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Zhao G, He F, Wu C, Li P, Li N, Deng J, Zhu G, Ren W, Peng Y. Betaine in Inflammation: Mechanistic Aspects and Applications. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1070. [PMID: 29881379 PMCID: PMC5976740 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Betaine is known as trimethylglycine and is widely distributed in animals, plants, and microorganisms. Betaine is known to function physiologically as an important osmoprotectant and methyl group donor. Accumulating evidence has shown that betaine has anti-inflammatory functions in numerous diseases. Mechanistically, betaine ameliorates sulfur amino acid metabolism against oxidative stress, inhibits nuclear factor-κB activity and NLRP3 inflammasome activation, regulates energy metabolism, and mitigates endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis. Consequently, betaine has beneficial actions in several human diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, cancer, and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangfu Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fang He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chenlu Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Nengzhang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinping Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, Subtropical Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wenkai Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, Subtropical Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyi Peng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Joselit Y, Nanobashvili K, Jack-Roberts C, Greenwald E, Malysheva OV, Caudill MA, Saxena A, Jiang X. Maternal betaine supplementation affects fetal growth and lipid metabolism of high-fat fed mice in a temporal-specific manner. Nutr Diabetes 2018; 8:41. [PMID: 30026535 PMCID: PMC6053452 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-018-0035-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Maternal obesity increases the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), which results in fetal overgrowth and long-lasting metabolic dysfunctioning in the offspring. Previous studies show that maternal choline supplementation normalizes fetal growth and adiposity of progeny from obese mice. This study examines whether supplementation of betaine, a choline derivative, has positive effects on fetal metabolic outcomes in mouse progeny exposed to maternal obesity and GDM. METHODS C57BL/6J mice were fed either a high-fat (HF) diet or a control (normal-fat, NF) diet and received either 1% betaine (BS) or control untreated (BC) drinking water 4-6 weeks before timed-mating and throughout gestation. Maternal, placental, and fetal samples were collected for metabolite and gene-expression assays. RESULTS At E12.5, BS prevented fetal and placental overgrowth and downregulated glucose and fatty acid transporters (Glut1 and Fatp1) and the growth-promoting insulin-like growth factor 2 (Igf2) and its receptor Igf1r in the placenta of HF, glucose-intolerant dams (P < 0.05). However, these effects disappeared at E17.5. At E17.5, BS reduced fetal adiposity and prevented liver triglyceride overaccumulation in HF versus NF fetuses (P < 0.05). BS fetal livers had enhanced mRNA expression of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (Mttp) (P < 0.01), which promotes VLDL synthesis and secretion. Although we previously reported that maternal choline supplementation downregulated mRNA expression of genes involved in de novo lipogenesis in fetal livers, such alterations were not observed with BS, suggesting differential effects of betaine and choline on fetal gene expression. CONCLUSION We propose a temporal-specific mechanism by which maternal BS influences fetal growth and lipid metabolic outcomes of HF mice during prenatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaelle Joselit
- Departments of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, 11210, USA
| | - Khatia Nanobashvili
- Departments of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, 11210, USA
| | - Chauntelle Jack-Roberts
- Departments of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, 11210, USA
| | - Esther Greenwald
- Departments of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, 11210, USA
| | - Olga V Malysheva
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Marie A Caudill
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Anjana Saxena
- Departments of Biology, Brooklyn College of City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, 11210, USA
| | - Xinyin Jiang
- Departments of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, 11210, USA.
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53
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Du J, Shen L, Tan Z, Zhang P, Zhao X, Xu Y, Gan M, Yang Q, Ma J, Jiang A, Tang G, Jiang Y, Jin L, Li M, Bai L, Li X, Wang J, Zhang S, Zhu L. Betaine Supplementation Enhances Lipid Metabolism and Improves Insulin Resistance in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet. Nutrients 2018; 10:E131. [PMID: 29373534 PMCID: PMC5852707 DOI: 10.3390/nu10020131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major driver of metabolic diseases such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, certain cancers, and insulin resistance. However, there are no effective drugs to treat obesity. Betaine is a nontoxic, chemically stable and naturally occurring molecule. This study shows that dietary betaine supplementation significantly inhibits the white fat production in a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. This might be due to betaine preventing the formation of new white fat (WAT), and guiding the original WAT to burn through stimulated mitochondrial biogenesis and promoting browning of WAT. Furthermore, dietary betaine supplementation decreases intramyocellular lipid accumulation in HFD-induced obese mice. Further analysis shows that betaine supplementation reduced intramyocellular lipid accumulation might be associated with increasing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), fatty acid oxidation, and the inhibition of fatty acid synthesis in muscle. Notably, by performing insulin-tolerance tests (ITTs) and glucose-tolerance tests (GTTs), dietary betaine supplementation could be observed for improvement of obesity and non-obesity induced insulin resistance. Together, these findings could suggest that inhibiting WAT production, intramyocellular lipid accumulation and inflammation, betaine supplementation limits HFD-induced obesity and improves insulin resistance.
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MESH Headings
- 3T3-L1 Cells
- Adipocytes, White/cytology
- Adipocytes, White/metabolism
- Adipocytes, White/pathology
- Adipogenesis
- Adiposity
- Animals
- Animals, Outbred Strains
- Anti-Obesity Agents/therapeutic use
- Betaine/adverse effects
- Betaine/therapeutic use
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/diet therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/pathology
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Dietary Supplements
- Female
- Hyperglycemia/prevention & control
- Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use
- Insulin Resistance
- Lipid Droplets/metabolism
- Lipid Droplets/pathology
- Lipid Metabolism
- Mice
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Obesity/diet therapy
- Obesity/etiology
- Obesity/metabolism
- Obesity/pathology
- Weight Gain
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Du
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 625014, China.
| | - Linyuan Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 625014, China.
| | - Zhendong Tan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 625014, China.
| | - Peiwen Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 625014, China.
| | - Xue Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 625014, China.
| | - Yan Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 625014, China.
| | - Mailing Gan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 625014, China.
| | - Qiong Yang
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Chengdu Agricultural College, Chengdu 611100, China.
| | - Jideng Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 625014, China.
| | - An'an Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 625014, China.
| | - Guoqing Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 625014, China.
| | - Yanzhi Jiang
- College of Life and Biology Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Long Jin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 625014, China.
| | - Mingzhou Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 625014, China.
| | - Lin Bai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 625014, China.
| | - Xuewei Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 625014, China.
| | - Jinyong Wang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing 402460, China.
| | - Shunhua Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 625014, China.
| | - Li Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 625014, China.
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The Effects of Betaine on the Nuclear Fractal Dimension, Chromatin Texture, and Proliferative Activity in Hepatocytes in Mouse Model of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS 2018; 24:132-138. [PMID: 29350612 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927617012806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The effects of betaine on hepatocytes chromatin architecture changes were examined by using fractal and gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) analysis in methionine/choline-deficient (MCD) diet-induced, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Male C57BL/6 mice were divided into groups: (1) Control: standard diet; (2) BET: standard diet and betaine supplementation through drinking water (solution 1.5%); (3) MCD group: MCD diet for 6 weeks; (4) MCD+BET: fed with MCD diet + betaine for 6 weeks. Liver tissue was collected for histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and determination of fractal dimension and GLCM parameters. MCD diet induced diffuse micro- and macrovesicular steatosis accompanied with increased Ki67-positive hepatocyte nuclei. Steatosis and Ki67 immunopositivity were less prominent in the MCD+BET group compared with the MCD group. Angular second moment (ASM) and inverse difference moment (IDM) (textural homogeneity markers) were significantly increased in the MCD+BET group versus the MCD group (p<0.001), even though no difference between the MCD and the control group was evident. Heterogeneity parameters, contrast, and correlation were significantly increased in the MCD group versus the control (p<0.001). On the other hand, betaine treatment significantly reduced correlation, contrast, and entropy compared with the MCD group (p<0.001). Betaine attenuated MCD diet-induced NAFLD by reducing fat accumulation and inhibiting hepatocyte proliferation. Betaine supplementation increased nuclear homogeneity and chromatin complexity with reduction of entropy, contrast, and correlation.
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Adjoumani JJY, Wang K, Zhou M, Liu W, Zhang D. Effect of dietary betaine on growth performance, antioxidant capacity and lipid metabolism in blunt snout bream fed a high-fat diet. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2017; 43:1733-1745. [PMID: 28963592 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-017-0405-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
An 8-week feeding experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dietary betaine levels on the growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and lipid metabolism in high-fat diet-fed blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) with initial body weight 4.3 ± 0.1 g [mean ± SEM]. Five practical diets were formulated to contain normal-fat diet (NFD), high-fat diet (HFD), and high-fat diet with betaine addition (HFB) at difference levels (0.6, 1.2, 1.8%), respectively. The results showed that the highest final body weight (FBW), weight gain ratio (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR), condition factor (CF), and feed intake (FI) (P < 0.05) were obtained in fish fed 1.2% betaine supplementation, whereas feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly lower in the same group compared to others. Hepatosomatic index (HSI) and abdominal fat rate (AFR) were significantly high in fat group compared to the lowest in NDF and 1.2% betaine supplementation, while VSI and survival rate (SR) were not affected by dietary betaine supplementation. Significantly higher (P < 0.05), plasma total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), cortisol, and lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) content were observed in HFD but were improved when supplemented with 1.2% betaine. In addition, increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and reduced glutathione (GSH) in 1.2% betaine inclusion could reverse the increasing malondialdehyde (MDA) level induced by HFD. Based on the second-order polynomial analysis, the optimum growth of blunt snout bream was observed in fish fed HFD supplemented with 1.2% betaine. HFD upregulated fatty acid synthase messenger RNA (mRNA) expression and downregulated carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α, and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein mRNA expression; nevertheless, 1.2% betaine supplementation significantly reversed these HFD-induced effects, implying suppression of fatty acid synthesis, β-oxidation, and lipid transport. This present study indicated that inclusion of betaine (1.2%) can significantly improve growth performance and antioxidant defenses, as well as reduce fatty acid synthesis and enhance mitochondrial β-oxidation and lipid transportation in high-fat diet-fed blunt snout bream, thus effectively alleviating fat accumulation in the liver by changing lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Jacques Yao Adjoumani
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaizhou Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Man Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Dingdong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
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Turck D, Bresson JL, Burlingame B, Dean T, Fairweather-Tait S, Heinonen M, Hirsch-Ernst KI, Mangelsdorf I, McArdle HJ, Naska A, Neuhäuser-Berthold M, Nowicka G, Pentieva K, Sanz Y, Siani A, Sjödin A, Stern M, Tomé D, Vinceti M, Willatts P, Engel KH, Marchelli R, Pöting A, Poulsen M, Schlatter JR, Turla E, van Loveren H. Safety of betaine as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 258/97. EFSA J 2017; 15:e05057. [PMID: 32625349 PMCID: PMC7009864 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.5057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on betaine as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 258/97. The information provided on the composition, the specifications, the batch-to-batch variability, stability and production process of the NF is sufficient and does not raise concerns about the safety of the NF. The NF is proposed to be used in foods intended to meet additional requirements for intense muscular effort with a maximum intake of 2.5 g/day of betaine for sports people above 10 years of age. Based on the lowest BMDL05, which was derived from a chronic toxicity study in rats in which a dose-related increase in platelet counts was observed, and the anticipated daily intake of the NF in the target population, the Margins of Exposure are 3.6 and 5, which are generally regarded as not sufficient. However, the total exposure to betaine from the diet (about 830 mg/day) is not known to be associated with adverse effects. Moreover, no adverse effects on platelet counts were noted in human intervention studies with exposure levels of 4 g/day of betaine for up to 6 months. A significant increase in total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol concentrations was noted at intakes of 4 g/day of betaine in overweight subjects with metabolic syndrome but not in healthy subjects, nor at intakes of 3 g/day. Thus, considering 4 g/day of betaine as a reference point and applying an uncertainty factor of 10 to account for interindividual variability, an amount of 400 mg/day of betaine (i.e. 6 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day for adults) in addition to the background exposure is considered as safe. The Panel considers that the NF is safe to be used at maximum intake of 6 mg/kg bw per day in the target population.
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57
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Jack-Roberts C, Joselit Y, Nanobashvili K, Bretter R, Malysheva OV, Caudill MA, Saxena A, Axen K, Gomaa A, Jiang X. Choline Supplementation Normalizes Fetal Adiposity and Reduces Lipogenic Gene Expression in a Mouse Model of Maternal Obesity. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9080899. [PMID: 28820499 PMCID: PMC5579692 DOI: 10.3390/nu9080899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal obesity increases fetal adiposity which may adversely affect metabolic health of the offspring. Choline regulates lipid metabolism and thus may influence adiposity. This study investigates the effect of maternal choline supplementation on fetal adiposity in a mouse model of maternal obesity. C57BL/6J mice were fed either a high-fat (HF) diet or a control (NF) diet and received either 25 mM choline supplemented (CS) or control untreated (CO) drinking water for 6 weeks before timed-mating and throughout gestation. At embryonic day 17.5, HF feeding led to higher (p < 0.05) percent total body fat in fetuses from the HFCO group, while the choline supplemented HFCS group did not show significant difference versus the NFCO group. Similarly, HF feeding led to higher (p < 0.05) hepatic triglyceride accumulation in the HFCO but not the HFCS fetuses. mRNA levels of lipogenic genes such as Acc1, Fads1, and Elovl5, as well as the transcription factor Srebp1c that favors lipogenesis were downregulated (p < 0.05) by maternal choline supplementation in the HFCS group, which may serve as a mechanism to reduce fat accumulation in the fetal liver during maternal HF feeding. In summary, maternal choline supplementation improves indices of fetal adiposity in obese dams at late gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chauntelle Jack-Roberts
- Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA.
| | - Yaelle Joselit
- Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA.
| | - Khatia Nanobashvili
- Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA.
| | - Rachel Bretter
- Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA.
| | - Olga V Malysheva
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Marie A Caudill
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Anjana Saxena
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA.
| | - Kathleen Axen
- Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA.
| | - Ahmed Gomaa
- Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA.
| | - Xinyin Jiang
- Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA.
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Liu Q, Pan R, Ding L, Zhang F, Hu L, Ding B, Zhu L, Xia Y, Dou X. Rutin exhibits hepatoprotective effects in a mouse model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by reducing hepatic lipid levels and mitigating lipid-induced oxidative injuries. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 49:132-141. [PMID: 28577437 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by excessive accumulation of hepatic lipids and oxidative injury of hepatocytes. Rutin is a natural flavonoid with significant roles in combating cellular oxidative stress and regulating lipid metabolism. The current study aims to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying rutin's hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective effects in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Rutin treatment was applied to male C57BL/6 mice maintained on a high-fat diet and HepG2 cells challenged with oleic acid. Hepatic lipid accumulation was evaluated by triglyceride assay and Oil Red O staining. Oxidative hepatic injury was assessed by malondialdehyde assay, superoxide dismutase assay and reactive oxygen species assay. The expression levels of various lipogenic and lipolytic genes were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions. In addition, liver autophagy was investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In both fat-challenged murine liver tissues and HepG2 cells, rutin treatment was shown to significantly lower triglyceride content and the abundance of lipid droplets. Rutin was also found to reduce cellular malondialdehyde level and restore superoxide dismutase activity in hepatocytes. Among the various lipid-related genes, rutin treatment was able to restore the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α) and its downstream targets, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 and 2 (CPT-1 and CPT-2), while suppressing those of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c), diglyceride acyltransfase 1 and 2 (DGAT-1 and 2), as well as acyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). In addition, rutin was shown to repress the autophagic function of liver tissues by down-regulating key autophagy biomarkers, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β). The experimental data demonstrated that rutin could reduce triglyceride content and mitigate oxidative injuries in fat-enriched hepatocytes. The hypolipidemic properties of rutin could be attributed to its ability to simultaneously facilitate fatty acid metabolism and inhibit lipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsheng Liu
- The Guang Xing Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China
| | - Ran Pan
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China; Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, PR China
| | - Lei Ding
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China
| | - Fuli Zhang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China
| | - Linfeng Hu
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China
| | - Bin Ding
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China
| | - Linwensi Zhu
- Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institution of Digestive Disease, Shanghai 200001, PR China
| | - Yongliang Xia
- The First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China.
| | - Xiaobing Dou
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China.
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Moran-Ramos S, He X, Chin EL, Tovar AR, Torres N, Slupsky CM, Raybould HE. Nopal feeding reduces adiposity, intestinal inflammation and shifts the cecal microbiota and metabolism in high-fat fed rats. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171672. [PMID: 28196086 PMCID: PMC5308786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nopal is a cactus plant widely consumed in Mexico that has been used in traditional medicine to aid in the treatment of type-2 diabetes. We previously showed that chronic consumption of dehydrated nopal ameliorated hepatic steatosis in obese (fa/fa) rats; however, description of the effects on other tissues is sparse. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of nopal cladode consumption on intestinal physiology, microbial community structure, adipose tissue, and serum biochemistry in diet-induced obese rats. Rats were fed either a normal fat (NF) diet or a HF diet containing 4% of dietary fiber from either nopal or cellulose for 6 weeks. Consumption of nopal counteracted HF-induced adiposity and adipocyte hypertrophy, and induced profound changes in intestinal physiology. Nopal consumption reduced biomarkers of intestinal inflammation (mRNA expression of IL-6) and oxidative stress (ROS), modfied gut microbiota composition, increasing microbial diversity and cecal fermentation (SCFA), and altered the serum metabolome. Interestingly, metabolomic analysis of dehydrated nopal revealed a high choline content, which appeared to generate high levels of serum betaine, that correlated negatively with hepatic triglyceride (TAG) levels. A parallel decrease in some of the taxa associated with the production of trimethylamine, suggest an increase in choline absorption and bioavailability with transformation to betaine. The latter may partially explain the previously observed effect of nopal on the development of hepatic steatosis. In conclusion, this study provides new evidence on the effects of nopal consumption on normal and HF-diet induced changes in the intestine, the liver and systemic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Moran-Ramos
- Departamento de Fisiologia de la Nutricion, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico D.F
- Conacyt, Unidad de Genomica de Poblaciones, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genomica, Mexico D.F
| | - Xuan He
- Department of Food Science and Technology, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Nutrition, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth L. Chin
- Department of Food Science and Technology, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Armando R. Tovar
- Departamento de Fisiologia de la Nutricion, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico D.F
| | - Nimbe Torres
- Departamento de Fisiologia de la Nutricion, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico D.F
| | - Carolyn M. Slupsky
- Department of Food Science and Technology, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Nutrition, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Helen E. Raybould
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Li YL, Xie H, Musha H, Xing Y, Mei CX, Wang HJ, Wulasihan M. The Risk Factor Analysis for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Positive Correlation with Serum Uric Acid. Cell Biochem Biophys 2017; 72:643-7. [PMID: 27352181 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-0346-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent years, we has witnessed a sharp increase in the complications of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Here we aimed to determine the risk factors for T2DM patients with NAFLD and the relationship of serum uric acid (SUA) in these complications. We performed retrospective analysis of 300 T2DM patients admitted into our hospital from April 2010 to January 2014. We divided the T2DM patients into two groups based on whether the patients also had NAFLD or not, Group A (without NAFLD, 155 cases) and Group B (with NAFLD, 145 cases). General information of the patients was collected and analyzed statistically. Meanwhile, we detected and compared the blood biochemistry, glucose, and fasting insulin (FINS), and further performed Logistic regression analysis and determined the risk factors in T2DM patients with NAFLD. Significantly higher BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, WHR, systolic, and diastolic blood pressure were observed in T2DM patients with NAFLD than the patients without NAFLD, which were statistically different (P < 0.05). There were also significant higher levels of TC, TG, ALT, AST, GGT, and SUA in T2DM patients with NAFLD than those in patients without NAFLD, which were statistically different (P < 0.05). Significantly higher levels of FPG, FINS, and HOMA-IR were observed in the T2DM patients with NAFLD than those without, which were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis also showed high BMI, WHR, TG, and SUA were independent risk factors in T2DM patients with NAFLD (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, SUA levels were positively correlated with BMI, W, H, WHR, hip circumference, waist circumference, TG, ALT, AST, GGT, FPG, FINS, and HOMA-IR, which were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The risk factors for T2DM patients with NAFLD are mainly BMI, WHR, TG, and SUA. Our findings provide clinical implications for the prevention and early diagnosis of T2DM patients with NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Li Li
- VIP Department, First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Hui Xie
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Halida Musha
- VIP Department, First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Ying Xing
- VIP Department, First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Cai-Xia Mei
- VIP Department, First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Hai-Jiao Wang
- VIP Department, First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Muhuyati Wulasihan
- General Cardiac Department, First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, China.
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Hu Y, Sun Q, Liu J, Jia Y, Cai D, Idriss AA, Omer NA, Zhao R. In ovo injection of betaine alleviates corticosterone-induced fatty liver in chickens through epigenetic modifications. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40251. [PMID: 28059170 PMCID: PMC5216338 DOI: 10.1038/srep40251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Betaine alleviates high-fat diet-induced fatty liver and prenatal betaine programs offspring hepatic lipid metabolism. Excessive corticosterone (CORT) exposure causes fatty liver in chickens, yet it remains unknown whether and how prenatal betaine modulates the susceptibility of CORT-induced fatty liver later in life. In this study, fertilized eggs were injected with saline or betaine before incubation, and the hatchlings were raised at 8 weeks of age followed by 7 days of subcutaneous CORT injection. CORT-induced fatty liver was less severe in betaine-treated chickens, with significantly reduced oil-red staining and hepatic triglyceride content (P < 0.05). The protective effect of prenatal betaine was associated with significantly up-regulated expression of PPARα and CPT1α, as well as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-encoded genes (P < 0.05). Moreover, betaine rescued CORT-induced alterations in methionine cycle genes, which coincided with modifications of CpG methylation on CPT1α gene promoter and mtDNA D-loop regions. Furthermore, the elevation of hepatic GR protein content after CORT treatment was significantly reduced (P < 0.05), while the reduction of GR binding to the control region of affected genes was significantly increased (P < 0.05), in betaine-treated chickens. These results indicate that in ovo betaine injection protects the juvenile chickens from CORT-induced fatty liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology &Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Qinwei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology &Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology &Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Yimin Jia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology &Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Demin Cai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology &Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Abdulrahman A Idriss
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology &Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Nagmeldin A Omer
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology &Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Ruqian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology &Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
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High dietary choline and betaine intake is associated with low insulin resistance in the Newfoundland population. Nutrition 2017; 33:28-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Kitagawa E, Yamamoto T, Fujishita M, Ota Y, Yamamoto K, Nakagawa T, Hayakawa T. Choline and betaine ameliorate liver lipid accumulation induced by vitamin B 6 deficiency in rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016; 81:316-322. [PMID: 27696964 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1240604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the efficacy of supplementing the diet with choline or betaine in ameliorating lipid accumulation induced by vitamin B6 (B6) deficiency in rat liver. Male Wistar rats were fed a control, B6-deficient, choline-supplemented (2, 4, or 6 g choline bitartrate/kg diet) B6-deficient diet or betaine-supplemented (1, 2, or 4 g betaine anhydrous/kg diet) B6-deficient diet for 35 d; all diets contained 9 g L-methionine (Met)/kg diet. Choline or betaine supplementation attenuated liver lipid deposition and restored plasma lipid profiles to control levels. These treatments restored the disruptions in Met metabolism and the phosphatidylcholine (PC)/phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) ratio induced by B6 deficiency in liver microsomes. These results suggest that choline and betaine ameliorated liver lipid accumulation induced by B6 deficiency via recovery of Met metabolism and very low-density lipoprotein secretion by restoring the supply of PC derived from PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erina Kitagawa
- a The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science , Gifu University , Gifu , Japan.,b Faculty of Health and Human Life , Nagoya Bunri University , Inazawa , Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yamamoto
- c The Graduate School of Applied Biological Sciences , Gifu University , Gifu , Japan
| | - Mayuko Fujishita
- c The Graduate School of Applied Biological Sciences , Gifu University , Gifu , Japan
| | - Yuki Ota
- c The Graduate School of Applied Biological Sciences , Gifu University , Gifu , Japan
| | - Kohei Yamamoto
- a The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science , Gifu University , Gifu , Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Nakagawa
- a The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science , Gifu University , Gifu , Japan.,c The Graduate School of Applied Biological Sciences , Gifu University , Gifu , Japan.,d Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences , Gifu University , Gifu , Japan
| | - Takashi Hayakawa
- a The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science , Gifu University , Gifu , Japan.,c The Graduate School of Applied Biological Sciences , Gifu University , Gifu , Japan.,d Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences , Gifu University , Gifu , Japan
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DiGiacomo K, Simpson S, Leury BJ, Dunshea FR. Dietary Betaine Impacts the Physiological Responses to Moderate Heat Conditions in a Dose Dependent Manner in Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2016; 6:ani6090051. [PMID: 27589811 PMCID: PMC5035946 DOI: 10.3390/ani6090051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat exposure (HE) results in decreased production in ruminant species and betaine is proposed as a dietary mitigation method. Merino ewes ( n = 36, 40 kg, n = 6 per group) were maintained at thermoneutral (TN, n = 18, 21 °C) or cyclical HE ( n = 18, 18-43 °C) conditions for 21 days, and supplemented with either 0 (control), 2 or 4 g betaine/day. Sheep had ad libitum access to water and were pair fed such that intake of sheep on the TN treatment matched that of HE animals. Heart rate (HR), respiration rate (RR), rectal (T R ) and skin temperatures (T S ) were measured 3 times daily (0900 h, 1300 h, 1700 h). Plasma samples were obtained on 8 days for glucose and NEFA analysis. The HE treatment increased T R by 0.7 °C (40.1 vs. 39.4 °C for HE and TN respectively p < 0.001), T S by +1.8 °C (39.3 vs. 37.5 °C, p < 0.001) and RR by +46 breaths/min (133 vs. 87 breaths/min, p < 0.001) compared to TN. The 2 g betaine/day treatment decreased T R (39.8, 39.6 and 39.8 °C, p < 0.001), T S (38.7, 38.0 and 38.5 °C, p < 0.001) and RR (114, 102 and 116 breaths/min for control, 2 and 4 g betaine/day, p < 0.001) compared to control. Betaine supplementation decreased plasma NEFA concentrations by ~25 μM (80, 55 and 54 μmol/L for 0, 2 and 4 g/day respectively, p = 0.05). These data indicate that dietary betaine supplementation at 2 g betaine/day provides improvements in physiological responses typical of ewes exposed to heat stress and may be a beneficial supplement for the management of sheep during summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy DiGiacomo
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Sarah Simpson
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Brian J Leury
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Frank R Dunshea
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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Nazari M, Moghimipour E, Tabandeh MR. Betaine Down Regulates Apelin Gene Expression in Cardiac and Adipose Tissues of Insulin Resistant Diabetic Rats Fed by High-Calorie Diet. Int J Pept Res Ther 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-016-9551-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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66
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Bingül İ, Aydın AF, Başaran-Küçükgergin C, Doğan-Ekici I, Çoban J, Doğru-Abbasoğlu S, Uysal M. High-fat diet plus carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis is alleviated by betaine treatment in rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 39:199-207. [PMID: 27494683 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Steatosis, the first lesion in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), may progress to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Steatosis predisposes the liver to oxidative stress, inflammation, and cytokines. Betaine (BET) has antioxidant, antiinflammatory and hepatoprotective effects. However, the effects of BET on liver fibrosis development are unknown. Rats were treated with high-fat diet (60% of total calories from fat) for 14weeks. Carbon tetrachloride (0.2mL/kg; two times per week; i.p.) was administered to rats in the last 6weeks with/without commercial food containing BET (2%; w/w). Serum liver function tests and tumor necrosis factor-α, insulin resistance, hepatic triglyceride (TG) and hydroxyproline (HYP) levels and oxidative stress parameters were determined along with histopathologic observations. Alpha-smooth muscle-actin (α-SMA), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and type I collagen (COL1A1) protein expressions and mRNA expressions of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and its inhibitors (TIMP-1 and TIMP-2) were evaluated. BET decreased TG and HYP levels, prooxidant status and fibrotic changes in the liver. α-SMA, COL1A1 and TGF-β1 protein expressions, MMP-2, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 mRNA expressions diminished due to BET treatment. BET has an antifibrotic effect and this effect may be related to its antioxidant and antiinflammatory actions together with suppression on HSC activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- İlknur Bingül
- Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - A Fatih Aydın
- Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Işın Doğan-Ekici
- Department of Pathology, Yeditepe University Medical Faculty, Kayışdağı, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Jale Çoban
- Department of Biochemistry, Yeditepe University Medical Faculty, Kayışdağı, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Semra Doğru-Abbasoğlu
- Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Müjdat Uysal
- Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Bingül İ, Başaran-Küçükgergin C, Aydın AF, Çoban J, Doğan-Ekici I, Doğru-Abbasoğlu S, Uysal M. Betaine treatment decreased oxidative stress, inflammation, and stellate cell activation in rats with alcoholic liver fibrosis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 45:170-178. [PMID: 27314760 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of betaine (BET) on alcoholic liver fibrosis in rats. Fibrosis was experimentally generated with ethanol plus carbon tetrachloride (ETH+CCl4) treatment. Rats were treated with ETH (5% v/v in drinking water) for 14 weeks. CCl4 was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) 0.2mL/kg twice a week to rats in the last 6 weeks with/without commercial food containing BET (2% w/w). Serum hepatic damage markers, tumor necrosis factor-α, hepatic triglyceride (TG) and hydroxyproline (HYP) levels, and oxidative stress parameters were measured together with histopathologic observations. In addition, α-smooth muscle-actin (α-SMA), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and type I collagen (COL1A1) protein expressions were assayed immunohistochemically to evaluate stellate cell (HSC) activation. mRNA expressions of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and its inhibitors (TIMP-1 and TIMP-2) were also determined. BET treatment diminished TG and HYP levels; prooxidant status and fibrotic changes; α-SMA, COL1A1 and TGF-β protein expressions; MMP-2, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 mRNA expressions in the liver of fibrotic rats. In conclusion, these results indicate that the antifibrotic effect of BET may be related to its suppressive effects on oxidant and inflammatory processes together with HSC activation in alcoholic liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- İlknur Bingül
- Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Çapa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - A Fatih Aydın
- Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Çapa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Jale Çoban
- Department of Biochemistry, Yeditepe University Medical Faculty, Kayışdağı, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Işın Doğan-Ekici
- Department of Pathology, Yeditepe University Medical Faculty, Kayışdağı, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Semra Doğru-Abbasoğlu
- Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Çapa, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Müjdat Uysal
- Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Çapa, Istanbul, Turkey
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Abstract
Weight loss, regular exercise, and diet composition modification seem to improve biochemical and histologic abnormalities. Other therapies directed at insulin resistance, oxidative stress, cytoprotection, and fibrosis may also offer benefits. Insulin sensitizers and vitamin E seem to be the most promising; however, they cause side effects. A multifaceted approach of lifestyle modifications, weight loss, and pharmacotherapy can be used in combination, but no single treatment approach has proved universally applicable to the general population with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Continuous clinical and preclinical studies on existing and potential drugs are needed to improve treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swaytha Ganesh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Presbyterian, M2, C-Wing, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Vinod K Rustgi
- Liver Transplantation, The Thomas Starzl Transplant Institute, UPMC Montefiore, Room N758.1, 3459 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Ejaz A, Martinez-Guino L, Goldfine AB, Ribas-Aulinas F, De Nigris V, Ribó S, Gonzalez-Franquesa A, Garcia-Roves PM, Li E, Dreyfuss JM, Gall W, Kim JK, Bottiglieri T, Villarroya F, Gerszten RE, Patti ME, Lerin C. Dietary Betaine Supplementation Increases Fgf21 Levels to Improve Glucose Homeostasis and Reduce Hepatic Lipid Accumulation in Mice. Diabetes 2016; 65:902-12. [PMID: 26858359 PMCID: PMC4806659 DOI: 10.2337/db15-1094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Identifying markers of human insulin resistance may permit development of new approaches for treatment and prevention of type 2 diabetes. To this end, we analyzed the fasting plasma metabolome in metabolically characterized human volunteers across a spectrum of insulin resistance. We demonstrate that plasma betaine levels are reduced in insulin-resistant humans and correlate closely with insulin sensitivity. Moreover, betaine administration to mice with diet-induced obesity prevents the development of impaired glucose homeostasis, reduces hepatic lipid accumulation, increases white adipose oxidative capacity, and enhances whole-body energy expenditure. In parallel with these beneficial metabolic effects, betaine supplementation robustly increased hepatic and circulating fibroblast growth factor (Fgf)21 levels. Betaine administration failed to improve glucose homeostasis and liver fat content in Fgf21(-/-) mice, demonstrating that Fgf21 is necessary for betaine's beneficial effects. Together, these data indicate that dietary betaine increases Fgf21 levels to improve metabolic health in mice and suggest that betaine supplementation merits further investigation as a supplement for treatment or prevention of type 2 diabetes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Ejaz
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Allison B Goldfine
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Francesc Ribas-Aulinas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Valeria De Nigris
- Diabetes and Obesity Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sílvia Ribó
- Endocrinology Section, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Gonzalez-Franquesa
- Diabetes and Obesity Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo M Garcia-Roves
- Diabetes and Obesity Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain Department of Physiological Sciences II, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elizabeth Li
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jonathan M Dreyfuss
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | | | - Jason K Kim
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | | | - Francesc Villarroya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert E Gerszten
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mary-Elizabeth Patti
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Carles Lerin
- Endocrinology Section, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
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ŠIŠKOVÁ K, DUBNIČKOVÁ M, PAŠKOVÁ Ľ, RAJDL D, ĎURAČKOVÁ Z, MUCHOVÁ J, PAULIKOVÁ I, RACEK J. Betaine Increases the Butyrylcholinesterase Activity in Rat Plasma. Physiol Res 2016; 65:101-8. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiological function of butyrylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8, BChE) is not clearly understood, but a role was suggested in the fat utilization process, resulting in positive correlation between plasma triglyceride (TG) levels and BChE activity. Consequently we tested the hypothesis that regular intake of betaine, a natural compound intervening in the liver TG metabolism could influence the BChE activity. The BChE activity was estimated spectrophotometrically in plasma of rats fed with betaine enriched standard (B) or high-fat diet (HFB). The results confirmed decreased TG plasma levels after betaine treatment independently on the type of diet (0.15±0.03 (B) vs. 0.27±0.08 (control) mmol/l; p=0.003 and 0.13±0.03 (HFB) vs. 0.27±0.08 (control) mmol/l; p=0.005). The BChE activity increased significantly with betaine administration, however the change was more distinct in the HFB group (0.84±0.34 (HFB) vs. 0.22±0.04 (control) O.D./min/mg; p<0.001 and 0.41±0.11 (B) vs. 0.22±0.04 (control) O.D./min/mg; p=0.001). In conclusion, betaine intake led to elevated BChE activity in plasma and this effect was potentiated by the HF diet. Since betaine is in general used as a supplement in the treatment of liver diseases accompanied by TG overload, its impact on the BChE activity in the role of the liver function marker should be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. ŠIŠKOVÁ
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Faculty Hospital, Pilsen, Czech Republic
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Betaine chemistry, roles, and potential use in liver disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:1098-106. [PMID: 26850693 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Betaine is the trimethyl derivative of glycine and is normally present in human plasma due to dietary intake and endogenous synthesis in liver and kidney. Betaine is utilized in the kidney primarily as an osmoprotectant, whereas in the liver its primary role is in metabolism as a methyl group donor. In both organs, a specific betaine transporter mediates cellular uptake of betaine from plasma. The abundance of both betaine and the betaine transporter in liver greatly exceeds that of other organs. SCOPE OF REVIEW The remarkable contributions of betaine to normal human and animal health are summarized together with a discussion of the mechanisms and potential beneficial effects of dietary betaine supplements on liver disease. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS A significant amount of data from animal models of liver disease indicates that administration of betaine can halt and even reverse progression of the disruption of liver function. Betaine is well-tolerated, inexpensive, effective over a wide range of doses, and is already used in livestock feeding practices. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The accumulated data indicate that carefully controlled additional investigations in humans are merited. The focus should be on the long-term use of betaine in large patient populations with liver diseases characterized by development of fatty liver, especially non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and alcoholic liver disease.
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Zhou X, Chen J, Chen J, Wu W, Wang X, Wang Y. The beneficial effects of betaine on dysfunctional adipose tissue and N6-methyladenosine mRNA methylation requires the AMP-activated protein kinase α1 subunit. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 26:1678-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Ge CX, Yu R, Xu MX, Li PQ, Fan CY, Li JM, Kong LD. Betaine prevented fructose-induced NAFLD by regulating LXRα/PPARα pathway and alleviating ER stress in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 770:154-64. [PMID: 26593707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Betaine has been proven effective in treating nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in animal models, however, its molecular mechanisms remain elusive. The aims of this study were to explore the mechanisms mediating the anti-inflammatory and anti-lipogenic actions of betaine in fructose-fed rats. In this study, betaine improved insulin resistance, reduced body weight gain and serum lipid levels, and prevented hepatic lipid accumulation in fructose-fed rats. It up-regulated hepatic expression of liver X receptor-alpha (LXRα) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARα), with the attenuation of the changes of their target genes, including hepatic carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT) 1α, glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchored high density lipoprotein binding protein 1, apolipoprotein B, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c and adipocyte differentiation-related protein, involved in fatty acid oxidation and lipid storage in these model rats. Furthermore, betaine alleviated ER stress and inhibited acetyl-CoA carboxylase α, CPT II, stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 and fatty acid synthase expression involved in fatty acid synthesis in the liver of fructose-fed rats. Betaine suppressed hepatic gluconeogenesis in fructose-fed rats by moderating protein kinase B -forkhead box protein O1 pathway, as well as p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin activity. Moreover, betaine inhibited hepatic nuclear factor kappa B /nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-containing family, pyrin domain-containing-3 inflammasome activation-mediated inflammation in this animal model. These results demonstrated that betaine ameliorated hepatic lipid accumulation, gluconeogenesis, and inflammation through restoring LXRα and PPARα expression and alleviating ER stress in fructose-fed rats. This study provides the potential mechanisms of betaine involved in the treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Xu Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Rong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Min-Xuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Pei-Qin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Chen-Yu Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Jian-Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Ling-Dong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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74
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Gestational dietary betaine supplementation suppresses hepatic expression of lipogenic genes in neonatal piglets through epigenetic and glucocorticoid receptor-dependent mechanisms. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1861:41-50. [PMID: 26494244 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Methyl donors play critical roles in nutritional programming through epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Here we fed gestational sows with control or betaine-supplemented diets (3g/kg) throughout the pregnancy to explore the effects of maternal methyl-donor nutrient on neonatal expression of hepatic lipogenic genes. Betaine-exposed piglets demonstrated significantly lower liver triglyceride content associated with down-regulated hepatic expression of lipogenic genes acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FAS), stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c. Moreover, s-adenosyl methionine to s-adenosyl homocysteine ratio was elevated in the liver of betaine-exposed piglets, which was accompanied by DNA hypermethylation on FAS and SCD gene promoters and more enriched repression histone mark H3K27me3 on SCD gene promoter. Furthermore, glucocorticoid receptor (GR) binding to SCD gene promoter was diminished along with reduced serum cortisol and liver GR protein content in betaine-exposed piglets. GR-mediated SCD gene regulation was confirmed in HepG2 cells in vitro. Dexamethasone (Dex) drastically increased the luciferase activity of porcine SCD promoter, while the deletion of GR response element on SCD promoter significantly attenuated Dex-mediated SCD transactivation. In addition, miR-let-7e, miR-1285 and miR-124a, which respectively target porcine SCD, ACC and GR, were significantly up-regulated in the liver of betaine-exposed piglets, being in accordance with decreased protein content of these three genes. Taken together, our results suggest that maternal dietary betaine supplementation during gestation attenuates hepatic lipogenesis in neonatal piglets via epigenetic and GR-mediated mechanisms.
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75
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Passos E, Ascensão A, Martins MJ, Magalhães J. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response in Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis: The Possible Role of Physical Exercise. Metabolism 2015; 64:780-92. [PMID: 25838034 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sedentary lifestyle coupled with excessive consumption of high caloric food has been related to the epidemic increase of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, which can progress from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, cirrhosis and, eventually, may culminate in hepatocellular carcinoma. Although the precise mechanisms underlying the progression of NASH are not completely understood, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) dysfunction seems to play a key role in the process. Hepatic ER stress has been associated to hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance, inflammation, oxidative stress and hepatocyte death, contributing to liver dysfunction. Physical exercise seems to be the most effective preventive and therapeutic non-pharmacological strategy to mitigate several features related to NASH, possibly targeting most of the referred mechanisms associated with the pathophysiology of ER-related NASH. Nevertheless, little is known about the impact of physical exercise on NASH-related ER stress. In this review, we will discuss the ER stress associated to NASH conditions and highlight the possible benefits of physical exercise in the attenuation and/or reversion of NASH-related ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Passos
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Ascensão
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria João Martins
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Magalhães
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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FTO-dependent function of N6-methyladenosine is involved in the hepatoprotective effects of betaine on adolescent mice. J Physiol Biochem 2015; 71:405-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-015-0420-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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77
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Warzak DA, Johnson SA, Ellersieck MR, Roberts RM, Zhang X, Ho SM, Rosenfeld CS. Effects of post-weaning diet on metabolic parameters and DNA methylation status of the cryptic promoter in the A(vy) allele of viable yellow mice. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 26:667-74. [PMID: 25818200 PMCID: PMC4431896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mice carrying the A(vy) allele are epigenetic mosaics. If the majority of cells have an active (demethylated) intracisternal A particle (IAP), mice have a yellow coat color and develop adult-onset obesity and diabetes, while mice whose mosaicism predominantly reflects an inactive (methylated) IAP are pseudoagouti (brown) and less prone to metabolic disease. Brown and yellow coat color A(vy)/a post-weaning mice were placed on one of three diets [AIN, and two lower-calorie diets National Institutes of Health (NIH) and methyl-supplemented, NIHMe] to determine whether coat color, weight gain, blood glucose and methylation of hepatic IAP became altered. None of the diets altered A(vy)/a mice coat color. NIHMe did not protect against increasing obesity or the usual onset of hyperglycemia in males. Nor did it promote increased methylation of A(vy) IAP in liver tissue. By contrast, AIN, despite its higher content of fat and carbohydrate and ability to promote greater weight gains than the NIH and NIHMe diets, protected males better against hyperglycemia than either the NIH or NIHMe diets. This diet led to a significantly reduced (~50%; P = .003) average methylation state of all CpG sites within the hepatic IAP for the pseudoagouti mice. On AIN, but not on the other diets, extent of hepatic IAP methylation was negatively correlated (R = 0.97, P ≤ .001) with body weight of pseudoagouti mice. The findings indicate that post-weaning diet might influence interpretation of studies with A(vy)/a mice because IAP methylation patterns may be malleable in certain organs and influenced by post-weaning diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise A Warzak
- Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Sarah A Johnson
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Mark R Ellersieck
- Agriculture Experimental Station-Statistics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - R Michael Roberts
- Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Genetics Area Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Shuk-Mei Ho
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Cheryl S Rosenfeld
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Genetics Area Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Thompson Center for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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78
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Betaine alleviates hepatic lipid accumulation via enhancing hepatic lipid export and fatty acid oxidation in rats fed with a high-fat diet. Br J Nutr 2015; 113:1835-43. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515001130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To assess the effects of betaine on hepatic lipid accumulation and investigate the underlying mechanism, thirty-two male Sprague–Dawley rats weighing 100 (sd 2·50) g were divided into four groups, and started on one of four treatments: basal diet, basal diet with betaine administration, high-fat diet and high-fat diet with betaine administration. The results showed that no significant difference of body weight was found among experimental groups. Compared with high-fat diet-fed rats, a betaine supplementation decreased (P< 0·05) hepatic TAG accumulation induced by high-fat diet, which was also supported by hepatic histology results. Additionally, hepatic betaine–homocysteine methyltransferase activity as well as its mRNA abundance and lecithin level were found increased (P< 0·05) by betaine supplementation in both basal diet-fed rats and high-fat diet-fed rats. Betaine administration in high-fat diet-fed rats exhibited a higher (P< 0·05) activity of hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) compared with high-fat diet-fed rats. High-fat diet inhibited (P< 0·05) the gene expression of hepatic PPARα and CPT1. However, betaine administration in high-fat diet-fed rats elevated (P< 0·05) the gene expression of PPARα and CPT1. Moreover, concentration, gene and protein expressions of hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) were increased (P< 0·05) in response to betaine administration in high-fat diet group; meanwhile the gene expression of hepatic AMP-activated protein kinase was increased (P< 0·05) as well. The results suggest that betaine administration enhanced hepatic lipid export and fatty acid oxidation in high-fat diet-fed rats, thus effectively alleviating fat accumulation in the liver.
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79
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Deminice R, da Silva RP, Lamarre SG, Kelly KB, Jacobs RL, Brosnan ME, Brosnan JT. Betaine supplementation prevents fatty liver induced by a high-fat diet: effects on one-carbon metabolism. Amino Acids 2015; 47:839-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1913-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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80
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Remely M, Lovrecic L, de la Garza AL, Migliore L, Peterlin B, Milagro FI, Martinez AJ, Haslberger AG. Therapeutic perspectives of epigenetically active nutrients. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 172:2756-68. [PMID: 25046997 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many nutrients are known for a wide range of activities in prevention and alleviation of various diseases. Recently, their potential role in regulating human health through effects on epigenetics has become evident, although specific mechanisms are still unclear. Thus, nutriepigenetics/nutriepigenomics has emerged as a new and promising field in current epigenetics research in the past few years. In particular, polyphenols, as part of the central dynamic interaction between the genome and the environment with specificity at physiological concentrations, are well known to affect mechanisms underlying human health. This review summarizes the effects of dietary compounds on epigenetic mechanisms in the regulation of gene expression including expression of enzymes and other molecules responsible for drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion in cancer, metabolic syndrome, neurodegenerative disorders and hormonal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Remely
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - L Lovrecic
- Clinical Institute of Medical Genetics, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - A L de la Garza
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - L Migliore
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Research Center Nutraceuticals and Food for Health - Nutrafood, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - B Peterlin
- Clinical Institute of Medical Genetics, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - F I Milagro
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - A J Martinez
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, CIBERobn, Carlos III Health Research Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - A G Haslberger
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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81
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Li JM, Ge CX, Xu MX, Wang W, Yu R, Fan CY, Kong LD. Betaine recovers hypothalamic neural injury by inhibiting astrogliosis and inflammation in fructose-fed rats. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 59:189-202. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; School of Life Sciences; Nanjing University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Chen-Xu Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; School of Life Sciences; Nanjing University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Min-Xuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; School of Life Sciences; Nanjing University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; School of Life Sciences; Nanjing University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Rong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; School of Life Sciences; Nanjing University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Chen-Yu Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; School of Life Sciences; Nanjing University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Ling-Dong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; School of Life Sciences; Nanjing University; Nanjing P. R. China
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82
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Zhang Q, Tan Y, Zhang N, Yao F. Polydatin supplementation ameliorates diet-induced development of insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis in rats. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:603-10. [PMID: 25333896 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease remains to be elucidated, and the currently available treatments are not entirely effective. Polydatin, a stilbenoid compound derived from the rhizome of Polygonum cuspidatum, has previously been demonstrated to possess hepatoprotective effects. The present study aimed to determine the effects of polydatin supplementation on hepatic fat accumulation and injury in rats fed a high-fat diet. In addition, the mechanisms underlying the protective effects of polydatin were examined. Male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups and received one of four treatment regimes for 12 weeks: Control diet, control diet supplemented with polydatin, high-fat diet, or high-fat diet supplemented with polydatin. Polydatin was supplemented in the drinking water at a concentration of 0.3% (wt/vol). The results of the present study showed that long-term high-fat feeding resulted in fatty liver in rats, which was manifested by excessive hepatic neutral fat accumulation and elevated plasma alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels. Polydatin supplementation alleviated the hepatic pathological changes, and attenuated the insulin resistance, as shown by an improved homeostasis model assessment of basal insulin resistance values and a glucose tolerance test. Polydatin supplementation also corrected abnormal leptin and adiponectin levels. Specifically, polydatin supplementation enhanced insulin sensitivity in the liver, as shown by improved insulin receptor substrate 2 expression levels and Akt phosphorylation in the rat liver, following high-fat diet feeding. The results of the present study suggest that polydatin protects rats against high-fat feeding-induced insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis. Polydatin may be an effective hepatoprotective agent and a potential candidate for the prevention of fatty liver disease and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712046, P.R. China
| | - Yingying Tan
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712046, P.R. China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712046, P.R. China
| | - Fanrong Yao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
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83
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Dou X, Xia Y, Chen J, Qian Y, Li S, Zhang X, Song Z. Rectification of impaired adipose tissue methylation status and lipolytic response contributes to hepatoprotective effect of betaine in a mouse model of alcoholic liver disease. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:4073-86. [PMID: 24819676 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Overactive lipolysis in adipose tissue contributes to the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease (ALD); however, the mechanisms involved have not been elucidated. We previously reported that chronic alcohol consumption produces a hypomethylation state in adipose tissue. In this study we investigated the role of hypomethylation in adipose tissue in alcohol-induced lipolysis and whether its correction contributes to the well-established hepatoprotective effect of betaine in ALD. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Male C57BL/6 mice were divided into four groups and started on one of four treatments for 5 weeks: isocaloric pair-fed (PF), alcohol-fed (AF), PF supplemented with betaine (BT/AF) and AF supplemented with betaine (BT/AF). Betaine, 0.5% (w v(-1) ), was added to the liquid diet. Both primary adipocytes and mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes were exposed to demethylation reagents and their lipolytic responses determined. KEY RESULTS Betaine alleviated alcohol-induced pathological changes in the liver and rectified the impaired methylation status in adipose tissue, concomitant with attenuating lipolysis. In adipocytes, inducing hypomethylation activated lipolysis through a mechanism involving suppression of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), due to hypomethylation of its catalytic subunit, leading to increased activation of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL). In line with in vitro observations, reduced PP2A catalytic subunit methylation and activity, and enhanced HSL activation, were observed in adipose tissue of alcohol-fed mice. Betaine attenuated this alcohol-induced PP2A suppression and HSL activation. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS In adipose tissue, a hypomethylation state contributes to its alcohol-induced dysfunction and an improvement in its function may contribute to the hepatoprotective effects of betaine in ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Dou
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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84
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Dahlhoff C, Worsch S, Sailer M, Hummel BA, Fiamoncini J, Uebel K, Obeid R, Scherling C, Geisel J, Bader BL, Daniel H. Methyl-donor supplementation in obese mice prevents the progression of NAFLD, activates AMPK and decreases acyl-carnitine levels. Mol Metab 2014; 3:565-80. [PMID: 25061561 PMCID: PMC4099513 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) results from increased hepatic lipid accumulation and steatosis, and is closely linked to liver one-carbon (C1) metabolism. We assessed in C57BL6/N mice whether NAFLD induced by a high-fat (HF) diet over 8 weeks can be reversed by additional 4 weeks of a dietary methyl-donor supplementation (MDS). MDS in the obese mice failed to reverse NAFLD, but prevented the progression of hepatic steatosis associated with major changes in key hepatic C1-metabolites, e.g. S-adenosyl-methionine and S-adenosyl-homocysteine. Increased phosphorylation of AMPK-α together with enhanced β-HAD activity suggested an increased flux through fatty acid oxidation pathways. This was supported by concomitantly decreased hepatic free fatty acid and acyl-carnitines levels. Although HF diet changed the hepatic phospholipid pattern, MDS did not. Our findings suggest that dietary methyl-donors activate AMPK, a key enzyme in fatty acid β-oxidation control, that mediates increased fatty acid utilization and thereby prevents further hepatic lipid accumulation.
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Key Words
- 3-HB, β-hydroxybutyrate
- ACC, acetyl-CoA carboxylase
- AMP-activated protein kinase
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- ANT, adenine nucleotide translocase
- Acyl-carnitines
- Bhmt, betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase
- C, control diet
- C1, one-carbon
- CACT, carnitine-acylcarnitine transporter
- CMS, methyl-donor supplemented control diet
- Cbs, cystathionine β-synthase
- Cpt1a, carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1a
- DIO, diet-induced obesity
- Fasn, fatty acid synthase
- GNMT, glycine N-methyltransferase
- Gapdh, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- HF, high-fat diet
- HFMS, methyl-donor supplemented high-fat diet
- HMW adiponectin, high molecular weight adiponectin
- HSP90, heat shock protein 90
- Hcy, homocysteine
- Hepatic steatosis
- Hprt1, hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1
- LDL, low density lipoprotein
- MAT, methionine adenosyltransferase
- MCD, malonyl-CoA decarboxylase
- MDS, methyl-donor supplementation
- MTR, methionine synthase
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NEFA, non-esterified fatty acids
- Obesity
- One-carbon metabolism
- PC, phosphatidylcholine
- PGC1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ co-activator-1α
- PL, phospholipids
- PPARα, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α
- Pemt, phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase
- SAH, S-adenosylhomocysteine
- SAM, S-adenosylmethionine
- SM, sphingomyelin
- SREBP1c, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c
- TG, triacylglycerol
- VAT, visceral adipose tissue
- VLDL, very low density lipoprotein
- β-HAD, β-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase
- β-oxidation
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Dahlhoff
- Biochemistry Unit, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences (ZIEL), Technische Universität München, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany ; PhD Group - Epigenetics, Imprinting and Nutrition, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences (ZIEL), Technische Universität München, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Stefanie Worsch
- Nutritional Medicine Unit, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences (ZIEL), Technische Universität München, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Manuela Sailer
- Biochemistry Unit, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences (ZIEL), Technische Universität München, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Björn A Hummel
- Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine/Central Laboratory, University Hospital of the Saarland, 66421 Homburg, Germany ; Clinical Haemostasiology and Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital of the Saarland, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Jarlei Fiamoncini
- Biochemistry Unit, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences (ZIEL), Technische Universität München, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Kirsten Uebel
- Nutritional Medicine Unit, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences (ZIEL), Technische Universität München, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Rima Obeid
- Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine/Central Laboratory, University Hospital of the Saarland, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Christian Scherling
- Biochemistry Unit, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences (ZIEL), Technische Universität München, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Jürgen Geisel
- Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine/Central Laboratory, University Hospital of the Saarland, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard L Bader
- PhD Group - Epigenetics, Imprinting and Nutrition, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences (ZIEL), Technische Universität München, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany ; Nutritional Medicine Unit, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences (ZIEL), Technische Universität München, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Hannelore Daniel
- Biochemistry Unit, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences (ZIEL), Technische Universität München, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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Kempson SA, Zhou Y, Danbolt NC. The betaine/GABA transporter and betaine: roles in brain, kidney, and liver. Front Physiol 2014; 5:159. [PMID: 24795654 PMCID: PMC4006062 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological roles of the betaine/GABA transporter (BGT1; slc6a12) are still being debated. BGT1 is a member of the solute carrier family 6 (the neurotransmitter, sodium symporter transporter family) and mediates cellular uptake of betaine and GABA in a sodium- and chloride-dependent process. Most of the studies of BGT1 concern its function and regulation in the kidney medulla where its role is best understood. The conditions here are hostile due to hyperosmolarity and significant concentrations of NH4Cl and urea. To withstand the hyperosmolarity, cells trigger osmotic adaptation, involving concentration of a transcriptional factor TonEBP/NFAT5 in the nucleus, and accumulate betaine and other osmolytes. Data from renal cells in culture, primarily MDCK, revealed that transcriptional regulation of BGT1 by TonEBP/NFAT5 is relatively slow. To allow more acute control of the abundance of BGT1 protein in the plasma membrane, there is also post-translation regulation of BGT1 protein trafficking which is dependent on intracellular calcium and ATP. Further, betaine may be important in liver metabolism as a methyl donor. In fact, in the mouse the liver is the organ with the highest content of BGT1. Hepatocytes express high levels of both BGT1 and the only enzyme that can metabolize betaine, namely betaine:homocysteine –S-methyltransferase (BHMT1). The BHMT1 enzyme removes a methyl group from betaine and transfers it to homocysteine, a potential risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Finally, BGT1 has been proposed to play a role in controlling brain excitability and thereby represents a target for anticonvulsive drug development. The latter hypothesis is controversial due to very low expression levels of BGT1 relative to other GABA transporters in brain, and also the primary location of BGT1 at the surface of the brain in the leptomeninges. These issues are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Kempson
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Anatomy, Centre of Molecular Biology and Neuroscience, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo Oslo, Norway
| | - Niels C Danbolt
- Department of Anatomy, Centre of Molecular Biology and Neuroscience, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo Oslo, Norway
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86
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Betaine supplementation protects against high-fructose-induced renal injury in rats. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 25:353-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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87
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Martínez JA, Milagro FI, Claycombe KJ, Schalinske KL. Epigenetics in adipose tissue, obesity, weight loss, and diabetes. Adv Nutr 2014; 5:71-81. [PMID: 24425725 PMCID: PMC3884103 DOI: 10.3945/an.113.004705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the role that diet and other environmental factors play in the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes, the implication of different epigenetic processes is being investigated. Although it is well known that external factors can cause cell type-dependent epigenetic changes, including DNA methylation, histone tail modifications, and chromatin remodeling, the regulation of these processes, the magnitude of the changes and the cell types in which they occur, the individuals more predisposed, and the more crucial stages of life remain to be elucidated. There is evidence that obese and diabetic people have a pattern of epigenetic marks different from nonobese and nondiabetic individuals. The main long-term goals in this field are the identification and understanding of the role of epigenetic marks that could be used as early predictors of metabolic risk and the development of drugs or diet-related treatments able to delay these epigenetic changes and even reverse them. But weight gain and insulin resistance/diabetes are influenced not only by epigenetic factors; different epigenetic biomarkers have also been identified as early predictors of weight loss and the maintenance of body weight after weight loss. The characterization of all the factors that are able to modify the epigenetic signatures and the determination of their real importance are hindered by the following factors: the magnitude of change produced by dietary and environmental factors is small and cumulative; there are great differences among cell types; and there are many factors involved, including age, with multiple interactions between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Alfredo Martínez
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,CIBERobn, Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Fermín I. Milagro
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,CIBERobn, Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kate J. Claycombe
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND; and
| | - Kevin L. Schalinske
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
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88
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Strydom PE, Rosenvold K. Muscle metabolism in sheep and cattle in relation to high rigor temperature – overview and perspective. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1071/an13437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An increasing number of Australian slaughter plants were found not to meet the Meat Standards Australia (MSA) pH–temperature window, due to high rigor temperatures, particularly at plants where grain-fed animals were slaughtered. Hence, the red meat processing industry in Australia supported a research program focused on resolving this issue, as carcasses that do not meet the MSA pH–temperature window are excluded from MSA grading. This special issue of Animal Production Science describes the outcomes of a major program identifying ante- and post-mortem factors related to heat-induced toughening in both beef and sheep meat through literature reviews and targeted research to find interventions to prevent the impact of high rigor temperature on meat quality, particularly tenderness. This paper provides an overview of the outcomes of the research program, some of which require further research before implementation. It is suggested that an entire supply-chain approach be applied to establish the most efficient and cost-effective way of reducing the incidence of high rigor temperature.
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89
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DiGiacomo K, Leury BJ, Dunshea FR. Potential nutritional strategies for the amelioration or prevention of high rigor temperature in cattle – a review. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1071/an13303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Environmental conditions influence animal production from an animal performance perspective and at the carcass level post-slaughter. High rigor temperature occurs when the animal is hyperthermic pre-slaughter, and this leads to tougher meat. Hyperthermia can result from increased environmental temperature, exercise, stress or a combination of these factors. Consumer satisfaction with beef meat is influenced by the visual and sensory traits of the product when raw and cooked, with beef consumers commonly selecting tenderness of the product as the most important quality trait. High rigor temperature leads to a reduction in carcass and eating quality. This review examines some possible metabolic causes of hyperthermia, with focus on the importance of adipose tissue metabolism and the roles of insulin and leptin. Potential strategies for the amelioration or prevention of high rigor temperature are offered, including the use of dietary supplements such as betaine and chromium, anti-diabetic agents such as thiazolidinediones, vitamin D, and magnesium (Mg) to provide stress relief.
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90
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Wang LJ, Zhang HW, Zhou JY, Liu Y, Yang Y, Chen XL, Zhu CH, Zheng RD, Ling WH, Zhu HL. Betaine attenuates hepatic steatosis by reducing methylation of the MTTP promoter and elevating genomic methylation in mice fed a high-fat diet. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 25:329-36. [PMID: 24456734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant DNA methylation contributes to the abnormality of hepatic gene expression, one of the main factors in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Betaine is a methyl donor and has been considered to be a lipotropic agent. However, whether betaine supplementation improves NAFLD via its effect on the DNA methylation of specific genes and the genome has not been explored. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed either a control diet or high-fat diet (HFD) supplemented with 0%, 1% and 2% betaine in water (wt/vol) for 12 weeks. Betaine supplementation ameliorated HFD-induced hepatic steatosis in a dose-dependent manner. HFD up-regulated FAS and ACOX messenger RNA (mRNA) expression and down-regulated PPARα, ApoB and MTTP mRNA expression; however, these alterations were reversed by betaine supplementation, except ApoB. MTTP mRNA expression was negatively correlated with the DNA methylation of its CpG sites at -184, -156, -63 and -60. Methylation of these CpG sites was lower in both the 1% and 2% betaine-supplemented groups than in the HFD group (averages; 25.55% and 14.33% vs. 30.13%). In addition, both 1% and 2% betaine supplementation significantly restored the methylation capacity [S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) concentration and SAM/S-adenosylhomocysteine ratios] and genomic methylation level, which had been decreased by HFD (0.37% and 0.47% vs. 0.25%). These results suggest that the regulation of aberrant DNA methylation by betaine might be a possible mechanism of the improvements in NAFLD upon betaine supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-jun Wang
- Faculty of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510080 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-wei Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, University of Sun Yat-Sen, 510120 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-ya Zhou
- Faculty of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510080 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Liu
- Faculty of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510080 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yang
- Faculty of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510080 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-ling Chen
- Faculty of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510080 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Cui-hong Zhu
- Faculty of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510080 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-dan Zheng
- Research and Therapy Center for Liver Disease, the Affiliated Dongnan Hospital of Xiamen University, 363000 Zhangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-hua Ling
- Faculty of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510080 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-lian Zhu
- Faculty of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510080 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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91
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Obeid R. The metabolic burden of methyl donor deficiency with focus on the betaine homocysteine methyltransferase pathway. Nutrients 2013; 5:3481-95. [PMID: 24022817 PMCID: PMC3798916 DOI: 10.3390/nu5093481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Methyl groups are important for numerous cellular functions such as DNA methylation, phosphatidylcholine synthesis, and protein synthesis. The methyl group can directly be delivered by dietary methyl donors, including methionine, folate, betaine, and choline. The liver and the muscles appear to be the major organs for methyl group metabolism. Choline can be synthesized from phosphatidylcholine via the cytidine-diphosphate (CDP) pathway. Low dietary choline loweres methionine formation and causes a marked increase in S-adenosylmethionine utilization in the liver. The link between choline, betaine, and energy metabolism in humans indicates novel functions for these nutrients. This function appears to goes beyond the role of the nutrients in gene methylation and epigenetic control. Studies that simulated methyl-deficient diets reported disturbances in energy metabolism and protein synthesis in the liver, fatty liver, or muscle disorders. Changes in plasma concentrations of total homocysteine (tHcy) reflect one aspect of the metabolic consequences of methyl group deficiency or nutrient supplementations. Folic acid supplementation spares betaine as a methyl donor. Betaine is a significant determinant of plasma tHcy, particularly in case of folate deficiency, methionine load, or alcohol consumption. Betaine supplementation has a lowering effect on post-methionine load tHcy. Hypomethylation and tHcy elevation can be attenuated when choline or betaine is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Obeid
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of the Saarland, D-66424, Homburg, Germany.
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92
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Zeisel SH. Metabolic crosstalk between choline/1-carbon metabolism and energy homeostasis. Clin Chem Lab Med 2013; 51:467-75. [PMID: 23072856 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2012-0518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
There are multiple identified mechanisms involved in energy metabolism, insulin resistance and adiposity, but there are here-to-fore unsuspected metabolic factors that also influence these processes. Studies in animal models suggest important links between choline/1-carbon metabolism and energy homeostasis. Rodents fed choline deficient diets become hypermetabolic. Mice with deletions in one of several different genes of choline metabolism have phenotypes that include increased metabolic rate, decreased body fat/lean mass ratio, increased insulin sensitivity, decreased ATP production by mitochondria, or decreased weight gain on a high fat diet. In addition, farmers have recognized that the addition of a metabolite of choline (betaine) to cattle and swine feed reduces body fat/lean mass ratio. Choline dietary intake in humans varies over a > three-fold range, and genetic variation exists that modifies individual requirements for this nutrient. Although there are some epidemiologic studies in humans suggesting a link between choline/1-carbon metabolism and energy metabolism, there have been no controlled studies in humans that were specifically designed to examine this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven H Zeisel
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Nutrition Research Institute, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.
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93
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Yu SL, Su SY, Li QF, Zhang X, Xie Z. Duplicated CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ) gene: transcription and methylation changes in response to dietary betaine in Landes goose liver. Poult Sci 2013; 92:1878-87. [PMID: 23776276 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β gene (C/EBPβ) is one of the key regulating factors of lipid metabolic balance in the liver. To better understand how C/EBPβ affects lipid accumulation in the Landes goose liver, its DNA was cloned. The goose C/EBPβ DNA sequence (2,075 bp) contains a 984-bp open reading frame and part of the 5'-flanking region, and shares 96.66 and 62.07% similarity with the chicken and human sequences at the amino acid level, respectively. Tissue expression profiling showed that the relative expression level was high in the liver and adipose tissue. To understand the effect of betaine on C/EBPβ in goose liver, the relative expression levels of C/EBPβ were detected under different treatments. Compared with the control group, C/EBPβ expression increased in the high-carbohydrate group (P < 0.01) and decreased in the betaine treatment group (P > 0.05). Using bisulfite sequencing PCR, the gene methylation status was analyzed among the different treatment groups. None of the 54 CpG sites in the promoter region or the 28 CpG sites in the structural domain of the coding region showed any significantly different methylation patterns among the groups. Taken together, the results showed that betaine decreased the goose C/EBPβ gene expression, but did not directly regulate its methylation. The data may form the basis for further investigation of the mechanisms of the effect of C/EBPβ on the regulation of lipometabolism in the goose liver and the effect of betaine on lipid metabolic genes at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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94
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Pekkinen J, Olli K, Huotari A, Tiihonen K, Keski-Rahkonen P, Lehtonen M, Auriola S, Kolehmainen M, Mykkänen H, Poutanen K, Hanhineva K. Betaine supplementation causes increase in carnitine metabolites in the muscle and liver of mice fed a high-fat diet as studied by nontargeted LC-MS metabolomics approach. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:1959-68. [PMID: 23868375 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Betaine (BET) reduces diet-induced liver lipid accumulation, and may relieve obesity-related metabolic disturbances. The aim of our study was to analyze metabolite alterations after supplementation of BET, polydextrose (PDX, a soluble dietary fiber), or their combination (BET PDX) via drinking water to C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat (HF) diet. METHODS AND RESULTS BET supplementation increased BET levels in plasma, muscle, and liver (p < 0.05), and the nontargeted LC-MS metabolite profiling revealed an increase in several metabolites in the carnitine biosynthesis pathway after BET supplementation both in liver and muscle. These included carnitine and acetylcarnitine (1.4-fold, p < 0.05), propionylcarnitine and γ-butyrobetaine (1.5-fold, p < 0.05), and several other short-chain acylcarnitines (p < 0.05) in muscle. These changes were slightly higher in the BET PDX group. Furthermore, BET reduced the HF diet induced accumulation of triglycerides in liver (p < 0.05). The supplementations did not attenuate the HF diet induced increase in body weight gain or the increase in adipose tissue mass. Instead, the combination of BET and PDX tended to increase adiposity. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that increased availability of BET in different tissues, especially in muscle, after BET supplementation has an impact on carnitine metabolism, and this could further explain the link between BET and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Pekkinen
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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95
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Adiponectin in inflammatory and immune-mediated diseases. Cytokine 2013; 64:1-10. [PMID: 23850004 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.06.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Circulating levels of adiponectin (APN) are reduced in obesity and associated comorbidities, with inflammation playing an important role in downregulating APN production. In contrast to obesity and metabolic disease, elevated systemic and local levels of APN are present in patients with inflammatory and immune-mediated diseases, including autoimmune and pulmonary conditions, heart and kidney failure, viral hepatitis, organ transplantation and perhaps critical illness. A positive association between inflammation and APN is usually reported in inflammatory/immune pathologies, in contrast with the negative correlation typical of metabolic disease. This review discusses the role of APN in modulation of inflammation and immunity and the potential mechanisms leading to increased levels of APN in inflammatory/immune diseases, including modification of adipose tissue physiology; relative contribution of different tissues and adipose depots; hormonal, pharmacological, nutritional and life style factors; the potential contribution of the microbiota as well as the role of altered APN clearance and release from T-cadherin-associated tissue reservoirs. Potential reasons for some of the apparently contradictory findings on the role of APN as a modulator of immunity and inflammation are also discussed, including a comparison of types of recombinant APN used for in vitro studies and strain-dependent differences in the phenotype of APN KO mice.
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96
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Chou MC, Chang R, Hung YH, Chen YC, Chiu CH. Antrodia camphorata ameliorates high-fat-diet induced hepatic steatosis via improving lipid metabolism and antioxidative status. J Funct Foods 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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97
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Milagro F, Mansego M, De Miguel C, Martínez J. Dietary factors, epigenetic modifications and obesity outcomes: Progresses and perspectives. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:782-812. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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98
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Henriksen BS, Curtis ME, Fillmore N, Cardon BR, Thomson DM, Hancock CR. The effects of chronic AMPK activation on hepatic triglyceride accumulation and glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase activity with high fat feeding. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2013; 5:29. [PMID: 23725555 PMCID: PMC3679947 DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-5-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High fat feeding increases hepatic fat accumulation and is associated with hepatic insulin resistance. AMP Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) is thought to inhibit lipid synthesis by the acute inhibition of glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) activity and transcriptional regulation via sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c). METHODS The purpose of this study was to determine if chronic activation of AMPK prevented an increase in GPAT1 activity in rats fed a high fat diet. Rats were fed a control (C), or a high fat (HF) diet (60% fat) for 6 weeks and injected with saline or a daily aminoimidazole carboxamide ribnucleotide (AICAR) dose of 0.5 mg/g body weight. RESULTS Chronic AMPK activation by AICAR injections resulted in a significant reduction in hepatic triglyceride accumulation in both the C and HF fed animals (C, 5.5±0.7; C+AICAR, 2.7 ±0.3; HF, 21.8±3.3; and HF+AICAR, 8.0±1.8 mg/g liver). HF feeding caused an increase in total GPAT and GPAT1 activity, which was not affected by chronic AMPK activation (GPAT1 activity vs. C, C+AICAR, 92±19%; HF, 186±43%; HF+AICAR, 234±62%). Markers of oxidative capacity, including citrate synthase activity and cytochrome c abundance, were not affected by chronic AICAR treatment. Interestingly, HF feeding caused a significant increase in long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase or LCAD (up 66% from C), a marker of fatty acid oxidation capacity. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that chronic AMPK activation limits hepatic triglyceride accumulation independent of a reduction in total GPAT1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley S Henriksen
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Mary E Curtis
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Natasha Fillmore
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Brandon R Cardon
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - David M Thomson
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Chad R Hancock
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
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99
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Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: current and potential therapies. Life Sci 2012; 92:114-8. [PMID: 23159641 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver injury worldwide. It covers a wide spectrum of hepatic disorders ranging from simple steatosis, through steatohepatitis (steatosis with inflammation), to cirrhosis. The molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying hepatic injury in NAFLD are not clear. Several evidences suggest that multiple mechanisms including insulin resistance, oxidative stress, inflammation, and genetic factors interact to initiate the development of NAFLD. Despite that there is currently no approved drug therapy for NAFLD, many approaches appear to be beneficial. Insulin sensitizers, antioxidants and antiinflammatory agents showed promising effects. This review highlights the current as well as the potential therapies of NAFLD.
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100
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Yan J, Winter LB, Burns-Whitmore B, Vermeylen F, Caudill MA. Plasma choline metabolites associate with metabolic stress among young overweight men in a genotype-specific manner. Nutr Diabetes 2012; 2:e49. [PMID: 23169489 PMCID: PMC3488811 DOI: 10.1038/nutd.2012.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to test the hypotheses that (i) plasma choline metabolites differ between normal (body mass index (BMI)<25 kg m(-2)) and overweight (BMI 25 kg m(-2)) men, and (ii) an elevated BMI alters associations between plasma choline metabolites and indicators of metabolic stress. DESIGN This was a cross-sectional study. A one-time fasting blood sample was obtained for measurements of the choline metabolites and metabolic stress indicators (that is, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides and homocysteine), and for genotype determination. SUBJECTS The analysis was conducted with 237 Mexican American men with a median age of 22 years. RESULTS Compared with men with a normal BMI (n=98), those with an elevated BMI (n=139) had 6% lower (P=0.049) plasma betaine and an 11% lower (P=0.002) plasma betaine to choline ratio. Among men with an elevated BMI, plasma betaine and the plasma betaine to choline ratio positively associated (P0.044) with a favorable serum cholesterol profile, and inversely associated (P=0.001) with serum ALT, a marker of liver dysfunction. The phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) 5465GA (rs7946) genotype interacted (P0.007) with the plasma betaine to choline ratio to modulate indicators of metabolic stress with stronger inverse associations observed among overweight men with the PEMT 5465GG genotype. CONCLUSIONS Plasma choline metabolites predict metabolic stress among overweight men often in a genotype-specific manner. The diminished betaine among overweight men coupled with the inverse association between betaine and metabolic stress suggest that betaine supplementation may be effective in mitigating some of the metabolic insults arising from lipid overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yan
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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