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Flores-Dorantes MT, Díaz-López YE, Gutiérrez-Aguilar R. Environment and Gene Association With Obesity and Their Impact on Neurodegenerative and Neurodevelopmental Diseases. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:863. [PMID: 32982666 PMCID: PMC7483585 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a multifactorial disease in which environmental conditions and several genes play an important role in the development of this disease. Obesity is associated with neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer, Parkinson, and Huntington diseases) and with neurodevelopmental diseases (autism disorder, schizophrenia, and fragile X syndrome). Some of the environmental conditions that lead to obesity are physical activity, alcohol consumption, socioeconomic status, parent feeding behavior, and diet. Interestingly, some of these environmental conditions are shared with neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases. Obesity impairs neurodevelopment abilities as memory and fine-motor skills. Moreover, maternal obesity affects the cognitive function and mental health of the offspring. The common biological mechanisms involved in obesity and neurodegenerative/neurodevelopmental diseases are insulin resistance, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative damage, among others, leading to impaired brain development or cell death. Obesogenic environmental conditions are not the only factors that influence neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases. In fact, several genes implicated in the leptin-melanocortin pathway (LEP, LEPR, POMC, BDNF, MC4R, PCSK1, SIM1, BDNF, TrkB, etc.) are associated with obesity and neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases. Moreover, in the last decades, the discovery of new genes associated with obesity (FTO, NRXN3, NPC1, NEGR1, MTCH2, GNPDA2, among others) and with neurodegenerative or neurodevelopmental diseases (APOE, CD38, SIRT1, TNFα, PAI-1, TREM2, SYT4, FMR1, TET3, among others) had opened new pathways to comprehend the common mechanisms involved in these diseases. In conclusion, the obesogenic environmental conditions, the genes, and the interaction gene-environment would lead to a better understanding of the etiology of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Teresa Flores-Dorantes
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Farmacogenómica, Centro de Investigación de Ciencia y Tecnología Aplicada de Tabasco, División Académica de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Mexico
| | - Yael Efren Díaz-López
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Metabólicas: Obesidad y Diabetes, Hospital Infantil de México “Federico Gómez,”Mexico City, Mexico
- División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ruth Gutiérrez-Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Metabólicas: Obesidad y Diabetes, Hospital Infantil de México “Federico Gómez,”Mexico City, Mexico
- División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
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Yuan J, Zhang R, Wu R, Gu Y, Lu Y. The effects of oxytocin to rectify metabolic dysfunction in obese mice are associated with increased thermogenesis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 514:110903. [PMID: 32531419 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Oxytocin, a protein hormone mainly produced by hypothalamus, has been shown to repress body weight gain in obese animals, in part, by reducing food intake and increasing energy expenditure. Till now, activation of brown fat tissue (BAT) thermogenesis and white adipose tissue (WAT) browning are considered as two main factors for oxytocin-induced energy expenditure. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still not understood well. Here, we observed that oxytocin expression in the hypothalamus and its receptor in adipose tissues were induced by cold exposure in mice. In differentiated adipocytes, oxytocin stimulated brown adipocyte specific gene expression by inducing PRDM16. In high fat diet induced obese mice, oxytocin delivery by osmotic minipumps increased body core temperature and decreased body weight gain. Glucose and insulin tolerance were improved by oxytocin. Hyperinsulinemia and fatty liver were ameliorated in oxytocin-treated animals. Moreover, oxytocin treatment induced thermogenic gene expressions in BAT, inguinal WAT (iWAT), and skeletal muscle. Taken together, our findings revealed a new aspect of oxytocin, i.e. oxytocin induces iWAT browning and stimulates thermogenesis in BAT, iWAT and skeletal muscle, through which oxytocin promotes thermogenesis and thus combats obesity and metabolic dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 121 Jiangjiayuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210011, China; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Rongping Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Runze Wu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Yunjuan Gu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China.
| | - Yibing Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 121 Jiangjiayuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210011, China.
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Hypothalamic extended synaptotagmin-3 contributes to the development of dietary obesity and related metabolic disorders. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:20149-20158. [PMID: 32747560 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2004392117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The C2 domain containing protein extended synaptotagmin (E-Syt) plays important roles in both lipid homeostasis and the intracellular signaling; however, its role in physiology remains largely unknown. Here, we show that hypothalamic E-Syt3 plays a critical role in diet-induced obesity (DIO). E-Syt3 is characteristically expressed in the hypothalamic nuclei. Whole-body or proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neuron-specific ablation of E-Syt3 ameliorated DIO and related comorbidities, including glucose intolerance and dyslipidemia. Conversely, overexpression of E-Syt3 in the arcuate nucleus moderately promoted food intake and impaired energy expenditure, leading to increased weight gain. Mechanistically, E-Syt3 ablation led to increased processing of POMC to α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), increased activities of protein kinase C and activator protein-1, and enhanced expression of prohormone convertases. These findings reveal a previously unappreciated role for hypothalamic E-Syt3 in DIO and related metabolic disorders.
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The New Frontier in Oxytocin Physiology: The Oxytonic Contraction. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145144. [PMID: 32708109 PMCID: PMC7404128 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxytocin (Oxt) is a nine amino acid peptide important in energy regulation and is essential to stress-related disorders. Specifically, low Oxt levels are associated with obesity in human subjects and diet-induced or genetically modified animal models. The striking evidence that Oxt is linked to energy regulation is that Oxt- and oxytocin receptor (Oxtr)-deficient mice show a phenotype characterized by late onset obesity. Oxt-/- or Oxtr-/- develop weight gain without increasing food intake, suggesting that a lack of Oxt reduce metabolic rate. Oxt is differentially expressed in skeletal muscle exerting a protective effect toward the slow-twitch muscle after cold stress challenge in mice. We hypothesized that Oxt potentiates the slow-twitch muscle as it does with the uterus, triggering "the oxytonic contractions". Physiologically, this is important to augment muscle strength in fight/flight response and is consistent with the augmented energetic need at time of labor and for the protection of the offspring when Oxt secretion spikes. The normophagic obesity of Oxt-/- or Oxtr-/- mice could have been caused by decreased skeletal muscle tonicity which drove the metabolic phenotype. In this review, we summarized our findings together with the recent literature on this fascinating subjects in a "new oxytonic perspective" over the physicology of Oxt.
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Yaseen A, Shrivastava K, Zuri Z, Hatoum OA, Maroun M. Prefrontal Oxytocin is Involved in Impairments in Prefrontal Plasticity and Social Memory Following Acute Exposure to High Fat Diet in Juvenile Animals. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:1900-1909. [PMID: 29608644 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Juvenility represents a critical developmental phase during which exposure to a high fat diet (HFD) can severely modify cognitive and emotional functioning. The purpose of this study was to address how short and acute exposure to a HFD during juvenility affects social memory recognition and prefrontal long-term potentiation (LTP). As LTP and social memory depend on the neuromodulator oxytocin (OXY) and due to its role in metabolism, we also examined the effects of OXY in mediating HFD-induced alterations in social memory and LTP. Our results show that short exposure to a HFD during juvenility impairs social preference memory and prefrontal LTP. Interestingly, whereas systemic injections of OXY reversed the impairments in HFD-fed animals and impaired LTP and memory in control animals; prefrontal injections of the OXY agonist TGOT reversed the effects in HFD animals without affecting control animals. Exposure to HFD was associated with a reduction in the levels of OXY in the prefrontal compared to control animals. Interestingly, the restoration of social memory by TGOT in HFD animals was also associated with normalization of OXY in the prefrontal. These results point to a role that prefrontal OXY has in mediating the effects of HFD on memory and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aseel Yaseen
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Kuldeep Shrivastava
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Zohar Zuri
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ossama A Hatoum
- Department of Surgery B-HaEmek Medical Center in Afula and Faculty of Medicine, Technion: Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Mouna Maroun
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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56
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McCormack SE, Blevins JE, Lawson EA. Metabolic Effects of Oxytocin. Endocr Rev 2020; 41:5658523. [PMID: 31803919 PMCID: PMC7012298 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnz012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that oxytocin (OXT), a hypothalamic hormone well recognized for its effects in inducing parturition and lactation, has important metabolic effects in both sexes. The purpose of this review is to summarize the physiologic effects of OXT on metabolism and to explore its therapeutic potential for metabolic disorders. In model systems, OXT promotes weight loss by decreasing energy intake. Pair-feeding studies suggest that OXT-induced weight loss may also be partly due to increased energy expenditure and/or lipolysis. In humans, OXT appears to modulate both homeostatic and reward-driven food intake, although the observed response depends on nutrient milieu (eg, obese vs. nonobese), clinical characteristics (eg, sex), and experimental paradigm. In animal models, OXT is anabolic to muscle and bone, which is consistent with OXT-induced weight loss occurring primarily via fat loss. In some human observational studies, circulating OXT concentrations are also positively associated with lean mass and bone mineral density. The impact of exogenous OXT on human obesity is the focus of ongoing investigation. Future randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials in humans should include rigorous, standardized, and detailed assessments of adherence, adverse effects, pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics, and efficacy in the diverse populations that may benefit from OXT, in particular those in whom hypothalamic OXT signaling may be abnormal or impaired (eg, individuals with Sim1 deficiency, Prader-Willi syndrome, or craniopharyngioma). Future studies will also have the opportunity to investigate the characteristics of new OXT mimetic peptides and the obligation to consider long-term effects, especially when OXT is given to children and adolescents. (Endocrine Reviews XX: XX - XX, 2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shana E McCormack
- Neuroendocrine Center, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - James E Blevins
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Office of Research and Development Medical Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Seattle, Washington.,Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Elizabeth A Lawson
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Lawson EA, Olszewski PK, Weller A, Blevins JE. The role of oxytocin in regulation of appetitive behaviour, body weight and glucose homeostasis. J Neuroendocrinol 2020; 32:e12805. [PMID: 31657509 PMCID: PMC7186135 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and its associated complications have reached epidemic proportions in the USA and also worldwide, highlighting the need for new and more effective treatments. Although the neuropeptide oxytocin (OXT) is well recognised for its peripheral effects on reproductive behaviour, the release of OXT from somatodendrites and axonal terminals within the central nervous system (CNS) is also implicated in the control of energy balance. In this review, we summarise historical data highlighting the effects of exogenous OXT as a short-term regulator of food intake in a context-specific manner and the receptor populations that may mediate these effects. We also describe what is known about the physiological role of endogenous OXT in the control of energy balance and whether serum and brain levels of OXT relate to obesity on a consistent basis across animal models and humans with obesity. We describe recent data on the effectiveness of chronic CNS administration of OXT to decrease food intake and weight gain or to elicit weight loss in diet-induced obese (DIO) and genetically obese mice and rats. Of clinical importance is the finding that chronic central and peripheral OXT treatments both evoke weight loss in obese animal models with impaired leptin signalling at doses that are not associated with visceral illness, tachyphylaxis or adverse cardiovascular effects. Moreover, these results have been largely recapitulated following chronic s.c. or intranasal treatment in DIO non-human primates (rhesus monkeys) and obese humans, respectively. We also identify plausible mechanisms that contribute to the effects of OXT on body weight and glucose homeostasis in rodents, non-human primates and humans. We conclude by describing the ongoing challenges that remain before OXT-based therapeutics can be used as a long-term strategy to treat obesity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Lawson
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pawel K Olszewski
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Aron Weller
- Psychology Department and Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - James E Blevins
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Office of Research and Development Medical Research Service, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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58
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Deol P, Kozlova E, Valdez M, Ho C, Yang EW, Richardson H, Gonzalez G, Truong E, Reid J, Valdez J, Deans JR, Martinez-Lomeli J, Evans JR, Jiang T, Sladek FM, Curras-Collazo MC. Dysregulation of Hypothalamic Gene Expression and the Oxytocinergic System by Soybean Oil Diets in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5698148. [PMID: 31912136 PMCID: PMC7041656 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqz044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Soybean oil consumption has increased greatly in the past half-century and is linked to obesity and diabetes. To test the hypothesis that soybean oil diet alters hypothalamic gene expression in conjunction with metabolic phenotype, we performed RNA sequencing analysis using male mice fed isocaloric, high-fat diets based on conventional soybean oil (high in linoleic acid, LA), a genetically modified, low-LA soybean oil (Plenish), and coconut oil (high in saturated fat, containing no LA). The 2 soybean oil diets had similar but nonidentical effects on the hypothalamic transcriptome, whereas the coconut oil diet had a negligible effect compared to a low-fat control diet. Dysregulated genes were associated with inflammation, neuroendocrine, neurochemical, and insulin signaling. Oxt was the only gene with metabolic, inflammation, and neurological relevance upregulated by both soybean oil diets compared to both control diets. Oxytocin immunoreactivity in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus was reduced, whereas plasma oxytocin and hypothalamic Oxt were increased. These central and peripheral effects of soybean oil diets were correlated with glucose intolerance but not body weight. Alterations in hypothalamic Oxt and plasma oxytocin were not observed in the coconut oil diet enriched in stigmasterol, a phytosterol found in soybean oil. We postulate that neither stigmasterol nor LA is responsible for effects of soybean oil diets on oxytocin and that Oxt messenger RNA levels could be associated with the diabetic state. Given the ubiquitous presence of soybean oil in the American diet, its observed effects on hypothalamic gene expression could have important public health ramifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonamjot Deol
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Elena Kozlova
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, California
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Matthew Valdez
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, California
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Catherine Ho
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Ei-Wen Yang
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California Riverside, California
| | - Holly Richardson
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Gwendolyn Gonzalez
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Edward Truong
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Jack Reid
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Joseph Valdez
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Jonathan R Deans
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Jose Martinez-Lomeli
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Jane R Evans
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California Riverside, California
| | - Frances M Sladek
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Margarita C Curras-Collazo
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, California
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California
- Correspondence: Margarita C. Curras-Collazo, PhD, FAPS, Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, 2110 Biological Sciences Building, Riverside, California 92521. E-mail:
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Iwasa T, Matsuzaki T, Mayila Y, Kawakita T, Yanagihara R, Irahara M. The effects of chronic oxytocin administration on body weight and food intake in DHT-induced PCOS model rats. Gynecol Endocrinol 2020; 36:55-60. [PMID: 31220962 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2019.1631276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is commonly associated with metabolic disorders, which are exacerbated by obesity. Recent studies have revealed that oxytocin contributes to metabolic, appetite, and body weight regulation. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of chronic administration of oxytocin on body weight, food intake, and fat mass in a dihydrotestosterone-induced rat model of PCOS. Body weight, body weight change, and relative cumulative food intake were significantly lower in the oxytocin-treated PCOS rats than in the vehicle-treated control PCOS rats. Similarly, visceral adipocyte size was significantly smaller in the oxytocin-treated PCOS rats than in the vehicle-treated control PCOS rats. On the other hand, the numbers of cystic follicles in the ovary did not differ between the two groups. The chronic administration of oxytocin did not affect the rats' serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, or lactate dehydrogenase levels, indicating that it does not have adverse effects on hepatic function. These findings suggest that oxytocin could be a candidate drug for preventing the onset of obesity-related metabolic disorders in PCOS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Iwasa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Toshiya Matsuzaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yiliyasi Mayila
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takako Kawakita
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Rie Yanagihara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Minoru Irahara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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60
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Hayashi R, Kasahara Y, Hidema S, Fukumitsu S, Nakagawa K, Nishimori K. Oxytocin Ameliorates Impaired Behaviors of High Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:379. [PMID: 32719656 PMCID: PMC7347791 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive intake of fat is a major risk factor for lifestyle-related diseases such as heart disease and also affects brain function such as object recognition memory, social recognition, anxiety behavior, and depression-like behavior. Although oxytocin (OXT) has been reported to improve object recognition, social recognition, anxiety behavior, and depression-like behavior in specific conditions, previous studies did not explore the impact of OXT in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. Furthermore, it remains unclear whether intake of HFD affects OXT/oxytocin receptor (OXTR) in the brain. Here, we demonstrated that peripheral OXT administration improves not only social recognition but also object recognition and depressive-like behavior in HFD-fed mice. In contrast, peripheral OXT administration to HFD-fed male mice increased fear and anxiety-related behavior. In addition, we observed that intake of HFD decreased OXTR and c-fos mRNA expression in the hippocampus, specifically. Furthermore, peripheral OXT administration increased OXT mRNA expression in the hypothalamus. Altogether, these findings suggest that OXT has the potential to improve various recognition memory processes via peripheral administration but also has side effects that increase fear-related behavior in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryotaro Hayashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Nippon Flour Mills Co., Ltd., Innovation Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kasahara
- Department of Fetal Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shizu Hidema
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Bioregulation and Pharmacological Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fukumitsu
- Nippon Flour Mills Co., Ltd., Innovation Center, Kanagawa, Japan
- Collaborative Graduate School Program, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Alliance for Research on the Mediterranean and North Africa (ARENA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Nakagawa
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Nishimori
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Obesity and Inflammation Research, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
- *Correspondence: Katsuhiko Nishimori
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61
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Pflimlin E, Zhou Z, Amso Z, Fu Q, Lee C, Muppiddi A, Joseph SB, Nguyen-Tran V, Shen W. Engineering a Potent, Long-Acting, and Periphery-Restricted Oxytocin Receptor Agonist with Anorexigenic and Body Weight Reducing Effects. J Med Chem 2019; 63:382-390. [PMID: 31850759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The effects of oxytocin on food intake and body weight reduction have been demonstrated in both animal models and human clinical studies. Despite being efficacious, oxytocin is enzymatically unstable and thus considered to be unsuitable for long-term use in patients with obesity. Herein, a series of oxytocin derivatives were engineered through conjugation with fatty acid moieties that are known to exhibit high binding affinities to serum albumin. One analog (OT-12) in particular was shown to be a potent full agonist at the oxytocin receptor (OTR) in vitro with good selectivity and long half-life (24 h) in mice. Furthermore, OT-12 is peripherally restricted, with very limited brain exposure (1/190 of the plasma level). In a diet-induced obesity mouse model, daily subcutaneous administration of OT-12 exhibited more potent anorexigenic and body weight reducing effects than carbetocin. Thus, our results suggest that the long-acting, peripherally restricted OTR agonist may offer potential therapeutic benefits for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Pflimlin
- Calibr at The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Zhihong Zhou
- Calibr at The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Zaid Amso
- Calibr at The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Qiangwei Fu
- Calibr at The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Candy Lee
- Calibr at The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Avinash Muppiddi
- Calibr at The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Sean B Joseph
- Calibr at The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Vân Nguyen-Tran
- Calibr at The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Weijun Shen
- Calibr at The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
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Moghaddam SAP, Amiri P, Saidpour A, Hosseinzadeh N, Abolhasani M, Ghorbani A. The prevalence of food addiction and its associations with plasma oxytocin level and anthropometric and dietary measurements in Iranian women with obesity. Peptides 2019; 122:170151. [PMID: 31505221 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.170151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a prevalent public health problem, and food addiction (FA) is one of the most controversial factors in its management. Therefore, this study was designed to validate an FA questionnaire for Iranian women with obesity and to determine the prevalence of FA and its associations with plasma oxytocin (OT) levels as well as anthropometric and dietary measurements. In this descriptive-analytical study, 450 adult women with obesity were included. The prevalence of FA was determined with a valid Yale food addiction scale (YFAS). Macronutrient intakes were measured by a valid semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). In addition, plasma OT was measured after eight hours of fasting. In this study, the prevalence of FA was 26.2% in women with obesity. In comparison with class I obesity, the odds ratios (95% CI) of FA for class II and class III obesity were 2.5 (CI: 1.29-5.09) and 3.3 (CI: 1.69-6.4) respectively. Dietary intakes of energy, protein, carbohydrate, fat, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and cholesterol were significantly higher in food-addicted (FAD) women compared to non-food-addicted (NFA) ones (p < 0.001). Moreover, plasma OT level was lower in FAD women with obesity than in NFA subjects (p = 0.02). In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that FA is prevalent in Iranian women with obesity. In addition, FA is related to obesity severity, dietary intakes of energy, carbohydrate, protein, fat, cholesterol, and plasma OT level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Atefeh Panahi Moghaddam
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 46, West Arghavan St., Farahzadi Blvd., Shahrak Qods, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Parisa Amiri
- Research Center for Social Determinants of Endocrine Health & Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Velenjak St., Shahid Chamran Highway, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Atoosa Saidpour
- National Nutrition & Food Technology Research Institute, Department of Clinical Nutrition & Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences & Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 46, West Arghavan St., Farahzadi Blvd., Shahrak Qods, Tehran, P.O. Box: 19395-4741, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Nima Hosseinzadeh
- Faculty of Biostatistics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Maryam Abolhasani
- Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Arman Ghorbani
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, National Nutrition & Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
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63
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Liu CM, Davis EA, Suarez AN, Wood RI, Noble EE, Kanoski SE. Sex Differences and Estrous Influences on Oxytocin Control of Food Intake. Neuroscience 2019; 447:63-73. [PMID: 31738883 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Central oxytocin potently reduces food intake and is being pursued as a clinical treatment for obesity. While sexually dimorphic effects have been described for the effects of oxytocin on several behavioral outcomes, the role of sex in central oxytocin modulation of feeding behavior is poorly understood. Here we investigated the effects of sex, estrous cycle stage, and female sex hormones (estrogen, progesterone) on central oxytocin-mediated reduction of food intake in rats. Results show that while intracerebroventricular (ICV) oxytocin potently reduces chow intake in both male and female rats, these effects were more pronounced in males than in females. We next examined whether estrous cycle stage affects oxytocin's food intake-reducing effects in females. Results show that ICV oxytocin administration significantly reduces food intake during all estrous cycle stages except proestrous, suggesting that female sex hormones may modulate the feeding effects of oxytocin. Indeed, additional results reveal that estrogen, but not progesterone replacement, in ovariectomized rats abolishes oxytocin-mediated reductions in chow intake. Lastly, oxytocin receptor mRNA (Oxtr) quantification (via quantitative PCR) and anatomical localization (via fluorescent in situ hybridization) in previously established sites of action for oxytocin control of food intake revealed comparable Oxtr expression between male and female rats, suggesting that observed sex and estrous differences may be based on variations in ligand availability and/or binding. Overall, these data show that estrogen reduces the effectiveness of central oxytocin to inhibit food intake, suggesting that sex hormones and estrous cycle should be considered in clinical investigations of oxytocin for obesity treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa M Liu
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Davis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Andrea N Suarez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ruth I Wood
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Emily E Noble
- Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.
| | - Scott E Kanoski
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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64
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Weingarten MFJ, Scholz M, Wohland T, Horn K, Stumvoll M, Kovacs P, Tönjes A. Circulating Oxytocin Is Genetically Determined and Associated With Obesity and Impaired Glucose Tolerance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:5621-5632. [PMID: 31361301 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2019-00643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Despite the emerging evidence on the role of oxytocin (OXT) in metabolic diseases, there is a lack of well-powered studies addressing the relationship of circulating OXT with obesity and diabetes. OBJECTIVES AND DESIGN Here, we measured OXT in a study cohort (n = 721; 396 women, 325 men; mean age ± SD, 47.7 ± 15.2 years) with subphenotypes related to obesity, including anthropometric traits such as body mass index [BMI (mean ± SD), 26.8 ± 4.6 kg/m2], waist-to-hip ratio (WHR; 0.88 ± 0.09), blood parameters (glucose, 5.32 ± 0.50 mmol/L; insulin, 5.3 ± 3.3 µU/mL), and oral glucose tolerance test to clarify the association with OXT. We also tested in a genome-wide association study (GWAS) whether the interindividual variation in OXT serum levels might be explained by genetic variation. RESULTS The OXT concentration was increased in subjects with elevated BMI and positively correlated with WHR, waist circumference, and triglyceride levels. The OXT concentration in subjects with BMI <25 kg/m2 was significantly lower (n = 256; 78.6 pg/mL) than in subjects with a BMI between 25 and 30 kg/m2 (n = 314; 98.5 pg/mL, P = 6 × 10-6) and with BMI >30 kg/m2 (n = 137; 106.4 pg/mL, P = 8 × 10-6). OXT levels were also positively correlated with plasma glucose and insulin and were elevated in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (P = 4.6 × 10-3). Heritability of OXT was estimated at 12.8%. In a GWAS, two hits in linkage disequilibrium close (19 kb) to the OXT reached genome-wide significant association (top-hit rs12625893, P = 3.1 × 10-8, explained variance 3%). CONCLUSIONS Our data show that OXT is genetically affected by a variant near OXT and is associated with obesity and impaired glucose tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Markus Scholz
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- LIFE Research Center, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tobias Wohland
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katrin Horn
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- LIFE Research Center, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Medical Department III-Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Kovacs
- Medical Department III-Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anke Tönjes
- Medical Department III-Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
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Skinner JA, Garg ML, Dayas CV, Burrows TL. Is weight status associated with peripheral levels of oxytocin? A pilot study in healthy women. Physiol Behav 2019; 212:112684. [PMID: 31629767 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide oxytocin is best known for its role during parturition and the milk-let down reflex. Recent evidence identifies a role for oxytocin in eating behaviour. After oxytocin administration, caloric intake is reduced with stronger inhibitory effects in individuals with obesity. Whether the experience of visual food cues affects secretion or circulating levels of oxytocin is unknown. This pilot study had three aims: 1) to measure fasting appetite hormones with a focus on plasma oxytocin concentrations; 2) determine whether healthy vs. hyperpalatable visual food cues differentially altered plasma oxytocin; and 3) assess whether appetite hormone responses to healthy vs. hyperpalatable food images depended on weight or food addiction status. Eighteen healthy women of varying weight status, with/without self-reported food addiction were recruited. Study participants completed a set of standardised questionnaires, including Yale Food Addiction Scale, and attended a one-off experimental session. Blood was collected before and after viewing two sets of food images (healthy and hyperpalatable foods). Participants were randomly allocated in a crossover design to view either healthy images or hyperpalatable foods first. A positive correlation between BMI and plasma oxytocin was found (r2 = 0.32, p = 0.021) at baseline. Oxytocin levels were higher, and cholecystokinin levels lower, in food addicted (n = 6) vs. non-food addicted females (p = 0.015 and p<0.001, respectively). There were no significant changes (p>0.05) in plasma oxytocin levels in response to either healthy or hyperpalatable food images. Given that endogenous oxytocin administration tends to suppress eating behaviour; these data indicate that oxytocin receptor desensitization or oxytocin resistance may be important factors in the pathogenesis of obesity and food addiction. However, further studies in larger samples are needed to determine if peripheral oxytocin is responsive to visual food cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle A Skinner
- Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Manohar L Garg
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Christopher V Dayas
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Tracy L Burrows
- Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia.
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66
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Relay of peripheral oxytocin to central oxytocin neurons via vagal afferents for regulating feeding. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 519:553-558. [PMID: 31537381 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxytocin (Oxt), a neurohormone synthesized in the neurons of hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus induces milk-ejection and uterine contraction and regulates social behavior, stress responses, memory and food intake. Peripheral (intraperitoneal and subcutaneous) infusion of Oxt decreases food intake and body weight in obese animals via mechanisms involving vagal afferent nerves and in obese subjects when administered nasally. Peripherally injected and intracerebroventricularly injected Oxt inhibit food intake to similar extent and with similar time course. Thus, peripheral Oxt mimics the effects of central Oxt, however, underlying mechanisms are unclear. In the present study we explored whether intraperitoneal Oxt activates Oxt neurons in PVN via vagal afferents and whether this pathway is linked to inhibition of feeding. We here show that intraperitoneal Oxt injection induces c-Fos expression in PVN largely in Oxt neurons and inhibits food intake, and these effects are blunted by subdiaphragmatic vagotomy. The intraperitoneal Oxt-induced inhibition of food intake was blunted in Oxt KO mice, by intracerebroventricular injection of Oxt receptor antagonist, and by vagotomy. These results demonstrate that intraperitoneal Oxt injection activates PVN Oxt neurons via vagal afferent nerves, thereby inhibiting food intake. This vagal afferents-mediated Oxt's peripheral-to-central coupling may serve to promote satiety and possibly a series of neural functions of Oxt and to treat their disorders.
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67
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The neurohypophysial endocrine system is identified here as a potential target for therapeutic interventions toward improving obesity-related metabolic dysfunction, given its coinciding pleiotropic effects on psychological, neurological and metabolic systems that are disrupted in obesity. RECENT FINDINGS Copeptin, the C-terminal portion of the precursor of arginine-vasopressin, is positively associated with body mass index and risk of type 2 diabetes. Plasma oxytocin is decreased in obesity and several other conditions of abnormal glucose homeostasis. Recent data also show non-classical tissues, such as myocytes, hepatocytes and β-cells, exhibit responses to oxytocin and vasopressin receptor binding that may contribute to alterations in metabolic function. The modulation of anorexigenic and orexigenic pathways appears to be the dominant mechanism underlying the effects of oxytocin and vasopressin on body weight regulation; however, there are apparent limitations associated with their use in direct pharmacological applications. A clearer picture of their wider physiological effects is needed before either system can be considered for therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Faidon Magkos
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports-Section of Obesity Research, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C; Building 2-85, Room H134, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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68
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Snider B, Geiser A, Yu XP, Beebe EC, Willency JA, Qing K, Guo L, Lu J, Wang X, Yang Q, Efanov A, Adams AC, Coskun T, Emmerson PJ, Alsina-Fernandez J, Ai M. Long-Acting and Selective Oxytocin Peptide Analogs Show Antidiabetic and Antiobesity Effects in Male Mice. J Endocr Soc 2019; 3:1423-1444. [PMID: 31286109 PMCID: PMC6608564 DOI: 10.1210/js.2019-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxytocin (OXT) has been shown to suppress appetite, induce weight loss, and improve glycemic control and lipid metabolism in several species, including humans, monkeys, and rodents. However, OXT's short half-life in circulation and lack of receptor selectivity limit its application and efficacy. In this study, we report an OXT peptide analog (OXTGly) that is potent and selective for the OXT receptor (OXTR). OXT, but not OXTGly, activated vasopressin receptors in vitro and acutely increased blood pressure in vivo when administered IP. OXT suppressed food intake in mice, whereas OXTGly had a moderate effect on food intake when administered IP or intracerebroventricularly. Both OXT (IP) and OXTGly (IP) improved glycemic control in glucose tolerance tests. Additionally, both OXT (IP) and OXTGly (IP) stimulated insulin, glucagon-like peptide 1, and glucagon secretion in mice. We generated lipid-conjugated OXT (acylated-OXT) and OXTGly (acylated-OXTGly) and demonstrated that these molecules have significantly extended half-lives in vivo. Compared with OXT, 2-week treatment of diet-induced obese mice with acylated-OXT [subcutaneous(ly) (SC)] resulted in enhanced body weight reduction, an improved lipid profile, and gene expression changes consistent with increased lipolysis and decreased gluconeogenesis. Treatment with acylated-OXTGly (SC) also resulted in a statistically significant weight loss, albeit to a lesser degree compared with acylated-OXT treatment. In conclusion, we demonstrate that selective activation of the OXTR pathway results in both acute and chronic metabolic benefits, whereas potential activation of vasopressin receptors by nonselective OXT analogs causes physiological stress that contributes to additional weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandy Snider
- Diabetes and Complications, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Andrea Geiser
- Biotechnology Peptide Group, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Xiao-peng Yu
- Diabetes and Complications, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Emily Cathleen Beebe
- Diabetes and Complications, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jill Amanda Willency
- Diabetes and Complications, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Keyun Qing
- Diabetes and Complications, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Lili Guo
- Biotechnology Peptide Group, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jianliang Lu
- Medicinal Chemistry, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- Diabetes and Complications, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Qian Yang
- Diabetes and Complications, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Alexander Efanov
- Diabetes and Complications, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Andrew Charles Adams
- Diabetes and Complications, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Tamer Coskun
- Diabetes and Complications, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Paul Joseph Emmerson
- Diabetes and Complications, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jorge Alsina-Fernandez
- Biotechnology Peptide Group, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Minrong Ai
- Diabetes and Complications, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
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69
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Iwasa T, Matsuzaki T, Mayila Y, Yanagihara R, Yamamoto Y, Kawakita T, Kuwahara A, Irahara M. Oxytocin treatment reduced food intake and body fat and ameliorated obesity in ovariectomized female rats. Neuropeptides 2019; 75:49-57. [PMID: 30885500 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that oxytocin reduces food intake and body weight gain and promotes lipolysis in some species, including humans. Interestingly, these effects of oxytocin are more marked in obese individuals. Although the menopausal loss of ovarian function induces increased visceral adiposity and some metabolic disorders, no safe medical interventions for these conditions have been established. In this study, we evaluated the effects of oxytocin on appetite, body weight, and fat mass in ovariectomized rats. Six-day oxytocin treatment attenuated cumulative food intake and body weight gain, and reduced visceral and subcutaneous fat weight and adipocyte cell area in ovariectomized rats. Blood examinations indicated that 6-day oxytocin treatment did not alter renal or hepatic functions. Instead, it might prevent ovariectomy-induced liver damage. In addition, acute oxytocin treatment did not affect body temperature or locomotor activity. These results indicate that oxytocin might be useful for treating or preventing menopause-induced metabolic disorders, without causing any adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Iwasa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
| | - Toshiya Matsuzaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yiliyasi Mayila
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Rie Yanagihara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yuri Yamamoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Takako Kawakita
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Akira Kuwahara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Minoru Irahara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
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70
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Aulinas A, Pulumo RL, Asanza E, Mancuso CJ, Slattery M, Tolley C, Plessow F, Thomas JJ, Eddy KT, Miller KK, Klibanski A, Misra M, Lawson EA. Endogenous Oxytocin Levels in Relation to Food Intake, Menstrual Phase, and Age in Females. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:1348-1356. [PMID: 30445502 PMCID: PMC6408871 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-02036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Oxytocin regulates a range of physiological processes including eating behavior and oxytocin administration reduces caloric intake in males. There are few data on oxytocin and eating behavior in healthy females or on the response of endogenous oxytocin to food intake and its relationship to appetite in humans. OBJECTIVES To determine the postprandial pattern of oxytocin levels, the relationship between oxytocin and appetite, and the impact of menstrual cycle phase and age on oxytocin levels in females. DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING Clinical research center. PARTICIPANTS Fifty-five healthy females (age 10 to 45 years). INTERVENTIONS A standardized mixed meal was administered. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS Blood sampling for oxytocin occurred at fasting and at 30, 60, and 120 minutes postmeal. Appetite was assessed using Visual Analogue Scales pre- and postmeal. RESULTS Mean fasting oxytocin levels were 1011.2 ± 52.3 pg/mL (SEM) and decreased at 30 and 60 minutes postmeal (P = 0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively). Mean oxytocin levels decreased19.6% ± 3.0% from baseline to nadir. Oxytocin area under the curve was lower in the early to midfollicular menstrual cycle phase (P = 0.0003) and higher in younger females (P = 0.002). The percent change in oxytocin (baseline to nadir) was associated with postprandial hunger (rs = -0.291, P = 0.03) and fullness (rs = 0.345, P = 0.009). These relations remained significant after controlling for calories consumed, menstrual cycle status, and age (P = 0.023 and P = 0.0001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Peripheral oxytocin levels in females decrease after a mixed meal and are associated with appetite independent of menstrual phase, age, and caloric intake, suggesting that endogenous oxytocin levels may play a role in perceived hunger and satiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Aulinas
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts
| | | | - Elisa Asanza
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Meghan Slattery
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christiane Tolley
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Franziska Plessow
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts
| | - Jennifer J Thomas
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts
- Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston Massachusetts
| | - Kamryn T Eddy
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts
- Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston Massachusetts
| | - Karen K Miller
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts
| | - Anne Klibanski
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts
| | - Madhusmita Misra
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts
- Pediatric Endocrine Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elizabeth A Lawson
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Elizabeth A. Lawson, MD, MMSc, Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114. E-mail:
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71
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Chang HH, Chang WH, Chi MH, Peng YC, Huang CC, Yang YK, Chen PS. The OXTR Polymorphism Stratified the Correlation of Oxytocin and Glucose Homeostasis in Non-Diabetic Subjects. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2019; 12:2707-2713. [PMID: 31908511 PMCID: PMC6927562 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s226245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous animal studies have shown that the oxytocin system might affect glucose homeostasis through the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and peripheral organs. Moreover, whether the effect is stratified by the polymorphism of oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) remains unclear. METHODS In this study, we recruited 89 non-diabetic participants. Their plasma oxytocin and serum insulin profiles were obtained, and the polymorphism of OXTR rs53576 was genotyped. RESULTS There were significant correlations between the oxytocin level and fasting glucose level (r = -0.29, P <0.01), insulin level (r = -0.26, P = 0.01), and homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (r = -0.25, P = 0.01), when adjusted for age, gender, and body mass index (BMI). When further considering the stratification effects of OXTR variation, we found that the oxytocin level was significantly correlated with the fasting glucose level (r = -0.25, P = 0.04), insulin level (r = -0.35, P = 0.03), and HOMA-IR (r = -0.35, P < 0.01) in subjects with the OXTR A allele (n = 75) after adjustment for age, gender, and BMI. In addition, the oxytocin level in those with the GG genotype of OXTR was significantly negatively correlated with the leptin level (n = 14, r = -0.66, P = 0.02). CONCLUSION The results demonstrated that the polymorphism of OXTR plays an important role in individual differences in the correlation of oxytocin and glucose homeostasis in non-diabetic subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Hua Chang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Dou-Liou Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Wei Hung Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Mei Hung Chi
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi Chin Peng
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chun Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yen Kuang Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Dou-Liou Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Po See Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Correspondence: Po See Chen Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, 138 Sheng Li Road, North District, Tainan70403, TaiwanTel +886-6-2353535 ext. 5189Fax +886-6-2759259 Email
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72
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Ding C, Leow MKS, Magkos F. Oxytocin in metabolic homeostasis: implications for obesity and diabetes management. Obes Rev 2019; 20:22-40. [PMID: 30253045 PMCID: PMC7888317 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxytocin was once understood solely as a neuropeptide with a central role in social bonding, reproduction, parturition, lactation and appetite regulation. Recent evidence indicates that oxytocin enhances glucose uptake and lipid utilization in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, suggesting that dysfunction of the oxytocin system could underlie the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia. Murine studies revealed that deficiencies in oxytocin signalling and oxytocin receptor expression lead to obesity despite normal food intake, motor activity and increased leptin levels. In addition, plasma oxytocin concentration is notably lower in obese individuals with diabetes, which may suggest an involvement of the oxytocin system in the pathogenesis of cardiometabolic disease. More recently, small scale studies demonstrated that intranasal administration of oxytocin was associated with significant weight loss as well as improvements in insulin sensitivity and pancreatic β-cell responsivity in human subjects. The multi-pronged effects of oxytocin signalling on improving peripheral insulin sensitivity, pancreatic function and lipid homeostasis strongly suggest a role for this system as a therapeutic target in obesity and diabetes management. The complexity of obesity aetiology and the pathogenesis of obesity-related metabolic complications underscore the need for a systems approach to better understand the role of oxytocin in metabolic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ding
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre (CNRC), Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - M K-S Leow
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre (CNRC), Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) and National University Health System, Singapore.,Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.,Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - F Magkos
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre (CNRC), Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) and National University Health System, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore
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73
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Labyb M, Chrétien C, Caillon A, Rohner-Jeanrenaud F, Altirriba J. Oxytocin Administration Alleviates Acute but Not Chronic Leptin Resistance of Diet-Induced Obese Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:ijms20010088. [PMID: 30587816 PMCID: PMC6337181 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Whereas leptin administration only has a negligible effect on the treatment of obesity, it has been demonstrated that its action can be improved by co-administration of leptin and one of its sensitizers. Considering that oxytocin treatment decreases body weight in obese animals and humans, we investigated the effects of oxytocin and leptin cotreatment. First, lean and diet-induced obese (DIO) mice were treated with oxytocin for 2 weeks and we measured the acute leptin response. Second, DIO mice were treated for 2 weeks with saline, oxytocin (50 μg/day), leptin (20 or 40 µg/day) or oxytocin plus leptin. Oxytocin pre-treatment restored a normal acute leptin response, decreasing food intake and body weight gain. Chronic continuous administration of oxytocin or leptin at 40 µg/day decreased body weight in the presence (leptin) or in the absence (oxytocin) of cumulative differences in food intake. Saline or leptin treatment at 20 µg/day had no impact on body weight. Oxytocin and leptin cotreatments had no additional effects compared with single treatments. These results point to the fact that chronic oxytocin treatment improves the acute, but not the chronic leptin response, suggesting that this treatment could be used to improve the short-term satiety effect of leptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Labyb
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Department of Medicine Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CH1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Geneva Medical Centre, CH1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Chloé Chrétien
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Geneva Medical Centre, CH1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Aurélie Caillon
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Department of Medicine Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CH1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Geneva Medical Centre, CH1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Françoise Rohner-Jeanrenaud
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Department of Medicine Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CH1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Geneva Medical Centre, CH1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Jordi Altirriba
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Department of Medicine Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CH1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Geneva Medical Centre, CH1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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74
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Jahromi BN, Dabbaghmanesh MH, Bakhshaie P, Parsanezhad ME, Anvar Z, Alborzi M, Zarei A, Bakhshaei M. Assessment of oxytocin level, glucose metabolism components and cutoff values for oxytocin and anti-mullerian hormone in infertile PCOS women. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2018; 57:555-559. [PMID: 30122578 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Comparing oxytocin level and some other parameters between infertile women with or without polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), to evaluate the correlation between oxytocin with anti-mullerian hormone (AMH), Body Mass Index (BMI) and insulin resistance (IR). MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study was performed on 80 PCOS and 81 non-PCOS women as the control group. Oxytocin, various hormones, Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were compared between two groups. Correlations between parameters were assessed by the spearman's rank correlation coefficient. Cutoff values for oxytocin and AMH in PCOS were calculated by the ROC-Curve and DeLong method. RESULTS The mean oxytocin level was statistically lower in the case group (p ≤ 0.001). The mean BMI, AMH, HOMA-IR, fasting insulin and insulin 2-h after 75-g glucose were significantly higher in the PCOS group. Oxytocin was negatively correlated to AMH when evaluated for all participants or only among controls. Moreover oxytocin was negatively correlated to HOMA-IR among all participants. However the relationship between oxytocin and BMI was not statistically significant. The calculated cutoff value for oxytocin was 125 ng/L and for AMH was 3.6 ng/mL in the PCOS group. CONCLUSION The mean oxytocin level in the PCOS infertile women was lower than non-PCOS women. Oxytocin showed a significant reverse correlation with AMH and HOMA-IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahia Namavar Jahromi
- Infertility Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Maternal-fetal Medicine Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | | | - Pardis Bakhshaie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Student Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ebrahim Parsanezhad
- Infertility Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Anvar
- Infertility Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Mahshid Alborzi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Student Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Afsoon Zarei
- Infertility Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mina Bakhshaei
- Department of Biophysics, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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75
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An Integrated Approach to Recognize Potential Protective Effects of Culinary Herbs Against Chronic Diseases. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE INFORMATICS RESEARCH 2018; 3:184-199. [DOI: 10.1007/s41666-018-0041-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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76
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Seelke AM, Rhine MA, Khun K, Shweyk AN, Scott AM, Bond JM, Graham JL, Havel PJ, Wolden-Hanson T, Bales KL, Blevins JE. Intranasal oxytocin reduces weight gain in diet-induced obese prairie voles. Physiol Behav 2018; 196:67-77. [PMID: 30144467 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Oxytocin (OT) elicits weight loss in diet-induced obese (DIO) rodents, nonhuman primates and humans by reducing food intake and increasing energy expenditure. In addition to being important in the regulation of energy balance, OT is involved in social behaviors including parent-infant bonds, friendships, and pair bonds. However, the impact of social context on susceptibility to diet-induced obesity (DIO) and feeding behavior (including food sharing) has not been investigated in a rodent model that forms strong social bonds (i.e. prairie vole). Our goals were to determine in Prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) whether i) social context impacts susceptibility to DIO and ii) chronic intranasal OT reverses DIO. Voles were housed in divided cages with holes in the divider and paired with a same-sex animal with either the same food [high fat diet (HFD)/HFD, [low fat diet (LFD; chow)/chow], or the opposite food (HFD/chow or chow/HFD) for 19 weeks. HFD-fed voles pair-housed with voles maintained on the HFD demonstrated increased weight relative to pair-housed voles that were both maintained on chow. The study was repeated to determine the impact of social context on DIO susceptibility and body composition when animals are maintained on purified sugar-sweetened HFD and LFD to enhance palatability. As before, we found that voles demonstrated higher weight gain on the HFD/HFD housing paradigm, in part, through increased energy intake and the weight gain was a consequence of an increase in fat mass. However, HFD-fed animals housed with LFD-fed animals (and vice versa) showed intermediate patterns of weight gain and evidence of food sharing. Of translational importance is the finding that chronic intranasal OT appeared to reduce weight gain in DIO voles through a decrease in fat mass with no reduction in lean body mass. These effects were associated with transient reductions in food intake and increased food sharing. These findings identify a role of social context in the pathogenesis of DIO and indicate that chronic intranasal OT treatment reduces weight gain and body fat mass in DIO prairie voles, in part, by reducing food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele M Seelke
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Maya A Rhine
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Konterri Khun
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Amira N Shweyk
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Jessica M Bond
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - James L Graham
- Department of Nutrition and Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Peter J Havel
- Department of Nutrition and Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Tami Wolden-Hanson
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Office of Research and Development Medical Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Karen L Bales
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - James E Blevins
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Office of Research and Development Medical Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
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77
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Freeman SM, Ngo J, Singh B, Masnaghetti M, Bales KL, Blevins JE. Effects of Chronic Oxytocin Administration and Diet Composition on Oxytocin and Vasopressin 1a Receptor Binding in the Rat Brain. Neuroscience 2018; 392:241-251. [PMID: 30071278 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Oxytocin (OT) elicits weight loss in diet-induced obese (DIO) rodents, nonhuman primates, and humans, in part, by reducing food intake. Chronic OT administration produces more sustained weight loss in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed DIO rodents relative to chow-fed controls, but the reasons for this effect remain unclear. We hypothesized that HFD-induced obesity is associated with elevated OT receptor (OXTR) binding in brain regions where OT is known to cause decreased food intake and that this sensitized neural system is one mechanism by which OT preferentially elicits weight loss in DIO rodents. We therefore determined the impact of diet (HFD vs chow) and drug treatment (chronic OT infusion vs vehicle) on (1) OXTR binding in hindbrain and forebrain sites where OT suppresses food intake relative to control sites that express OXTR and (2) forebrain vasopressin 1a receptor (AVPR1a) density to evaluate the specificity of any OT effects. Using quantitative receptor autoradiography, we found that (1) diet composition failed to alter OXTR or AVPR1a binding; (2) chronic OT treatment produced largely global reductions in forebrain OXTR and AVPR1a binding without significantly altering hindbrain OXTR binding. These findings suggest that forebrain OXTR and AVPR1a are down-regulated in response to chronic OT treatment. Given that chronic intranasal OT may be used as a therapeutic strategy to treat obesity, future studies should consider the potential downregulatory effect that chronic treatment can have across forebrain and hindbrain nonapeptide receptors and assess the potential contribution of both receptor subtypes to the outcome measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Freeman
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Julie Ngo
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bhavdeep Singh
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Karen L Bales
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - James E Blevins
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Office of Research and Development Medical Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
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78
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Zhang B, Nakata M, Nakae J, Ogawa W, Yada T. Central insulin action induces activation of paraventricular oxytocin neurons to release oxytocin into circulation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10415. [PMID: 29991705 PMCID: PMC6039480 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28816-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxytocin neurons in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of hypothalamus regulate energy metabolism and reproduction. Plasma oxytocin concentration is reduced in obese subjects with insulin resistance. These findings prompted us to hypothesize that insulin serves to promote oxytocin release. This study examined whether insulin activates oxytocin neurons in the PVN, and explored the underlying signaling. We generated the mice deficient of 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1), a major signaling molecule particularly for insulin, specifically in oxytocin neurons (Oxy Pdk1 KO). Insulin increased cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) in oxytocin neurons with larger (≧25 μm) and smaller (<25 μm) diameters isolated from PVN in C57BL/6 mice. In PDK1 Oxy Pdk1 KO mice, in contrast, this effect of insulin to increase [Ca2+]i was markedly diminished in the larger-sized oxytocin neurons, while it was intact in the smaller-sized oxytocin neurons. Furthermore, intracerebroventricular insulin administration induced oxytocin release into plasma in Oxy Cre but not Oxy Pdk1 KO mice. These results demonstrate that insulin PDK1-dependently preferentially activates PVN magnocellular oxytocin neurons to release oxytocin into circulation, possibly serving as a mechanism for the interaction between metabolism and perinatal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Division of Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Masanori Nakata
- Department of Physiology, Division of Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan. .,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, 641-8509, Kimiidera 811-1, Wakayama, Wakayama, Japan.
| | - Jun Nakae
- Frontier Medicine on Metabolic Syndrome, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Ogawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Yada
- Department of Physiology, Division of Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan. .,Kansai Electric Power Medical Research Institute, 1-5-6 Minatojimaminamimachi, Chuou-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.
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79
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Liutkevičiūtė Z, Gil-Mansilla E, Eder T, Casillas-Pérez B, Di Giglio MG, Muratspahić E, Grebien F, Rattei T, Muttenthaler M, Cremer S, Gruber CW. Oxytocin-like signaling in ants influences metabolic gene expression and locomotor activity. FASEB J 2018; 32:fj201800443. [PMID: 29939785 PMCID: PMC6174076 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ants are emerging model systems to study cellular signaling because distinct castes possess different physiologic phenotypes within the same colony. Here we studied the functionality of inotocin signaling, an insect ortholog of mammalian oxytocin (OT), which was recently discovered in ants. In Lasius ants, we determined that specialization within the colony, seasonal factors, and physiologic conditions down-regulated the expression of the OT-like signaling system. Given this natural variation, we interrogated its function using RNAi knockdowns. Next-generation RNA sequencing of OT-like precursor knock-down ants highlighted its role in the regulation of genes involved in metabolism. Knock-down ants exhibited higher walking activity and increased self-grooming in the brood chamber. We propose that OT-like signaling in ants is important for regulating metabolic processes and locomotion.-Liutkevičiūtė, Z., Gil-Mansilla, E., Eder, T., Casillas-Pérez, B., Di Giglio, M. G., Muratspahić, E., Grebien, F., Rattei, T., Muttenthaler, M., Cremer, S., Gruber, C. W. Oxytocin-like signaling in ants influences metabolic gene expression and locomotor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zita Liutkevičiūtė
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Esther Gil-Mansilla
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Eder
- Division of Computational Systems Biology (CUBE), Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Edin Muratspahić
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Grebien
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Rattei
- Division of Computational Systems Biology (CUBE), Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Muttenthaler
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sylvia Cremer
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Christian W. Gruber
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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80
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Achim K, Eling N, Vergara HM, Bertucci PY, Musser J, Vopalensky P, Brunet T, Collier P, Benes V, Marioni JC, Arendt D. Whole-Body Single-Cell Sequencing Reveals Transcriptional Domains in the Annelid Larval Body. Mol Biol Evol 2018; 35:1047-1062. [PMID: 29373712 PMCID: PMC5913682 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msx336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal bodies comprise diverse arrays of cells. To characterize cellular identities across an entire body, we have compared the transcriptomes of single cells randomly picked from dissociated whole larvae of the marine annelid Platynereis dumerilii. We identify five transcriptionally distinct groups of differentiated cells, each expressing a unique set of transcription factors and effector genes that implement cellular phenotypes. Spatial mapping of cells into a cellular expression atlas, and wholemount in situ hybridization of group-specific genes reveals spatially coherent transcriptional domains in the larval body, comprising, for example, apical sensory-neurosecretory cells versus neural/epidermal surface cells. These domains represent new, basic subdivisions of the annelid body based entirely on differential gene expression, and are composed of multiple, transcriptionally similar cell types. They do not represent clonal domains, as revealed by developmental lineage analysis. We propose that the transcriptional domains that subdivide the annelid larval body represent families of related cell types that have arisen by evolutionary diversification. Their possible evolutionary conservation makes them a promising tool for evo-devo research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaia Achim
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nils Eling
- EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Paola Yanina Bertucci
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jacob Musser
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pavel Vopalensky
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thibaut Brunet
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul Collier
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vladimir Benes
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - John C Marioni
- EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Detlev Arendt
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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81
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Akour A, Kasabri V, Bulatova N, Al Muhaissen S, Naffa R, Fahmawi H, Momani M, Zayed A, Bustanji Y. Association of Oxytocin with Glucose Intolerance and Inflammation Biomarkers in Metabolic Syndrome Patients with and without Prediabetes. Rev Diabet Stud 2018; 14:364-371. [PMID: 29590229 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2017.14.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to explore the differences in OXT levels in metabolic syndrome (MetS) subjects, newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), and prediabetes subjects vs. MetS subjects without glucose intolerance (non-diabetic MetS). It was also intended to determine the relationship between plasma OXT levels and inflammatory markers in those subjects. METHODS Along with 45 lean and normoglycemic controls, a total of 190 MetS subjects (61 men, 129 women) were enrolled. Colorimetric enzymatic assays of the following components were performed: plasma OXT, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), macrophage chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), resistin, adiponectin, leptin, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), thrompospondin 1 (TSP-1), interleukin 10 (IL-10), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and glucagon. RESULTS hsCRP, PAI-1, resistin, leptin-to-adiponection-ratio (LAR), TNF-α, TSP-1, and MIF were significantly higher in both MetS groups (prediabetic and T2DM) than in MetS-only subjects. Leptin and MMP-9 were significantly higher in the MetS-T2DM group (but not in MetS-prediabetics) vs. MetS-only subjects. Conversely adiponectin, OXT, MCP-1, and IL-10 were significantly lower in both MetS groups (prediabetic and T2DM) than in MetS-only subjects. There was no marked discrepancy in either glucagon or IL-6 levels among the three MetS groups. In the entire MetS study population, OXT correlated substantially and proportionally with MCP-1, IL-10, and IL-6; it correlated negatively with HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), PAI-1, MMP-9, TNF-α, TSP-1, resistin, adiponectin, leptin, LAR, and MIF. No association could be observed between OXT and glucagon. CONCLUSIONS OXT may be a substantial surrogate predictive/prognostic tool and putative pharmacotherapeutic target in metabolic anomalies and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Akour
- School of Pharmacy and Medicine, the University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Violet Kasabri
- School of Pharmacy and Medicine, the University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Nailya Bulatova
- School of Pharmacy and Medicine, the University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Suha Al Muhaissen
- School of Pharmacy and Medicine, the University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Randa Naffa
- School of Pharmacy and Medicine, the University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Hiba Fahmawi
- School of Pharmacy and Medicine, the University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Munther Momani
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, the University of Jordan Hospital, Amman, Jordan
| | - Ayman Zayed
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, the University of Jordan Hospital, Amman, Jordan
| | - Yasser Bustanji
- School of Pharmacy and Medicine, the University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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Leslie M, Silva P, Paloyelis Y, Blevins J, Treasure J. A Systematic Review and Quantitative Meta-Analysis of Oxytocin's Effects on Feeding. J Neuroendocrinol 2018; 30:10.1111/jne.12584. [PMID: 29480934 PMCID: PMC6292740 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Oxytocin's anorexigenic effects have been widely documented and accepted; however, no paper has yet used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines to compile previous findings in a single systematic review and quantitative meta-analysis. The current paper aimed to identify published and unpublished studies examining the effects of oxytocin on energy intake in animals and humans, and the factors that moderate this effect. METHODS Web of Science, Pub Med, and Ovid were searched for published and unpublished studies reporting the effects of oxytocin on energy intake in wild-type animals and in humans, when administered in the absence of other active drugs or surgery. RESULTS 2049 articles were identified through the original systematic literature search, from which 54 articles were identified as relevant for inclusion in this review. An additional 3 relevant articles were identified in a later update of the literature search. Overall, a single-dose of oxytocin was found to reduce feeding in animals. Despite several individual studies which found that this effect persists to the end of the third week of chronic administration in rodent models, overall, this anorexigenic effect did not hold in the meta-analyses testing the effects of chronic administration. There was no overall effect of oxytocin on energy intake in humans, although a trend was identified for oxytocin to reduce consumption of solid foods. CONCLUSIONS Oxytocin reduces energy intake when administered as a single dose. Oxytocin can inhibit feeding over two- to three-week periods in rodent models. These effects typically do not persist beyond the third week of treatment. The anorexigenic effect of oxytocin is moderated by pregnant status, dose, method of administration, and diet composition. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Leslie
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London (KCL), London, UK
| | - Paulo Silva
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London (KCL), London, UK
| | - Yannis Paloyelis
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London (KCL), London, UK
| | - James Blevins
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Office of Research and Development Medical Research Service, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Janet Treasure
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London (KCL), London, UK
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83
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McCammon JM, Blaker-Lee A, Chen X, Sive H. The 16p11.2 homologs fam57ba and doc2a generate certain brain and body phenotypes. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 26:3699-3712. [PMID: 28934389 PMCID: PMC5886277 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Deletion of the 16p11.2 CNV affects 25 core genes and is associated with multiple symptoms affecting brain and body, including seizures, hyperactivity, macrocephaly, and obesity. Available data suggest that most symptoms are controlled by haploinsufficiency of two or more 16p11.2 genes. To identify interacting 16p11.2 genes, we used a pairwise partial loss of function antisense screen for embryonic brain morphology, using the accessible zebrafish model. fam57ba, encoding a ceramide synthase, was identified as interacting with the doc2a gene, encoding a calcium-sensitive exocytosis regulator, a genetic interaction not previously described. Using genetic mutants, we demonstrated that doc2a+/− fam57ba+/− double heterozygotes show hyperactivity and increased seizure susceptibility relative to wild-type or single doc2a−/− or fam57ba−/− mutants. Additionally, doc2a+/− fam57ba+/− double heterozygotes demonstrate the increased body length and head size. Single doc2a+/− and fam57ba+/− heterozygotes do not show a body size increase; however, fam57ba−/− homozygous mutants show a strongly increased head size and body length, suggesting a greater contribution from fam57ba to the haploinsufficient interaction between doc2a and fam57ba. The doc2a+/− fam57ba+/− interaction has not been reported before, nor has any 16p11.2 gene previously been linked to increased body size. These findings demonstrate that one pair of 16p11.2 homologs can regulate both brain and body phenotypes that are reflective of those in people with 16p11.2 deletion. Together, these findings suggest that dysregulation of ceramide pathways and calcium sensitive exocytosis underlies seizures and large body size associated with 16p11.2 homologs in zebrafish. The data inform consideration of mechanisms underlying human 16p11.2 deletion symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alicia Blaker-Lee
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Hazel Sive
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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84
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Maestrini S, Mele C, Mai S, Vietti R, Di Blasio A, Castello L, Surico D, Aimaretti G, Scacchi M, Marzullo P. Plasma Oxytocin Concentration in Pre- and Postmenopausal Women: Its Relationship with Obesity, Body Composition and Metabolic Variables. Obes Facts 2018; 11:429-439. [PMID: 30372704 PMCID: PMC6257199 DOI: 10.1159/000492001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between oxytocin, menopause and obesity. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis on 56 obese (OB; 28 premenopausal) and 53 normal-weight women (NW; 27 premenopausal) was performed by measurement of oxytocin, leptin, adiponectin, gonadotropins, sex steroids, glucose, and lipid homeostasis as well as DXA assessment of fat mass (%FM) and fat-free mass (FFM). RESULTS Women from NW and OB groups were comparable for age but differed in anthropometric measures. In our cohorts, menopause was not associated with changes in gluco-lipid homeostasis and %FM, while FFM was lower in postmenopausal women from both study groups (p < 0.05). In each group, leptin was unaltered, and adiponectin only marginally changed across menopause, while oxytocin levels were lower in post- than in premenopausal women (NW: p < 0.05; OB: p < 0.005), and lower in OB than NW women, either when assessed as whole groups or if stratified by menopause (p < 0.001). In correlation analysis, inverse associations related oxytocin to menopause, obesity, and adiposity-related measures. BMI (p < 0.0001) and menopause independently predicted oxytocin levels (p < 0.001), but their interaction was null (p = 0.5). CONCLUSIONS Obesity and menopause are independent negative predictors of plasma oxytocin. Longitudinal studies should clarify the role of oxytocin on weight modifications experienced around and after menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Maestrini
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Ospedale S. Giuseppe, Verbania, Italy
| | - Chiara Mele
- Division of General Medicine, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Ospedale S. Giuseppe, Verbania, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Stefania Mai
- Laboratory of Metabolic Research, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Ospedale S. Giuseppe, Verbania, Italy
| | - Roberta Vietti
- Laboratory of Metabolic Research, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Ospedale S. Giuseppe, Verbania, Italy
| | - Annamaria Di Blasio
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Ospedale S. Giuseppe, Verbania, Italy
| | - Luigi Castello
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Daniela Surico
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Gianluca Aimaretti
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Massimo Scacchi
- Division of General Medicine, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Ospedale S. Giuseppe, Verbania, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Marzullo
- Division of General Medicine, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Ospedale S. Giuseppe, Verbania, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- *Paolo Marzullo, MD, PhD, Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, Novara, 28100 Italy,
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85
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Maejima Y, Yokota S, Nishimori K, Shimomura K. The Anorexigenic Neural Pathways of Oxytocin and Their Clinical Implication. Neuroendocrinology 2018; 107:91-104. [PMID: 29660735 DOI: 10.1159/000489263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxytocin was discovered in 1906 as a peptide that promotes delivery and milk ejection; however, its additional physiological functions were determined 100 years later. Many recent articles have reported newly discovered effects of oxytocin on social communication, bonding, reward-related behavior, adipose tissue, and muscle and food intake regulation. Because oxytocin neurons project to various regions in the brain that contribute to both feeding reward (hedonic feeding) and the regulation of energy balance (homeostatic feeding), the mechanisms of oxytocin on food intake regulation are complicated and largely unknown. Oxytocin neurons in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) receive neural projections from the arcuate nucleus (ARC), which is an important center for feeding regulation. On the other hand, these neurons in the PVN and supraoptic nucleus project to the ARC. PVN oxytocin neurons also project to the brain stem and the reward-related limbic system. In addition to this, oxytocin induces lipolysis and decreases fat mass. However, these effects in feeding and adipose tissue are known to be dependent on body weight (BW). Oxytocin treatment is more effective in food intake regulation and fat mass decline for individuals with leptin resistance and higher BW, but is known to be less effective in individuals with normal BW. In this review, we present in detail the recent findings on the physiological role of oxytocin in feeding regulation and the anorexigenic neural pathway of oxytocin neurons, as well as the advantage of oxytocin usage for anti-obesity treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Maejima
- Department of Bioregulation and Pharmacological Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Shoko Yokota
- Department of Bioregulation and Pharmacological Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Nishimori
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kenju Shimomura
- Department of Bioregulation and Pharmacological Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
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86
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van der Klaauw AA. Neuropeptides in Obesity and Metabolic Disease. Clin Chem 2017; 64:173-182. [PMID: 29097517 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2017.281568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global rise in the prevalence of obesity and associated comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer represents a major public health concern. CONTENT Studies in rodents with the use of global and targeted gene disruption, and mapping of neurocircuitry by using optogenetics and designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) have greatly advanced our understanding of the neural control of body weight. In conjunction with analytical chemistry techniques involving classical immunoassays and mass spectrometry, many neuropeptides that are key to energy homeostasis have been identified. The actions of neuropeptides are diverse, from paracrine modulation of local neurotransmission to hormonal control of distant target organs. SUMMARY Multiple hormones, such as the adipocyte-derived leptin, insulin, and gut hormones, and nutrients signal peripheral energy state to the central nervous system. Neurons in distinct areas of the hypothalamus and brainstem integrate and translate this information by both direct inhibitory/excitatory projections and anorexigenic or orexigenic neuropeptides into actions on food intake and energy expenditure. The importance of these neuropeptides in human energy balance is most powerfully illustrated by genetic forms of obesity that involve neuropeptides such as melanocortin-4-receptor (MC4R) deficiency. Drugs that mimic the actions of neuropeptides are being tested for the treatment of obesity. Successful therapeutic strategies in obesity will require in-depth knowledge of the neuronal circuits they are working in, the downstream targets, and potential compensatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agatha A van der Klaauw
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Metabolic Research Laboratories - Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England.
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87
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Maejima Y, Aoyama M, Sakamoto K, Jojima T, Aso Y, Takasu K, Takenosihita S, Shimomura K. Impact of sex, fat distribution and initial body weight on oxytocin's body weight regulation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8599. [PMID: 28819236 PMCID: PMC5561196 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09318-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is considered as a worldwide problem in both males and females. Although many studies have demonstrated the efficiency of oxytocin (Oxt) as an anti-obesity peptide, there is no comparative study of its effect in males and females. This study aims to determine factors (sex, initial body weight, and fat distribution) that may affect the ability of Oxt to regulate body weight (BW). With regard to sex, Oxt reduced BW similarly in males and females under both high fat diet (HFD) and standard chow-fed condition. The BW reduction induced by Oxt correlated with initial BW in male and female mice under HFD conditions. Oxt showed an equal efficacy in fat degradation in both the visceral and subcutaneous fat mass in both males and females fed with HFD. The effect of Oxt on BW reduction was attenuated in standard chow-fed male and female mice. Therefore, our results suggest that administration of Oxt is more effective in reducing BW in subjects with a high initial BW with increased fat accumulation. The present data contains important information for the possible clinical application of Oxt for the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Maejima
- Department of Pharmacology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima-shi, 960-1295, Japan.
| | - Masato Aoyama
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya-Shi, 321-8505, Japan
| | - Kazuho Sakamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima-shi, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Teruo Jojima
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu-Machi, 321-0293, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Aso
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu-Machi, 321-0293, Japan
| | | | - Seiichi Takenosihita
- Advanced Clinical Research Center, Fukushima Global Medical Science Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima-shi, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Kenju Shimomura
- Department of Pharmacology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima-shi, 960-1295, Japan
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88
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Roberts ZS, Wolden-Hanson T, Matsen ME, Ryu V, Vaughan CH, Graham JL, Havel PJ, Chukri DW, Schwartz MW, Morton GJ, Blevins JE. Chronic hindbrain administration of oxytocin is sufficient to elicit weight loss in diet-induced obese rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 313:R357-R371. [PMID: 28747407 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00169.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxytocin (OT) administration elicits weight loss in diet-induced obese (DIO) rodents, nonhuman primates, and humans by reducing energy intake and increasing energy expenditure. Although the neurocircuitry underlying these effects remains uncertain, OT neurons in the paraventricular nucleus are positioned to control both energy intake and sympathetic nervous system outflow to interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) through projections to the hindbrain nucleus of the solitary tract and spinal cord. The current work was undertaken to examine whether central OT increases BAT thermogenesis, whether this effect involves hindbrain OT receptors (OTRs), and whether such effects are associated with sustained weight loss following chronic administration. To assess OT-elicited changes in BAT thermogenesis, we measured the effects of intracerebroventricular administration of OT on interscapular BAT temperature in rats and mice. Because fourth ventricular (4V) infusion targets hindbrain OTRs, whereas third ventricular (3V) administration targets both forebrain and hindbrain OTRs, we compared responses to OT following chronic 3V infusion in DIO rats and mice and chronic 4V infusion in DIO rats. We report that chronic 4V infusion of OT into two distinct rat models recapitulates the effects of 3V OT to ameliorate DIO by reducing fat mass. While reduced food intake contributes to this effect, our finding that 4V OT also increases BAT thermogenesis suggests that increased energy expenditure may contribute as well. Collectively, these findings support the hypothesis that, in DIO rats, OT action in the hindbrain evokes sustained weight loss by reducing energy intake and increasing BAT thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S Roberts
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Office of Research and Development, Medical Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Tami Wolden-Hanson
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Office of Research and Development, Medical Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Miles E Matsen
- University of Washington Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Vitaly Ryu
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia; and.,Center for Obesity Reversal, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Cheryl H Vaughan
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia; and.,Center for Obesity Reversal, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - James L Graham
- Departments of Nutrition and Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Peter J Havel
- Departments of Nutrition and Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Daniel W Chukri
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Office of Research and Development, Medical Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Michael W Schwartz
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington.,University of Washington Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Gregory J Morton
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington.,University of Washington Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - James E Blevins
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Office of Research and Development, Medical Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Seattle, Washington; .,Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
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89
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Wu L, Meng J, Shen Q, Zhang Y, Pan S, Chen Z, Zhu LQ, Lu Y, Huang Y, Zhang G. Caffeine inhibits hypothalamic A 1R to excite oxytocin neuron and ameliorate dietary obesity in mice. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15904. [PMID: 28654087 PMCID: PMC5490268 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeine, an antagonist of the adenosine receptor A1R, is used as a dietary supplement to reduce body weight, although the underlying mechanism is unclear. Here, we report that adenosine level in the cerebrospinal fluid, and hypothalamic expression of A1R, are increased in the diet-induced obesity (DIO) mouse. We find that mice with overexpression of A1R in the neurons of paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus are hyperphagic, have glucose intolerance and high body weight. Central or peripheral administration of caffeine reduces the body weight of DIO mice by the suppression of appetite and increasing of energy expenditure. We also show that caffeine excites oxytocin expressing neurons, and blockade of the action of oxytocin significantly attenuates the effect of caffeine on energy balance. These data suggest that caffeine inhibits A1Rs expressed on PVN oxytocin neurons to negatively regulate energy balance in DIO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liufeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Jia Meng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Qing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Susu Pan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Ling-Qiang Zhu
- Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Youming Lu
- Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.,Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Guo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.,Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
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90
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Miller GD. Appetite Regulation: Hormones, Peptides, and Neurotransmitters and Their Role in Obesity. Am J Lifestyle Med 2017; 13:586-601. [PMID: 31662725 DOI: 10.1177/1559827617716376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding body weight regulation will aid in the development of new strategies to combat obesity. This review examines energy homeostasis and food intake behaviors, specifically with regards to hormones, peptides, and neurotransmitters in the periphery and central nervous system, and their potential role in obesity. Dysfunction in feeding signals by the brain is a factor in obesity. The hypothalamic (arcuate nucleus) and brainstem (nucleus tractus solitaris) areas integrate behavioral, endocrine, and autonomic responses via afferent and efferent pathways from and to the brainstem and peripheral organs. Neurons present in the arcuate nucleus express pro-opiomelanocortin, Neuropeptide Y, and Agouti Related Peptide, with the former involved in lowering food intake, and the latter two acutely increasing feeding behaviors. Action of peripheral hormones from the gut, pancreas, adipose, and liver are also involved in energy homeostasis. Vagal afferent neurons are also important in regulating energy homeostasis. Peripheral signals respond to the level of stored and currently available fuel. By studying their actions, new agents maybe developed that disable orexigenic responses and enhance anorexigenic signals. Although there are relatively few medications currently available for obesity treatment, a number of agents are in development that work through these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary D Miller
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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91
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Effects of adipokines and obesity on uterine contractility. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2017; 34:59-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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92
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Amri EZ, Pisani DF. Control of bone and fat mass by oxytocin. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2017; 28:95-104. [PMID: 27865092 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2016-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis and overweight/obesity constitute major worldwide public health burdens. Aging is associated with a decrease in hormonal secretion, lean mass and bone mass, and an increase in fat accumulation. It is established that both obesity and osteoporosis are affected by genetic and environmental factors, bone remodeling and adiposity are both regulated through the hypothalamus and sympathetic nervous system. Oxytocin (OT), belongs to the pituitary hormone family and regulates the function of peripheral target organs, its circulating levels decreased with age. Nowadays, it is well established that OT plays an important role in the control of bone and fat mass and their metabolism. Of note, OT and oxytocin receptor knock out mice develop bone defects and late-onset obesity. Thus OT emerges as a promising molecule in the treatment of osteoporosis and obesity as well as associated metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we will discuss findings regarding the OT effects on bone and fat mass.
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93
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Kabayama H, Tokushige N, Takeuchi M, Kabayama M, Fukuda M, Mikoshiba K. Parkin promotes proteasomal degradation of synaptotagmin IV by accelerating polyubiquitination. Mol Cell Neurosci 2017; 80:89-99. [PMID: 28254618 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkin is an E3 ubiquitin ligase whose mutations cause autosomal recessive juvenile Parkinson's disease (PD). Unlike the human phenotype, parkin knockout (KO) mice show no apparent dopamine neuron degeneration, although they demonstrate reduced expression and activity of striatal mitochondrial proteins believed to be necessary for neuronal survival. Instead, parkin-KO mice show reduced striatal evoked dopamine release, abnormal synaptic plasticity, and non-motor symptoms, all of which appear to mimic the preclinical features of Parkinson's disease. Extensive studies have screened candidate synaptic proteins responsible for reduced evoked dopamine release, and synaptotagmin XI (Syt XI), an isoform of Syt family regulating membrane trafficking, has been identified as a substrate of parkin in humans. However, its expression level is unaltered in the striatum of parkin-KO mice. Thus, the target(s) of parkin and the molecular mechanisms underlying the impaired dopamine release in parkin-KO mice remain unknown. In this study, we focused on Syt IV because of its highly homology to Syt XI, and because they share an evolutionarily conserved lack of Ca2+-binding capacity; thus, Syt IV plays an inhibitory role in Ca2+-dependent neurotransmitter release in PC12 cells and neurons in various brain regions. We found that a proteasome inhibitor increased Syt IV protein, but not Syt XI protein, in neuron-like, differentiated PC12 cells, and that parkin interacted with and polyubiquitinated Syt IV, thereby accelerating its protein turnover. Parkin overexpression selectively degraded Syt IV protein, but not Syt I protein (indispensable for Ca2+-dependent exocytosis), thus enhancing depolarization-dependent exocytosis. Furthermore, in parkin-KO mice, the level of striatal Syt IV protein was increased. Our data indicate a crucial role for parkin in the proteasomal degradation of Syt IV, and provide a potential mechanism of parkin-regulated, evoked neurotransmitter release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kabayama
- Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, Brain Science Institute, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Naoko Tokushige
- Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, Brain Science Institute, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Makoto Takeuchi
- Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, Brain Science Institute, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Miyuki Kabayama
- Division of Functional Morphology, Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonantyo, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Fukuda
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Mikoshiba
- Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, Brain Science Institute, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
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94
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Klement J, Ott V, Rapp K, Brede S, Piccinini F, Cobelli C, Lehnert H, Hallschmid M. Oxytocin Improves β-Cell Responsivity and Glucose Tolerance in Healthy Men. Diabetes 2017; 66:264-271. [PMID: 27554476 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In addition to its pivotal role in psychosocial behavior, the hypothalamic neuropeptide oxytocin contributes to metabolic control by suppressing eating behavior. Its involvement in glucose homeostasis is less clear, although pilot experiments suggest that oxytocin improves glucose homeostasis. We assessed the effect of intranasal oxytocin (24 IU) administered to 29 healthy, fasted male subjects on glucose homeostasis measured by means of an oral glucose tolerance test. Parameters of glucose metabolism were analyzed according to the oral minimal model. Oxytocin attenuated the peak excursion of plasma glucose and augmented the early increases in insulin and C-peptide concentrations in response to the glucose challenge, while slightly blunting insulin and C-peptide peaks. Oral minimal model analyses revealed that oxytocin compared with placebo induced a pronounced increase in β-cell responsivity (PHItotal) that was largely due to an enhanced dynamic response (PHId), and a more than twofold improvement in glucose tolerance (disposition index). Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, glucagon, and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations were not or were only marginally affected. These results indicate that oxytocin plays a significant role in the acute regulation of glucose metabolism in healthy humans and render the oxytocin system a potential target of antidiabetic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Klement
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Volker Ott
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Kristina Rapp
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Swantje Brede
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Claudio Cobelli
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Hendrik Lehnert
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Manfred Hallschmid
- Department of Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen (IDM), Tübingen, Germany
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95
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Akour A, Kasabri V, Boulatova N, Bustanji Y, Naffa R, Hyasat D, Khawaja N, Bustanji H, Zayed A, Momani M. Levels of metabolic markers in drug-naive prediabetic and type 2 diabetic patients. Acta Diabetol 2017; 54:163-170. [PMID: 27752839 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-016-0926-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and prediabetes (pre-DM) are associated with changes in levels of metabolic markers. The main aim of this study is to compare the levels of omentin, irisin, endothelin-1, nesfatin, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), fibroblast growth factor, and oxytocin (OXT) between normoglycemic and pre-DM/T2DM obese Jordanian patients. METHODS One hundred and ninety-eight adult Jordanian subjects were recruited. Demographic data and clinical parameters were collected. The serum levels of biomarkers were measured by enzymatic assay procedure. RESULTS Compared to normoglycemic (95 subjects), pre-DM/T2DM (103 subjects) displayed higher HGF (ng/ml) = 78.8 (71.4-104) versus 55.9 (45.3-66.6), p < 0.0001; and nesfatin (ng/ml) = 0.5 (0.4-0.7) versus 0.2 (0.1-0.4), p < 0.0001; betatrophin (ng/ml) = 1.2 (0.8-1.6) versus 0.22 (0.15-0.41), p < 0.0001. On the other hand, they had lower levels of omentin (ng/ml) = 2.1 (0.9-3.3) versus 3.6 (2.0-6.4), p < 0.0001, irisin (ng/ml) = 113.7 (88.9-142.9) versus 132.6 (110.7-147.8), p < 0.0001; and oxytocin (pg/ml) = 1077.9 (667.3-1506.0) versus 2180.1 (1464.5-2795.6), p < 0.0001; respectively. In comparison, FGF-21 (ng/ml) = 0.3 (0.2-0.5) versus 0.2 (0.1-0.4), and endothelin (pg/ml) = 2.7 (1.3-5.2) versus 2.8 (1.6-5.6) did not differ between the two groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In the present study, patients with pre-DM and T2DM have higher serum levels of metabolic HGF, nesfatin, and betatrophin and lower levels of omentin, irisin, and OXT. Future longitudinal and interventional studies are required to confirm the utility of these markers as novel progression or therapeutic targets in the pharmacotherapy of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Akour
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Queen Rania Street, Amman, 11942, Jordan.
| | - Violet Kasabri
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Queen Rania Street, Amman, 11942, Jordan
| | - Nailya Boulatova
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Queen Rania Street, Amman, 11942, Jordan
| | - Yasser Bustanji
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Queen Rania Street, Amman, 11942, Jordan
| | - Randa Naffa
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jordan Hospital, Amman, Jordan
| | - Dana Hyasat
- National Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Genetics, Amman, Jordan
| | - Nahla Khawaja
- National Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Genetics, Amman, Jordan
| | - Haidar Bustanji
- National Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Genetics, Amman, Jordan
| | - Ayman Zayed
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Jordan University Hospital, Amman, Jordan
| | - Munther Momani
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Jordan University Hospital, Amman, Jordan
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96
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Abstract
In this article we review the scientific contributions of Anthony Sclafani, with specific emphasis on his early work on the neural substrate of the ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) hyperphagia-obesity syndrome, and on the development of diet-induced obesity (DIO). Over a period of 20 years Sclafani systematically investigated the neuroanatomical basis of the VMH hyperphagia-obesity syndrome, and ultimately identified a longitudinal oxytocin-containing neural tract contributing to its expression. This tract has since been implicated in mediating the effects of at least two gastrointestinal satiety factors. Sclafani was one of the first investigators to demonstrate DIO in rats as a result of exposure to multiple palatable food items (the "supermarket diet"), and concluded that diet palatability was the primary factor responsible for DIO. Sclafani went on to investigate the potency of specific carbohydrate and fat stimuli for inducing hyperphagia, and in so doing discovered that post-ingestive nutrient effects contribute to the elevated intake of palatable food items. To further investigate this effect, he devised an intragastric infusion system which allowed the introduction of nutrients into the gut paired with the oral intake of flavored solutions, an apparatus her termed the "electronic esophagus". Sclafani coined the term "appetition" to describe the effect of intestinal nutrient sensing on post-ingestive appetite stimulation. Sclafani's productivity in the research areas he chose to investigate has been nothing short of extraordinary, and his studies are characterized by inventive hypothesizing and meticulous experimental design. His results and conclusions, to our knowledge, have never been contradicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Vasselli
- New York Obesity-Nutrition Research Center, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Gerard P Smith
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, Payne Whitney Westchester, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, 21 Bloomingdale Road, White Plains, NY, USA
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97
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Daubenbüchel AMM, Hoffmann A, Eveslage M, Özyurt J, Lohle K, Reichel J, Thiel CM, Martens H, Geenen V, Müller HL. Oxytocin in survivors of childhood-onset craniopharyngioma. Endocrine 2016; 54:524-531. [PMID: 27585663 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-016-1084-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Quality of survival of childhood-onset craniopharyngioma patients is frequently impaired by hypothalamic involvement or surgical lesions sequelae such as obesity and neuropsychological deficits. Oxytocin, a peptide hormone produced in the hypothalamus and secreted by posterior pituitary gland, plays a major role in regulation of behavior and body composition. In a cross-sectional study, oxytocin saliva concentrations were analyzed in 34 long-term craniopharyngioma survivors with and without hypothalamic involvement or treatment-related damage, recruited in the German Childhood Craniopharyngioma Registry, and in 73 healthy controls, attending the Craniopharyngioma Support Group Meeting 2014. Oxytocin was measured in saliva of craniopharyngioma patients and controls before and after standardized breakfast and associations with gender, body mass index, hypothalamic involvement, diabetes insipidus, and irradiation were analyzed. Patients with preoperative hypothalamic involvement showed similar oxytocin levels compared to patients without hypothalamic involvement and controls. However, patients with surgical hypothalamic lesions grade 1 (anterior hypothalamic area) presented with lower levels (p = 0.017) of oxytocin under fasting condition compared to patients with surgical lesion of posterior hypothalamic areas (grade 2) and patients without hypothalamic lesions (grade 0). Craniopharyngioma patients' changes in oxytocin levels before and after breakfast correlated (p = 0.02) with their body mass index. Craniopharyngioma patients continue to secrete oxytocin, especially when anterior hypothalamic areas are not involved or damaged, but oxytocin shows less variation due to nutrition. Oxytocin supplementation should be explored as a therapeutic option in craniopharyngioma patients with hypothalamic obesity and/or behavioral pathologies due to lesions of specific anterior hypothalamic areas. Clinical trial number: KRANIOPHARYNGEOM 2000/2007(NCT00258453; NCT01272622).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M M Daubenbüchel
- Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Medical Campus University Oldenburg, 26133 , Oldenburg, Germany
- University Medical Centre Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, 9712 , Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anika Hoffmann
- Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Medical Campus University Oldenburg, 26133 , Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Maria Eveslage
- Institute of Biostatistics and Clinical Research, University of Münster, 48149 , Münster, Germany
| | - Jale Özyurt
- Biological Psychology Lab, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University, 26129 , Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Kristin Lohle
- Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Medical Campus University Oldenburg, 26133 , Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Julia Reichel
- Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Medical Campus University Oldenburg, 26133 , Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Christiane M Thiel
- Biological Psychology Lab, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University, 26129 , Oldenburg, Germany
- Research Center Neurosensory Science and Cluster of Excellence "Hearing4all", Carl von Ossietzky University, 26129 , Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Henri Martens
- GIGA-I3 Center of Immunoendocrinology, University of Liege Liege-Sart Tilman, 4000 , Liege, Belgium
| | - Vincent Geenen
- GIGA-I3 Center of Immunoendocrinology, University of Liege Liege-Sart Tilman, 4000 , Liege, Belgium
| | - Hermann L Müller
- Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Medical Campus University Oldenburg, 26133 , Oldenburg, Germany.
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98
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Erdman SE, Poutahidis T. Microbes and Oxytocin: Benefits for Host Physiology and Behavior. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2016; 131:91-126. [PMID: 27793228 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It is now understood that gut bacteria exert effects beyond the local boundaries of the gastrointestinal tract to include distant tissues and overall health. Prototype probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus reuteri has been found to upregulate hormone oxytocin and systemic immune responses to achieve a wide array of health benefits involving wound healing, mental health, metabolism, and myoskeletal maintenance. Together these display that the gut microbiome and host animal interact via immune-endocrine-brain signaling networks. Such findings provide novel therapeutic strategies to stimulate powerful homeostatic pathways and genetic programs, stemming from the coevolution of mammals and their microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Erdman
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - T Poutahidis
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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99
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Rahimi M, Vinciguerra M, Daghighi M, Özcan B, Akbarkhanzadeh V, Sheedfar F, Amini M, Mazza T, Pazienza V, Motazacker MM, Mahmoudi M, De Rooij FWM, Sijbrands E, Peppelenbosch MP, Rezaee F. Age-related obesity and type 2 diabetes dysregulate neuronal associated genes and proteins in humans. Oncotarget 2016; 6:29818-32. [PMID: 26337083 PMCID: PMC4745765 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite numerous developed drugs based on glucose metabolism interventions for treatment of age-related diseases such as diabetes neuropathies (DNs), DNs are still increasing in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes (T1D, T2D). We aimed to identify novel candidates in adipose tissue (AT) and pancreas with T2D for targeting to develop new drugs for DNs therapy. AT-T2D displayed 15 (e.g. SYT4 up-regulated and VGF down-regulated) and pancreas-T2D showed 10 (e.g. BAG3 up-regulated, VAV3 and APOA1 down-regulated) highly differentially expressed genes with neuronal functions as compared to control tissues. ELISA was blindly performed to measure proteins of 5 most differentially expressed genes in 41 human subjects. SYT4 protein was upregulated, VAV3 and APOA1 were down-regulated, and BAG3 remained unchanged in 1- Obese and 2- Obese-T2D without insulin, VGF protein was higher in these two groups as well as in group 3- Obese-T2D receiving insulin than 4-lean subjects. Interaction networks analysis of these 5 genes showed several metabolic pathways (e.g. lipid metabolism and insulin signaling). Pancreas is a novel site for APOA1 synthesis. VGF is synthesized in AT and could be considered as good diagnostic, and even prognostic, marker for age-induced diseases obesity and T2D. This study provides new targets for rational drugs development for the therapy of age-related DNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Rahimi
- Faculty of Medical Science, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Manlio Vinciguerra
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Division of Medicine, University College London (UCL), London, UK.,Gastroenterology Unit, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Mojtaba Daghighi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Behiye Özcan
- Department of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Fareeba Sheedfar
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marzyeh Amini
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tommaso Mazza
- Bioinformatics Unit, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Valerio Pazienza
- Gastroenterology Unit, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Mahdi M Motazacker
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Morteza Mahmoudi
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Department of Nanotechnology and Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Felix W M De Rooij
- Department of Cardiovascular Genetics, Metabolism, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Sijbrands
- Department of Cardiovascular Genetics, Metabolism, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maikel P Peppelenbosch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Center, University of Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Farhad Rezaee
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Center, University of Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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100
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Vernocchi P, Del Chierico F, Putignani L. Gut Microbiota Profiling: Metabolomics Based Approach to Unravel Compounds Affecting Human Health. Front Microbiol 2016. [PMID: 27507964 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01144]+[] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is composed of a huge number of different bacteria, that produce a large amount of compounds playing a key role in microbe selection and in the construction of a metabolic signaling network. The microbial activities are affected by environmental stimuli leading to the generation of a wide number of compounds, that influence the host metabolome and human health. Indeed, metabolite profiles related to the gut microbiota can offer deep insights on the impact of lifestyle and dietary factors on chronic and acute diseases. Metagenomics, metaproteomics and metabolomics are some of the meta-omics approaches to study the modulation of the gut microbiota. Metabolomic research applied to biofluids allows to: define the metabolic profile; identify and quantify classes and compounds of interest; characterize small molecules produced by intestinal microbes; and define the biochemical pathways of metabolites. Mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy are the principal technologies applied to metabolomics in terms of coverage, sensitivity and quantification. Moreover, the use of biostatistics and mathematical approaches coupled with metabolomics play a key role in the extraction of biologically meaningful information from wide datasets. Metabolomic studies in gut microbiota-related research have increased, focusing on the generation of novel biomarkers, which could lead to the development of mechanistic hypotheses potentially applicable to the development of nutritional and personalized therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Vernocchi
- Unit of Human Microbiome, Genetic and Rare Diseases Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Del Chierico
- Unit of Human Microbiome, Genetic and Rare Diseases Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenza Putignani
- Unit of Human Microbiome, Genetic and Rare Diseases Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCSRome, Italy; Unit of Parasitology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCSRome, Italy
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