited, and the molecular mechanism remains largely unknown. Therefore, we determined the growth characteristics, physiological changes and transcriptome profiles of Phaeodactylum tricornutum in response to 4 mg L-1 TDCPP for 24 h. TDCPP caused morphological damage and growth inhibition with an EC50 value of 3.71 mg L-1 at 96 h. A decline in pigments and photosynthetic activity was observed, indicating the occurrence of photosynthesis inhibition. Although the activities of both glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase were stimulated, oxidative stress was not relieved in the algal cells, as evidenced by the elevated levels of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation. Transcriptomic analyses revealed 3312 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and photosynthesis was a key target, as genes related to this process were greatly altered under TDCPP stress. Moreover, some DEGs were also enriched in amino acid metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, nucleotide metabolism and lipid metabolism, implying that TDCPP-induced damage towards algae by various pathways. Additionally, several TFs related to stress signaling were differentially expressed, suggesting roles in the TDCPP stress response. The results will provide critical data to understand the ecological risks and toxic mechanism of OPFRs entering into marine habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xuexi Tang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Xiaoyang Jian
- North China Sea Environmental Monitoring Center, State Oceanic Administration, Fushun Road 22, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266033, China
| | - Yingying Yang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Wenqian Ma
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - You Wang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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77
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Li Y, Kang Q, Chen R, He J, Liu L, Wang L, Hu J. 2-Ethylhexyl Diphenyl Phosphate and Its Hydroxylated Metabolites are Anti-androgenic and Cause Adverse Reproductive Outcomes in Male Japanese Medaka ( Oryzias latipes). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:8919-8925. [PMID: 32559385 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although high concentrations of 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) have been detected in wild fish, its reproductive toxicity in fish remains unclear. In this study, we for the first time observed that EHDPP elicited androgen receptor (AR) antagonistic activity with a 50% inhibitory concentration of 37.5 μM. 2-Ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl diphenyl phosphate was proved to be the dominant metabolite of EHDPP in Japanese medaka and elicited 3.1-fold stronger AR antagonistic activity than that of EHDPP. Medaka larvae (0-day post hatching) were exposed to EHDPP for 100 days, and intersex was observed in males from all exposure groups with significantly increased incidence (13.5-48.6%). 17β-E2 was promoted at 104 ng/L, and androgens were suppressed at 434 ng/L, which account for the intersex incidence in the high-exposure groups but do not explain the significant incidence of intersex in the 29.9 ng/L exposure group. The AR antagonistic activity of EHDPP and its metabolites must therefore play a key role in intersex incidence. EHDPP also significantly (p < 0.05) repressed reproductive behaviors of males in the 434 ng/L group and decreased fertility in high-exposure groups compared with the control. All the adverse outcomes were observed under environmentally relevant concentrations, implying that EHDPP poses an ecological risk for wild fish populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qiyue Kang
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ruichao Chen
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianwu He
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Liu Liu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lei Wang
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianying Hu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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78
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Ji X, Li N, Ma M, Rao K, Wang Z. In vitro estrogen-disrupting effects of organophosphate flame retardants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 727:138484. [PMID: 32330712 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), as substitutes for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), are frequently detected in the environment and biota due to their widespread use. Thus, there is a need to investigate their potential estrogen-disrupting effects and possible mechanisms of action in an effort to obtain a better risk assessment. In this study, we characterized the activities on estrogen receptor α (ERα) and the estrogen-disrupting potential of fourteen OPFRs, TMP, TEP, TPP, TnBP, TiBP, THP, TPhP, TCP, DPK, MDPP, IDPP, CDP, IPPDP and MPhP, using three in vitro assays representing different specific modes of action (MoAs). In the yeast two-hybrid assay, no OPFRs induced agonistic activity, but TiBP, DPK, TPhP, MDPP, CDP and IPPDP were shown to be hydrophobicity-dependent antagonists and to compete with E2 for binding to ERα. In the MVLN cell assay, TPhP was the only OPFR among the 14 tested that was able to activate ERα-estrogen responsive element (ERE) pathways. The results from the E-SCREEN assay showed that all tested OPFRs except TMP had estrogenic properties, and G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30) was involved in the estrogenicity of eight OPFRs, TiBP, THP, TPhP, TCP, MDPP, IPPDP, CDP and MPhP. It was also found that in the E-SCREEN assay, the estrogenicity of alkyl-OPFRs but not aryl-OPFRs was closely correlated to hydrophobicity. Our research suggested that most OPFRs were estrogen disruptors, but their related mechanisms were complex and might involve ERα-mediated and/or ERα-independent pathways. Further in vitro studies concerning the estrogenic effects and involved mechanisms of OPFRs, as well as comprehensive evaluations of OPFRs including health and ecological assessments are needed to determine whether they are safe substitutes for PBDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoya Ji
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Mei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Kaifeng Rao
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zijian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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79
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Kroon FJ, Berry KLE, Brinkman DL, Kookana R, Leusch FDL, Melvin SD, Neale PA, Negri AP, Puotinen M, Tsang JJ, van de Merwe JP, Williams M. Sources, presence and potential effects of contaminants of emerging concern in the marine environments of the Great Barrier Reef and Torres Strait, Australia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 719:135140. [PMID: 31859059 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Current policy and management for marine water quality in the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) in north-eastern Australia primarily focusses on sediment, nutrients and pesticides derived from diffuse source pollution related to agricultural land uses. In addition, contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) are known to be present in the marine environments of the GBR and the adjacent Torres Strait (TS). Current and projected agricultural, urban and industrial developments are likely to increase the sources and diversity of CECs being released into these marine ecosystems. In this review, we evaluate the sources, presence and potential effects of six different categories of CECs known to be present, or likely to be present, in the GBR and TS marine ecosystems. Specifically, we summarize available monitoring, source and effect information for antifouling paints; coal dust and particles; heavy/trace metals and metalloids; marine debris and microplastics; pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs); and petroleum hydrocarbons. Our study highlights the lack of (available) monitoring data for most of these CECs, and recommends: (i) the inclusion of all relevant environmental data into integrated databases for building marine baselines for the GBR and TS regions, and (ii) the implementation of local, targeted monitoring programs informed by predictive methods for risk prioritization. Further, our spatial representation of the known and likely sources of these CECs will contribute to future ecological risk assessments of CECs to the GBR and TS marine environments, including risks relative to those identified for sediment, nutrients and pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederieke J Kroon
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia.
| | - Kathryn L E Berry
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia; James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia
| | - Diane L Brinkman
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia
| | - Rai Kookana
- CSIRO Land and Water, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Frederic D L Leusch
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Steven D Melvin
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Peta A Neale
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Andrew P Negri
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia
| | - Marji Puotinen
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Jeffrey J Tsang
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Darwin, NT 0811, Australia
| | - Jason P van de Merwe
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
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Chen R, Yin H, Peng H, Wei X, Yu X, Xie D, Lu G, Dang Z. Removal of triphenyl phosphate by nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) activated bisulfite: Performance, surface reaction mechanism and sulfate radical-mediated degradation pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 260:113983. [PMID: 31991355 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.113983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recently, sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs) have been studied extensively for the removal of pollutants, however, few researches focused on the activation of bisulfite by nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI), especially, surface reaction mechanism and sulfate radical-mediated degradation pathway have not been elucidated in detail. In this study, influencing factors, the kinetics, transformation pathway and mechanism of triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) degradation in the nZVI/bisulfite system were systematically discussed. Compared with Fe2+, nZVI was found to be a more efficient and long-lasting activator of bisulfite via gradual generation of iron ions. The optimal degradation efficiency of TPHP (98.2%) and pseudo-first-order kinetics rate constant (kobs = 0.2784 min-1) were obtained by using 0.5 mM nZVI and 2.0 mM bisulfite at the initial pH 3.0. Both Cl- and NO3- inhibited the degradation of TPHP and the inhibitory effect of Cl- was stronger than that of NO3- due to the higher reaction rate of Cl- with •SO4-. Furthermore, SEM, XRD and XPS characterization revealed that a thin passivation layer (Fe2O3, Fe3O4, FeOOH) deposited on the surface of fresh nZVI and a few iron corrosion products generated and assembled on the surface of reacted nZVI. Radical quenching tests identified that •SO4- was the dominant reactive oxidative species (ROS) for TPHP removal. Based on HRMS analysis, six degradation products were determined and a sulfate radical-mediated degradation pathway was proposed. In a word, this study revealed that the nZVI/bisulfite system had a great potential for the TPHP elimination in waterbody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Hua Yin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Xipeng Wei
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaolong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Danping Xie
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, Guangdong, China
| | - Guining Lu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
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81
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Shi Y, Zhang Y, Du Y, Kong D, Wu Q, Hong Y, Wang Y, Tam NFY, Leung JYS. Occurrence, composition and biological risk of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in water of the Pearl River Estuary, South China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:14852-14862. [PMID: 32060833 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08001-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Since the production of brominated flame retardants has been gradually phased out, organophosphate esters (OPEs) are increasingly used as the substitutes. Given their toxicity and water solubility, OPEs may jeopardize the aquatic environment and organisms. Here, we examined the concentration, composition, and biological risk of OPEs in the water collected from the eight major waterways in the Pearl River Delta, a highly industrialized region in China. We found a widespread occurrence of OPEs in this region (∑9OPEs: 134 to 442 ng L-1), dominated by TCPP, TCEP, and TnBP. Halogenated OPEs were dominant over alkyl and aromatic OPEs. The biological risk of OPEs, mainly contributed by TPhP and TnBP, was low (RQ < 0.1). The contamination level of OPEs in the Pearl River Delta was likely associated with the degree of industrial activities. Although OPEs posed low risk to aquatic organisms, more attention should be paid to some OPEs in the future, such as TnBP, due to the high usage and toxicity. Considering the concentrations of OPEs worldwide and their usage, OPEs may become the emerging pollutants of global concern in the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Shi
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Monitoring and Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Ecology and Environment Administration of Pearl River Valley and South China Sea, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510611, China
| | - Yongming Du
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Deguan Kong
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qihang Wu
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Yiguo Hong
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Nora F Y Tam
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jonathan Y S Leung
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.
- Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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82
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Li Y, Yao C, Zheng Q, Yang W, Niu X, Zhang Y, Lu G. Occurrence and ecological implications of organophosphate triesters and diester degradation products in wastewater, river water, and tap water. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 259:113810. [PMID: 31884214 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and composition profiles of 13 triester organophosphate flame retardants and their three diester metabolites in river water, wastewater, and tap water in China were studied. Most target organophosphate esters (OPEs) were found in water samples, with average concentrations of 787 ng/L for triethyl phosphate (TEP) and 0.1 ng/L for tripropyl phosphate (TPP) in wastewater, 1.48 × 103 ng/L for TEP and 0.12 ng/L for tripentyl phosphate (TPeP) in river water, and 15.5 ng/L for tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and 0.08 ng/L for tritolyl phosphate (TMPP) in tap water. TEP was the most abundant compound among the detected OPEs in all water types. The exposure of zebrafish embryos showed negligible effects of TEP, triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), and diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), while mixed solutions that mimic river water and wastewater composition disturbed the development of embryos and led to the altered transcription of genes relating to the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. In addition, the binding affinity between OPEs and a thyroid hormone receptor (TRβ) protein was further investigated by molecular docking modeling, which helped to estimate the effects of OPEs on TRβ. This research provides experimental and theoretical evidence for the ecotoxicological effects of OPEs in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, HoHai University, Nanjing, 210098, China.
| | - Chi Yao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, HoHai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Qiangxi Zheng
- Anhui Academy of Environmental Sciences Research, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Wen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, HoHai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Xiangming Niu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, HoHai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Yichun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, HoHai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Guanghua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, HoHai University, Nanjing, 210098, China.
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Liu T, Lu S, Wang R, Xu S, Qin P, Gao Y. Behavior of selected organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) and their influence on rhizospheric microorganisms after short-term exposure in integrated vertical-flow constructed wetlands (IVCWs). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 710:136403. [PMID: 31927294 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Considering its ubiquitous occurrence and potential adverse effects of organophosphorus flame retardant (OPFR), it is urgent to explore the efficient treatment for OPFRs wastewater. Thus, integrated vertical-flow constructed wetlands (IVCWs) were set up to comparatively evaluate their nitrogen removal capacity under tidal flow operations and to investigate environmental behavior and rhizosphere microbial responses after short-term exposure to three OPFRs. The results show that IVCWs have an excellent TN removal rate (628.13 ± 110.63 mg m-2 d-1) and moderate mitigation efficiencies (48.37 ± 9.52 to 82.28 ± 7.48%) for target OPFRs when treating low-C/N ratio wastewater. Moreover, the sorption of selected OPFRs to soil (28.85-308.41 ng g-1, dry weight (dw)), igneous rock (659.85-970.80 ng g-1 dw) and zeolite (1045.60-1351.70 ng g-1 dw) and accumulation in tissues of C. alternifolius (0-289.68 ng g-1 dw) and P. australis (0.56-108.22 ng g-1 dw) showed a hydrophobicity-specific feature. Namely, the highly hydrophobic compound tricresyl phosphate (TCrP) partitioned preferentially to sediment, and the chlorinated analytes were more easily taken up and then translocated into the plant body. Simultaneously, further mass balance analysis revealed the fate of OPFRs in IVCW components. A total of 53.25% of the highly hydrophobic TCrP inflow mass settled in sediment, while tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) were more liable to discharge (35.33-50.89%) and other pathways (38.77-39.87%). Furthermore, the abundance of aerobic denitrifying bacteria (AD) in rhizosphere soil (2.25-5.12%), jointly with the prevalence of nitrobacteria (NOBs, 1.84-13.60%) and denitrifying bacteria (DNBs, 5.84-7.89%) in sublayer matrices, was responsible for superior TN removal. Additionally, the rhizosphere microbial richness, diversity and nitrogen-related microorganisms were clearly influenced by the presence of OPFRs. Notably, the genera Pseudomonas and Sphingobium might be the functional microorganisms for mixture OPFRs biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Lake Dongtinghu (SEPSORSLD), National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria an Risk Assessment, Research Centre of Lake Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, People's Republic of China; College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Communication Planning & Design Institute Co., Ltd, Guangzhou 510507, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Lake Dongtinghu (SEPSORSLD), National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria an Risk Assessment, Research Centre of Lake Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ruowei Wang
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Shirong Xu
- College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Qin
- State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Lake Dongtinghu (SEPSORSLD), National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria an Risk Assessment, Research Centre of Lake Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, People's Republic of China; College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Yushan Gao
- College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
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84
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Wang L, Huang X, Laserna AKC, Li SFY. Metabolomics reveals that tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCPP) causes disruption of membrane lipids in microalga Scenedesmus obliquus. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 708:134498. [PMID: 31796289 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCPP) is one of the most widely used organophosphate ester flame retardants. The presence of TDCPP in surface waters and aquatic organisms have been reported worldwide, yet the ecological risk of TDCPP on microalgae is rarely studied. We investigated the biotransformation of TDCPP and its toxicity on the microalga Scenedesmus obliquus using an untargeted metabolomics approach. Exposure to TDCPP resulted in a dose-response decrease of micoalgal biomass. In the presence of microalgae, TDCPP concentration in the media decreased by 25.3-40.6% after 5 days. TDCPP metabolites were identified in the media including hydrolysis and hydroxyl-substituted dechlorination products. A dose-response separation of metabolic profiles of microalgae was observed, with effect seen at the lowest concentration of 10 µg/L tested, which is slightly higher than environmentally relevant concentrations. Differentiated metabolites identified include 52 lipids and 6 polar metabolites. Analysis of altered lipid pathways suggests that microalgal cells reinforce thylakoid membranes (function to protect photosynthesis) by compromising the integrity of plasma membrane (function to protect cellular substances) and extraplastidial cellular membranes. Changes in the polar metabolites might indicate osmotic stress and improved NO signaling after TDCPP exposure. Consistent with perturbation of membrane lipids, further experiment confirmed that exposure to 10 mg/L TDCPP resulted in significant (p < 0.01) plasma membrane damage. This study indicates biotransformation and the membrane damage toxicity mechanism of TDCPP on S. obliquus, demonstrating the usefulness of metabolomics for the toxicity mechanism elucidation of emerging pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore; MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xulei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore
| | | | - Sam Fong Yau Li
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore; NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), #02-01, T-Lab Building (TL), 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore.
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85
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Wang P, Li D, Fan X, Hu B, Wang X. Sorption and desorption behaviors of triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) and its degradation intermediates on aquatic sediments. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 385:121574. [PMID: 31732336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) can biodegrade extensively in sediments, researches should further the understanding of the fate and transport of TPhP and its degradation intermediates in the environment. Therefore, the sorption/desorption behaviors of TPhP, diphenyl phosphate (DPhP) and phenyl phosphate (PhP) on sediments were investigated. The kinetic process was well-fitted by pseudo-second-order model, suggesting that chemisorption was involved. And the Langmuir model could describe the sorption isotherms of TPhP and DPhP well except for PhP. The redundancy analysis revealed that the sorption amount had a positive correlation with sediment organic matter, zeta potential and C/H of sediments. Besides the sorption/desorption behaviors were greatly influenced by the physicochemical properties of the sorbates. PhP with high molecular electrostatic potential (0.132 e0) was prone to protonation and formed hydrogen bonds, leading to higher sorption. Furthermore, hydrophobicity, π-π interactions, Lewis acid-base interaction and hydrogen bonding were involved in the sorption process and resulted in nonlinear sorption isotherms. TPhP, DPhP and PhP exhibited apparent desorption hysteresis on the sediments. Sediments with organic matter removed, which have complex pore distributions, exhibited more hysteresis. These results may contribute to the risk assessment and fate modeling of TPhP and its degradation products in sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peifang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China.
| | - Dandan Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Xiulei Fan
- School of Environmental Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, 221018, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Xun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
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86
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Sun S, Jiang J, Zhao H, Wan H, Qu B. Photochemical reaction of tricresyl phosphate (TCP) in aqueous solution: Influencing factors and photolysis products. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 241:124971. [PMID: 31590024 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate triesters (OPEs) have caused great concern as a class of emerging environmental contaminants due to their widespread use and their toxicity to organisms. However, the phototransformation behavior of OPE is still not fully understood, which is important for understanding their environmental fate. In the present study, the photodegradation of tricresyl phosphate (TCP), one of the most widely detected OPEs in aqueous environments, was investigated including the direct photolysis and in the presence of several natural water factors, NO2-, Fe3+ and humic acid. The degradation process followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics, with rate constant increasing slightly with increasing initial TCP concentration. The presence of NO2- and Fe3+ was observed to promote the photochemical loss of TCP, while humic acid played a negative role on TCP transformation. Electron spin resonance (EPR) analysis showed that carbon-centered radical was produced in the photolysis process of TCP, and hydroxyl radical contributed to the promotion of rate constant for Fe3+ and NO2-. Four photolysis products were tentatively identified by HPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS analysis, and the possible degradation pathways of TCP were proposed. These findings provide a meaningful reference for the fate and transformation of OPEs in natural water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jingqiu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Huihui Wan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Analytical Center, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Baocheng Qu
- College of Marine Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116024, China.
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87
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Hai Y, Wang C, Jiang S, Liu X. Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Aerogel and Alginate toward Self-Extinguishing Flexible Polyurethane Foam. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b05590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hai
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| | - Chuhui Wang
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| | - Saihua Jiang
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| | - Xinyi Liu
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
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88
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Xiong P, Yan X, Zhu Q, Qu G, Shi J, Liao C, Jiang G. A Review of Environmental Occurrence, Fate, and Toxicity of Novel Brominated Flame Retardants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:13551-13569. [PMID: 31682424 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Use of legacy brominated flame retardants (BFRs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), has been reduced due to adverse effects of these chemicals. Several novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), such decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), have been developed as replacements for PBDEs. NBFRs are used in various industrial and consumer products, which leads to their ubiquitous occurrence in the environment. This article reviews occurrence and fate of a select group of NBFRs in the environment, as well as their human exposure and toxicity. Occurrence of NBFRs in both abiotic, including air, water, dust, soil, sediment and sludge, and biotic matrices, including bird, fish, and human serum, have been documented. Evidence regarding the degradation, including photodegradation, thermal degradation and biodegradation, and bioaccumulation and biomagnification of NBFRs is summarized. The toxicity data of NBFRs show that several NBFRs can cause adverse effects through different modes of action, such as hormone disruption, endocrine disruption, genotoxicity, and behavioral modification. The primary ecological risk assessment shows that most NBFRs exert no significant environmental risk, but it is worth noting that the result should be carefully used owing to the limited toxicity data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Xueting Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Guangbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
- Institute of Environment and Health , Jianghan University , Wuhan , Hubei 430056 , China
| | - Jianbo Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
- Institute of Environment and Health , Jianghan University , Wuhan , Hubei 430056 , China
| | - Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
- Institute of Environment and Health , Jianghan University , Wuhan , Hubei 430056 , China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
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89
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Liu Z, Deng M, Wu Q, Kuo DTF, Zeng L, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Liu X, Liu S, Liang J, Hu X, Mai B. Occurrence, seasonal variation and environmental impact of phosphorus flame retardants in a large scale wastewater treatment plant. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:36333-36342. [PMID: 31713826 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06670-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence, seasonal variation and emission of nine widely used phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) were investigated in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) located in Guangzhou, China, over 1 year. Results showed that PFRs were widely detected in wastewater and sewage sludge. Tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) was the most dominant PFRs in influent, effluent, and sludge. Significant seasonal variation of total PFRs in the influent was observed (p < 0.05). However, no significant seasonal variation found in chlorinated and alkyl PFRs. The emission of PFRs was comparable with the previously reported values of decabromodiphenyl ether in WWTPs. Risk quotient for PFRs showed low eco-toxicity risk in effluent for aquatic organisms. Since the removal efficiency of total PFRs was less than 30% and the use of PFRs had been increasing, continuous monitoring of the environmental impact on the receiving water is still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhineng Liu
- School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Mingjun Deng
- School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qihang Wu
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- Rural Non-point Source Pollution Comprehensive Management Technology Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Dave T F Kuo
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Lixi Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zhu Wang
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Rural Non-point Source Pollution Comprehensive Management Technology Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Monitoring and Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Ecology and Environment Administration of Pearl River Valley and South China Sea, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510611, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Monitoring Centre of Pearl River Valley Aquatic Environment, Guangzhou, 510611, China
| | - Shengyu Liu
- Monitoring Centre of Pearl River Valley Aquatic Environment, Guangzhou, 510611, China
| | - Junyan Liang
- School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaodong Hu
- School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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90
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Gustavsson J, Wiberg K, Nguyen MA, Josefsson S, Laudon H, Ahrens L. Seasonal trends of legacy and alternative flame retardants in river water in a boreal catchment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 692:1097-1105. [PMID: 31539941 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Boreal forests store large amounts of atmospherically deposited (semi-)persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The terrestrial POPs may be exported to streams and rivers through processes that are heavily impacted by seasonality. In this screening study, concentrations of 4 legacy and 45 alternative flame retardants (FRs) were determined in the dissolved and particulate phase in streams within a relatively pristine boreal catchment in northern Europe (Krycklan Catchment Study; 3 sites) and in rivers more impacted by human activities further downstream towards the Baltic Sea (3 sites). The sampling included the main hydrological seasons (snow-free, snow-covered, and spring flood) and was conducted during two consecutive years (2014-2016). Of the 49 analyzed FRs, 11 alternative halogenated FRs (HFRs), 13 alternative organophosphorus FRs (OPFRs), and 4 legacy polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were detected in at least one sample. The average bulk (dissolved + particulate) concentrations of ∑FRs (including all sites) were highest for ∑HFRs (38 ± 70 ng L-1), followed by the ∑OPFRs (3.9 ± 4.9 ng L-1) and the ∑PBDEs (0.0040 ± 0.016 ng L-1). Bulk concentrations of HFRs, OPFRs, and PBDEs were highly variable with season and sampling location, e.g., during spring flood, bulk concentrations were up to 600 times, 3.7 times, and 4.9 times higher for HFRs, OPFRs and PBDEs, respectively, than during periods of lower flow. Bulk concentrations of ∑OPFRs, were elevated at all sites ~6 days before the actual start of the spring flood in 2015, suggesting that hydrophobicity fractionation had occurred within the snowpack. Similar to previous studies of other POPs in the same headwater catchment, there was a general trend that levels of ∑FRs were higher at the mire site than at the forested site. Annual fluxes of FRs were found to be ~15 times higher downstream the city of Umeå compared to at the outlet of the pristine catchment. This study should be regarded as a screening study considering the large number of diverse FRs analyzed and variability in the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Gustavsson
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Karin Wiberg
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Minh A Nguyen
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sarah Josefsson
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden; Geological Survey of Sweden, Box 670, 75128 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hjalmar Laudon
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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91
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Bekele TG, Zhao H, Wang Q, Chen J. Bioaccumulation and Trophic Transfer of Emerging Organophosphate Flame Retardants in the Marine Food Webs of Laizhou Bay, North China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:13417-13426. [PMID: 31693343 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite the increase in production, usage, and discharge of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), little information is available about their bioaccumulation and trophic transfer in the marine food web. In this study, seawater, sediment, and marine species (10 fish and 9 invertebrate species) collected from Laizhou Bay, North China, were analyzed to investigate the levels, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification of OPFRs in a marine food web. Of 20 OPFRs screened for, 17 were quantifiable in seawater, sediment, and organisms. The ∑OPFRs concentrations ranged from 0.2 to 28.4 ng/L in seawater, 0.1-96.9 ng/g dry weight in sediment, and 21.1-3510 ng/g lipid weight in organisms. Benthic fish accumulated more OPFRs than pelagic fish and invertebrates. A linear and significant increase of bioaccumulation factors with increasing lipophilicity of OPFRs was observed (R2 = 0.63, p < 0.05), and the biota-sediment accumulation factors increased with hydrophobicity up to log KOW = 4.59 and then decreased with increase in log KOW. Trophic magnification factors of OPFRs ranged from 1.06 to 2.52, indicating biomagnification potential of OPFRs in a marine food web. This study provides important insight into the biomagnification potential of OPFRs and suggests further investigation on this group of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadiyose Girma Bekele
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian , 116024 , China
- Department of Natural Resource Management , Arba Minch University , Arba Minch , 21, Ethiopia
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian , 116024 , China
| | - Qingzhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian , 116024 , China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian , 116024 , China
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92
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Fiaz M, Martínez LC, Plata-Rueda A, Gonçalves WG, de Souza DLL, Cossolin JFS, Carvalho PEGR, Martins GF, Serrão JE. Pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone analog, damages midgut cells and interferes with behaviors of Aedes aegypti larvae. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7489. [PMID: 31534837 PMCID: PMC6731771 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Juvenile hormone analogs (JHA) are known to interfere with growth and biosynthesis of insects with potential for insecticide action. However, there has been comparatively few data on morphological effects of JHA on insect organs. To determine pyriproxyfen effects on Aedes aegypti larvae, we conducted toxicity, behavioral bioassays and assessed ultrastructural effects of pyriproxyfen on midgut cells. A. aegypti larvae were exposed in aqueous solution of pyriproxyfen LC50 concentrations and evaluated for 24 h. This study fulfilled the toxic prevalence of pyriproxyfen to A. aegypti larvae (LC50 = 8.2 mg L-1). Behavioral observations confirmed that pyriproxyfen treatment significantly changes swimming behavior of larvae, limiting its displacement and speed. The pyriproxyfen causes remarkable histopathological and cytotoxic alterations in the midgut of larvae. Histopathological study reveals presence of cytoplasmic vacuolization and damage to brush border of the digestive cells. The main salient lesions of cytotoxic effects are occurrence of cell debris released into the midgut lumen, cytoplasm rich in lipid droplets, autophagosomes, disorganized microvilli and deformed mitochondria. Data suggest that pyriproxyfen can be used to help to control and eradicate this insect vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Fiaz
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luis Carlos Martínez
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Angelica Plata-Rueda
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - José Eduardo Serrão
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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93
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Distribution and ecological risk assessment of PEDCs in the water, sediment and Carex cinerascens of Poyang Lake wetland, China. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11302. [PMID: 31383923 PMCID: PMC6683139 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47864-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals (PEDCs), such as 4-nonylphenol (NP), 4-t-octylphenol (OP), bisphenol A (BPA), and nonylphenol-di-ethoxylate (NP2EO), can cause feminization and carcinogenesis. This study assessed the distributions of NP, OP, BPA, and NP2EO in the water, sediment, and Carex cinerascens of Poyang Lake wetland. The four PEDCs were ubiquitous. The concentrations of NP and OP in the water and sediment of the wetland were significantly lower than those in other regions of China. Average BPA concentrations in the water, sediment, and Carex cinerascens samples were 40.49 ± 18.42 ng/L, 9.840 ± 3.149 ng/g, and 3.25 ± 1.40 ng/g, respectively; the BPA concentration in the water was similar to that of other rivers in China. Average NP2EO concentrations in the wetland were 3125.9 ± 478.1 ng/L, 650.0 ± 209.9 ng/g, and 275.8 ± 59.0 ng/g in the water, sediment, and Carex cinerascens samples, respectively. The predicted no-effect concentrations in sediment for NP, OP, BPA, and NP2EO were estimated to be 75.41, 45.25, 8.22, and 237.5 ng/g, respectively. The risk quotient (RQ) method was used to characterise the ecological risk from these PEDCs. A high ecological risk (RQ ≥ 1) from BPA was observed for 0%, 57.69%, and 5.00% of water, sediment, and C. cinerascens samples, respectively, while a high risk from NP2EO was observed for 71.43%, 96.15%, and 55.00% of samples. Ecological risk varied spatially. The high ecological risk from NP2EO in Poyang Lake wetland may be a result of non-point pollution from rural areas and sewage from Poyang Lake basin.
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94
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Luo Q, Wang S, Adeel M, Shan Y, Wang H, Sun LN. Solvent demulsification-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic drop coupled with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for simultaneous determination of 13 organophosphate esters in aqueous samples. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11292. [PMID: 31383918 PMCID: PMC6683150 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47828-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study developed a novel method for the determination of 13 organophosphate esters (OPEs) in aqueous samples through the optimization of solvent demulsification-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic drop procedure coupled with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The proposed method was rapid and accurate and could be used in field applications. Under the most suitable conditions, the limit of detection and limit of quantification ranged from 0.16 ng/L to 20.0 ng/L and from 0.55 ng/L to 66.7 ng/L, respectively. The enrichment factors (EFs) ranged from 30 to 46. The relative standard deviations were less than 15%. The spiked recoveries ranged between 68.2% and 97.7% in the analysis of actual aqueous samples. The proposed method was convenient, environment friendly, and time and solvent saving and could be used in field applications compared with other methods. Various concentrations and types of OPEs were detected in tap water, river water, and effluent of sewage treatment plant. Effluent samples had the highest detected levels and types of OPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China.
| | - Shiyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Muhammad Adeel
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yue Shan
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Li-Na Sun
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
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95
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Hou L, Jiang J, Gan Z, Dai Y, Yang P, Yan Y, Ding S, Su S, Bao X. Spatial Distribution of Organophosphorus and Brominated Flame Retardants in Surface Water, Sediment, Groundwater, and Wild Fish in Chengdu, China. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 77:279-290. [PMID: 30963189 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-019-00624-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and spatial distribution of 13 organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), 11 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and eight novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) were investigated in Jinjiang river water, sediment, crucian carp, and groundwater in Chengdu, China. OPFRs were predominant and ubiquitous contaminants in the Jinjiang river water, sediment, groundwater, fish muscle, fish gills, and viscera with concentrations ranging from 19.1 to 533 ng L-1, 12.5 to 253 ng g-1, 11.7 to 149 ng L-1, 114 to 2108 ng g-1 lipid weight (lw), 220 to 638 ng g-1 lw, and 116 to 1356 ng g-1 lw, respectively. The halogenated OPFRs were the primary pollutant in the Jinjiang river water samples, whereas nonhalogenated OPFRs were the dominant OPFRs in the sediments. Brominated flame retardants were not detected in the groundwater, whereas the NBFRs detected in aquatic environment at low frequency. The ΣPBDEs ranged from n.d. to 23.4 ng L-1 and n.d. to 48.7 ng g-1 in the Jinjiang river water and sediment, respectively. BDE-209 was dominant in the sediment samples with concentrations ranging from n.d. to 47.2 ng g-1. The PBDEs levels in the muscle, gills, and viscera of the crucian carp ranged from 10.6 to 90.6 ng g-1 lw, n.d. to 75.6 ng g-1 lw, and n.d. to 219 ng g-1 lw, respectively. BDE-47, chlorinated, and alkyl OPFRs were the main contaminants in the fish samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Hou
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jingyan Jiang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Zhiwei Gan
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
| | - YuanYuan Dai
- Tianjin Bohai Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Bohai Sea Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Ping Yang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yan Yan
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Sanglan Ding
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Shijun Su
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Xiaoming Bao
- Shimadzu (China) Co., Ltd, Chengdu, 610063, China
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96
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Zhang Z, Shao H, Wu M, Zhang J, Li D, Li J, Wang H, Shi W, Xu G. Occurrence, Distribution, and Potential Sources of Organophosphate Esters in Urban and Rural Surface Water in Shanghai, China. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 77:115-126. [PMID: 31134307 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-019-00633-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the occurrence and distribution patterns of eight organophosphate esters (OPEs) were investigated in urban and rural surface water in a typical cosmopolitan city: Shanghai, China. In addition, concentration levels and removal efficiencies of seven sewage treatment plants were analyzed. The OPEs concentrations detected in urban rivers were significantly higher than those detected in rural rivers. Total OPEs ranged from 185.4 to 321 ng L-1 in rural surface water and from 340 to 1688.7 ng L-1 in urban, with an average of 221.8 ng L-1 and 850.2 ng L-1, respectively. Compared with other studies published in the world, the OPEs contamination in surface river water in Shanghai was at a moderate level. Furthermore, the potential sources of OPEs in urban surface water were investigated, and the results indicated that OPEs in urban surface water mainly came from three potential sources. In rural surface water, the OPE concentrations were uniformly distributed, so OPEs in rural surface water may came from nonpoint source pollution. Last, a preliminary environmental risk assessment and health risk assessment were conducted. The results showed low environmental risks at all sampling sites (except for sampling point R7: medium risk for algae) for the three aquatic organisms (algae, daphnia, and fish). Health risk assessment indicated a noncarcinogenic risk for diverse human groups for ƩOPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyong Zhang
- Institute of Applied Radiation of Shanghai, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Shao
- Institute of Applied Radiation of Shanghai, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Applied Radiation Institute, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghong Wu
- Institute of Applied Radiation of Shanghai, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Applied Radiation Institute, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyun Zhang
- Institute of Applied Radiation of Shanghai, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongyang Li
- Institute of Applied Radiation of Shanghai, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinsong Li
- Institute of Applied Radiation of Shanghai, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyong Wang
- Institute of Applied Radiation of Shanghai, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Applied Radiation Institute, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyan Shi
- Institute of Applied Radiation of Shanghai, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Applied Radiation Institute, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Xu
- Institute of Applied Radiation of Shanghai, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China.
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China.
- Shanghai Applied Radiation Institute, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China.
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97
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Lai NLS, Kwok KY, Wang XH, Yamashita N, Liu G, Leung KMY, Lam PKS, Lam JCW. Assessment of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in aquatic environments of China (Pearl River Delta, South China Sea, Yellow River Estuary) and Japan (Tokyo Bay). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 371:288-294. [PMID: 30856439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations and spatial distribution of 14 organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) and plasticizers were studied in aquatic environments of China, namely, the Pearl River Delta (PRD), South China Sea (SCS) and Yellow River Estuary (YRE), as well as Tokyo Bay (TB) in Japan. These locations were characterized by different levels of socioeconomic development and human activities. The spatial pattern of OPFRs revealed their ubiquity along the coasts of China and Japan; the concentrations ranged from 15 to 1790, 1 to 147, 253 to 1720, and 107 to 284 ng L-1 in the PRD, SCS, YRE and TB, respectively. The most frequently detected OPFR was triethyl phosphate (TEP), followed by triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO) and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP). A positive relationship (R2 = 0.668, p = 0.004) was observed between OPFR contamination and socioeconomic activity, measured by gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, for the studied cities in China and Japan. The results suggest that an increase in manufacturing and construction activities in the studied areas may aggravate coastal contamination with OPFRs. The potential threat to aquatic organisms from exposure to TCEP, a suspected carcinogen, was revealed by the hazard quotient (HQ) and probabilistic assessments. Further investigation of OPFR exposure in the aquatic environment of China is urgently required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson L S Lai
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Karen Y Kwok
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), Department of Chemistry, Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xin-Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, China
| | - Nobuyoshi Yamashita
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan
| | - Guijian Liu
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, China
| | - Kenneth M Y Leung
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul K S Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), Department of Chemistry, Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - James C W Lam
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), Department of Chemistry, Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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98
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Tao L, Zhang Y, Wu JP, Wu SK, Liu Y, Zeng YH, Luo XJ, Mai BX. Biomagnification of PBDEs and alternative brominated flame retardants in a predatory fish: Using fatty acid signature as a primer. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 127:226-232. [PMID: 30928846 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Information on biomagnification of alternative brominated flame retardants (ABFRs) is limited and results are inconclusive, due in part to uncertainty in the understanding of predator/prey relationships. In the present study, a predatory fish, Channa argus, and several forage fish species were obtained from an ABFR contaminated site. The predator/prey relationships were identified based on fatty acid (FA) signatures in the predator and prey. Biomagnification factors (BMFs) for several ABFRs including decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), 1,2‑bis(2,4,6‑tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromotoluene (PBT), and pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) were estimated based on the identified predator/prey relationships. The results showed that crucian carp was the main prey of C. argus, contributing to 71%-100% to its total diet. The mean BMFs for DBDPE, BTBPE, and HBB were 0.06, 0.40, and 0.91, respectively, indicating trophic dilution of these ABFRs. However, biomagnification of PBT and PBEB, with BMFs of 2.09 and 2.13, respectively, was observed. The BMFs for PBT, PBEB and HBB were comparable to or even higher than those for some polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners estimated in the same individual predator, indicating that these emerging pollutants may pose significant environmental risks. The BMFs for ABFRs and PBDEs were significantly and negatively correlated to the log KOWs of these chemicals, suggesting that the biomagnification of these chemicals was depressed due to their superhydrophobic nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Scientific Institute of Pearl River Water Resources Protection, Monitoring Center of Pearl River Valley Aquatic Environment, Guangzhou 510611, China
| | - Jiang-Ping Wu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China.
| | - Si-Kang Wu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yan-Hong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bi-Xian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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99
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Biomarker Effects in Carassius auratus Exposure to Ofloxacin, Sulfamethoxazole and Ibuprofen. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16091628. [PMID: 31075982 PMCID: PMC6540135 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16091628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole and ibuprofen are three commonly used drugs which can be detected in aquatic environments. To assess their ecotoxicity, the effects of these three pharmaceuticals and their mixture on AChE (acetylcholinesterase) activity in the brain, and EROD (7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase) and SOD (superoxide dismutase) activities in the liver of the freshwater crucian carp Carassius auratus were tested after exposure for 1, 2, 4 and 7 days. The results showed that treatments with 0.002–0.01 mg/L ofloxacin and 0.0008–0.004 mg/L sulfamethoxazole did not significantly change AChE, EROD and SOD activities. AChE activity was significantly inhibited in response to treatment with >0.05mg/L ofloxacin and >0.02 mg/L sulfamethoxazole. All three biomarkers were induced significantly in treatments with ibuprofen and the mixture of the three pharmaceuticals at all the tested concentrations. The combined effects of ofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole and ibuprofen were compared with their isolated effects on the three biomarkers, and the results indicated that exposure to ibuprofen and the mixture at environmentally relevant concentrations could trigger adverse impacts on Carassius auratus. The hazard quotient (HQ) index also demonstrated a high risk for ibuprofen. Moreover, the present study showed that the effects of ofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole and ibuprofen might be additive on the physiological indices of Carassius auratus.
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100
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Wan Mohtar WHM, Abdul Maulud KN, Muhammad NS, Sharil S, Yaseen ZM. Spatial and temporal risk quotient based river assessment for water resources management. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 248:133-144. [PMID: 30784832 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Malaysia depends heavily on rivers as a source for water supply, irrigation, and sustaining the livelihood of local communities. The evolution of land use in urban areas due to rapid development and the continuous problem of illegal discharge have had a serious adverse impact on the health of the country's waterways. Klang River requires extensive rehabilitation and remediation before its water could be utilised for a variety of purposes. A reliable and rigorous remediation work plan is needed to identify the sources and locations of streams that are constantly polluted. This study attempts to investigate the feasibility of utilising a temporal and spatial risk quotient (RQ) based analysis to make an accurate assessment of the current condition of the tributaries in the Klang River catchment area. The study relies on existing data sets on Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), and Ammonia (NH3) to evaluate the water quality at thirty strategic locations. Analysis of ammonia pollution is not only based on the limit established for river health but was expanded to include the feasibility of using the water for water intake, recreational activities, and sustaining fish population. The temporal health of Klang River was evaluated using the Risk Matrix Approach (RMA) based on the frequency of RQ > 1 and associated colour-coded hazard impacts. By using the developed RMA, the hazard level for each parameter at each location was assessed and individually mapped using Geographic Information System (GIS). The developed risk hazard mapping has high potential as one of the essential tools in making decisions for a cost-effective river restoration and rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Hanna Melini Wan Mohtar
- Sustainable and Smart Township Research Center, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Khairul Nizam Abdul Maulud
- Sustainable and Smart Township Research Center, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Nur Shazwani Muhammad
- Sustainable and Smart Township Research Center, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Suraya Sharil
- Sustainable and Smart Township Research Center, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Zaher Mundher Yaseen
- Sustainable Developments in Civil Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
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