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Smertenko A, Clare SJ, Effertz K, Parish A, Ross A, Schmidt S. A guide to plant TPX2-like and WAVE-DAMPENED2-like proteins. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:1034-1045. [PMID: 33130902 PMCID: PMC8502432 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
TPX2 proteins were first identified in vertebrates as a key mitotic spindle assembly factor. Subsequent studies demonstrated that TPX2 is an intricate protein, with functionally and structurally distinct domains and motifs including Aurora kinase-binding, importin-binding, central microtubule-binding, and C-terminal TPX2 conserved domain, among others. The first plant TPX2-like protein, WAVE-DAMPENED2, was identified in Arabidopsis as a dominant mutation responsible for reducing the waviness of roots grown on slanted agar plates. Each plant genome encodes at least one 'canonical' protein with all TPX2 domains and a family of proteins (20 in Arabidopsis) that diversified to contain only some of the domains. Although all plant TPX2-family proteins to date bind microtubules, they function in distinct processes such as cell division, regulation of hypocotyl cell elongation by hormones and light signals, vascular development, or abiotic stress tolerance. Consequently, their expression patterns, regulation, and functions have diverged considerably. Here we summarize the current body of knowledge surrounding plant TPX2-family proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Smertenko
- Plant Molecular Sciences Graduate Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Shaun J Clare
- Plant Molecular Sciences Graduate Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Karl Effertz
- Plant Molecular Sciences Graduate Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Alyssa Parish
- Plant Molecular Sciences Graduate Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Austin Ross
- Plant Molecular Sciences Graduate Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Sharol Schmidt
- Plant Molecular Sciences Graduate Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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52
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Huang L, Zhang C. The Mode of Action of Endosidin20 Differs from That of Other Cellulose Biosynthesis Inhibitors. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 61:2139-2152. [PMID: 33104193 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Endosidin20 (ES20) was recently identified as a cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor (CBI) that targets the catalytic domain of CELLULOSE SYNTHASE 6 (CESA6) and thus inhibits the growth of Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we characterized the effects of ES20 on the growth of other plant species and found that ES20 is a broad-spectrum plant growth inhibitor. We tested the inhibitory effects of previously characterized CBIs (isoxaben, indaziflam and C17) on the growth of Arabidopsis cesa6 mutants that have reduced sensitivity to ES20. We found that most of these mutants are sensitive to isoxaben, indaziflam and C17, indicating that these tested CBIs have a different mode of action than ES20. ES20 also has a synergistic inhibitory effect on plant growth when jointly applied with other CBIs, further confirming that ES20 has a different mode of action than isoxaben, indaziflam and C17. We demonstrated that plants carrying two missense mutations conferring resistance to ES20 and isoxaben can tolerate the dual inhibitory effects of these CBIs when combined. ES20 inhibits Arabidopsis growth in growth medium and in soil following direct spraying. Therefore, our results pave the way for using ES20 as a broad-spectrum herbicide, and for the use of gene-editing technologies to produce ES20-resistant crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, 610 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, 610 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Roeder AHK. Arabidopsis sepals: A model system for the emergent process of morphogenesis. QUANTITATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 2:e14. [PMID: 36798428 PMCID: PMC9931181 DOI: 10.1017/qpb.2021.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
During development, Arabidopsis thaliana sepal primordium cells grow, divide and interact with their neighbours, giving rise to a sepal with the correct size, shape and form. Arabidopsis sepals have proven to be a good system for elucidating the emergent processes driving morphogenesis due to their simplicity, their accessibility for imaging and manipulation, and their reproducible development. Sepals undergo a basipetal gradient of growth, with cessation of cell division, slow growth and maturation starting at the tip of the sepal and progressing to the base. In this review, I discuss five recent examples of processes during sepal morphogenesis that yield emergent properties: robust size, tapered tip shape, laminar shape, scattered giant cells and complex gene expression patterns. In each case, experiments examining the dynamics of sepal development led to the hypotheses of local rules. In each example, a computational model was used to demonstrate that these local rules are sufficient to give rise to the emergent properties of morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne H. K. Roeder
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science and Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Author for correspondence: Adrienne H. K. Roeder, E-mail:
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54
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Allen H, Wei D, Gu Y, Li S. A historical perspective on the regulation of cellulose biosynthesis. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 252:117022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Zhu X, Tellier F, Gu Y, Li S. Disruption of Very-Long-Chain-Fatty Acid Synthesis Has an Impact on the Dynamics of Cellulose Synthase in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1599. [PMID: 33218005 PMCID: PMC7698757 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, cellulose is synthesized by membrane-spanning large protein complexes named cellulose synthase complexes (CSCs). In this study, the Arabidopsis PASTICCINO2 (PAS2) was identified as an interacting partner of cellulose synthases. PAS2 was previously characterized as the plant 3-hydroxy-acyl-CoA dehydratase, an ER membrane-localized dehydratase that is essential for very-long-chain-fatty acid (VLCFA) elongation. The pas2-1 mutants show defective cell elongation and reduction in cellulose content in both etiolated hypocotyls and light-grown roots. Although disruption of VLCFA synthesis by a genetic alteration had a reduction in VLCFA in both etiolated hypocotyls and light-grown roots, it had a differential effect on cellulose content in the two systems, suggesting the threshold level of VLCFA for efficient cellulose synthesis may be different in the two biological systems. pas2-1 had a reduction in both CSC delivery rate and CSC velocity at the PM in etiolated hypocotyls. Interestingly, Golgi but not post-Golgi endomembrane structures exhibited a severe defect in motility. Experiments using pharmacological perturbation of VLCFA content in etiolated hypocotyls strongly indicate a novel function of PAS2 in the regulation of CSC and Golgi motility. Through a combination of genetic, biochemical and cell biology studies, our study demonstrated that PAS2 as a multifunction protein has an important role in the regulation of cellulose biosynthesis in Arabidopsis hypocotyl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
| | - Frédérique Tellier
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE-AgroParisTech, 78000 Versailles, France;
| | - Ying Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
| | - Shundai Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
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Yang Q, Wan X, Wang J, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Wang T, Yang C, Ye Z. The loss of function of HEL, which encodes a cellulose synthase interactive protein, causes helical and vine-like growth of tomato. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:180. [PMID: 33328443 PMCID: PMC7603515 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-00402-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Helical growth is an economical way for plant to obtain resources. The classic microtubule-microfibril alignment model of Arabidopsis helical growth involves restriction of the appropriate orientation of cellulose microfibrils appropriately in the cell walls. However, the molecular mechanism underlying tomato helical growth remains unknown. Here, we identified a spontaneous tomato helical (hel) mutant with right-handed helical cotyledons and petals but left-handed helical stems and true leaves. Genetic analysis revealed that the hel phenotype was controlled by a single recessive gene. Using map-based cloning, we cloned the HEL gene, which encodes a cellulose interacting protein homologous to CSI1 of Arabidopsis. We identified a 27 bp fragment replacement that generated a premature stop codon. Transgenic experiments showed that the helical growth phenotype could be restored by the allele of this gene from wild-type Pyriforme. In contrast, the knockout mutation of HEL in Pyriforme via CRISPR/Cas9 resulted in helical growth. These findings shed light on the molecular control of the helical growth of tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaoshuai Wan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jiaying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yuyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Junhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Taotao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Changxian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Zhibiao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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57
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Wang L, Hart BE, Khan GA, Cruz ER, Persson S, Wallace IS. Associations between phytohormones and cellulose biosynthesis in land plants. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:807-824. [PMID: 32619216 PMCID: PMC7539351 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytohormones are small molecules that regulate virtually every aspect of plant growth and development, from basic cellular processes, such as cell expansion and division, to whole plant environmental responses. While the phytohormone levels and distribution thus tell the plant how to adjust itself, the corresponding growth alterations are actuated by cell wall modification/synthesis and internal turgor. Plant cell walls are complex polysaccharide-rich extracellular matrixes that surround all plant cells. Among the cell wall components, cellulose is typically the major polysaccharide, and is the load-bearing structure of the walls. Hence, the cell wall distribution of cellulose, which is synthesized by large Cellulose Synthase protein complexes at the cell surface, directs plant growth. SCOPE Here, we review the relationships between key phytohormone classes and cellulose deposition in plant systems. We present the core signalling pathways associated with each phytohormone and discuss the current understanding of how these signalling pathways impact cellulose biosynthesis with a particular focus on transcriptional and post-translational regulation. Because cortical microtubules underlying the plasma membrane significantly impact the trajectories of Cellulose Synthase Complexes, we also discuss the current understanding of how phytohormone signalling impacts the cortical microtubule array. CONCLUSION Given the importance of cellulose deposition and phytohormone signalling in plant growth and development, one would expect that there is substantial cross-talk between these processes; however, mechanisms for many of these relationships remain unclear and should be considered as the target of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Wang
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bret E Hart
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | | | - Edward R Cruz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian S Wallace
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
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58
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Abstract
Cortical microtubules can direct the orientation of newly synthesized cellulose fibres in plant cell walls. However, cell wall-mediated steering mechanisms have also been anticipated. New research reveals that cellulose synthesis may be directed by pre-existing cellulose fibres in the walls.
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59
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Ganguly A, Zhu C, Chen W, Dixit R. FRA1 Kinesin Modulates the Lateral Stability of Cortical Microtubules through Cellulose Synthase-Microtubule Uncoupling Proteins. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:2508-2524. [PMID: 32487563 PMCID: PMC7401024 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall assembly requires harmonized deposition of cellulose and matrix polysaccharides. Cortical microtubules orient the deposition of cellulose by guiding the trajectory of cellulose synthase complexes. Vesicles containing matrix polysaccharides are thought to be transported by the FRAGILE FIBER1 (FRA1) kinesin to facilitate their secretion along cortical microtubules. The cortical microtubule cytoskeleton thus may provide a platform to coordinate the delivery of cellulose and matrix polysaccharides, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we show that the tail region of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) FRA1 kinesin physically interacts with cellulose synthase-microtubule uncoupling (CMU) proteins that are important for the microtubule-dependent guidance of cellulose synthase complexes. Interaction with CMUs did not affect microtubule binding or motility of the FRA1 kinesin but differentially affected the protein levels and microtubule localization of CMU1 and CMU2, thus regulating the lateral stability of cortical microtubules. Phosphorylation of the FRA1 tail region inhibited binding to CMUs and consequently reversed the extent of cortical microtubule decoration by CMU1 and CMU2. Genetic experiments demonstrated the significance of this interaction to the growth and reproduction of Arabidopsis plants. We propose that modulation of CMU protein levels and microtubule localization by FRA1 provides a mechanism that stabilizes the sites of deposition of both cellulose and matrix polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindya Ganguly
- Department of Biology and Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Chuanmei Zhu
- Department of Biology and Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Weizu Chen
- Department of Biology and Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Ram Dixit
- Department of Biology and Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri 63130
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60
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Bünder A, Sundman O, Mahboubi A, Persson S, Mansfield SD, Rüggeberg M, Niittylä T. CELLULOSE SYNTHASE INTERACTING 1 is required for wood mechanics and leaf morphology in aspen. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:1858-1868. [PMID: 32526794 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose microfibrils synthesized by CELLULOSE SYNTHASE COMPLEXES (CSCs) are the main load-bearing polymers in wood. CELLULOSE SYNTHASE INTERACTING1 (CSI1) connects CSCs with cortical microtubules, which align with cellulose microfibrils. Mechanical properties of wood are dependent on cellulose microfibril alignment and structure in the cell walls, but the molecular mechanism(s) defining these features is unknown. Herein, we investigated the role of CSI1 in hybrid aspen (Populus tremula × Populus tremuloides) by characterizing transgenic lines with significantly reduced CSI1 transcript abundance. Reduction in leaves (50-80%) caused leaf twisting and misshaped pavement cells, while reduction (70-90%) in developing xylem led to impaired mechanical wood properties evident as a decrease in the elastic modulus and rupture. X-ray diffraction measurements indicate that microfibril angle was not impacted by the altered CSI1 abundance in developing wood fibres. Instead, the augmented wood phenotype of the transgenic trees was associated with a reduced cellulose degree of polymerization. These findings establish a function for CSI1 in wood mechanics and in defining leaf cell shape. Furthermore, the results imply that the microfibril angle in wood is defined by CSI1 independent mechanism(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Bünder
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, SE 901 83, Sweden
| | - Ola Sundman
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, SE 901 87, Sweden
| | - Amir Mahboubi
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, SE 901 83, Sweden
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Markus Rüggeberg
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH Zurich), Institute for Building Materials, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
- Cellulose and Wood Materials, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology (Empa), Dubendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Totte Niittylä
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, SE 901 83, Sweden
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61
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Gigli-Bisceglia N, Engelsdorf T, Hamann T. Plant cell wall integrity maintenance in model plants and crop species-relevant cell wall components and underlying guiding principles. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:2049-2077. [PMID: 31781810 PMCID: PMC7256069 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03388-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The walls surrounding the cells of all land-based plants provide mechanical support essential for growth and development as well as protection from adverse environmental conditions like biotic and abiotic stress. Composition and structure of plant cell walls can differ markedly between cell types, developmental stages and species. This implies that wall composition and structure are actively modified during biological processes and in response to specific functional requirements. Despite extensive research in the area, our understanding of the regulatory processes controlling active and adaptive modifications of cell wall composition and structure is still limited. One of these regulatory processes is the cell wall integrity maintenance mechanism, which monitors and maintains the functional integrity of the plant cell wall during development and interaction with environment. It is an important element in plant pathogen interaction and cell wall plasticity, which seems at least partially responsible for the limited success that targeted manipulation of cell wall metabolism has achieved so far. Here, we provide an overview of the cell wall polysaccharides forming the bulk of plant cell walls in both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants and the effects their impairment can have. We summarize our current knowledge regarding the cell wall integrity maintenance mechanism and discuss that it could be responsible for several of the mutant phenotypes observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Gigli-Bisceglia
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Timo Engelsdorf
- Division of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Philipps University of Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Hamann
- Institute for Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 5 Høgskoleringen, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
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Xin X, Lei L, Zheng Y, Zhang T, Pingali SV, O’Neill H, Cosgrove DJ, Li S, Gu Y. Cellulose synthase interactive1- and microtubule-dependent cell wall architecture is required for acid growth in Arabidopsis hypocotyls. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:2982-2994. [PMID: 32016356 PMCID: PMC7260726 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Auxin-induced cell elongation relies in part on the acidification of the cell wall, a process known as acid growth that presumably triggers expansin-mediated wall loosening via altered interactions between cellulose microfibrils. Cellulose microfibrils are a major determinant for anisotropic growth and they provide the scaffold for cell wall assembly. Little is known about how acid growth depends on cell wall architecture. To explore the relationship between acid growth-mediated cell elongation and plant cell wall architecture, two mutants (jia1-1 and csi1-3) that are defective in cellulose biosynthesis and cellulose microfibril organization were analyzed. The study revealed that cell elongation is dependent on CSI1-mediated cell wall architecture but not on the overall crystalline cellulose content. We observed a correlation between loss of crossed-polylamellate walls and loss of auxin- and fusicoccin-induced cell growth in csi1-3. Furthermore, induced loss of crossed-polylamellate walls via disruption of cortical microtubules mimics the effect of csi1 in acid growth. We hypothesize that CSI1- and microtubule-dependent crossed-polylamellate walls are required for acid growth in Arabidopsis hypocotyls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoran Xin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Yunzhen Zheng
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Tian Zhang
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | | | - Hugh O’Neill
- Biology and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Shundai Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Ying Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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63
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Yang J, Bak G, Burgin T, Barnes WJ, Mayes HB, Peña MJ, Urbanowicz BR, Nielsen E. Biochemical and Genetic Analysis Identify CSLD3 as a beta-1,4-Glucan Synthase That Functions during Plant Cell Wall Synthesis. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:1749-1767. [PMID: 32169960 PMCID: PMC7203914 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In plants, changes in cell size and shape during development fundamentally depend on the ability to synthesize and modify cell wall polysaccharides. The main classes of cell wall polysaccharides produced by terrestrial plants are cellulose, hemicelluloses, and pectins. Members of the cellulose synthase (CESA) and cellulose synthase-like (CSL) families encode glycosyltransferases that synthesize the β-1,4-linked glycan backbones of cellulose and most hemicellulosic polysaccharides that comprise plant cell walls. Cellulose microfibrils are the major load-bearing component in plant cell walls and are assembled from individual β-1,4-glucan polymers synthesized by CESA proteins that are organized into multimeric complexes called CESA complexes, in the plant plasma membrane. During distinct modes of polarized cell wall deposition, such as in the tip growth that occurs during the formation of root hairs and pollen tubes or de novo formation of cell plates during plant cytokinesis, newly synthesized cell wall polysaccharides are deposited in a restricted region of the cell. These processes require the activity of members of the CESA-like D subfamily. However, while these CSLD polysaccharide synthases are essential, the nature of the polysaccharides they synthesize has remained elusive. Here, we use a combination of genetic rescue experiments with CSLD-CESA chimeric proteins, in vitro biochemical reconstitution, and supporting computational modeling and simulation, to demonstrate that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) CSLD3 is a UDP-glucose-dependent β-1,4-glucan synthase that forms protein complexes displaying similar ultrastructural features to those formed by CESA6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyuan Yang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Gwangbae Bak
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Tucker Burgin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - William J Barnes
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Heather B Mayes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Maria J Peña
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Breeanna R Urbanowicz
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Erik Nielsen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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64
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Anderson CT, Kieber JJ. Dynamic Construction, Perception, and Remodeling of Plant Cell Walls. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 71:39-69. [PMID: 32084323 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-081519-035846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are dynamic structures that are synthesized by plants to provide durable coverings for the delicate cells they encase. They are made of polysaccharides, proteins, and other biomolecules and have evolved to withstand large amounts of physical force and to resist external attack by herbivores and pathogens but can in many cases expand, contract, and undergo controlled degradation and reconstruction to facilitate developmental transitions and regulate plant physiology and reproduction. Recent advances in genetics, microscopy, biochemistry, structural biology, and physical characterization methods have revealed a diverse set of mechanisms by which plant cells dynamically monitor and regulate the composition and architecture of their cell walls, but much remains to be discovered about how the nanoscale assembly of these remarkable structures underpins the majestic forms and vital ecological functions achieved by plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA;
| | - Joseph J Kieber
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA;
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65
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Chan J, Coen E. Interaction between Autonomous and Microtubule Guidance Systems Controls Cellulose Synthase Trajectories. Curr Biol 2020; 30:941-947.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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66
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Elliott L, Moore I, Kirchhelle C. Spatio-temporal control of post-Golgi exocytic trafficking in plants. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/4/jcs237065. [PMID: 32102937 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.237065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A complex and dynamic endomembrane system is a hallmark of eukaryotic cells and underpins the evolution of specialised cell types in multicellular organisms. Endomembrane system function critically depends on the ability of the cell to (1) define compartment and pathway identity, and (2) organise compartments and pathways dynamically in space and time. Eukaryotes possess a complex molecular machinery to control these processes, including small GTPases and their regulators, SNAREs, tethering factors, motor proteins, and cytoskeletal elements. Whereas many of the core components of the eukaryotic endomembrane system are broadly conserved, there have been substantial diversifications within different lineages, possibly reflecting lineage-specific requirements of endomembrane trafficking. This Review focusses on the spatio-temporal regulation of post-Golgi exocytic transport in plants. It highlights recent advances in our understanding of the elaborate network of pathways transporting different cargoes to different domains of the cell surface, and the molecular machinery underpinning them (with a focus on Rab GTPases, their interactors and the cytoskeleton). We primarily focus on transport in the context of growth, but also highlight how these pathways are co-opted during plant immunity responses and at the plant-pathogen interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Elliott
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Ian Moore
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Charlotte Kirchhelle
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
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67
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Maleki SS, Mohammadi K, Movahedi A, Wu F, Ji KS. Increase in Cell Wall Thickening and Biomass Production by Overexpression of PmCesA2 in Poplar. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:110. [PMID: 32153613 PMCID: PMC7044265 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose, the most abundant constituent material of the plant cell walls, is a major structural component of plant biomass. Manipulating cellulose synthesis (CesA) genes by genetic engineering technology, to increase cellulose production may thus offer novel opportunities for plant growth and development. To investigate this, here we produced transgenic "Populus 895 plants" overexpressing the cellulose synthase (CesA2) gene derived from Pinus massoniana under the control of constitutive 35S promoter, via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Relative expression levels of PmCesA2 were functionally characterized in poplar hybrid clone "Nanlin895" (Populus deltoides × Populus euramericana). The results demonstrated the transgenic lines showed enhanced growth performance with increased biomass production than did the untransformed controls. It is noteworthy that the overexpression of PmCesA2 in poplar led to an altered cell wall polysaccharide composition, which resulted in the thickening of the secondary cell wall and xylem width under scanning electron microscopy. Consequently, the cellulose and lignin content were increased. Hence, this study suggests that overexpression of PmCesA2 could be used as a potential candidate gene to enhance cellulose synthesis and biomass accumulation in genetically engineered trees.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kong Shu Ji
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, The Key Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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68
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Mylona Z, Panteris E, Kevrekidis T, Malea P. Silver nanoparticle toxicity effect on the seagrass Halophila stipulacea. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 189:109925. [PMID: 31855841 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Information on silver nanoparticle (AgNP) phytotoxicity on seagrasses is provided for the first time. Toxic effects of environmentally relevant AgNP concentrations on Halophila stipulacea were assessed to identify sensitive biomarkers, to determine threshold effect concentrations and to evaluate potential risks. Potential alterations in the cytoskeleton, endoplasmic reticulum, cell ultrastructure and viability, oxidative stress parameters and elongation in H. stipulacea leaves exposed to AgNP concentrations ranging from 0.0002 to 0.2 mg L-1 for 8 days were examined. The first signs of actin filament (AF) response in differentiating cells, exhibiting disorientation and slight bundling, were observed on the 4th day at 0.0002 mg L-1, while at the end of the experiment and at the higher concentrations, AFs were extremely bundled. Endoplasmic reticulum was affected in meristematic and differentiating cells; massive aggregations and loss of the "grainy" structure were observed, initially on the 6th day at 0.002 mg L-1. Effects on microtubules were detected on the last day at 0.2 mg L-1. An increase in H2O2 levels on the 4th and/or 6th day even at 0.0002 mg L-1 was followed by a decrease on, or up to the last day. On the 6th day at the lowest concentration, elevated malondialdehyde content, and superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activity were detected, indicating oxidative damage and antioxidant defense mechanism activation. Dead epidermal cells mainly occurred at 0.02 and 0.2 mg L-1, while no dead vein cells were detected. A significant inhibition in leaf elongation was observed only at 0.2 mg L-1. Therefore, AF disturbance in differentiating leaf cells, being a susceptible response parameter, could be regarded as an early warning indicator of risk posed by AgNPs to H. stipulacea meadows, while most of the remaining parameters examined also constitute useful biomarkers. The lowest observed effect concentration (0.0002 mg L-1), being within the range of environmentally relevant AgNPs concentrations, suggests the possibility of negative impacts of AgNPs on seagrass health. A risk quotient of 1.33 was calculated, indicating that AgNPs may pose a significant potential risk to the coastal environment. The data presented highlight the importance of future research to further investigate the seagrass-AgNP interactions, stress the need for a refinement of the environmental risk assessment of AgNPs and could be utilized for the design of biomonitoring programs for rational management of the coastal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoi Mylona
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Emmanuel Panteris
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theodoros Kevrekidis
- Laboratory of Environmental Research and Education, Democritus University of Thrace, Nea Hili, GR-68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Malea
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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69
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Tobias LM, Spokevicius AV, McFarlane HE, Bossinger G. The Cytoskeleton and Its Role in Determining Cellulose Microfibril Angle in Secondary Cell Walls of Woody Tree Species. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E90. [PMID: 31936868 PMCID: PMC7020502 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in our understanding of the molecular control of secondary cell wall (SCW) formation have shed light on molecular mechanisms that underpin domestication traits related to wood formation. One such trait is the cellulose microfibril angle (MFA), an important wood quality determinant that varies along tree developmental phases and in response to gravitational stimulus. The cytoskeleton, mainly composed of microtubules and actin filaments, collectively contribute to plant growth and development by participating in several cellular processes, including cellulose deposition. Studies in Arabidopsis have significantly aided our understanding of the roles of microtubules in xylem cell development during which correct SCW deposition and patterning are essential to provide structural support and allow for water transport. In contrast, studies relating to SCW formation in xylary elements performed in woody trees remain elusive. In combination, the data reviewed here suggest that the cytoskeleton plays important roles in determining the exact sites of cellulose deposition, overall SCW patterning and more specifically, the alignment and orientation of cellulose microfibrils. By relating the reviewed evidence to the process of wood formation, we present a model of microtubule participation in determining MFA in woody trees forming reaction wood (RW).
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Machado Tobias
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Creswick, Victoria 3363, Australia; (A.V.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Antanas V. Spokevicius
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Creswick, Victoria 3363, Australia; (A.V.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Heather E. McFarlane
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Gerd Bossinger
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Creswick, Victoria 3363, Australia; (A.V.S.); (G.B.)
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70
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Buschmann H, Borchers A. Handedness in plant cell expansion: a mutant perspective on helical growth. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:53-69. [PMID: 31254400 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Many plant mutants are known that exhibit some degree of helical growth. This 'twisted' phenotype has arisen frequently in mutant screens of model organisms, but it is also found in cultivars of ornamental plants, including trees. The phenomenon, in many cases, is based on defects in cell expansion symmetry. Any complete model which explains the anisotropy of plant cell growth must ultimately explain how helical cell expansion comes into existence - and how it is normally avoided. While the mutations observed in model plants mainly point to the microtubule system, additional affected components involve cell wall functions, auxin transport and more. Evaluation of published data suggests a two-way mechanism underlying the helical growth phenomenon: there is, apparently, a microtubular component that determines handedness, but there is also an influence arising in the cell wall that feeds back into the cytoplasm and affects cellular handedness. This idea is supported by recent reports demonstrating the involvement of the cell wall integrity pathway. In addition, there is mounting evidence that calcium is an important relayer of signals relating to the symmetry of cell expansion. These concepts suggest experimental approaches to untangle the phenomenon of helical cell expansion in plant mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Buschmann
- Botanical Institute, Biology and Chemistry Department, University of Osnabrück, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Agnes Borchers
- Botanical Institute, Biology and Chemistry Department, University of Osnabrück, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
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71
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Kesten C, Gámez‐Arjona FM, Menna A, Scholl S, Dora S, Huerta AI, Huang H, Tintor N, Kinoshita T, Rep M, Krebs M, Schumacher K, Sánchez‐Rodríguez C. Pathogen-induced pH changes regulate the growth-defense balance in plants. EMBO J 2019; 38:e101822. [PMID: 31736111 PMCID: PMC6912046 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019101822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental adaptation of organisms relies on fast perception and response to external signals, which lead to developmental changes. Plant cell growth is strongly dependent on cell wall remodeling. However, little is known about cell wall-related sensing of biotic stimuli and the downstream mechanisms that coordinate growth and defense responses. We generated genetically encoded pH sensors to determine absolute pH changes across the plasma membrane in response to biotic stress. A rapid apoplastic acidification by phosphorylation-based proton pump activation in response to the fungus Fusarium oxysporum immediately reduced cellulose synthesis and cell growth and, furthermore, had a direct influence on the pathogenicity of the fungus. In addition, pH seems to influence cellulose structure. All these effects were dependent on the COMPANION OF CELLULOSE SYNTHASE proteins that are thus at the nexus of plant growth and defense. Hence, our discoveries show a remarkable connection between plant biomass production, immunity, and pH control, and advance our ability to investigate the plant growth-defense balance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stefan Scholl
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Cell BiologyHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Susanne Dora
- Department of BiologyETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | | | | | - Nico Tintor
- Department of PhytopathologyUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Toshinori Kinoshita
- Institute of Transformative Bio‐Molecules (WPI‐ITbM)Nagoya UniversityChikusa, NagoyaJapan
- Division of Biological ScienceGraduate School of ScienceNagoya UniversityChikusa, NagoyaJapan
| | - Martijn Rep
- Department of PhytopathologyUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Melanie Krebs
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Cell BiologyHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Karin Schumacher
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Cell BiologyHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
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72
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Wang C, Zhang H, Xia Q, Yu J, Zhu D, Zhao Q. ZmGLR, a cell membrane localized microtubule-associated protein, mediated leaf morphogenesis in maize. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 289:110248. [PMID: 31623783 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microtubule arrays play notable roles in cell division, cell movement, cell morphogenesis and signal transduction. Due to their important regulation of microtubule dynamic instability and array-ordering processes, microtubule-associated proteins have been a cutting-edge issue in research. Here, a new maize microtubule-associated protein, ZmGLR (Zea mays glutamic acid- and lysine-rich), was found. ZmGLR bundles microtubules in vitro and targets the cell membrane through an interaction between 24 conserved N-terminal amino acids and specific phosphatidylinositol phosphates (PtdInsPs). Increased Ca2+ levels in the cytoplasm lead to ZmGLR partially dissociating from the cell membrane and moving into the cytoplasm to associate with microtubule. Overexpression and RNAi of ZmGLR both resulted in misoriented microtubule arrays, which led to dwarf maize plants and curved leaves. In addition, the expression of ZmGLR was regulated by BR and auxin through ZmBES1 and ZmARF9, respectively. This study reveals that the microtubule-associated protein ZmGLR plays a crucial role in cortical microtubule reorientation and maize leaf morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Dengyun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China.
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73
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Grones P, Raggi S, Robert S. FORCE-ing the shape. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 52:1-6. [PMID: 31234034 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall is a dynamic structure that mediates cell and organ morphogenesis and provides structural support to the whole plant body. The primary load bearing components of the cell wall are a cellulose-xyloglucan network embedded in a pectin matrix. Plant morphogenesis is regulated by a constant adjustment of the chemical structure and thus mechanical properties of the cell wall components. These modifications are modulated by a variety of different remodeling agents that precisely control cell wall mechanical properties. Here, we briefly review the major recent updates on cell wall mechanics during growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Grones
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sara Raggi
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stéphanie Robert
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183 Umeå, Sweden.
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74
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Kirchhelle C, Garcia-Gonzalez D, Irani NG, Jérusalem A, Moore I. Two mechanisms regulate directional cell growth in Arabidopsis lateral roots. eLife 2019; 8:e47988. [PMID: 31355749 PMCID: PMC6748828 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphogenesis in plants depends critically on directional (anisotropic) growth. This occurs principally perpendicular to the net orientation of cellulose microfibrils (CMFs), which is in turn controlled by cortical microtubules (CMTs). In young lateral roots of Arabidopsis thaliana, growth anisotropy also depends on RAB-A5c, a plant-specific small GTPase that specifies a membrane trafficking pathway to the geometric edges of cells. Here we investigate the functional relationship between structural anisotropy at faces and RAB-A5c activity at edges during lateral root development. We show that surprisingly, inhibition of RAB-A5c function is associated with increased CMT/CMF anisotropy. We present genetic, pharmacological, and modelling evidence that this increase in CMT/CMF anisotropy partially compensates for loss of an independent RAB-A5c-mediated mechanism that maintains anisotropic growth in meristematic cells. We show that RAB-A5c associates with CMTs at cell edges, indicating that CMTs act as an integration point for both mechanisms controlling cellular growth anisotropy in lateral roots.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Garcia-Gonzalez
- Department of Engineering ScienceUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Department of Continuum Mechanics and Structural AnalysisUniversity Carlos III of MadridMadridSpain
| | - Niloufer G Irani
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Antoine Jérusalem
- Department of Engineering ScienceUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Ian Moore
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
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75
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Landrein B, Ingram G. Connected through the force: mechanical signals in plant development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:3507-3519. [PMID: 30821332 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
As multicellular organisms, plants acquire characteristic shapes through a complex set of biological processes known as morphogenesis. Biochemical signalling underlies much of development, as it allows cells to acquire specific identities based on their position within tissues and organs. However, as growing physical structures, plants, and their constituent cells, also experience internal and external physical forces that can be perceived and can influence key processes such as growth, polarity, and gene expression. This process, which adds another layer of control to growth and development, has important implications for plant morphogenesis. This review provides an overview of recent research into the role of mechanical signals in plant development and aims to show how mechanical signalling can be used, in concert with biochemical signals, as a cue allowing cells and tissues to coordinate their behaviour and to add robustness to developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Landrein
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, Lyon Cedex, France
| | - Gwyneth Ingram
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, Lyon Cedex, France
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76
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Adamowski M, Li L, Friml J. Reorientation of Cortical Microtubule Arrays in the Hypocotyl of Arabidopsis thaliana Is Induced by the Cell Growth Process and Independent of Auxin Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133337. [PMID: 31284661 PMCID: PMC6651120 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical microtubule arrays in elongating epidermal cells in both the root and stem of plants have the propensity of dynamic reorientations that are correlated with the activation or inhibition of growth. Factors regulating plant growth, among them the hormone auxin, have been recognized as regulators of microtubule array orientations. Some previous work in the field has aimed at elucidating the causal relationship between cell growth, the signaling of auxin or other growth-regulating factors, and microtubule array reorientations, with various conclusions. Here, we revisit this problem of causality with a comprehensive set of experiments in Arabidopsis thaliana, using the now available pharmacological and genetic tools. We use isolated, auxin-depleted hypocotyls, an experimental system allowing for full control of both growth and auxin signaling. We demonstrate that reorientation of microtubules is not directly triggered by an auxin signal during growth activation. Instead, reorientation is triggered by the activation of the growth process itself and is auxin-independent in its nature. We discuss these findings in the context of previous relevant work, including that on the mechanical regulation of microtubule array orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciek Adamowski
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Lanxin Li
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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77
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Sampathkumar A, Peaucelle A, Fujita M, Schuster C, Persson S, Wasteneys GO, Meyerowitz EM. Primary wall cellulose synthase regulates shoot apical meristem mechanics and growth. Development 2019; 146:dev.179036. [PMID: 31076488 DOI: 10.1242/dev.179036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
How organisms attain their specific shapes and modify their growth patterns in response to environmental and chemical signals has been the subject of many investigations. Plant cells are at high turgor pressure and are surrounded by a rigid yet flexible cell wall, which is the primary determinant of plant growth and morphogenesis. Cellulose microfibrils, synthesized by plasma membrane-localized cellulose synthase complexes, are major tension-bearing components of the cell wall that mediate directional growth. Despite advances in understanding the genetic and biophysical regulation of morphogenesis, direct studies of cellulose biosynthesis and its impact on morphogenesis of different cell and tissue types are largely lacking. In this study, we took advantage of mutants of three primary cellulose synthase (CESA) genes that are involved in primary wall cellulose synthesis. Using field emission scanning electron microscopy, live cell imaging and biophysical measurements, we aimed to understand how the primary wall CESA complex acts during shoot apical meristem development. Our results indicate that cellulose biosynthesis impacts the mechanics and growth of the shoot apical meristem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Sampathkumar
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alexis Peaucelle
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Miki Fujita
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | | | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Geoffrey O Wasteneys
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Elliot M Meyerowitz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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78
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Lampugnani ER, Flores-Sandoval E, Tan QW, Mutwil M, Bowman JL, Persson S. Cellulose Synthesis - Central Components and Their Evolutionary Relationships. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 24:402-412. [PMID: 30905522 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose is an essential morphogenic polysaccharide that is central to the stability of plant cell walls and provides an important raw material for a range of plant-based fiber and fuel industries. The past decade has seen a substantial rise in the identification of cellulose synthesis-related components and in our understanding of how these components function. Much of this research has been conducted in Arabidopsis thaliana (arabidopsis); however, it has become increasingly evident that many of the components and their functions are conserved. We provide here an overview of cellulose synthesis 'core' components. The evolution and coexpression patterns of these components provide important insight into how cellulose synthesis evolved and the potential for the components to work as functional units during cellulose production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin R Lampugnani
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | | | - Qiao Wen Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Marek Mutwil
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - John L Bowman
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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79
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Abstract
Plant cells divide their cytoplasmic content by forming a new membrane compartment, the cell plate, via a rerouting of the secretory pathway toward the division plane aided by a dynamic cytoskeletal apparatus known as the phragmoplast. The phragmoplast expands centrifugally and directs the cell plate to the preselected division site at the plasma membrane to fuse with the parental wall. The division site is transiently decorated by the cytoskeletal preprophase band in preprophase and prophase, whereas a number of proteins discovered over the last decade reside continuously at the division site and provide a lasting spatial reference for phragmoplast guidance. Recent studies of membrane fusion at the cell plate have revealed the contribution of functionally conserved eukaryotic proteins to distinct stages of cell plate biogenesis and emphasize the coupling of cell plate formation with phragmoplast expansion. Together with novel findings concerning preprophase band function and the setup of the division site, cytokinesis and its spatial control remain an open-ended field with outstanding and challenging questions to resolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pantelis Livanos
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; ,
| | - Sabine Müller
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; ,
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80
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Zhang W, Cai C, Staiger CJ. Myosins XI Are Involved in Exocytosis of Cellulose Synthase Complexes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 179:1537-1555. [PMID: 30705068 PMCID: PMC6446754 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In plants, cellulose is synthesized at the cell surface by plasma membrane (PM)-localized cellulose synthase (CESA) complexes (CSCs). The molecular and cellular mechanisms that underpin delivery of CSCs to the PM, however, are poorly understood. Cortical microtubules have been shown to interact with CESA-containing compartments and mark the site for CSC delivery, but are not required for the delivery itself. Here, we demonstrate that myosin XI and the actin cytoskeleton mediate CSC delivery to the PM by coordinating the exocytosis of CESA-containing compartments. Measurement of cellulose content indicated that cellulose biosynthesis was significantly reduced in a myosin xik xi1 xi2 triple-knockout mutant. By combining genetic and pharmacological disruption of myosin activity with quantitative live-cell imaging, we observed decreased abundance of PM-localized CSCs and reduced delivery rate of CSCs in myosin-deficient cells. These phenotypes correlated with a significant increase in failed vesicle secretion events at the PM as well as an abnormal accumulation of CESA-containing compartments at the cell cortex. Through high-resolution spatiotemporal assays of cortical vesicle behavior, we identified defects in CSC vesicle tethering and fusion at the PM. Furthermore, disruption of myosin activity reduced the delivery of several other secretory markers to the PM and reduced constitutive and receptor-mediated endocytosis. These findings reveal a previously undescribed role for myosin in vesicle secretion and cellulose production at the cytoskeleton-PM-cell wall nexus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2064
| | - Chao Cai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2064
| | - Christopher J Staiger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2064
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
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81
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Morello L, Pydiura N, Galinousky D, Blume Y, Breviario D. Flax tubulin and CesA superfamilies represent attractive and challenging targets for a variety of genome- and base-editing applications. Funct Integr Genomics 2019; 20:163-176. [PMID: 30826923 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-019-00667-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Flax is both a valuable resource and an interesting model crop. Despite a long history of flax genetic transformation only one transgenic linseed cultivar has been so far registered in Canada. Implementation and use of the genome-editing technologies that allow site-directed modification of endogenous genes without the introduction of foreign genes might improve this situation. Besides its potential for boosting crop yields, genome editing is now one of the best tools for carrying out reverse genetics and it is emerging as an especially versatile tool for studying basic biology. A complex interplay between the flax tubulin family (6 α-, 14 β-, and 2 γ-tubulin genes), the building block of microtubules, and the CesA (15-16 genes), the subunit of the multimeric cellulose-synthesizing complex devoted to the oriented deposition of the cellulose microfibrils is fundamental for the biosynthesis of the cell wall. The role of the different members of each family in providing specificities to the assembled complexes in terms of structure, dynamics, activity, and interaction remains substantially obscure. Genome-editing strategies, recently shown to be successful in flax, can therefore be useful to unravel the issue of functional redundancy and provide evidence for specific interactions between different members of the tubulin and CesA gene families, in relation to different phase and mode of cell wall biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Morello
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria IBBA-CNR, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Nikolay Pydiura
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Osypovskoho St. 2a, Kyiv, 04123, Ukraine
| | - Dmitry Galinousky
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Akademicheskaya St. 27, 220072, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Yaroslav Blume
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Osypovskoho St. 2a, Kyiv, 04123, Ukraine.
| | - Diego Breviario
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria IBBA-CNR, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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82
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Polko JK, Kieber JJ. The Regulation of Cellulose Biosynthesis in Plants. THE PLANT CELL 2019; 31:282-296. [PMID: 30647077 PMCID: PMC6447023 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cell walls define the shape of plant cells, controlling the extent and orientation of cell elongation, and hence organ growth. The main load-bearing component of plant cell walls is cellulose, and how plants regulate its biosynthesis during development and in response to various environmental perturbations is a central question in plant biology. Cellulose is synthesized by cellulose synthase (CESA) complexes (CSCs) that are assembled in the Golgi apparatus and then delivered to the plasma membrane (PM), where they actively synthesize cellulose. CSCs travel along cortical microtubule paths that define the orientation of synthesis of the cellulose microfibrils. CSCs recycle between the PM and various intracellular compartments, and this trafficking plays an important role in determining the level of cellulose synthesized. In this review, we summarize recent findings in CESA complex organization, CESA posttranslational modifications and trafficking, and other components that interact with CESAs. We also discuss cell wall integrity maintenance, with a focus on how this impacts cellulose biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna K Polko
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Joseph J Kieber
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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83
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Mitra D, Klemm S, Kumari P, Quegwer J, Möller B, Poeschl Y, Pflug P, Stamm G, Abel S, Bürstenbinder K. Microtubule-associated protein IQ67 DOMAIN5 regulates morphogenesis of leaf pavement cells in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:529-543. [PMID: 30407556 PMCID: PMC6322583 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant microtubules form a highly dynamic intracellular network with important roles for regulating cell division, cell proliferation, and cell morphology. Their organization and dynamics are co-ordinated by various microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) that integrate environmental and developmental stimuli to fine-tune and adjust cytoskeletal arrays. IQ67 DOMAIN (IQD) proteins recently emerged as a class of plant-specific MAPs with largely unknown functions. Here, using a reverse genetics approach, we characterize Arabidopsis IQD5 in terms of its expression domains, subcellular localization, and biological functions. We show that IQD5 is expressed mostly in vegetative tissues, where it localizes to cortical microtubule arrays. Our phenotypic analysis of iqd5 loss-of-function lines reveals functions of IQD5 in pavement cell (PC) shape morphogenesis. Histochemical analysis of cell wall composition further suggests reduced rates of cellulose deposition in anticlinal cell walls, which correlate with reduced anisotropic expansion. Lastly, we demonstrate IQD5-dependent recruitment of calmodulin calcium sensors to cortical microtubule arrays and provide first evidence for important roles for calcium in regulation of PC morphogenesis. Our work identifies IQD5 as a novel player in PC shape regulation and, for the first time, links calcium signaling to developmental processes that regulate anisotropic growth in PCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipannita Mitra
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB),Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sandra Klemm
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB),Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Pratibha Kumari
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB),Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jakob Quegwer
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB),Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Birgit Möller
- Institute of Computer Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Yvonne Poeschl
- Institute of Computer Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- iDiv, German Integrative Research Center for Biodiversity, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paul Pflug
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB),Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Gina Stamm
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB),Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Steffen Abel
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB),Halle (Saale), Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Katharina Bürstenbinder
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB),Halle (Saale), Germany
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84
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Mitra D, Klemm S, Kumari P, Quegwer J, Möller B, Poeschl Y, Pflug P, Stamm G, Abel S, Bürstenbinder K. Microtubule-associated protein IQ67 DOMAIN5 regulates morphogenesis of leaf pavement cells in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:529-543. [PMID: 30407556 DOI: 10.1101/268466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant microtubules form a highly dynamic intracellular network with important roles for regulating cell division, cell proliferation, and cell morphology. Their organization and dynamics are co-ordinated by various microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) that integrate environmental and developmental stimuli to fine-tune and adjust cytoskeletal arrays. IQ67 DOMAIN (IQD) proteins recently emerged as a class of plant-specific MAPs with largely unknown functions. Here, using a reverse genetics approach, we characterize Arabidopsis IQD5 in terms of its expression domains, subcellular localization, and biological functions. We show that IQD5 is expressed mostly in vegetative tissues, where it localizes to cortical microtubule arrays. Our phenotypic analysis of iqd5 loss-of-function lines reveals functions of IQD5 in pavement cell (PC) shape morphogenesis. Histochemical analysis of cell wall composition further suggests reduced rates of cellulose deposition in anticlinal cell walls, which correlate with reduced anisotropic expansion. Lastly, we demonstrate IQD5-dependent recruitment of calmodulin calcium sensors to cortical microtubule arrays and provide first evidence for important roles for calcium in regulation of PC morphogenesis. Our work identifies IQD5 as a novel player in PC shape regulation and, for the first time, links calcium signaling to developmental processes that regulate anisotropic growth in PCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipannita Mitra
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB),Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sandra Klemm
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB),Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Pratibha Kumari
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB),Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jakob Quegwer
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB),Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Birgit Möller
- Institute of Computer Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Yvonne Poeschl
- Institute of Computer Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- iDiv, German Integrative Research Center for Biodiversity, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paul Pflug
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB),Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Gina Stamm
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB),Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Steffen Abel
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB),Halle (Saale), Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Katharina Bürstenbinder
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB),Halle (Saale), Germany
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85
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Yang B, Voiniciuc C, Fu L, Dieluweit S, Klose H, Usadel B. TRM4 is essential for cellulose deposition in Arabidopsis seed mucilage by maintaining cortical microtubule organization and interacting with CESA3. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:881-895. [PMID: 30277578 PMCID: PMC6585848 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The differentiation of the seed coat epidermal (SCE) cells in Arabidopsis thaliana leads to the production of a large amount of pectin-rich mucilage and a thick cellulosic secondary cell wall. The mechanisms by which cortical microtubules are involved in the formation of these pectinaceous and cellulosic cell walls are still largely unknown. Using a reverse genetic approach, we found that TONNEAU1 (TON1) recruiting motif 4 (TRM4) is implicated in cortical microtubule organization in SCE cells, and functions as a novel player in the establishment of mucilage structure. TRM4 is preferentially accumulated in the SCE cells at the stage of mucilage biosynthesis. The loss of TRM4 results in compact seed mucilage capsules, aberrant mucilage cellulosic structure, short cellulosic rays and disorganized cellulose microfibrils in mucilage. The defects could be rescued by transgene complementation of trm4 alleles. Probably, this is a consequence of a disrupted organization of cortical microtubules, observed using fluorescently tagged tubulin proteins in trm4 SCE cells. Furthermore, TRM4 proteins co-aligned with microtubules and interacted directly with CELLULOSE SYNTHASE 3 in two independent assays. Together, the results indicate that TRM4 is essential for microtubule array organization and therefore correct cellulose orientation in the SCE cells, as well as the establishment of the subsequent mucilage architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics (IBMG)BioEconomy Science CenterRWTH Aachen University52056AachenGermany
| | - Cătălin Voiniciuc
- Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics (IBMG)BioEconomy Science CenterRWTH Aachen University52056AachenGermany
- Institute for Bio‐ and Geosciences (IBG‐2: Plant Sciences)Forschungszentrum Jülich52425JülichGermany
| | - Lanbao Fu
- Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics (IBMG)BioEconomy Science CenterRWTH Aachen University52056AachenGermany
| | - Sabine Dieluweit
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS‐7)Forschungszentrum Jülich52425JülichGermany
| | - Holger Klose
- Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics (IBMG)BioEconomy Science CenterRWTH Aachen University52056AachenGermany
- Institute for Bio‐ and Geosciences (IBG‐2: Plant Sciences)Forschungszentrum Jülich52425JülichGermany
| | - Björn Usadel
- Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics (IBMG)BioEconomy Science CenterRWTH Aachen University52056AachenGermany
- Institute for Bio‐ and Geosciences (IBG‐2: Plant Sciences)Forschungszentrum Jülich52425JülichGermany
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86
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Nagashima Y, von Schaewen A, Koiwa H. Function of N-glycosylation in plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 274:70-79. [PMID: 30080642 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Protein N-glycosylation is one of the major post-translational modifications in eukaryotic cells. In lower unicellular eukaryotes, the known functions of N-glycans are predominantly in protein folding and quality control within the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In multicellular organisms, complex N-glycans are important for developmental programs and immune responses. However, little is known about the functions of complex N-glycans in plants. Formed in the Golgi apparatus, plant complex N-glycans have structures distinct from their animal counterparts due to a set of glycosyltransferases unique to plants. Severe basal underglycosylation in the ER lumen induces misfolding of newly synthesized proteins, which elicits the unfolded protein response (UPR) and ER protein quality control (ERQC) pathways. The former promotes higher capacity of proper protein folding and the latter degradation of misfolded proteins to clear the ER. Although our knowledge on plant complex N-glycan functions is limited, genetic studies revealed the importance of complex N-glycans in cellulose biosynthesis and growth under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Nagashima
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Antje von Schaewen
- Molekulare Physiologie der Pflanzen, Institut für Biologie & Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Hisashi Koiwa
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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87
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Chen HW, Persson S, Grebe M, McFarlane HE. Cellulose synthesis during cell plate assembly. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2018; 164:17-26. [PMID: 29418000 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall surrounds and protects the cells. To divide, plant cells must synthesize a new cell wall to separate the two daughter cells. The cell plate is a transient polysaccharide-based compartment that grows between daughter cells and gives rise to the new cell wall. Cellulose constitutes a key component of the cell wall, and mutants with defects in cellulose synthesis commonly share phenotypes with cytokinesis-defective mutants. However, despite the importance of cellulose in the cell plate and the daughter cell wall, many open questions remain regarding the timing and regulation of cellulose synthesis during cell division. These questions represent a critical gap in our knowledge of cell plate assembly, cell division and growth. Here, we review what is known about cellulose synthesis at the cell plate and in the newly formed cross-wall and pose key questions about the molecular mechanisms that govern these processes. We further provide an outlook discussing outstanding questions and possible future directions for this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Wen Chen
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Plant Physiology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam D-14476, Germany
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Markus Grebe
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Plant Physiology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam D-14476, Germany
| | - Heather E McFarlane
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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88
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Woodley M, Mulvihill A, Fujita M, Wasteneys GO. Exploring Microtubule-Dependent Cellulose-Synthase-Complex Movement with High Precision Particle Tracking. PLANTS 2018; 7:plants7030053. [PMID: 29973486 PMCID: PMC6161165 DOI: 10.3390/plants7030053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose synthesis at the plasma membrane is a critical process in plant growth and development. The displacement of cellulose synthase complexes (CSCs) by the rigid cellulose polymers they produce is a measure of enzyme activity. Connections between cortical microtubules and CSCs have been identified but it remains unclear how these affect CSC displacement speed. In this study, we applied a high throughput automated particle tracking method using near-total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy to measure the speed of CSCs. We found CSC speeds did not vary according to their proximity to microtubules, and that inhibiting microtubule polymerization could have opposite effects on CSC speed, depending on the nature of inhibition. While CSC speed increased in the temperature-sensitive mor1-1 mutant, it decreased after treatment with the drug oryzalin. Moreover, introducing the mor1-1 mutation into the CesA1 mutant any1 increased CSC speed, suggesting that microtubule dynamics affect CSC speed by a mechanism other than Cellulose Synthase A (CesA) catalytic activity. CSC speed varied widely in a range of mutants with reduced growth anisotropy, indicating that the relationship between CSC speed and anisotropy is complex. We conclude that microtubules affect CSC speed by finely tuned mechanisms that are independent of their physical association with CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Woodley
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4 BC, Canada.
| | - Adam Mulvihill
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4 BC, Canada.
| | - Miki Fujita
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4 BC, Canada.
| | - Geoffrey O Wasteneys
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4 BC, Canada.
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89
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Du J, Zhang Y, Zhao Q. New Components of the Lignin Biosynthetic Metabolon. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 23:557-559. [PMID: 29843965 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Lignin biosynthetic enzymes form a complex on the ER. Here we highlight how the recent identification of the membrane steroid binding proteins (MSBPs) as the structural component of the complex have revealed the molecular mechanism underlying the monolignol metabolon formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Du
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Qiao Zhao
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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90
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Speicher TL, Li PZ, Wallace IS. Phosphoregulation of the Plant Cellulose Synthase Complex and Cellulose Synthase-Like Proteins. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 7:E52. [PMID: 29966291 PMCID: PMC6161211 DOI: 10.3390/plants7030052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose, the most abundant biopolymer on the planet, is synthesized at the plasma membrane of plant cells by the cellulose synthase complex (CSC). Cellulose is the primary load-bearing polysaccharide of plant cell walls and enables cell walls to maintain cellular shape and rigidity. The CSC is comprised of functionally distinct cellulose synthase A (CESA) proteins, which are responsible for synthesizing cellulose, and additional accessory proteins. Moreover, CESA-like (CSL) proteins are proposed to synthesize other essential non-cellulosic polysaccharides that comprise plant cell walls. The deposition of cell-wall polysaccharides is dynamically regulated in response to a variety of developmental and environmental stimuli, and post-translational phosphorylation has been proposed as one mechanism to mediate this dynamic regulation. In this review, we discuss CSC composition, the dynamics of CSCs in vivo, critical studies that highlight the post-translational control of CESAs and CSLs, and the receptor kinases implicated in plant cell-wall biosynthesis. Furthermore, we highlight the emerging importance of post-translational phosphorylation-based regulation of CSCs on the basis of current knowledge in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tori L Speicher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | - Patrick Ziqiang Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | - Ian S Wallace
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
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91
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Le PY, Jeon HW, Kim MH, Park EJ, Lee H, Hwang I, Han KH, Ko JH. Gain-of-function mutation of AtDICE1, encoding a putative endoplasmic reticulum-localized membrane protein, causes defects in anisotropic cell elongation by disturbing cell wall integrity in Arabidopsis. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:151-164. [PMID: 29659701 PMCID: PMC6025203 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Anisotropic cell elongation depends on cell wall relaxation and cellulose microfibril arrangement. The aim of this study was to characterize the molecular function of AtDICE1 encoding a novel transmembrane protein involved in anisotropic cell elongation in Arabidopsis. Methods Phenotypic characterizations of transgenic Arabidopsis plants mis-regulating AtDICE1 expression with different pharmacological treatments were made, and biochemical, cell biological and transcriptome analyses were performed. Key Results Upregulation of AtDICE1 in Arabidopsis (35S::AtDICE1) resulted in severe dwarfism, probably caused by defects in anisotropic cell elongation. Epidermal cell swelling was evident in all tissues, and abnormal secondary wall thickenings were observed in pith cells of stems. These phenotypes were reproduced not only by inducible expression of AtDICE1 but also by overexpression of its poplar homologue in Arabidopsis. RNA interference suppression lines of AtDICE1 resulted in no observable phenotypic changes. Interestingly, wild-type plants treated with isoxaben, a cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor, phenocopied the 35S::AtDICE1 plants, suggesting that cellulose biosynthesis was compromised in the 35S::AtDICE1 plants. Indeed, disturbed cortical microtubule arrangements in 35S::AtDICE1/GFP-TuA6 plants were observed, and the cellulose content was significantly reduced in 35S::AtDICE1 plants. A promoter::GUS analysis showed that AtDICE1 is mainly expressed in vascular tissue, and transient expression of GFP:AtDICE1 in tobacco suggests that AtDICE1 is probably localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In addition, the external N-terminal conserved domain of AtDICE1 was found to be necessary for AtDICE1 function. Whole transcriptome analyses of 35S::AtDICE1 revealed that many genes involved in cell wall modification and stress/defence responses were mis-regulated. Conclusions AtDICE1, a novel ER-localized transmembrane protein, may contribute to anisotropic cell elongation in the formation of vascular tissue by affecting cellulose biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phi-Yen Le
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Woo Jeon
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ha Kim
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Eung-Jun Park
- Division of Forest Biotechnology, Korea Forest Research Institute, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoshin Lee
- Division of Forest Biotechnology, Korea Forest Research Institute, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Indeok Hwang
- Department of Horticulture and Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Kyung-Hwan Han
- Department of Horticulture and Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jae-Heung Ko
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
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92
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Meents MJ, Watanabe Y, Samuels AL. The cell biology of secondary cell wall biosynthesis. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 121:1107-1125. [PMID: 29415210 PMCID: PMC5946954 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secondary cell walls (SCWs) form the architecture of terrestrial plant biomass. They reinforce tracheary elements and strengthen fibres to permit upright growth and the formation of forest canopies. The cells that synthesize a strong, thick SCW around their protoplast must undergo a dramatic commitment to cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin production. SCOPE This review puts SCW biosynthesis in a cellular context, with the aim of integrating molecular biology and biochemistry with plant cell biology. While SCWs are deposited in diverse tissue and cellular contexts including in sclerenchyma (fibres and sclereids), phloem (fibres) and xylem (tracheids, fibres and vessels), the focus of this review reflects the fact that protoxylem tracheary elements have proven to be the most amenable experimental system in which to study the cell biology of SCWs. CONCLUSIONS SCW biosynthesis requires the co-ordination of plasma membrane cellulose synthases, hemicellulose production in the Golgi and lignin polymer deposition in the apoplast. At the plasma membrane where the SCW is deposited under the guidance of cortical microtubules, there is a high density of SCW cellulose synthase complexes producing cellulose microfibrils consisting of 18-24 glucan chains. These microfibrils are extruded into a cell wall matrix rich in SCW-specific hemicelluloses, typically xylan and mannan. The biosynthesis of eudicot SCW glucuronoxylan is taken as an example to illustrate the emerging importance of protein-protein complexes in the Golgi. From the trans-Golgi, trafficking of vesicles carrying hemicelluloses, cellulose synthases and oxidative enzymes is crucial for exocytosis of SCW components at the microtubule-rich cell membrane domains, producing characteristic SCW patterns. The final step of SCW biosynthesis is lignification, with monolignols secreted by the lignifying cell and, in some cases, by neighbouring cells as well. Oxidative enzymes such as laccases and peroxidases, embedded in the polysaccharide cell wall matrix, determine where lignin is deposited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda J Meents
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yoichiro Watanabe
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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93
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Hu H, Zhang R, Feng S, Wang Y, Wang Y, Fan C, Li Y, Liu Z, Schneider R, Xia T, Ding S, Persson S, Peng L. Three AtCesA6-like members enhance biomass production by distinctively promoting cell growth in Arabidopsis. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 16:976-988. [PMID: 28944540 PMCID: PMC5902768 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose is an abundant biopolymer and a prominent constituent of plant cell walls. Cellulose is also a central component to plant morphogenesis and contributes the bulk of a plant's biomass. While cellulose synthase (CesA) genes were identified over two decades ago, genetic manipulation of this family to enhance cellulose production has remained difficult. In this study, we show that increasing the expression levels of the three primary cell wall AtCesA6-like genes (AtCesA2, AtCesA5, AtCesA6), but not AtCesA3, AtCesA9 or secondary cell wall AtCesA7, can promote the expression of major primary wall CesA genes to accelerate primary wall CesA complex (cellulose synthase complexes, CSCs) particle movement for acquiring long microfibrils and consequently increasing cellulose production in Arabidopsis transgenic lines, as compared with wild-type. The overexpression transgenic lines displayed changes in expression of genes related to cell growth and proliferation, perhaps explaining the enhanced growth of the transgenic seedlings. Notably, overexpression of the three AtCesA6-like genes also enhanced secondary cell wall deposition that led to improved mechanical strength and higher biomass production in transgenic mature plants. Hence, we propose that overexpression of certain AtCesA genes can provide a biotechnological approach to increase cellulose synthesis and biomass accumulation in transgenic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhen Hu
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research CentreHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Ran Zhang
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research CentreHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Shengqiu Feng
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research CentreHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Youmei Wang
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research CentreHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yanting Wang
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research CentreHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Chunfen Fan
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research CentreHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Ying Li
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research CentreHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Zengyu Liu
- Max‐Planck‐Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam‐GolmGermany
| | - René Schneider
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
| | - Tao Xia
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research CentreHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- College of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Shi‐You Ding
- Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
| | - Staffan Persson
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research CentreHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Max‐Planck‐Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam‐GolmGermany
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
| | - Liangcai Peng
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research CentreHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
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94
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Wang L, Xue Y, Xing J, Song K, Lin J. Exploring the Spatiotemporal Organization of Membrane Proteins in Living Plant Cells. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 69:525-551. [PMID: 29489393 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042817-040233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plasma membrane proteins have important roles in transport and signal transduction. Deciphering the spatiotemporal organization of these proteins provides crucial information for elucidating the links between the behaviors of different molecules. However, monitoring membrane proteins without disrupting their membrane environment remains difficult. Over the past decade, many studies have developed single-molecule techniques, opening avenues for probing the stoichiometry and interactions of membrane proteins in their native environment by providing nanometer-scale spatial information and nanosecond-scale temporal information. In this review, we assess recent progress in the development of labeling and imaging technology for membrane protein analysis. We focus in particular on several single-molecule techniques for quantifying the dynamics and assembly of membrane proteins. Finally, we provide examples of how these new techniques are advancing our understanding of the complex biological functions of membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China;
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yiqun Xue
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jingjing Xing
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Kai Song
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jinxing Lin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China;
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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95
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Hong L, Dumond M, Zhu M, Tsugawa S, Li CB, Boudaoud A, Hamant O, Roeder AHK. Heterogeneity and Robustness in Plant Morphogenesis: From Cells to Organs. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 69:469-495. [PMID: 29505739 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042817-040517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Development is remarkably reproducible, producing organs with the same size, shape, and function repeatedly from individual to individual. For example, every flower on the Antirrhinum stalk has the same snapping dragon mouth. This reproducibility has allowed taxonomists to classify plants and animals according to their morphology. Yet these reproducible organs are composed of highly variable cells. For example, neighboring cells grow at different rates in Arabidopsis leaves, sepals, and shoot apical meristems. This cellular variability occurs in normal, wild-type organisms, indicating that cellular heterogeneity (or diversity in a characteristic such as growth rate) is either actively maintained or, at a minimum, not entirely suppressed. In fact, cellular heterogeneity can contribute to producing invariant organs. Here, we focus on how plant organs are reproducibly created during development from these highly variable cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilan Hong
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; , ,
| | - Mathilde Dumond
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, INRA, CNRS, 69364 Lyon CEDEX 07, France; , ,
- Current affiliation: Department for Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Mingyuan Zhu
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; , ,
| | - Satoru Tsugawa
- Theoretical Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan;
| | - Chun-Biu Li
- Department of Mathematics, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Arezki Boudaoud
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, INRA, CNRS, 69364 Lyon CEDEX 07, France; , ,
| | - Olivier Hamant
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, INRA, CNRS, 69364 Lyon CEDEX 07, France; , ,
| | - Adrienne H K Roeder
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; , ,
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96
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The self-organization of plant microtubules inside the cell volume yields their cortical localization, stable alignment, and sensitivity to external cues. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1006011. [PMID: 29462151 PMCID: PMC5834207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cell functions rely on the ability of microtubules to self-organize as complex networks. In plants, cortical microtubules are essential to determine cell shape as they guide the deposition of cellulose microfibrils, and thus control mechanical anisotropy of the cell wall. Here we analyze how, in turn, cell shape may influence microtubule behavior. Building upon previous models that confined microtubules to the cell surface, we introduce an agent model of microtubules enclosed in a three-dimensional volume. We show that the microtubule network has spontaneous aligned configurations that could explain many experimental observations without resorting to specific regulation. In particular, we find that the preferred cortical localization of microtubules emerges from directional persistence of the microtubules, and their interactions with each other and with the stiff wall. We also identify microtubule parameters that seem relatively insensitive to cell shape, such as length or number. In contrast, microtubule array anisotropy depends on local curvature of the cell surface and global orientation follows robustly the longest axis of the cell. Lastly, we find that geometric cues may be overcome, as the network is capable of reorienting toward weak external directional cues. Altogether our simulations show that the microtubule network is a good transducer of weak external polarity, while at the same time, easily reaching stable global configurations. Plants exhibit an astonishing diversity in architecture and morphology. A key to such diversity is the ability of their cells to coordinate and grow to reach a broad spectrum of sizes and shapes. Cell growth in plants is guided by the microtubule cytoskeleton. Here, we seek to understand how microtubules self-organize close to the cell surface. We build upon previous two-dimensional models and we consider microtubules as lines growing in three dimensions, accounting for interactions between microtubules or between microtubules and the cell surface. We show that microtubule arrays are able to adapt to various cell shapes and to reorient in response to external signals. Altogether, our results help to understand how the microtubule cytoskeleton contributes to the diversity of plant shapes and to how these shapes adapt to environment.
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97
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Turner S, Kumar M. Cellulose synthase complex organization and cellulose microfibril structure. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2018; 376:rsta.2017.0048. [PMID: 29277745 PMCID: PMC5746560 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose consists of linear chains of β-1,4-linked glucose units, which are synthesized by the cellulose synthase complex (CSC). In plants, these chains associate in an ordered manner to form the cellulose microfibrils. Both the CSC and the local environment in which the individual chains coalesce to form the cellulose microfibril determine the structure and the unique physical properties of the microfibril. There are several recent reviews that cover many aspects of cellulose biosynthesis, which include trafficking of the complex to the plasma membrane and the relationship between the movement of the CSC and the underlying cortical microtubules (Bringmann et al. 2012 Trends Plant Sci.17, 666-674 (doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2012.06.003); Kumar & Turner 2015 Phytochemistry112, 91-99 (doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.07.009); Schneider et al. 2016 Curr. Opin. Plant Biol.34, 9-16 (doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2016.07.007)). In this review, we will focus on recent advances in cellulose biosynthesis in plants, with an emphasis on our current understanding of the structure of individual catalytic subunits together with the local membrane environment where cellulose synthesis occurs. We will attempt to relate this information to our current knowledge of the structure of the cellulose microfibril and propose a model in which variations in the structure of the CSC have important implications for the structure of the cellulose microfibril produced.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'New horizons for cellulose nanotechnology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Turner
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health Science, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health Science, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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98
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Lampugnani ER, Khan GA, Somssich M, Persson S. Building a plant cell wall at a glance. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:131/2/jcs207373. [PMID: 29378834 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.207373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cells are surrounded by a strong polysaccharide-rich cell wall that aids in determining the overall form, growth and development of the plant body. Indeed, the unique shapes of the 40-odd cell types in plants are determined by their walls, as removal of the cell wall results in spherical protoplasts that are amorphic. Hence, assembly and remodeling of the wall is essential in plant development. Most plant cell walls are composed of a framework of cellulose microfibrils that are cross-linked to each other by heteropolysaccharides. The cell walls are highly dynamic and adapt to the changing requirements of the plant during growth. However, despite the importance of plant cell walls for plant growth and for applications that we use in our daily life such as food, feed and fuel, comparatively little is known about how they are synthesized and modified. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and accompanying poster, we aim to illustrate the underpinning cell biology of the synthesis of wall carbohydrates, and their incorporation into the wall, in the model plant Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin R Lampugnani
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010 VIC, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ghazanfar Abbas Khan
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010 VIC, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Marc Somssich
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010 VIC, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010 VIC, Melbourne, Australia
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99
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Verbančič J, Lunn JE, Stitt M, Persson S. Carbon Supply and the Regulation of Cell Wall Synthesis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2018; 11:75-94. [PMID: 29054565 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
All plant cells are surrounded by a cell wall that determines the directionality of cell growth and protects the cell against its environment. Plant cell walls are comprised primarily of polysaccharides and represent the largest sink for photosynthetically fixed carbon, both for individual plants and in the terrestrial biosphere as a whole. Cell wall synthesis is a highly sophisticated process, involving multiple enzymes and metabolic intermediates, intracellular trafficking of proteins and cell wall precursors, assembly of cell wall polymers into the extracellular matrix, remodeling of polymers and their interactions, and recycling of cell wall sugars. In this review we discuss how newly fixed carbon, in the form of UDP-glucose and other nucleotide sugars, contributes to the synthesis of cell wall polysaccharides, and how cell wall synthesis is influenced by the carbon status of the plant, with a focus on the model species Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Verbančič
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - John Edward Lunn
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - Mark Stitt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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100
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Oda Y. Emerging roles of cortical microtubule-membrane interactions. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2018; 131:5-14. [PMID: 29170834 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-017-0995-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant cortical microtubules have crucial roles in cell wall development. Cortical microtubules are tightly anchored to the plasma membrane in a highly ordered array, which directs the deposition of cellulose microfibrils by guiding the movement of the cellulose synthase complex. Cortical microtubules also interact with several endomembrane systems to regulate cell wall development and other cellular events. Recent studies have identified new factors that mediate interactions between cortical microtubules and endomembrane systems including the plasma membrane, endosome, exocytic vesicles, and endoplasmic reticulum. These studies revealed that cortical microtubule-membrane interactions are highly dynamic, with specialized roles in developmental and environmental signaling pathways. A recent reconstructive study identified a novel function of the cortical microtubule-plasma membrane interaction, which acts as a lateral fence that defines plasma membrane domains. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms and functions of cortical microtubule-membrane interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Oda
- Center for Frontier Research, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan.
- Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan.
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