Quercetin hinders microglial activation to alleviate neurotoxicity via the interplay between NLRP3 inflammasome and mitophagy

FDA compound library screening Baicalin upregulates TREM2 for the treatment of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury

Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is a leading cause of global incidence and mortality rates. Oxidative stress and inflammation are key factors in the pathogenesis of AIS neuroinjury. Therefore, it is necessary to develop drugs that target neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in AIS. The Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells 2 (TREM2), primarily expressed on microglial cell membranes, plays a critical role in reducing inflammation and oxidative stress in AIS. In this study, we employed a high-throughput screening (HTS) strategy to evaluate 2625 compounds from the (Food and Drug Administration) FDA library in vitro to identify compounds that upregulate the TREM2 receptor on microglia. Through this screening, we identified Baicalin as a potential drug for AIS treatment. Baicalin, a flavonoid compound extracted and isolated from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis, demonstrated promising results. Next, we established an in vivo mouse model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (MCAO/R) and an in vitro microglia cell of oxygen-glucose deprivation reperfusion (OGD/R) to investigate the role of Baicalin in inflammation injury, oxidative stress, and neuronal apoptosis. Our results showed that baicalin effectively inhibited microglia activation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and inflammatory responses in vitro. Additionally, baicalin suppressed neuronal cell apoptosis. In the in vivo experiments, baicalin not only improved neurological functional deficits and reduced infarct volume but also inhibited microglia activation and inflammatory responses. Overall, our findings demonstrate the efficacy of Baicalin in treating MCAO/R by upregulating TREM2 to reduce inflammatory responses and inhibit neuronal apoptosis.

Crosstalk between autophagy and ferroptosis mediate injury in ischemic stroke by generating reactive oxygen species

Stroke represents a significant threat to global human health, characterized by high rates of morbidity, disability, and mortality. Predominantly, strokes are ischemic in nature. Ischemic stroke (IS) is influenced by various cell death pathways, notably autophagy and ferroptosis. Recent studies have increasingly highlighted the interplay between autophagy and ferroptosis, a process likely driven by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Post-IS, either the inhibition of autophagy or its excessive activation can escalate ROS levels. Concurrently, the interaction between ROS and lipids during ferroptosis further augments ROS accumulation. Elevated ROS levels can provoke endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced autophagy and, in conjunction with free iron (Fe2+), can trigger ferroptosis. Moreover, ROS contribute to protein and lipid oxidation, endothelial dysfunction, and an inflammatory response, all of which mediate secondary brain injury following IS. This review succinctly explores the mechanisms of ROS-mediated crosstalk between autophagy and ferroptosis and the detrimental impact of increased ROS on IS. It also offers novel perspectives for IS treatment strategies.

Quercetin Regulates Lipid Metabolism and Fat Accumulation by Regulating Inflammatory Responses and Glycometabolism Pathways: A Review

Fat synthesis and lipolysis are natural processes in growth and have a close association with health. Fat provides energy, maintains physiological function, and so on, and thus plays a significant role in the body. However, excessive/abnormal fat accumulation leads to obesity and lipid metabolism disorder, which can have a detrimental impact on growth and even harm one's health. Aside from genetic effects, there are a range of factors related to obesity, such as excessive nutrient intake, inflammation, glycometabolism disease, and so on. These factors could serve as potential targets for anti-obesity therapy. Quercetin is a flavonol that has received a lot of attention recently because of its role in anti-obesity. It was thought to have the ability to regulate lipid metabolism and have a positive effect on anti-obesity, but the processes are still unknown. Recent studies have shown the role of quercetin in lipid metabolism might be related to its effects on inflammatory responses and glycometabolism. The references were chosen for this review with no date restrictions applied based on the topics they addressed, and the databases PubMed and Web of Sicence was used to conduct the references research, using the following search terms: "quercetin", "obesity", "inflammation", "glycometabolism", "insulin sensitivity", etc. This review summarizes the potential mechanisms of quercetin in alleviating lipid metabolism through anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic signaling pathways, and describes the possible signaling pathways in the interaction of inflammation and glycometabolism, with the goal of providing references for future research and application of quercetin in the regulation of lipid metabolism.

Zinc remodels mitochondrial network through SIRT3/Mfn2-dependent mitochondrial transfer in ameliorating spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a traumatic neuropathic condition that results in motor, sensory and autonomic dysfunction. Mitochondrial dysfunction caused by primary trauma is one of the critical pathogenic mechanisms. Moderate levels of zinc have antioxidant effects, promote neurogenesis and immune responses. Zinc normalises mitochondrial morphology in neurons after SCI. However, how zinc protects mitochondria within neurons is unknown. In the study, we used transwell culture, Western blot, Quantitative Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (QRT-PCR), ATP content detection, reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity assay, flow cytometry and immunostaining to investigate the relationship between zinc-treated microglia and injured neurons through animal and cell experiments. We found that zinc promotes mitochondrial transfer from microglia to neurons after SCI through Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) regulation of Mitofusin 2 protein (Mfn2). It can rescue mitochondria in damaged neurons and inhibit oxidative stress, increase ATP levels and promote neuronal survival. Therefore, it can improve the recovery of motor function in SCI mice. In conclusion, our work reveals a potential mechanism to describe the communication between microglia and neurons after SCI, which may provide a new idea for future therapeutic approaches to SCI.

Crosstalk between autophagy and inflammasomes in ricin-induced inflammatory injury

Ricin (ricin toxin, RT) has the potential to cause damage to multiple organs and systems. Currently, there are no existing antidotes, vaccinations, or effective therapies to prevent or treat RT intoxication. Apart from halting protein synthesis, RT also induces oxidative stress, inflammation and autophagy. To explore the mechanisms of RT-induced inflammatory injury and specific targets of prevention and treatment for RT poisoning, we characterized the role of cross-talk between autophagy and NLRP3 inflammasome in RT-induced damage and elucidated the underlying mechanisms. We showed that RT-induced inflammation was attributed to activation of the TLR4/MyD88/NLRP3 signaling and ROS production, evidenced by increased ASC speck formation and attenuated TXNIP/TRX-1 interaction, as well as pre-treatment with MCC950, MyD88 knockdown and NAC significantly reduced IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA expression. In addition, autophagy is also enhanced in RT-triggered MLE-12 cells. RT elevated the levels of ATG5, p62 and Beclin1 protein, provoked the accumulation of LC3 puncta detected by immunofluorescence staining. Treatment with rapamycin (Rapa) reversed the RT-caused TLR4/MyD88/NLRP3 signaling activation, ASC specks formation as well as the levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA. In conclusion, RT promoted NLRP3 inflammasome activation and autophgay. Inflammation induced by RT was attenuated by autophagy activation, which suppressed the NLRP3 inflammasome. These findings suggest Rapa as a potential therapeutic drug for the treatment of RT-induced inflammation-related diseases.

Microglia orchestrate synaptic and neuronal stripping: Implication in neuropsychiatric lupus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a multifactorial autoimmune disease, can affect the brain and cause neuropsychiatric dysfunction, also named neuropsychiatric lupus (NPSLE). Microglial activation is observed in NPSLE patients. However, the mechanisms regulating microglia-mediated neurotoxicity in NPSLE remain elusive. Here, we showed that M1-like proinflammatory cytokine levels were increased in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of SLE patients, especially those with neuropsychiatric symptoms. We also demonstrated that MRL/lpr lupus mice developed anxiety-like behaviours and cognitive deficits in the early and active phases of lupus, respectively. An increase in microglial number was associated with upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines in the MRL/lpr mouse brain. RNA sequencing revealed that genes associated with phagocytosis and M1 polarization were upregulated in microglia from lupus mice. Functionally, activated microglia induced synaptic stripping in vivo and promoted neuronal death in vitro. Finally, tofacitinib ameliorated neuropsychiatric disorders in MRL/lpr mice, as evidenced by reductions in microglial number and synaptic/neuronal loss and alleviation of behavioural abnormalities. Thus, our results indicated that classically activated (M1) microglia play a crucial role in NPSLE pathogenesis. Minocycline and tofacitinib were found to alleviate NPSLE by inhibiting micrglial activation, providing a promising therapeutic strategy.

Engagement of N6-methyladenisine methylation of Gng4 mRNA in astrocyte dysfunction regulated by CircHECW2

The N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification is the most prevalent modification of eukaryotic mRNAs and plays a crucial role in various physiological processes by regulating the stability or function of target mRNAs. Accumulating evidence has suggested that m6A methylation may be involved in the pathological process of major depressive disorder (MDD), a common neuropsychiatric disorder with an unclear aetiology. Here, we found that the levels of the circular RNA HECW2 (circHECW2) were significantly increased in the plasma of both MDD patients and the chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) mouse model. Notably, the downregulation of circHECW2 attenuated astrocyte dysfunction and depression-like behaviors induced by CUS. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the downregulation of circHECW2 increased the expression of the methylase WTAP, leading to an increase in Gng4 expression via m6A modifications. Our findings provide functional insight into the correlation between circHECW2 and m6A methylation, suggesting that circHECW2 may represent a potential target for MDD treatment.

Targeting autophagy to counteract neuroinflammation: A novel antidepressant strategy

Depression is a common disease that affects physical and mental health and imposes a considerable burden on afflicted individuals and their families worldwide. Depression is associated with a high rate of disability and suicide. It causes a severe decline in productivity and quality of life. Unfortunately, the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying depression have not been fully elucidated, and the risk of its treatment is still presented. Studies have shown that the expression of autophagic markers in the brain and peripheral inflammatory mediators are dysregulated in depression. Autophagy-related genes regulate the level of autophagy and change the inflammatory response in depression. Depression is related to several aspects of immunity. The regulation of the immune system and inflammation by autophagy may lead to the development or deterioration of mental disorders. This review highlights the role of autophagy and neuroinflammation in the pathophysiology of depression, sumaries the autophagy-targeting small moleculars, and discusses a novel therapeutic strategy based on anti-inflammatory mechanisms that target autophagy to treat the disease.

Folic Acid Rescues Dopaminergic Neurons in MPTP-Induced Mice by Inhibiting the NLRP3 Inflammasome and Ameliorating Mitochondrial Impairment

Parkinson's disease (PD) is marked by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra (SN), with neuroinflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction being key contributors. The neuroprotective potential of folic acid (FA) in the dopaminergic system of PD was assessed in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced mouse model. MPTP (20 mg/kg of body weight) was administered to C57BL/6J mice to simulate PD symptoms followed by FA treatment (5 mg/kg of body weight). Behavioral tests, pole, rotarod, and open-field tests, evaluated motor function, while immunohistochemistry, ELISA, RT-qPCR, and Western blotting quantified neuroinflammation, oxidative stress markers, and mitochondrial function. FA supplementation considerably improved motor performance, reduced homocysteine levels and mitigated oxidative damage in the SN. The FA-attenuated activation of the NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome lessened glial cell activity and reduced neuroinflammation. At the molecular level, FA reduced DNA damage, downregulated phosphorylated p53, and induced the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), enhancing mitochondrial function. Therefore, FA exerts neuroprotection in MPTP-induced PD by inhibiting neuroinflammation via NLRP3 inflammasome suppression and promoting mitochondrial integrity through the p53-PGC-1α pathway. Notable limitations of our study include its reliance on a single animal model and the incompletely elucidated mechanisms underlying the impact of FA on mitochondrial dynamics. Future investigations will explore the clinical utility of FA and its molecular mechanisms, further advancing it as a potential therapeutic for managing and delaying the progression of PD.

Mitophagy protects against silver nanoparticle-induced hepatotoxicity by inhibiting mitochondrial ROS and the NLRP3 inflammasome

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have wide clinical applications because of their excellent antibacterial properties; however, they can cause liver inflammation in animals. Macrophages are among the main cells mediating inflammation and are also responsible for the phagocytosis of nanomaterials. The NLRP3 inflammasome is a major mechanism of inflammation, and its activation both induces cytokine release and triggers inflammatory cell death (i.e., pyroptosis). In previous studies, we demonstrated that mitophagy activation plays a protective role against AgNP-induced hepatotoxicity. However, the exact molecular mechanisms underlying these processes are not fully understood. In this study, we demonstrate that AgNP exposure induces NLRP3 inflammasome activation, mitochondrial damage and pyroptosis in vivo and in vitro. NLRP3 silencing or inhibiting mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction reduces PINK1-Parkin-mediated mitophagy. Meanwhile, the inhibition of mitophagy ROS production, mitochondrial, NLRP3-mediated inflammation, and pyroptosis in RAW264.7 cells were more pronounced than in the control group. These results suggest that PINK1-Parkin-mediated mitophagy plays a protective role by reducing AgNP-induced mitochondrial ROS and subsequent NLRP3 inflammasome activation.

Polyphenols: immunonutrients tipping the balance of immunometabolism in chronic diseases

Mounting evidence progressively appreciates the vital interplay between immunity and metabolism in a wide array of immunometabolic chronic disorders, both autoimmune and non-autoimmune mediated. The immune system regulates the functioning of cellular metabolism within organs like the brain, pancreas and/or adipose tissue by sensing and adapting to fluctuations in the microenvironment's nutrients, thereby reshaping metabolic pathways that greatly impact a pro- or anti-inflammatory immunophenotype. While it is agreed that the immune system relies on an adequate nutritional status to function properly, we are only just starting to understand how the supply of single or combined nutrients, all of them termed immunonutrients, can steer immune cells towards a less inflamed, tolerogenic immunophenotype. Polyphenols, a class of secondary metabolites abundant in Mediterranean foods, are pharmacologically active natural products with outstanding immunomodulatory actions. Upon binding to a range of receptors highly expressed in immune cells (e.g. AhR, RAR, RLR), they act in immunometabolic pathways through a mitochondria-centered multi-modal approach. First, polyphenols activate nutrient sensing via stress-response pathways, essential for immune responses. Second, they regulate mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) balance in immune cells and are well-tolerated caloric restriction mimetics. Third, polyphenols interfere with the assembly of NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) in endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria contact sites, inhibiting its activation while improving mitochondrial biogenesis and autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Finally, polyphenols impact chromatin remodeling and coordinates both epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming. This work moves beyond the well-documented antioxidant properties of polyphenols, offering new insights into the multifaceted nature of these compounds. It proposes a mechanistical appraisal on the regulatory pathways through which polyphenols modulate the immune response, thereby alleviating chronic low-grade inflammation. Furthermore, it draws parallels between pharmacological interventions and polyphenol-based immunonutrition in their modes of immunomodulation across a wide spectrum of socioeconomically impactful immunometabolic diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis, Diabetes (type 1 and 2) or even Alzheimer's disease. Lastly, it discusses the existing challenges that thwart the translation of polyphenols-based immunonutritional interventions into long-term clinical studies. Overcoming these limitations will undoubtedly pave the way for improving precision nutrition protocols and provide personalized guidance on tailored polyphenol-based immunonutrition plans.

Tangzhiqing decoction attenuates cognitive dysfunction of mice with type 2 diabetes by regulating AMPK/mTOR autophagy signaling pathway

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Tangzhiqing decoction (TZQD) is an effective prescription developed by Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications, which has a clear cerebral protective effect on mice with diabetic cognitive dysfunction, but its specific mechanism has not been well elucidated.

AIMS OF THE STUDY

This study aims to verify the protection of TZQD on cognitive function in mice with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and explore the possible underlying mechanisms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Six active ingredients in TZQD were detected using high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. In vivo experiments, the protection of TZQD on cognitive function and hippocampal neurons in type 2 diabetes mice was verified to obtain the optimal intervention dose of TZQD. TZQD and 3-methyladenine (3 MA) respectively or jointly intervened in mice with T2DM for 12 weeks, followed by detecting the cognitive difference, hippocampus cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) region injury, and hippocampal neuronal apoptosis in each group. Simultaneously, the investigation of autophagosome formation and organelle impairment in hippocampal neurons, along with the examination of AMPK/mTOR pathway proteins and autophagy-related proteins, was conducted to elucidate the potential mechanisms, through which TZQD modulates autophagy and enhances cognitive function. In vitro experiments, TZQD-containing serum and AMPK inhibitor Compound C (CC) were used to intervene in mouse hippocampal neuron HT22 cells under high glucose environment, further clarifying the regulatory role of TZQD on the AMPK/mTOR pathway and its impact on HT22 cell apoptosis and autophagy.

RESULTS

In vivo experiment results showed that TZQD had an obvious hypoglycemic effect. Different doses of TZQD could improve cognitive function and hippocampus damage in diabetes mice, with the middle dose of TZQD showing the best effect. TZQD increased the swimming speed of diabetes mice, improved their spatial recognition and memory ability, and reduced hippocampal neuronal apoptosis, Nissl body injury, and p-tau217 protein deposition. In addition, through transmission electron microscopy (TEM), immunofluorescence, and Western blot (WB) detection, TZQD significantly improved the organelle damage of hippocampal neurons in diabetes mice, promoted the formation of autophagy lysosomes, increased the expression of autophagy-related proteins like Beclin 1, LC3II/LC3I, LAMP1, and LAMP2, reduced the level of P62 and promoted autophagy flow, which, however, were all significantly weakened by 3 MA. Meanwhile, TZQD regulated the expressions of AMPK/mTOR pathway proteins. In vitro experimental study results showed that TZQD can regulate the expression ratio of p-AMPK/AMPK alpha 1 and p-mTOR/mTOR in HT22 cells under high glucose conditions and improved the morphology and vitality of HT22 cells. By employing techniques such as monodansylcadaverine (MDC) staining, Lysosomal red fluorescent probe staining, and Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining, the investigation revealed that TZQD administration resulted in enhanced autophagosome formation, preservation of a lysosomal acidic milieu, and consequent mitigation of HT22 cell apoptosis under high glucose conditions.

CONCLUSIONS

TZQD can regulate the AMPK/mTOR pathway to activate autophagy to attenuate hippocampal neuronal apoptosis, thereby protecting cognitive function in diabetic mice.

Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes attenuate neuroinflammation and oxidative stress through the NRF2/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway

AIMS

We investigated whether human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell (hUC-MSC)-derived exosomes bear therapeutic potential against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation.

METHODS

Exosomes were isolated from hUC-MSC supernatant by ultra-high-speed centrifugation and characterized by transmission electron microscopy and western blotting. Inflammatory responses were induced by LPS in BV-2 cells, primary microglial cultures, and C57BL/6J mice. H2 O2 was also used to induce inflammation and oxidative stress in BV-2 cells. The effects of hUC-MSC-derived exosomes on inflammatory cytokine expression, oxidative stress, and microglia polarization were studied by immunofluorescence and western blotting.

RESULTS

Treatment with hUC-MSC-derived exosomes significantly decreased the LPS- or H2 O2 -induced oxidative stress and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) in vitro, while promoting an anti-inflammatory (classical M2) phenotype in an LPS-treated mouse model. Mechanistically, the exosomes increased the NRF2 levels and inhibited the LPS-induced NF-κB p65 phosphorylation and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. In contrast, the reactive oxygen species scavenger NAC and NF-κB inhibitor BAY 11-7082 also inhibited the LPS-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation and switched to the classical M2 phenotype. Treatment with the NRF2 inhibitor ML385 abolished the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects of the exosomes.

CONCLUSION

hUC-MSC-derived exosomes ameliorated LPS/H2 O2 -induced neuroinflammation and oxidative stress by inhibiting the microglial NRF2/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway.

A review on traditional Chinese medicine natural products and acupuncture intervention for Alzheimer's disease based on the neuroinflammatory

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease with insidious onset and progressive development. It is clinically characterized by cognitive impairment, memory impairment and behavioral change. Chinese herbal medicine and acupuncture are important components of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), and are commonly used in clinical treatment of AD. This paper systematically summarizes the research progress of traditional Chinese medicine natural products and acupuncture treatment of AD, which combined with existing clinical and preclinical evidence, based on a comprehensive review of neuroinflammation, and discusses the efficacy and potential mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine natural products and acupuncture treatment of AD. Resveratrol, curcumin, kaempferol and other Chinese herbal medicine components can significantly inhibit the neuroinflammation of AD in vivo and in vitro, and are candidates for the treatment of AD. Acupuncture can alleviate the memory and cognitive impairment of AD by improving neuroinflammation, synaptic plasticity, nerve cell apoptosis and reducing the production and aggregation of amyloid β protein (Aβ) in the brain. It has the characteristics of early, safe, effective and benign bidirectional adjustment. The purpose of this paper is to provide a basis for improving the clinical strategies of TCM for the treatment of AD.

Quercetin Regulates Microglia M1/M2 Polarization and Alleviates Retinal Inflammation via ERK/STAT3 Pathway

Retinal inflammation is a pivotal characteristic observed in various retinal degenerative disorders, notably age-related macular degeneration (AMD), primarily orchestrated by the activation of microglia. Targeting the inhibition of microglial activation has emerged as a therapeutic focal point. Quercetin (Qu), ubiquitously present in dietary sources and tea, has garnered attention for its anti-neuroinflammatory properties. However, the impact of Qu on retinal inflammation and the associated mechanistic pathways remains incompletely elucidated. In this study, retinal inflammation was induced in adult male C57BL/6 J mice through intraperitoneal administration of LPS. The results revealed that Qu pre-treatment induces a phenotypic shift in microglia from M1 phenotype to M2 phenotype. Furthermore, Qu attenuated retinal inflammation and stabilized the integrity of the blood-retina barrier (BRB). In vitro experiments revealed that Qu impedes microglial activation, proliferation, and migration, primarily via modulation the ERK/STAT3 signaling pathway. Notably, these actions of Qu significantly contributed to the preservation of photoreceptors. Consequently, Qu pre-treatment holds promise as an effective strategy for controlling retinal inflammation and preserving visual function.

Quercetin Protects Against Global Cerebral ischemia‒reperfusion Injury by Inhibiting Microglial Activation and Polarization

Background

This study aims to investigate the protective effect of quercetin against global cerebral ischemia‒reperfusion (GCI/R) injury in rats and elucidate the underlying mechanism.

Methods

A GCI/R injury rat model was established using a four-vessel occlusion (4-VO) method. An oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) injury model was induced in BV2 cells. The extent of injury was assessed by evaluating neurological deficit scores (NDS) and brain water content and conducting behavioral tests. Pathomorphological changes in the prefrontal cortex were examined. Additionally, the study measured the levels of inflammatory cytokines, the degree of microglial activation and polarization, and the protein expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and TIR-domain-containing adaptor inducing interferon-β (TRIF).

Results

Quercetin pretreatment significantly ameliorated neurological impairment, improved learning and memory abilities, and reduced anxiety in rats subjected to GCI/R injury. Furthermore, quercetin administration effectively mitigated neuronal injury and brain edema. Notably, it suppressed microglial activation and hindered polarization toward the M1 phenotype. Simultaneously, quercetin downregulated the expression of TLR4 and TRIF proteins and attenuated the release of IL-1β and TNF-α.

Conclusion

This study highlights the novel therapeutic potential of quercetin in alleviating GCI/R injury. Quercetin demonstrates its neuroprotective effects by inhibiting neuroinflammation and microglial activation while impeding their transformation into the M1 phenotype through modulation of the TLR4/TRIF pathway.

Oral Administration of Euonymus alatus Leaf Extract Ameliorates Alzheimer's Disease Phenotypes in 5xFAD Transgenic Mice

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease and is frequently characterized by progressive and irreversible impairment of cognitive functions. However, its etiology remains poorly understood, limiting therapeutic interventions. Our previous study showed that the ethanol extract of Euonymus alatus leaves (EA) positively affected scopolamine-induced hypomnesia in the normal mouse model by promoting nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activation. Herein, we examined whether EA administration could ameliorate major AD phenotypes that are manifested in 5xFAD transgenic mice. Two-month-old mice were orally administered with EA at a dose of 50, 100, or 150 mg/kg body weight/day thrice a week for 14 weeks. We observed that EA administration improved behavioral deficits as assessed by the passive avoidance, Morris water maze, and Y-maze tasks; decreased the plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNFα and IL-1β; decreased the protein expression levels of inflammatory mediators in the hippocampus; and attenuated histological damage and amyloid beta plaques in the hippocampal region of 5xFAD mouse brain. Interestingly, our data demonstrated that the effectiveness was partially attributed to quercetin, which was noted to be a component of EA. Hence, these findings suggest that a long-term administration of EA could alleviate AD symptoms and delay its progression.

Quercetin Ameliorates Cognitive Impairment in Depression by Targeting HSP90 to Inhibit NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation

Cognitive dysfunction was a common symptom of major depressive disorder (MDD). In previous studies, psychological stress leads to activation and proliferation of microglial cells in different brain regions. Quercetin, a bioflavonoid derived from vegetables and fruits, exerts anti-inflammatory effects in various diseases. To demonstrate the role of quercetin in the hippocampal inflammatory response in depress mice. The chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) depressive mice model built is used to explore the protective effects of quercetin on depression. Neurobehavioral test, protein expression of NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3) and heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), and cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, MCP-1, and TNF-α) were assessed. Quercetin ameliorated depressive-like behavior and cognitive impairment, and quercetin attenuates neuroinflammation and by targeting HSP90 to inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Quercetin inhibited the increase of HSP90 levels in the hippocampus and reverses inflammation-induced cognitive impairment. Besides, quercetin inhibited the increased level of cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, MCP-1, and TNF-α) in the hippocampus of the depressive model mouse and the increased level of cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, and MCP-1) in microglia. The current study indicated that quercetin mitigated depressive-like behavior and by targeting HSP90 to inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation in microglia and depressive mice model, meanwhile ameliorated cognitive impairment in depression. Quercetin has huge potential for the novel pharmacological efficacy of antidepressant therapy.

Minocycline alleviates LPS-induced cognitive dysfunction in mice by inhibiting the NLRP3/caspase-1 pathway

BACKGROUND

Growing experimental evidence indicates that cognitive impairment is linked to neuroinflammation. Minocycline (MINO), an antibiotic known for its anti-inflammatory, has shown promise in alleviating cognitive impairment. Nonetheless, the exact mechanism through which MINO improves cognitive impairment is not yet understood.

METHODS

A neuroinflammatory model was establish by utilizing lipopolysaccharide. The assessment of mice's cognitive and learning abilities was conducted through the MWM and Y-maze tests. The evaluation of hippocampal neuronal injury and microglial activation were achieved by performing HE staining and IHC, respectively. To evaluate BV2 cell viability and apoptosis, the CCK-8 and Hoechst 33342/PI staining assays were employed. In order to assess the protein and RNA expression levels of NLRP3, caspase-1, IL-1β, IL-18, Iba-1, and Bcl2/Bax, WB and RT-qPCR were utilized. Additionally, the inhibitory effect of MINO on apoptosis by targeting the NLRP3/caspase-1 pathway was investigated using Nigericin.

RESULTS

MINO was effective in reducing the time it took for mice to escape from the test, increasing the number of platforms they crossed, and mitigating damage to the hippocampus while also suppressing microglial activation and the expression of Iba-1 in a neuroinflammatory model caused by LPS. Furthermore, MINO improved the viability of BV2 cell and reduced apoptosis. It also had the effect of reducing the expression levels of NLRP3/Caspase-1, IL-1β, IL-18, and BAX, while upregulating the expression of Bcl2. Additionally, MINO was found to downregulate the NLRP3 expression, which is specifically activated by nigericin.

CONCLUSION

The protective effect of MINO relies on the crucial involvement of the NLRP3/caspase-1 pathway.

Maternal quercetin supplementation improved lipopolysaccharide-induced cognitive deficits and inflammatory response in a rat model of maternal immune activation

BACKGROUND

There is strong evidence that prenatal infection during a specific period of brain development increases the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders, partly through immune-inflammatory pathways. This suggests that anti-inflammatory agents could prevent these disorders by targeting the maternal inflammatory response. In the present study, we used a rat model of maternal immune activation (MIA) to examine whether maternal quercetin (QE) supplementation can alleviate behavioral deficits and inflammatory mediators in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus of adult male offspring.

METHODS

Pregnant rats were supplemented with QE (50 mg/kg) or vehicle throughout pregnancy and injected with either lipopolysaccharide (0.5 mg/kg) or saline on gestational days 15/16. At postnatal day 60, we evaluated the offspring's behavior, hippocampal and prefrontal cortex glial density, pro-inflammatory gene expression, and neuronal survival.

RESULTS

Our data showed that maternal QE supplementation can prevent working and recognition memory impairments in adult MIA offspring. This behavioral improvement correlates with the decrease in MIA-induced expression of pro-inflammatory genes, microglia, and astrocyte densities, without affecting neuronal survival, in both PFC and CA1 hippocampus areas.

CONCLUSION

Therefore, our study supports the potential preventive effect of QE on MIA-induced behavioral dysfunctions, at least in part, by suppressing the glial-mediated inflammatory response.

Manganese-induced neurological pyroptosis: Unveiling the mechanism through the ROS activaed Caspase-3/GSDME signaling pathway

Manganese (Mn) is an essential micronutrient in maintaining homeostasis in the human body, while excessive Mn exposure can lead to neurological disorders. To investigate whether there is an association between elevated ROS and pyroptosis caused by Mn exposure using both in vitro and in vivo models. We exposed BV2 and N2a, which represent microglial cells and Neuroblastoma cells in the brain, respectively, to different concentrations of Mn for 24 h. Following Mn exposure, we assessed cell morphology, levels of lactate dehydrogenase, and cellular ROS levels. C57BL/6 male mice were exposed to 0-100 mg/kg MnCl2·4H2O for 12 weeks through gavage. The expression level of pyroptosis proteins including caspase3 and GSDME in the hippocampus was examined. We found that Mn exposure resulted in elevated levels of cellular ROS and protein expression of Caspase3 and GSDME in both N2a and BV2 cells. The pyroptosis levels were blunted by either inhibiting Caspase3 expression or ROS production. In the in vivo model, protein levels of Caspase3 and GSDME also increased dependent of Mn concentrations. These findings suggested that neuronal pyroptosis induced by Mn exposure may occur through the ROS-stimulated Caspase3-GSDME pathway. Moreover, utilizing inhibitors targeting Caspase3 or ROS may provide protection against Mn-induced toxicity.

Lead aggravates Alzheimer's disease pathology via mitochondrial copper accumulation regulated by COX17

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disease that is associated with multiple environmental risk factors, including heavy metals. Lead (Pb) is a heavy metal contaminant, which is closely related to the incidence of AD. However, the research on the role of microglia in Pb-induced AD-like pathology is limited. To determine the mechanism by which Pb exposure aggravates AD progression and the role of microglial activation, we exposed APP/PS1 mice and Aβ1-42-treated BV-2 cells to Pb. Our results suggested that chronic Pb exposure exacerbated learning and memory impairments in APP/PS1 mice. Pb exposure increased the activation of microglia in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice, which was associated with increased deposition of Aβ1-42, and induced hippocampal neuron damage. Pb exposure upregulated copper transporter 1 (CTR1) and downregulated copper P-type ATPase transporter (ATP7A) in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice and Aβ1-42-treated BV-2 cells. Moreover, Pb enhanced mitochondrial translocation of the mitochondrial copper transporter COX17, leading to an increase in mitochondrial copper concentration and mitochondrial damage. This could be reversed by copper-chelating agents or by inhibiting the mitochondrial translocation of COX17. The increased mitochondrial copper concentration caused by increased mitochondrial translocation of COX17 after Pb exposure may be related to the enhanced mitochondrial import pathway of AIF/CHCHD4. These results indicate that Pb induces the activation of microglia by increasing the concentration of copper in the mitochondria of microglia, and microglia release inflammatory factors to promote neuroinflammation, thus aggravating the pathology of AD. The present study provides new ideas for the prevention of Pb-induced AD.

Fighting against Drug-Resistant Tumor by the Induction of Excessive Mitophagy with Transferrin Nanomedicine

The effectiveness of chemotherapy is primarily hindered by drug resistance, and autophagy plays a crucial role in overcoming this resistance. In this project, a human transferrin nanomedicine contains quercetin (a drug to induce excessive autophagy) and doxorubicin is developed (HTf@DOX/Qu NPs). The purpose of this nanomedicine is to enhance mitophagy and combating drug-resistant cancer. Through in vitro studies, it is demonstrated that HTf@DOX/Qu NPs can effectively downregulate cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), leading to an excessive promotion of mitophagy and subsequent mitochondrial dysfunction via the PENT-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1)/Parkin axis. Additionally, HTf@DOX/Qu NPs can upregulate proapoptotic proteins to induce cellular apoptosis, thereby effectively reversing drug resistance. Furthermore, in vivo results have shown that HTf@DOX/Qu NPs exhibit prolonged circulation in the bloodstream, enhanced drug accumulation in tumors, and superior therapeutic efficacy compared to individual chemotherapy in a drug-resistant tumor model. This study presents a promising strategy for combating multidrug-resistant cancers by exacerbating mitophagy through the use of transferrin nanoparticles.

Xuanbai Chengqi Decoction alleviates acute lung injury by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS) is a prevalent critical respiratory disorder caused mostly by infection and other factors. However, effective drug therapies are currently lacking. Xuanbai Chengqi Decoction (XCD), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription, is commonly employed to treat lung diseases. It has been recommended by Chinese health authorities as one of the TCM prescriptions for COVID-19. Nonetheless, its underlying mechanism for the treatment of ALI has not been fully understood.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The study aims to investigate the therapeutic effect of XCD on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) -induced ALI in mice and explore its anti-inflammatory mechanism involving pyroptosis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was employed to identify the active compounds of XCD, and quantitative analysis of the main compounds was conducted. Male C57BL/6J mice were given different doses of XCD (4.5 and 9.0 g/kg/day) or dexamethasone (5 mg/kg/day) by oral gavage for 5 consecutive days. Subsequently, ALI was induced by injecting LPS (20 mg/kg) intraperitoneally 2 h after the last administration, and serum and lung tissues were collected 8 h later. J774A.1 cells were pretreated with different doses of XCD (100, 200, 400 μg/ml) for 12 h, then incubated with LPS (1 μg/ml) for 4 h and ATP (1 mM) for 2 h to induce pyroptosis. Supernatant and cells were collected. Moreover, J774A.1 cells were transfected with an NLRP3 overexpression plasmid for 24 h, followed by subsequent experiments with XCD (400 μg/ml). Lung histopathological changes were evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. To assess the efficacy of XCD on ALI/ARDS, the levels of inflammatory factors, chemokines, and proteins associated with NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway were evaluated.

RESULTS

XCD was found to ameliorate lung inflammation injury in ALI mice, and reduce the protein expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in both mouse serum and J774A.1 cell supernatant. Meanwhile, XCD significantly decreased the mRNA levels of IL-1β, pro-IL-1β, CXCL1, CXCL10, TNF-α, NLRP3, NF-κB P65, and the protein expression of NLRP3, Cleaved-Caspase1, and GSDMD-N in the lung and J774A.1 cells. These effects were consistent with the NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950. Furthermore, overexpression of NLRP3 reversed the anti-inflammatory effect of XCD.

CONCLUSION

The therapeutic mechanism of XCD in ALI treatment may involve alleviating inflammatory responses in lung tissues by inhibiting the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis in macrophages.

Saikosaponin-d alleviates depression by promoting NLRP3 ubiquitination and inhibiting inflammasome activation

Saikosaponin-d (SSd) is a triterpene saponin from the roots of Bupleurum chinese. Recent studies have revealed its antidepressant activity, but its mechanism involved is unclear. This study's objective was to ascertain how SSd may reduce depression in depressed mice subjected to chronic unpredictable animal stress (CUMS) and to investigate the mechanisms underlying these effects. Models of CUMS depression were established and different groups were treated with SSd and escitalopram. After the last day of administration of the treatment, behavioral tests were performed. ELISA was used to measure the expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-18, and western blot was used to measure the presence of proteins associated with NLRP3. Hippocampal neuronal damage was observed using Nissl staining, and NLRP3 ubiquitination assay was performed by immunoprecipitation and gene silencing. An inflammatory cell model was constructed by treating BV2 cells with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to verify the ubiquitination modification of NLRP3 by SSd. Behavioral tests demonstrated that SSd effectively alleviated depression-like symptoms. SSd should substantially limit the degrees of proteins associated with NLRP3, as properly as limit the harm to hippocampal neurons. Gene silencing results showed that SSd regulates NLRP3 through the E3 ubiquitin ligase MARCHF7. In vitro, SSd remarkably increased the protein expression of K48-linked ubiquitin in inflammatory BV2 cells, while decreasing the protein levels of NLRP3. Our findings suggest that SSd has antidepressant effects in CUMS mice by promoting ubiquitination of NLRP3 to inhibit inflammasome activation and improve the inflammatory state.

[Exosomes from ectoderm mesenchymal stem cells inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced microglial M1 polarization and promotes survival of H2O2-exposed PC12 cells by suppressing inflammatory response and oxidative stress]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the potential value of exosomes derived from rat ectoderm mesenchymal stem cells (EMSCs-exo) for repairing secondary spinal cord injury.

METHODS

EMSCs-exo were obtained using ultracentrifugation from EMSCs isolated from rat nasal mucosa, identified by transmission electron microscope, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), and Western blotting, and quantified using the BCA method. Neonatal rat microglia purified by differential attachment were induced with 100 μg/L lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and treated with 37.5 or 75 mg/L EMSCs-exo. PC12 cells were exposed to 400 μmol/L H2O2 and treated with EMSCs-exo at 37.5 or 75 mg/L. The protein and mRNA expressions of Arg1 and iNOS in the treated cells were determined with Western blotting and qRT- PCR, and the concentrations of IL- 6, IL-10, and IGF-1 in the supernatants were measured with ELISA. The viability and apoptosis of PC12 cells were detected using CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry.

RESULTS

The isolated rat EMSCs showed high expressions of nestin, CD44, CD105, and vimentin. The obtained EMSCs-exo had a typical cup-shaped structure under transmission electron microscope with an average particle size of 142 nm and positivity for CD63, CD81, and TSG101 but not vimentin. In LPS-treated microglia, EMSCs-exo treatment at 75 mg/L significantly increased Arg1 protein level and lowered iNOS protein expression (P < 0.05). EMSCs-exo treatment at 75 mg/L, as compared with the lower concentration at 37.5 mg/L, more strongly increased Arg1 mRNA expression and IGF-1 and IL-10 production and decreased iNOS mRNA expression and IL-6 production in LPS-induced microglia, and more effectively promoted cell survival and decreased apoptosis rate of H2O2-induced PC12 cells (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

EMSCs-exo at 75 mg/L can effectively reduce the proportion of M1 microglia and alleviate neuronal apoptosis under oxidative stress to promote neuronal survival, suggesting its potential in controlling secondary spinal cord injury.

JE-133 Suppresses LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation Associated with the Regulation of JAK/STAT and Nrf2 Signaling Pathways

Neuroinflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, and interrupting the microglial-mediated neuroinflammation has been suggested as a promising strategy to delay or prevent the progression of neurodegeneration. In this study, we investigated the effects of JE-133, an optically active isochroman-2H-chromene conjugate containing a 1,3-disubstituted isochroman unit, on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced microglial neuroinflammation and underlying mechanisms both in vitro and in vivo. First, JE-133 treatment decreased LPS-induced overproduction of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), nitrite, and nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in BV2 microglial cells. Further study revealed that JE-133 downregulated the phosphorylation level of JAK/STAT and upregulated the protein level of Nrf2/HO-1 in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells and verified that JE-133 directly bound to Keap1 by a pull-down assay. Next, JE-133 administration also inhibited neuroinflammation in vivo, as indicated by a reduced CD11b protein level and an overexpressed mRNA level of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α in the hippocampus of LPS-injected mice. Moreover, the regulative effects of JE-133 on the JAK/STAT and Nrf2/HO-1 pathways were also verified in the hippocampus of LPS-injected mice. Taken together, our study for the first time reports that JE-133 exhibits inhibitory effects against LPS-stimulated neuroinflammation both in vitro and in vivo, which might be associated with the simultaneous regulation of the JAK/STAT and Nrf2 pathways. Our findings may provide important clues for the discovery of effective drug leads/candidates against neuroinflammation-associated neurodegeneration.

Quercetin inhibits caspase-1-dependent macrophage pyroptosis in experimental folic acid nephropathy

BACKGROUND

The role of pyroptosis in kidney disease is limited and incomplete. Quercetin, a flavonoid compound present in a variety of fruits, vegetables, and plants, has shown antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study was designed to validate the importance of pyroptosis in an experimental model of folic acid nephropathy and to explore the effect of quercetin in protecting against pyroptosis.

METHODS

Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) were used to establish the correlation between pyroptosis and folic acid nephropathy. Immune cell infiltration, network pharmacology and single-cell RNA sequencing analysis were utilized to ascertain the specific target of quercetin in relation to pyroptosis. Finally, quercetin's role was verified in vivo and in vitro.

RESULTS

The GSEA analysis revealed a significant correlation between pyroptosis and folic acid nephropathy (NES = 1.764, P = 0.004). The hub genes identified through WGCNA were closely associated with inflammation. Molecular docking demonstrated a strong binding affinity between quercetin and caspase-1, a protein known to be involved in macrophage function, as confirmed by immune cell infiltration and single-cell analysis. Quercetin demonstrated a significant amelioration of kidney injury and reduction in macrophage infiltration in the animal model. Furthermore, quercetin exhibited a significant inhibition of caspase-1 expression, subsequently leading to the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines expression, such as IL-1β, IL-18, TNF-α, and IL-6. The inhibitory effect of quercetin on macrophage pyroptosis was also confirmed in RAW264.7 cells.

CONCLUSION

This study contributes substantial evidence to support the significant role of pyroptosis in the development of folic acid nephropathy, and highlights the ability of quercetin to downregulate caspase-1 in macrophages as a protective mechanism against pyroptosis.

Investigating the mechanism of Sinisan formula in depression treatment: a comprehensive analysis using GEO datasets, network pharmacology, and molecular docking

The herbal formula Sinisan (SNS) is a commonly used treatment for depression; however, its mechanism of action remains unclear. This article uses a combination of the GEO database, network pharmacology and molecular docking technologies to investigate the mechanism of action of SNS. The aim is to provide new insights and methods for future depression treatments. The study aims to extract effective compounds and targets for the treatment of depression from the T CMSP database. Relevant targets were searched using the GEO, Disgenet, Drugbank, PharmGKB and T T D databases, followed by screening of core targets. In addition, GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses were performed to explore potential pathways for the treatment of depression. Molecular docking was used to evaluate the potential targets and compounds and to identify the optimal core protein-compound complex. Molecular dynamics was used to further investigate the dynamic variability and stability of the complex. The study identified 118 active SNS components and 208 corresponding targets. Topological analysis of P P I networks identified 11 core targets. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses revealed that the mechanism of action for depression involves genes associated with inflammation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and the MAP K3 and P I3K-Akt signalling pathways. Molecular docking and dynamics simulations showed a strong binding affinity between these compounds and the screened targets, indicating promising biological activity. The present study investigated the active components, targets and pathways of SNS in the treatment of depression. Through a preliminary investigation, key signalling pathways and compounds were identified. These findings provide new directions and ideas for future research on the therapeutic mechanism of SNS and its clinical application in the treatment of depression.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Pb induces the release of CXCL10 and CCL2 chemokines via mtROS/NF-κB activation in BV-2 cells

Lead (Pb), a well-known environmental pollutant, could cause damage of microglia, the resident macrophages vitally regulating inflammation in brain. Previous studies have found that Pb exposure induces typical pro-inflammatory factors release, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), but what effects of Pb treatment below the dose causing these factors release are unknown. Thus, cytokines assay was performed to identify the factors released from Pb-treated BV-2 cells at 2.5 μM, causing no effects on TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 release and cell death. Cytokines assay identified low doses of Pb exposure mainly induce an increase in specific chemokines, including CXCL10, CCL2, and CXCL2, which were confirmed by ELISA. Subsequent assessment found Pb could damage mitochondria function and generate mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS), and Mito TEMPO, a specific inhibitor of mtROS, suppressed Pb-caused upregulation of CXCL10 and CCL2, but not CXCL2. Finally, we determined that mtROS mediated Pb-induced activation of NF-κB pathway, as Mito TEMPO treatment inhibited P-p65/p65 escalation during Pb treatment. Inhibition of NF-κB pathway by Bay11-7821 suppressed the release of CXCL10 and CCL2. Collectively, low dose of Pb induces the release of CXCL10 and CCL2 chemokines, but not TNF-α and IL-1β, via mtROS/NF-κB activation in BV-2 cells.

From genes to systems: The role of food supplementation in the regulation of sepsis-induced inflammation

Systemic inflammation includes a widespread immune response to a harmful stimulus that results in extensive systemic damage. One common example of systemic inflammation is sepsis, which is defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Under the pro-inflammatory environment of sepsis, oxidative stress contributes to tissue damage due to dysfunctional microcirculation that progressively causes the failure of multiple organs that ultimately triggers death. To address the underlying inflammatory condition in critically ill patients, progress has been made to assess the beneficial effects of dietary supplements, which include polyphenols, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals that are recognized for their immuno-modulating, anticoagulating, and analgesic properties. Therefore, we aimed to review and discuss the contribution of food-derived supplementation in the regulation of inflammation from gene expression to physiological responses and summarize the precedented potential of current therapeutic approaches during systemic inflammation.

Studying Autophagy in Microglia: Overcoming the Obstacles

In this chapter, we provide an overview of the main techniques and experimental approaches that can be used to analyze autophagy flux in microglia, the brain-resident macrophages. For this purpose, we first briefly introduce the main peculiarities of microglial biology, describe the basic mechanisms and functions of autophagy, and summarize the evidence accumulated so far on the role of autophagy in the regulation of microglial survival and functions, mainly phagocytosis and inflammation. Then, we highlight conceptual and technical aspects of autophagic recycling and microglial physiology that need to be taken into account for the accurate evaluation of autophagy flux in microglia. Finally, we describe the main assays that can be used to analyze the complete sequence of autophagosome formation and degradation or autophagy flux, mainly in cultured microglia and in vivo. The main approaches include indirect tracking of autophagosomes by autophagic enzymes such as LC3 by western blot and fluorescence-based confocal microscopy, as well as direct analysis of autophagic vesicles by electron microscopy. We also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using these methods in specific experimental contexts and highlight the need to complement LC3 and/or electron microscopy data with analysis of other autophagic effectors and lysosomal proteins that participate in the initiation and completion of autophagy flux, respectively. In summary, we provide an experimental guide for the analysis of autophagosome turnover in microglia, emphasizing the need to combine as many markers and complementary approaches as possible to fully characterize the status of autophagy flux in microglia.

Bioactive compounds from Actinidia arguta fruit as a new strategy to fight glioblastoma

In recent years, there has been a significant demand for natural products as a mean of disease prevention or as an alternative to conventional medications. The driving force for this change is the growing recognition of the abundant presence of valuable bioactive compounds in natural products. On recent years Actinia arguta fruit, also known as kiwiberry, has attracted a lot of attention from scientific community due to its richness in bioactive compounds, including phenolic compounds, organic acids, vitamins, carotenoids and fiber. These bioactive compounds contribute to the fruit's diverse outstanding biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, and anti-cancer properties. Due to these properties, the fruit may have the potential to be used in the treatment/prevention of various types of cancer, including glioblastoma. Glioblastoma is the most aggressive form of brain cancer, displaying 90 % of recurrence rate within a span of 2 years. Despite the employment of an aggressive approach, the prognosis remains unfavorable, emphasizing the urgent requirement for the development of new effective treatments. The preclinical evidence suggests that kiwiberry has potential impact on glioblastoma by reducing the cancer self-renewal, modulating the signaling pathways involved in the regulation of the cell phenotype and metabolism, and influencing the consolidation of the tumor microenvironment. Even though, challenges such as the imprecise composition and concentration of bioactive compounds, and its low bioavailability after oral administration may be drawbacks to the development of kiwiberry-based treatments, being urgent to ensure the safety and efficacy of kiwiberry for the prevention and treatment of glioblastoma. This review aims to highlight the potential impact of A. arguta bioactive compounds on glioblastoma, providing novel insights into their applicability as complementary or alternative therapies.

Echinacea purpurea extract intervention for counteracting neurochemical and behavioral changes induced by bifenthrin

This study was conducted to elucidate the possible protective efficiency of Echinacea purpurea hydroethanolic extract (EchEE) against bifenthrin (BIF)-induced neuro-chemical and behavioral changes in rats. Total phenolics content, reducing power and radical scavenging activity of EchEE were estimated. Four groups of adult male albino rats were used (10 rats each) as follows: 1) Control healthy rats ingested with placebo, 2) Healthy rats orally received EchEE (465 mg/kg/day), 3) Rats intoxicated with BIF (7mg/kg/day) dissolved in olive oil, and 4) Rats co-treated with EchEE (465 mg/kg/day) besides to BIF (7mg/kg/day) intoxication. After 30 days, some neuro-chemical and behavioral tests were assessed. The behavioral tests revealed that rats received BIF exhibited exploratory behavior and spatial learning impairments, memory and locomotion dysfunction, and enhanced anxiety level. Biochemical findings revealed that BIF induced-oxidative stress in the cortex and hippocampus; this was appeared from the significant rise in malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) levels, coupled with decreased catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) activities, and reduced glutathione (GSH) level in both brain areas. Also, BIF induced a significant increase caspas-3, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF), and interleukin-1beta (IL-1ß) in both areas; dopamine and serotonin levels, and ACh-ase activity were markedly decreased in both areas. Interestingly, treatment of rats with EchEE in combination with BIF resulted in a significant decrease in oxidative stress damage, and modulation of the apoptotic and pro-inflammatory markers. Also, EchEE markedly improved behavioral activities and neurotransmitters level that were impaired by BIF. In conclusion, the present study clearly indicated that EchEE can attenuate brain dysfunction induced by pesticides exposure through preventing the oxidative stress. This may be attributed to its high antioxidant component.

Acetyl-11-Keto-β-Boswellic Acid Accelerates the Repair of Spinal Cord Injury in Rats by Resisting Neuronal Pyroptosis with Nrf2

The primary aim of this study is to delve into the potential of Acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA) in ameliorating neuronal damage induced by acute spinal cord injury, as well as to unravel the intricate underlying mechanisms. A cohort of 40 Sprague-Dawley rats was meticulously categorized into four groups. Following a seven-day oral administration of AKBA, damaged spinal cord samples were meticulously procured for Nissl staining and electron microscopy to assess neuronal demise. Employing ELISA, immunofluorescence, Western blot (WB), and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), the modulatory effects of AKBA within the context of spinal cord injury were comprehensively evaluated. Furthermore, employing an ex vivo extraction of spinal cord neurons, an ATP + LPS-induced pyroptotic injury model was established. The model was subsequently subjected to Nrf2 inhibition, followed by a battery of assessments involving ELISA, DCFH-DA staining, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and WB to decipher the effects of AKBA on the spinal cord neuron pyroptosis model. By engaging the Nrf2-ROS-NLRP3 pathway, AKBA exerted a repressive influence on the expression of the pyroptotic initiator protein Caspase-1, thereby mitigating the release of GSDMD and alleviating pyroptosis. Additionally, AKBA demonstrated the ability to attenuate the release of IL-18 and IL-1β, curbing neuronal loss and expediting the restorative processes within the context of spinal cord injury. Our study elucidates that AKBA can reduce spinal cord neuronal apoptosis, providing a basis for the development of AKBA as a clinical treatment for spinal cord injury.

Preclinical evidence of reno-protective effect of quercetin on acute kidney injury: a meta-analysis of animal studies

Objective: This study evaluated the reno-protective effects of quercetin in animal models of acute kidney injury (AKI). Methods: We conducted a systematic search of literature published before April 2023 in PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE databases. Methodological quality was assessed by SYRCLE's RoB tool. Funnel plot, Egger's test, and Begg's test were used to determine publication bias. Results: A total of 19 studies with 288 animals were included in this meta-analysis. The methodology quality scores of the included studies ranged from 4 to 7. The results indicated that quercetin reduced blood urea nitrogen (SMD = -4.78; 95% CI: 6.45, -3.12; p < 0.01; I2 = 84%) and serum creatinine (SMD: 2.73, 95% CI: 3.66, -1.80; p < 0.01; I2 = 80%) in AKI models. The result of sensitivity analysis was stable, while the results of funnel plot indicated asymmetric. In addition, we further analyzed inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress levels, and kidney injury scores, and found that quercetin treatment had antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and improved kidney injury scores in animal models of AKI. Conclusion: Quercetin exhibited a promising reno-protective effect in AKI animal models. Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO (CRD42023433333).

Effects of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum on oxidative stress, mitophagy, and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in broiler breast meat

Poultry meat has a high polyunsaturated fatty acids content, making it vulnerable to oxidative stress. Mitophagy participates in the regulation of oxidative stress and the nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor family as well as pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum P8 (P8) is a probiotic strain with an antioxidant capacity. In the present study, we investigated the effects of P8 on oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, mitophagy, and NLRP3 inflammasome in the breast meat of oxidatively stressed broilers. Four hundred 1-day-old male broilers were assigned to a 2 × 2 factorial design with 2 P8 levels (0 or 1 × 108 cfu/g), either with or without dexamethasone (DEX) injection, for a 21-day experimental period. DEX was injected intraperitoneally once daily from d 16 to 21. The breast meat was collected on d 21. The results showed that P8 supplementation decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and activated the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway in DEX-injected broilers. Moreover, P8 supplementation downregulated mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number and increased the expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1), mitochondrial fusion protein 1 (Mfn1), and optic atrophy protein 1 (OPA1) in DEX-treated broilers. In addition, the decreased mitophagy level in DEX-treated broilers was elevated with P8 supplementation, as reflected by the increased gene expression of autophagy-related gene 5 (ATG5), Bcl-2-interacting protein (Becline-1), Parkin, PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), light chain 3 II (LC3II)/LC31, and the protein expression of Parkin as well as decreased p62 expression. In addition, P8 supplementation inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation by decreasing the transcription of NLRP3, IL-18, cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1), and the expression of NLRP3 and IL-18 in DEX-treated broilers. In conclusion, dietary P8 supplementation alleviates oxidative stress, improves mitophagy, and inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the breast meat of oxidatively stressed broilers.

Targeting mitophagy for neurological disorders treatment: advances in drugs and non-drug approaches

Mitochondria serve as a vital energy source for nerve cells. The mitochondrial network also acts as a defense mechanism against external stressors that can threaten the stability of the nervous system. However, excessive accumulation of damaged mitochondria can lead to neuronal death. Mitophagy is an essential pathway in the mitochondrial quality control system and can protect neurons by selectively removing damaged mitochondria. In most neurological disorders, dysfunctional mitochondria are a common feature, and drugs that target mitophagy can improve symptoms. Here, we reviewed the role of mitophagy in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, stroke, and traumatic brain injuries. We also summarized drug and non-drug approaches to promote mitophagy and described their therapeutic role in neurological disorders in order to provide valuable insight into the potential therapeutic agents available for neurological disease treatment. However, most studies on mitophagy regulation are based on preclinical research using cell and animal models, which may not accurately reflect the effects in humans. This poses a challenge to the clinical application of drugs targeting mitophagy. Additionally, these drugs may carry the risk of intolerable side effects and toxicity. Future research should focus on the development of safer and more targeted drugs for mitophagy.

Inhibition of calcium imbalance protects hepatocytes from vanadium exposure-induced inflammation by mediating mitochondrial-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes in ducks

Vanadium (V) is an essential mineral element in animals, but excessive V can lead to many diseases, affecting the health of humans and animals. However, the molecular crosstalk between mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes (MAMs) and inflammation under V exposure is still at the exploratory stage. This study was conducted to determine the molecular crosstalk between MAMs and inflammation under V exposure in ducks. In this study, duck hepatocytes were treated with NaVO3 (0 μM, 100 μM, and 200 μM) and 2-aminoethyl diphenyl borate (2-APB) (IP3R inhibitor) alone or in combination for 24 h. The data showed that V exposure-induced cell vacuolization, enlarged intercellular space, and decreased density and viability. Meanwhile, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malonaldehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were upregulated under V treatment. In addition, excessive V could lead to a marked reduction in the MAMs structure, destruction of the membrane structure and overload of intracellular Ca2+ and mitochondrial Ca2+. Moreover, V treatment resulted in notable upregulation of the levels of MAMs-relevant factors (IP3R, Mfn2, Grp75, MCU, VDAC1) but downregulated the levels of IL-18, IL-1β, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the cell supernatant. Additionally, it also significantly elevated the levels of inflammation-relevant factors (NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, MAVS, IL-18, IL-1β, and TXNIP). However, the inhibition of IP3R expression attenuated the V-induced variations in the above indicators. Collectively, our results revealed that the maintenance of calcium homeostasis could protect duck hepatocytes from V-induced inflammation injury via MAMs.

Pyroptosis in neurodegenerative diseases: from bench to bedside

The central nervous system regulates all aspects of physiology to some extent. Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) lead to the progressive loss and dysfunction of neurons, which are particularly evident in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and many other conditions. NDDs are multifactorial diseases with complex pathogeneses, and there has been a rapid increase in the prevalence of NDDs. However, none of these diseases can be cured, making the development of novel treatment strategies an urgent necessity. Numerous studies have indicated how pyroptosis induces inflammation and affects many aspects of NDD. Therefore, components related to pyroptosis are potential therapeutic candidates and are attracting increasing attention. Here, we review the role of pyroptosis in the pathogenesis of NDDs and potential treatment options. Additionally, several of the current drugs and relevant inhibitors are discussed. Through this article, we provide theoretical support for exploring new therapeutic targets and updating clinical treatment strategies for NDDs. Notably, pyroptosis, a recently widely studied mode of cell death, is still under-researched compared to other traditional forms of cell death. Moreover, the focus of research has been on the onset and progression of NDDs, and the lack of organ-specific target discovery and drug development is a common problem for many basic studies. This urgent problem requires scientists and companies worldwide to collaborate in order to develop more effective drugs against NDDs.

TRIM45 aggravates microglia pyroptosis via Atg5/NLRP3 axis in septic encephalopathy

BACKGROUND

Neuroinflammation mediated by microglial pyroptosis is an important pathogenic mechanism of septic encephalopathy (SAE). It has been reported that TRIM45 is associated with tumours and inflammatory diseases. However, the role of TRIM45 in SAE and the relationship between TRIM45 and microglial pyroptosis are unknown. In this study, we found that TRIM45 played an important role in regulating microglial pyroptosis and the molecular mechanism.

METHODS

SAE was induced by intraperitoneal injection of LPS in WT and AAV-shTRIM45 mice. BV2 cells were treated with LPS/ATP in vitro. Cognitive function was assessed by the Morris water maze. Nissl staining was used to evaluate histological and structural lesions. ELISA was used to dectect neuroinflammation. qPCR was used to detect the mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines, NLRP3, and autophagy genes. Western blotting and immunofluorescence analysis were used to analyse the expression of the proteins. Changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells were observed by flow cytometry. Changes in mitochondrial membrane potential in BV2 cells were detected by JC-1 staining. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were extracted from blood by density gradient centrifugation and then used for qPCR, western blotting and flow detection. To further explore the mechanism, we used the overexpression plasmids TRIM45 and Atg5 as well as siRNA-TRIM45 and siRNA-Atg5 to analyse the downstream pathway of NLRP3. The protein and mRNA levels of TRIM45 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from sepsis patients were examined.

RESULTS

Knocking down TRIM45 protected against neuronal damage and cognitive impairment in septic mice. TRIM45 knockdown inhibited microglial pyroptosis and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines in vivo and in vitro, which was mediated by NLRP3/Gsdmd-N activation. Overexpression of TRIM45 could activate NLRP3 and downstream proteins. Further examination showed that TRIM45 regulated the activation of NLRP3 by altering Atg5 and regulating autophagic flux. It was also found that overexpression and knockdown of TRIM45 affected the changes in ROS and mitochondrial membrane potential. Thus, knocking down TRIM45 could reduce microglial pyroptosis, the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, and neuronal damage and improve cognitive function. In addition, the level of TRIM45 protein in septic patients was increased. There was a positive linear correlation between APACHE II score and TRIM45, between SOFA score and TRIM45. Compared to group GCS > 9, level of TRIM45 were increased in group GCS ≤ 8.

CONCLUSION

TRIM45 plays a key role in neuroinflammation caused by LPS, and the mechanism may involve TRIM45-mediated exacerbation of microglial pyroptosis via the Atg5/NLRP3 axis.

Antidepressant pharmacological mechanisms: focusing on the regulation of autophagy

The core symptoms of depression are anhedonia and persistent hopelessness. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and their related medications are commonly used for clinical treatment, despite their significant adverse effects. Traditional Chinese medicine with its multiple targets, channels, and compounds, exhibit immense potential in treating depression. Autophagy, a vital process in depression pathology, has emerged as a promising target for intervention. This review summarized the pharmacological mechanisms of antidepressants by regulating autophagy. We presented insights from recent studies, discussed current research limitations, and proposed new strategies for basic research and their clinical application in depression.

To re-examine the intersection of microglial activation and neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases from the perspective of pyroptosis

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and motor neuron disease, are diseases characterized by neuronal damage and dysfunction. NDs are considered to be a multifactorial disease with diverse etiologies (immune, inflammatory, aging, genetic, etc.) and complex pathophysiological processes. Previous studies have found that neuroinflammation and typical microglial activation are important mechanisms of NDs, leading to neurological dysfunction and disease progression. Pyroptosis is a new mode involved in this process. As a form of programmed cell death, pyroptosis is characterized by the expansion of cells until the cell membrane bursts, resulting in the release of cell contents that activates a strong inflammatory response that promotes NDs by accelerating neuronal dysfunction and abnormal microglial activation. In this case, abnormally activated microglia release various pro-inflammatory factors, leading to the occurrence of neuroinflammation and exacerbating both microglial and neuronal pyroptosis, thus forming a vicious cycle. The recognition of the association between pyroptosis and microglia activation, as well as neuroinflammation, is of significant importance in understanding the pathogenesis of NDs and providing new targets and strategies for their prevention and treatment.

PINK1-mediated mitophagy induction protects against preeclampsia by decreasing ROS and trophoblast pyroptosis

INTRODUCTION

Preeclampsia (PE) is a multisystemic disorder attributed to the excessive presentation of placenta-derived immunoinflammatory factors. PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1)-mediated mitophagy participates in the development and persistence of the inflammation. We hypothesized that dysregulated mitophagy might be involved in the pathogenesis of PE by promoting the activation of trophoblast pyroptosis that augment inflammation.

METHODS

The morphology of mitochondrial in placenta were observed by transmission electron microscopy. The localization of PINK1 in the placenta was determined by immunohistochemistry. The expression levels of PINK1, PARKIN, LC3B, and SQSTM1 and pyroptosis-related molecules were compared between normal pregnancies and PE. We used hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) to stimulate the trophoblast hypoxia environment. HTR-8/SVneo cells were transfected with PINK1 plasmid and si-PINK1, respectively, and then were treated with H/R, to determine whether PINK1 regulated ROS and HTR-8/Svneo pyroptosis. Finally, ROS production was inhibited by MitoTEMPO to observe whether the pro-pyroptosis effect of PINK1 knockdown is alleviated.

RESULTS

Swollen mitochondrial were accumulated in the PE placentae. PINK1 is localized on villus trophoblast (VTs) and extravillous trophoblast (EVTs). PINK1-mediated mitophagy was abolished in the PE placenta, while the levels of pyroptosis were induced. H/R stimulation aggravated the downregulation of mitophagy and the up-regulation of pyroptosis. Overexpression of PINK1 mitigated H/R-induced upregulation of ROS and pyroptosis while silencing PINK1 did the opposite. Reducing ROS production can effectively resist the pro-pyroptosis effect of PINK1 knockdown.

DISCUSSION

This study demonstrated that PINK1-mediated mitophagy might played a protective role in PE by reducing ROS and trophoblast pyroptosis.

Advance in the pharmacological effects of quercetin in modulating oxidative stress and inflammation related disorders

Numerous pharmacological effects of quercetin have been illustrated, including antiinflammation, antioxidation, and anticancer properties. In recent years, the antioxidant activity of quercetin has been extensively reported, in particular, its impacts on glutathione, enzyme activity, signaling transduction pathways, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Quercetin has also been demonstrated to exert a striking antiinflammatory effect mainly by inhibiting the production of cytokines, reducing the expression of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase, and preserving the integrity of mast cells. By regulating oxidative stress and inflammation, which are regarded as two critical processes involved in the defense and regular physiological operation of biological systems, quercetin has been validated to be effective in treating a variety of disorders. Symptoms of these reactions have been linked to degenerative processes and metabolic disorders, including metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular, neurodegeneration, cancer, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Despite that evidence demonstrates that antioxidants are employed to prevent excessive oxidative and inflammatory processes, there are still concerns regarding the expense, accessibility, and side effects of agents. Notably, natural products, especially those derived from plants, are widely accessible, affordable, and generally safe. In this review, the antioxidant and antiinflammatory abilities of the active ingredient quercetin and its application in oxidative stress-related disorders have been outlined in detail.

WHSC1L1-mediated epigenetic downregulation of VMP1 participates in herpes simplex virus 1 infection-induced mitophagy impairment and neuroinflammation

Microglia are the first-line defenders against invading pathogens in the brain whose activation mediates virus clearance and leads to neurotoxicity as well. This work studies the role of Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome candidate 1-like 1 (WHSC1L1)/vacuole membrane protein 1 (VMP1) interaction in the activation of microglia and neuroinflammation following herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection. Aberrantly expressed genes after HSV-1 infection were screened by analyzing the GSE35943 dataset. C57BL/6J mice and mouse microglia BV2 were infected with HSV-1 for in vivo and in vitro assays. VMP1 was downregulated but WHSC1L1 was upregulated in HSV-1-infected mouse brain tissues as well as in BV2 cells. The VMP1 overexpression enhanced mitophagy activity and suppressed oxidative stress and inflammatory activation of BV2 cells, but these effects were blocked by the autophagy antagonist 3-methyladenine. WHSC1H1 suppressed VMP1 transcription through H3K36me2-recruited DNMT3A. Downregulation of WHSC1H1 similarly enhanced mitophagy in BV2 cells, and it alleviated microglia activation, nerve cell inflammation, and brain tissue damage in HSV-1-infected mice. However, the alleviating roles of WHSC1H1 silencing were negated by further VMP1 silencing. Taken together. this study demonstrates that WHSC1L1 upregulation following HSV-1 infection leads to mitophagy impairment and neuroinflammation through epigenetic suppression of VMP1.

Impact of senolytic treatment on immunity, aging, and disease

Cellular senescence has been implicated in the pathophysiology of many age-related diseases. However, it also plays an important protective role in the context of tumor suppression and wound healing. Reducing senescence burden through treatment with senolytic drugs or the use of genetically targeted models of senescent cell elimination in animals has shown positive results in the context of mitigating disease and age-associated inflammation. Despite positive, albeit heterogenous, outcomes in clinical trials, very little is known about the short-term and long-term immunological consequences of using senolytics as a treatment for age-related conditions. Further, many studies examining cellular senescence and senolytic treatment have been demonstrated in non-infectious disease models. Several recent reports suggest that senescent cell elimination may have benefits in COVID-19 and influenza resolution and disease prognosis. In this review, we discuss the current clinical trials and pre-clinical studies that are exploring the impact of senolytics on cellular immunity. We propose that while eliminating senescent cells may have an acute beneficial impact on primary immune responses, immunological memory may be negatively impacted. Closer investigation of senolytics on immune function and memory generation would provide insight as to whether senolytics could be used to enhance the aging immune system and have potential to be used as therapeutics or prophylactics in populations that are severely and disproportionately affected by infections such as the elderly and immunocompromised.

Antidepressant-like Effects of Representative Types of Food and Their Possible Mechanisms

Depression is a mental disorder characterized by low mood, lack of motivation, negative cognitive outlook, and sleep problems. Suicide may occur in severe cases, although suicidal thoughts are not seen in all cases. Globally, an estimated 350 million individuals grapple with depression, as reported by the World Health Organization. At present, drug and psychological treatments are the main treatments, but they produce insufficient responses in many patients and fail to work at all in many others. Consequently, treating depression has long been an important topic in society. Given the escalating prevalence of depression, a comprehensive strategy for managing its symptoms and impacts has garnered significant attention. In this context, nutritional psychiatry emerges as a promising avenue. Extensive research has underscored the potential benefits of a well-rounded diet rich in fruits, vegetables, fish, and meat in alleviating depressive symptoms. However, the intricate mechanisms linking dietary interventions to brain function alterations remain largely unexplored. This review delves into the intricate relationship between dietary patterns and depression, while exploring the plausible mechanisms underlying the impact of dietary interventions on depression management. As we endeavor to unveil the pathways through which nutrition influences mental well-being, a holistic perspective that encompasses multidisciplinary strategies gains prominence, potentially reshaping how we approach and address depression.

Mefloquine targets NLRP3 to reduce lipopolysaccharide-induced systemic inflammation and neural injury

The NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome plays an important role in the pathogenesis of a wide variety of human diseases. So far, drugs directly and specifically targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome are not available for clinical use since the safety and efficacy of new compounds are often unclear. A promising approach is thus to identify NLRP3 inhibitors from existing drugs that are already in clinical use. Here, we show that mefloquine, a well-known antimalarial drug, is a highly selective and potent NLRP3 inhibitor by screening a FDA-approved drug library. Mechanistically, mefloquine directly binds to the NLRP3 NACHT and LRR domains to prevent NLRP3 inflammasome activation. More importantly, mefloquine treatment attenuates the symptoms of lipopolysaccharide-induced systemic inflammation and Parkinson's disease-like neural damage in mice. Our findings identify mefloquine as a potential therapeutic agent for NLRP3-driven diseases and migth expand its clinical use considerably.

Targeting mitophagy for depression amelioration: a novel therapeutic strategy

Major depressive disorder is a global psychiatric condition characterized by persistent low mood and anhedonia, which seriously jeopardizes the physical and mental well-being of affected individuals. While various hypotheses have been proposed to explicate the etiology of depression, the precise pathogenesis and effective treatment of this disorder remain elusive. Mitochondria, as the primary organelles responsible for cellular energy production, possess the ability to meet the essential energy demands of the brain. Research indicated that the accumulation of damaged mitochondria is associated with the onset of depression. Mitophagy, a type of cellular autophagy, specifically targets and removes excess or damaged mitochondria. Emerging evidence demonstrated that mitophagy dysfunction was involved in the progression of depression, and several pharmacological interventions that stimulating mitophagy exerted excellent antidepressant actions. We provided an overview of updated advancements on the regulatory mechanism of mitophagy and the mitophagy abnormality in depressed patients and animals, as well as in cell models of depression. Meanwhile, various therapeutic strategies to restore mitophagy for depression alleviation were also discussed in this review.