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Liu Y, Nederkoorn C, Roefs A. Dynamics of attentional bias for food in Dutch and Chinese children and the role of executive control. Appetite 2019; 143:104421. [PMID: 31472201 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.104421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Chantal Nederkoorn
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Anne Roefs
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Benítez A, Lizarbe B, Guadilla I, López-Larrubia P, Lago-Fernández LF, Cerdán S, Sánchez-Montañés M. Cerebral hunger maps in rodents and humans by diffusion weighted MRI. Appetite 2019; 142:104333. [PMID: 31252030 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.104333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We design, implement and validate a novel image processing strategy to obtain in vivo maps of hunger stimulation in the brain of mice, rats and humans, combining Diffusion Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging (DWI) datasets from fed and fasted subjects. Hunger maps were obtained from axial/coronal (rodents/humans) brain sections containing the hypothalamus and coplanar cortico-limbic structures using Fisher's Discriminant Analysis of the combined voxel ensembles from both feeding situations. These maps were validated against those provided by the classical mono-exponential diffusion model as applied over the same subjects and conditions. Mono-exponential fittings revealed significant Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) decreases through the brain regions stimulated by hunger, but rigorous parameter estimations imposed the rejection of considerable number of pixels. The proposed approach avoided pixel rejections and provided a representation of the combined DWI dataset as a pixel map of the "Hunger Index" (HI), a parameter revealing the hunger score of every pixel. The new methodology proved to be robust both, by yielding consistent results with classical ADC maps and, by reproducing very similar HI maps when applied to newly acquired rodent datasets. ADC and HI maps demonstrated similar patterns of activation by hunger in hypothalamic and cortico-limbic structures of the brain of rodents and humans, albeit with different relative intensities, rodents showing more intense activations by hunger than humans, for similar fasting periods. The proposed methodology may be easily extended to other feeding paradigms or even to alternative imaging methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ania Benítez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC/UAM, c/Arturo Duperier, 4, Madrid, 28029, Spain; Departamento de Ingeniería Informática, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Blanca Lizarbe
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC/UAM, c/Arturo Duperier, 4, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Irene Guadilla
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC/UAM, c/Arturo Duperier, 4, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Pilar López-Larrubia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC/UAM, c/Arturo Duperier, 4, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Luis F Lago-Fernández
- Departamento de Ingeniería Informática, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Sebastián Cerdán
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC/UAM, c/Arturo Duperier, 4, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Manuel Sánchez-Montañés
- Departamento de Ingeniería Informática, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain.
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Hurley MM, Anderson EM, Chen C, Maunze B, Hess EM, Block ME, Patel N, Cooper Z, McCoy R, Dabra T, Conley W, Reilly MJ, Hearing M, Choi S. Acute Blockade of PACAP-Dependent Activity in the Ventromedial Nucleus of the Hypothalamus Disrupts Leptin-Induced Behavioral and Molecular Changes in Rats. Neuroendocrinology 2019; 110:271-281. [PMID: 31167202 PMCID: PMC6895395 DOI: 10.1159/000501337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Leptin signaling pathways, stemming primarily from the hypothalamus, are necessary for maintaining normal energy homeostasis and body weight. In both rodents and humans, dysregulation of leptin signaling leads to morbid obesity and diabetes. Since leptin resistance is considered a primary factor underlying obesity, understanding the regulation of leptin signaling could lead to therapeutic tools and provide insights into the causality of obesity. While leptin actions in some hypothalamic regions such as the arcuate nuclei have been characterized, less is known about leptin activity in the hypothalamic ventromedial nuclei (VMN). Recently, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) has been shown to reduce feeding behavior and alter metabolism when administered into the VMN in a pattern similar to that of leptin. In the current study, we examined whether leptin and PACAP actions in the VMN share overlapping pathways in the regulation of energy balance. Interestingly, PACAP administration into the VMN increased STAT3 phosphorylation and SOCS3 mRNA expression, both of which are hallmarks of leptin receptor activation. In addition, BDNF mRNA expression in the VMN was increased by both leptin and PACAP administration. Moreover, antagonizing PACAP receptors fully reversed the behavioral and cellular effects of leptin injections into the VMN. Electrophysiological studies further illustrated that leptin-induced effects on VMN neurons were blocked by antagonizing PACAP receptors. We conclude that leptin dependency on PACAP signaling in the VMN suggests a potential common signaling cascade, allowing a tonically and systemically secreted neuropeptide to be more precisely regulated by central neuropeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Hurley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Eden M Anderson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Christopher Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Brian Maunze
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Evan M Hess
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Megan E Block
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Neerali Patel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Zane Cooper
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Riley McCoy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Tanya Dabra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - William Conley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Michael J Reilly
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Matthew Hearing
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - SuJean Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA,
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Hardaway JA, Halladay LR, Mazzone CM, Pati D, Bloodgood DW, Kim M, Jensen J, DiBerto JF, Boyt KM, Shiddapur A, Erfani A, Hon OJ, Neira S, Stanhope CM, Sugam JA, Saddoris MP, Tipton G, McElligott Z, Jhou TC, Stuber GD, Bruchas MR, Bulik CM, Holmes A, Kash TL. Central Amygdala Prepronociceptin-Expressing Neurons Mediate Palatable Food Consumption and Reward. Neuron 2019; 102:1037-1052.e7. [PMID: 31029403 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Food palatability is one of many factors that drives food consumption, and the hedonic drive to feed is a key contributor to obesity and binge eating. In this study, we identified a population of prepronociceptin-expressing cells in the central amygdala (PnocCeA) that are activated by palatable food consumption. Ablation or chemogenetic inhibition of these cells reduces palatable food consumption. Additionally, ablation of PnocCeA cells reduces high-fat-diet-driven increases in bodyweight and adiposity. PnocCeA neurons project to the ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (vBNST), parabrachial nucleus (PBN), and nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), and activation of cell bodies in the central amygdala (CeA) or axons in the vBNST, PBN, and NTS produces reward behavior but did not promote feeding of palatable food. These data suggest that the PnocCeA network is necessary for promoting the reinforcing and rewarding properties of palatable food, but activation of this network itself is not sufficient to promote feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Andrew Hardaway
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Lindsay R Halladay
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Psychology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA 95053, USA
| | - Christopher M Mazzone
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Neurobiology Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Dipanwita Pati
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Daniel W Bloodgood
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Neurobiology Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Michelle Kim
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jennifer Jensen
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jeffrey F DiBerto
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kristen M Boyt
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ami Shiddapur
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ava Erfani
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Olivia J Hon
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Neurobiology Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sofia Neira
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Neurobiology Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Christina M Stanhope
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jonathan A Sugam
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Michael P Saddoris
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Greg Tipton
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Zoe McElligott
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Thomas C Jhou
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Garret D Stuber
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Michael R Bruchas
- Division of Basic Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center for Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Cynthia M Bulik
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrew Holmes
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas L Kash
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Baek SJ, Eling T. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15): A survival protein with therapeutic potential in metabolic diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 198:46-58. [PMID: 30790643 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15), also known as NSAID activated gene-1 (NAG-1), is associated with a large number of biological processes and diseases, including cancer and obesity. GDF15 is synthesized as pro-GDF15, is dimerized, and is cleaved and secreted into the circulation as a mature dimer GDF15. Both the intracellular GDF15 and the circulating mature GDF15 are implicated in biological processes, such as energy homeostasis and body weight regulation. Although there have been many studies on GDF15, GFRAL, a member of the glial-derived neurotropic factor receptor α family, has only been recently identified as a receptor for mature GDF15. In this review, we focused on cancer and energy homeostasis along with obesity and body weight, and the effect of the identification of the GDF15 receptor in these investigations. In addition, the therapeutic potential of GDF15 as a pharmacological agent in obesity and other metabolic diseases was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Joon Baek
- Bldg 81 Rm 413, Laboratory of Signal Transduction, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea..
| | - Thomas Eling
- Scientist Emeritus, NIEHS/NIH, 111 TW Alexander Dr. Bldg. 101 F-095, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States.
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56
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Lee JR, Tapia MA, Nelson JR, Moore JM, Gereau GB, Childs TE, Vieira-Potter VJ, Booth FW, Will MJ. Sex dependent effects of physical activity on diet preference in rats selectively bred for high or low levels of voluntary wheel running. Behav Brain Res 2019; 359:95-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Oustric P, Gibbons C, Beaulieu K, Blundell J, Finlayson G. Changes in food reward during weight management interventions - a systematic review. Obes Rev 2018; 19:1642-1658. [PMID: 30144275 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Does food reward increase or decrease during weight management attempts? Excessive food intake is the main behavioural determinant of obesity; therefore, a better understanding of food reward and its relationship with food intake and weight outcomes could contribute to more effective weight management solutions. METHODS This systematic review assessed the role of changes in food reward (directly or indirectly measured) during weight management interventions. Four databases were searched for articles published until April 2018 involving weight management interventions (all types and designs) in healthy adults with overweight or obesity. RESULTS Of 239 full-text articles assessed, 17 longitudinal studies were included. Twelve studies reported a significant change in food reward over time. When compared with control interventions, dietary, pharmacological, behavioural and cognitive interventions were effective in decreasing liking and/or wanting for high-energy food using a range of methodologies to assess food reward. Three studies reported that decreased food reward was associated with improved weight management outcomes. CONCLUSION Food reward appears to decrease rather than increase during weight management interventions. Future studies specifically targeting the hedonic aspects of food intake (liking/wanting) are needed to gain a better understanding of how to uncouple the obesogenic relationship between food reward and overeating.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Oustric
- Appetite Control Energy Balance Research Group, School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - C Gibbons
- Appetite Control Energy Balance Research Group, School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - K Beaulieu
- Appetite Control Energy Balance Research Group, School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - J Blundell
- Appetite Control Energy Balance Research Group, School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - G Finlayson
- Appetite Control Energy Balance Research Group, School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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58
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Zilberter T, Zilberter Y. Ketogenic Ratio Determines Metabolic Effects of Macronutrients and Prevents Interpretive Bias. Front Nutr 2018; 5:75. [PMID: 30214902 PMCID: PMC6125377 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2018.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Bigford G, Nash MS. Nutritional Health Considerations for Persons with Spinal Cord Injury. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 2018; 23:188-206. [PMID: 29339895 DOI: 10.1310/sci2303-188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) often results in morbidity and mortality due to all-cause cardiovascular disease (CVD) and comorbid endocrine disorders. Several component risk factors for CVD, described as the cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS), are prevalent in SCI, with the individual risks of obesity and insulin resistance known to advance the disease prognosis to a greater extent than other established risks. Notably, adiposity and insulin resistance are attributed in large part to a commonly observed maladaptive dietary/nutritional profile. Although there are no evidence-based nutritional guidelines to address the CMS risk in SCI, contemporary treatment strategies advocate more comprehensive lifestyle management that includes sustained nutritional guidance as a necessary component for overall health management. This monograph describes factors in SCI that contribute to CMS risks, the current nutritional profile and its contribution to CMS risks, and effective treatment strategies including the adaptability of the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) to SCI. Establishing appropriate nutritional guidelines and recommendations will play an important role in addressing the CMS risks in SCI and preserving optimal long-term health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Bigford
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Mark S Nash
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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Oterdoom DLM, van Dijk G, Verhagen MHP, Jiawan VCR, Drost G, Emous M, van Beek AP, van Dijk JMC. Therapeutic potential of deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens in morbid obesity. Neurosurg Focus 2018; 45:E10. [DOI: 10.3171/2018.4.focus18148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVEMorbid obesity is a growing problem worldwide. The current treatment options have limitations regarding effectiveness and complication rates. New treatment modalities are therefore warranted. One of the options is deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the nucleus accumbens (NAC). This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on NAC-DBS for the treatment of morbid obesity.METHODSStudies were obtained from multiple electronic bibliographic databases, supplemented with searches of reference lists. All animal and human studies reporting on the effects of NAC-DBS on body weight in morbidly obese patients were included. Articles found during the search were screened by 2 reviewers, and when deemed applicable, the relevant data were extracted.RESULTSFive relevant animal experimental papers were identified, pointing toward a beneficial effect of high-frequency stimulation of the lateral shell of the NAC. Three human case reports show a beneficial effect of NAC-DBS on body weight in morbidly obese patients.CONCLUSIONSThe available literature supports NAC-DBS to treat morbid obesity. The number of well-conducted animal studies, however, is very limited. Also, the optimal anatomical position of the DBS electrode within the NAC, as well as the optimal stimulation parameters, has not yet been established. These matters need to be addressed before this strategy can be considered for human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gertjan van Dijk
- 2Department of Behavioral Neurosciences, University of Groningen, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), Cluster Neurobiology, Groningen
| | - Martijn H. P. Verhagen
- Departments of 1Neurosurgery,
- 3Department of Neurosurgery, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar; and
| | | | | | - Marloes Emous
- 6Department of Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery, Medical Center Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - André P. van Beek
- 7Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen
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Piccinni A, Marazziti D, Cargioli C, Mauri M, Stallone T. Food addiction: is it a nosological category or a psychopathological dimension? Preliminary results of an Italian study. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2018; 36:hmbci-2018-0021. [PMID: 29953402 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2018-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Food addiction (FA) is a controversial concept, denoting the craving for certain foods. Given the little information available, the aim of this study was to evaluate the possible relationships between FA and full-blown and subthreshold psychopathology or eating behaviors in subjects consulting nutritional biologists.
Materials and methods
Three-hundred and fifty subjects completed the following self-questionnaires: Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS), Structured Clinical Interview for Mood Spectrum, Self-Report, Lifetime Version (MOOD-SR-LT), Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R), Structured Clinical Interview for Anorexic-Bulimic Spectrum, Self-Report, Lifetime Version (ABS-SR-LT).
Results
Most of the subjects were women (n = 278) and the remaining were 72 men. A large proportion of the subjects (77.1%) had a YFAS score <3 and 22.9% ≥3, with no difference between men and women. The YFAS scores ≥3 were significantly and positively related to the all ABS-SR-LT domains, as well as to three dimensions (Depression, Hypomania, Rhythmicity) of the MOOD-SR-LT, and some SCL-90-R domains (Sensitivity, Psychoticism, General Symptom Index and Positive Symptom).
Conclusion
Our data, while indicating that FA is related to different subthreshold psychopathological domains, in particular, with both depressive and manic symptoms, as well as with rhythmicity of mood spectrum, or with eating subthreshold symptoms, would suggest that it might be a dimension underlying different conditions or symptom clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Piccinni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , Section of Psychiatry , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Donatella Marazziti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , University of Pisa , Via Roma 67 , 56100 Pisa , Italy , Phone: +39 050 2219768, Fax: +39 050 2219787
| | - Claudio Cargioli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , Section of Psychiatry , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Mauro Mauri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , Section of Psychiatry , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Tiziana Stallone
- Ente Nazionale di Previdenza e Assistenza a favore dei Biologi” – ENPAB , Rome , Italy
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In the modern obesogenic environment, food cues play a crucial role in the development of obesity by disrupting hormone and energy balance mechanisms. Thus, it is critical to understand the neurobiology of feeding behaviors and obesity in the context of ubiquitous food cues. The current paper reviews the physiology of feeding, hormonal regulation of energy balance, and food cue responses and discusses their contributions to obesity. RECENT FINDINGS Food cues have strong impact on human physiology. Obese individuals have altered food cue-elicited responses in the brain and periphery, overpowering hormone and energy balance regulation. Disrupted homeostasis during food cue exposure leads to continued food intake, unsuccessful weight management, and poor treatment outcomes, which further contributes to obesity epidemic. Findings from the review emphasize the crucial role of food cues in obesity epidemic, which necessitates multidimensional approaches to the prevention and treatment of obesity, including psychosocial interventions to reduce food cue reactivity, along with conventional treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Belfort-DeAguiar
- Department of Internal Medicine Section of Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, TAC S135, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | - Dongju Seo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 2 Church Street S. Suite 209, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA.
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Leigh SJ, Lee F, Morris MJ. Hyperpalatability and the Generation of Obesity: Roles of Environment, Stress Exposure and Individual Difference. Curr Obes Rep 2018; 7:6-18. [PMID: 29435959 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-018-0292-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review investigates how exposure to palatable food and its associated cues alters appetite regulation and feeding behaviour to drive overeating and weight gain. RECENT FINDINGS Both supraphysiological and physiological feeding systems are affected by exposure to palatable foods and its associated cues. Preclinical research, largely using rodents, has demonstrated that palatable food modulates feeding-related neural systems and food-seeking behaviour by recruiting the mesolimbic reward pathway. This is supported by studies in adolescents which have shown that mesolimbic activity in response to palatable food cues and consumption predicts future weight gain. Additionally, stress exposure, environmental factors and individual susceptibility have been shown to modulate the effects of highly palatable foods on behaviour. Further preclinical research using free-choice diets modelling the modern obesogenic environment is needed to identify how palatable foods drive overeating. Moreover, future clinical research would benefit from more appropriate quantification of palatability, making use of rating systems and surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah-Jane Leigh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Frances Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Margaret J Morris
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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Schroeder M, Drori Y, Ben-Efraim YJ, Chen A. Hypothalamic miR-219 regulates individual metabolic differences in response to diet-induced weight cycling. Mol Metab 2018; 9:176-186. [PMID: 29398616 PMCID: PMC5870106 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of a low calorie diet is the most common approach to lose weight. While generally effective at first, it is frequently followed by a relapse where the pre-diet weight is regained, and often exceeded. This pattern of repeated weight loss/regain is referred to as weight cycling and the resulting metabolic response varies greatly between individuals. Objective We attempted to address the issue of individual differences in the response to weight cycling in male mice. Methods We first exposed adult wild type mice to repeated cycles of high/low fat food. Next, using a lentiviral approach, we knocked-down or over-expressed miR-219 in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) of an additional mouse cohort and performed a full metabolic assessment. Results Exposure of wild type males to weight cycling resulted in the division of the cohort into subsets of resistant versus metabolic-syndrome-prone (MS) animals, which differed in their metabolic profile and hypothalamic miR-219 levels. Lentiviral knock-down of miR-219 in the VMH led to exacerbation of metabolic syndrome. In contrast, over-expression of miR-219 resulted in moderation of the metabolic syndrome phenotype. Conclusions Our results suggest a role for miR-219 in the mediation of the metabolic phenotype resulting from repeated weight cycling. Repeated cycles of high fat diet induce different responses in adult males. Low miR-219 in ventromedial hypothalamus are linked to metabolic-syndrome proneness. Lentiviral knockdown of miR-219 induces metabolic-syndrome-prone phenotype. Lentiviral overexpression of miR-219 provides moderate protection from metabolic-syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Schroeder
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel; Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max-Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, 80804, Germany.
| | - Yonat Drori
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel; Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max-Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, 80804, Germany
| | - Yair J Ben-Efraim
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel; Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max-Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, 80804, Germany
| | - Alon Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel; Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max-Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, 80804, Germany.
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Abstract
The obesity epidemic continues to escalate each year in the United States more than anywhere else in the world. The existing pharmaceutical and other nonsurgical treatments for morbid obesity produce suboptimal physiologic outcomes compared with those of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery. RYGB has been the gold standard of bariatric surgery because the beneficial long-term outcomes, which include sustainable weight loss and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) resolution, are far superior to those obtained with other bariatric surgeries. However, the current understanding of RYGB's mechanisms of actions remains limited and incomplete. There is an urgent need to understand these mechanisms as gaining this knowledge may lead to the development of innovative and less invasive procedures and/or medical devices, which can mirror the favorable outcomes of RYGB surgery. In this review, we highlight current observations of the metabolic and physiologic events following RYGB, with a particular focus on the role of the anatomical reconfiguration of the gastrointestinal tract after RYGB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Yarmush
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Shriners Burn Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts 02114;
| | - Matthew D'Alessandro
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Shriners Burn Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts 02114;
| | - Nima Saeidi
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Shriners Burn Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts 02114;
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Abstract
The prevalence of obesity and overweight has plateaued in developed countries, although at high levels, but in most parts of the world, it continues to increase. Current recommendations for preventing and treating obesity are based mainly on the notion that overeating results from hedonic eating as a result of unlimited access to palatable foods, particularly those high in sugar and fat, and that hedonic centers are able to "override" the body's homeostatic mechanisms. This article proposes that the homeostatic mechanisms affecting appetite and satiety are more important in chronic overeating, and that sufficient evidence exists for adopting a new paradigm for controlling individual and global obesity based on controlling energy homeostasis via the enteroendocrine and gut microbiota systems. Many obese children and adolescents have chronic hunger, supporting the notion that they have a homeostatic rather than hedonic abnormality. The effectiveness of weight loss drugs and bariatric surgery suggests that the brain centers controlling energy homeostasis are able to override centers controlling hedonic drives. Energy homeostasis can also be influenced by nutrition, in particular, by avoiding sweetened drinks and consuming whole grains, vegetables, fruits and other foods that are high in dietary fiber, and thereby influence appetite and satiety. New recommendations are outlined for preventing and treating individual and global obesity based on a paradigm that targets appetite and satiety.
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67
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Abstract
A multi-dimensional strategy to tackle the global obesity epidemic requires an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms that underlie this complex condition. Much of the current mechanistic knowledge has arisen from preclinical research performed mostly, but not exclusively, in laboratory mouse and rat strains. These experimental models mimic certain aspects of the human condition and its root causes, particularly the over-consumption of calories and unbalanced diets. As with human obesity, obesity in rodents is the result of complex gene–environment interactions. Here, we review the traditional monogenic models of obesity, their contemporary optogenetic and chemogenetic successors, and the use of dietary manipulations and meal-feeding regimes to recapitulate the complexity of human obesity. We critically appraise the strengths and weaknesses of these different models to explore the underlying mechanisms, including the neural circuits that drive behaviours such as appetite control. We also discuss the use of these models for testing and screening anti-obesity drugs, beneficial bio-actives, and nutritional strategies, with the goal of ultimately translating these findings for the treatment of human obesity. Summary: We review genetic models of obesity, their optogenetic and chemogenetic successors, and the use of dietary manipulations and meal-feeding regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perry Barrett
- The Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Julian G Mercer
- The Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Peter J Morgan
- The Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this review is to describe and discuss weight loss-induced variations in appetite in women and factors responsible for these changes. RECENT FINDINGS Studies have shown postweight loss increases in fasting and postprandial appetite in individuals engaged in weight loss trials, especially in women. Similarly, appetite-related peptides associated to the homeostatic control of feeding, such as leptin, ghrelin and peptide YY, were also found to be altered in way that promotes increased appetite after weight loss interventions. Sustained caloric deficits also drive increases in the frequency and strength of food cravings, food reward and seem to enhance oro-sensory sensations in women who lost weight. The menstrual cycle has also been to shown to influence caloric intake in women, more specifically food cravings. On the other hand, caloric restriction seems to increase cognitive restraint, decrease habitual disinhibition and susceptibility to hunger among women engaged in weight loss trials. Neural analysis corroborates these results, showing increased activation in brain areas involved in food reward and self-control processing. In conclusion, evidence supports that weight loss increases appetite sensations, and promotes changes in homeostatic and non-homeostatic control of feeding, which collectively seem to upregulate appetite in women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Éric Doucet
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
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Pharmacologically Counteracting a Phenotypic Difference in Cerebellar GABAA Receptor Response to Alcohol Prevents Excessive Alcohol Consumption in a High Alcohol-Consuming Rodent Genotype. J Neurosci 2017; 36:9019-25. [PMID: 27581446 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0042-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cerebellar granule cell GABAA receptor responses to alcohol vary as a function of alcohol consumption phenotype, representing a potential neural mechanism for genetic predilection for alcohol abuse (Kaplan et al., 2013; Mohr et al., 2013). However, there are numerous molecular targets of alcohol in the cerebellum, and it is not known how they interact to affect cerebellar processing during consumption of socially relevant amounts of alcohol. Importantly, direct evidence for a causative role of the cerebellum in alcohol consumption phenotype is lacking. Here we determined that concentrations of alcohol that would be achieved in the blood after consumption of 1-2 standard units (9 mm) suppresses transmission through the cerebellar cortex in low, but not high, alcohol consuming rodent genotypes (DBA/2J and C57BL/6J mice, respectively). This genotype-selective suppression is mediated exclusively by enhancement of granule cell GABAA receptor currents, which only occurs in DBA/2J mice. Simulating the DBA/2J cellular phenotype in C57BL/6J mice by infusing the GABAA receptor agonist, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo-[5,4-c]pyridine-3-ol hydrochloride, into cerebellar lobules IV-VI, in vivo, significantly reduced their alcohol consumption and blood alcohol concentrations achieved. 4,5,6,7-Tetrahydroisoxazolo-[5,4-c]pyridine-3-ol hydrochloride infusions also significantly decreased sucrose consumption, but they did not affect consumption of water or general locomotion. Thus, genetic differences in cerebellar response to alcohol contributes to alcohol consumption phenotype, and targeting the cerebellar GABAA receptor system may be a clinically viable therapeutic strategy for reducing excessive alcohol consumption. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Alcohol abuse is a leading cause of preventable death and illness; and although alcohol use disorders are 50%-60% genetically determined, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of such genetic influences are largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that genetic differences in cerebellar granule cell GABAA receptor responses to recreational concentrations of alcohol are the primary determinant of alcohol's impact on cerebellar processing and that pharmacologically modifying such responses alters alcohol consumption. These data highlight the cerebellum as an important neuroanatomical region in alcohol consumption phenotype and as a target for pharmacological treatment of alcohol use disorders. The results also add to the growing list of cognitive/emotional roles of the cerebellum in psychiatric disease and drug abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichiro Abe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine
| | - Setsu Nishino
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine
| | - Tomoaki Kanaya
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine
| | - Teruo Inoue
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine
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Polimanti R, Zhang H, Smith AH, Zhao H, Farrer LA, Kranzler HR, Gelernter J. Genome-wide association study of body mass index in subjects with alcohol dependence. Addict Biol 2017; 22:535-549. [PMID: 26458734 PMCID: PMC5102811 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Outcomes related to disordered metabolism are common in alcohol dependence (AD). To investigate alterations in the regulation of body mass that occur in the context of AD, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of body mass index (BMI) in African Americans (AAs) and European Americans (EAs) with AD. Subjects were recruited for genetic studies of AD or drug dependence and evaluated using the Semi-structured Assessment for Drug Dependence and Alcoholism. We investigated a total of 2587 AAs and 2959 EAs with DSM-IV AD diagnosis. In the stage 1 sample (N = 4137), we observed three genome-wide significant (GWS) single-nucleotide polymorphism associations, rs200889048 (P = 8.98 * 10-12 ) and rs12490016 (P = 1.44 * 10-8 ) in EAs and rs1630623 (P = 5.14 * 10-9 ) in AAs and EAs meta-analyzed. In the stage 2 sample (N = 1409), we replicated 278, 253 and 168 of the stage 1 suggestive loci (P < 5*10-4 ) in AAs, EAs, and AAs and EAs meta-analyzed, respectively. A meta-analysis of stage 1 and stage 2 samples (N = 5546) identified two additional GWS signals: rs28562191 in EAs (P = 4.46 * 10-8 ) and rs56950471 in AAs (P = 1.57 * 10-9 ). Three of the GWS loci identified (rs200889048, rs12490016 and rs1630623) were not previously reported by GWAS of BMI in the general population, and two of them raise interesting hypotheses: rs12490016-a regulatory variant located within LINC00880, where there are other GWAS-identified variants associated with birth size, adiposity in newborns and bulimia symptoms, which also interact with social stress in relation to birth size; rs1630623-a regulatory variant related to ALDH1A1, a gene involved in alcohol metabolism and adipocyte plasticity. These loci offer molecular insights regarding the regulatory mechanisms of body mass in the context of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Polimanti
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine and VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Huiping Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine and VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andrew H. Smith
- Medical Scientist Training Program and Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lindsay A. Farrer
- Departments of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Neurology, Ophthalmology, Genetics & Genomics, Biostatistics, and Epidemiology, Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Henry R. Kranzler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and VISN 4 MIRECC, Philadelphia VAMC, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine and VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Ishimaru Y, Kozuka C, Nakajima K, Sasaki T. Expanding frontiers in weight-control research explored by young investigators. J Physiol Sci 2017; 67:83-95. [PMID: 27730500 PMCID: PMC5138253 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-016-0495-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
At the 93rd annual meeting of the Physiological Society of Japan, a symposium entitled "Expanding frontiers in weight-control research explored by young investigators" was organized. The latest research on weight control was presented by young up-and-coming investigators. The symposium consisted of the following presentations: Gastrointestinal brush cells, immunity, and energy homeostasis; Impact of a brown rice-derived bioactive product on feeding regulation and fuel metabolism; A novel G protein-coupled receptor-regulated neuronal signaling pathway triggers sustained orexigenic effects; and NMDA receptor co-agonist D-serine regulates food preference. These four talks presented at the symposium were summarized as a series of short reviews in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiro Ishimaru
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Chisayo Kozuka
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Hematology, Rheumatology (Second Department of Internal Medicine), Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan.
| | - Kenichiro Nakajima
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Tsutomu Sasaki
- Laboratory for Metabolic Signaling. Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan.
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Setsu R, Hirano Y, Tokunaga M, Takahashi T, Numata N, Matsumoto K, Masuda Y, Matsuzawa D, Iyo M, Shimizu E, Nakazato M. Increased Subjective Distaste and Altered Insula Activity to Umami Tastant in Patients with Bulimia Nervosa. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:172. [PMID: 28993739 PMCID: PMC5622337 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine differences in brain neural activation in response to monosodium glutamate (MSG), the representative component of umami, between patients with bulimia nervosa (BN) and healthy women (HW) controls. We analyzed brain activity after ingestion of an MSG solution using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in a group of women with BN (n = 18) and a group of HW participants (n = 18). Both groups also provided a subjective assessment of the MSG solution via a numerical rating scale. The BN group subjectively rated the MSG solution lower in pleasantness and liking than the control group, although no difference in subjective intensity was noted. The fMRI results demonstrated greater activation of the right insula in the BN group versus the control group. Compared with the HW controls, the BN patients demonstrated both altered taste perception-related brain activity and more negative hedonic scores in response to MSG stimuli. Different hedonic evaluation, expressed as the relative low pleasing taste of umami tastant and associated with altered insula function, may explain disturbed eating behaviors, including the imbalance in food choices, in BN patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikukage Setsu
- Department of Cognitive Behavioral Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Hirano
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Miki Tokunaga
- School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Kanagawa University of Human Services, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Toru Takahashi
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Fukuoka Women's University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Noriko Numata
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Koji Matsumoto
- Department of Radiology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshitada Masuda
- Department of Radiology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Daisuke Matsuzawa
- Department of Cognitive Behavioral Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaomi Iyo
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Eiji Shimizu
- Department of Cognitive Behavioral Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Michiko Nakazato
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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74
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A Computational Cognitive Model of Self-monitoring and Decision Making for Desire Regulation. Brain Inform 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-70772-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Bodnaruc AM, Prud’homme D, Blanchet R, Giroux I. Nutritional modulation of endogenous glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion: a review. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2016; 13:92. [PMID: 27990172 PMCID: PMC5148911 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-016-0153-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The positive influences of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) on blood glucose homeostasis, appetite sensations, and food intake provide a strong rationale for its therapeutic potential in the nutritional management of obesity and type 2 diabetes. AIM To summarize GLP-1 physiology and the nutritional modulation of its secretion in the context of obesity and type 2 diabetes management. FINDINGS GLP-1 is mainly synthesized and secreted by enteroendocrine L-cells of the gastrointestinal tract. Its secretion is partly mediated by the direct nutrient sensing by G-protein coupled receptors which specifically bind to monosaccharides, peptides and amino-acids, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids as well as to short chain fatty acids. Foods rich in these nutrients, such as high-fiber grain products, nuts, avocados and eggs also seem to influence GLP-1 secretion and may thus promote associated beneficial outcomes in healthy individuals as well as individuals with type 2 diabetes or with other metabolic disturbances. CONCLUSION The stimulation of endogenous GLP-1 secretion by manipulating the composition of the diet may be a relevant strategy for obesity and type 2 diabetes management. A better understanding of the dose-dependent effects as well as the synergistic effects of nutrients and whole foods is needed in order to develop recommendations to appropriately modify the diet to enhance GLP-1 beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M. Bodnaruc
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, 35, University Private, Room 050F, K1N 6N5 Ottawa, ON Canada
- Institut de Recherche de l’Hôpital Montfort, Institut du savoir, 745 Montreal Road, Room 202, K1K 0T2 Ottawa, ON Canada
- School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, 35 University Private, Room 050F, K1N 6N5 Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Denis Prud’homme
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, 35, University Private, Room 050F, K1N 6N5 Ottawa, ON Canada
- Institut de Recherche de l’Hôpital Montfort, Institut du savoir, 745 Montreal Road, Room 202, K1K 0T2 Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Rosanne Blanchet
- School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, 35 University Private, Room 050F, K1N 6N5 Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Isabelle Giroux
- Institut de Recherche de l’Hôpital Montfort, Institut du savoir, 745 Montreal Road, Room 202, K1K 0T2 Ottawa, ON Canada
- School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, 25 University Private, Room 116, K1N 6N5 Ottawa, ON Canada
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Pratt WE, Clissold KA, Lin P, Cain AE, Ciesinski AF, Hopkins TR, Ilesanmi AO, Kelly EA, Pierce-Messick Z, Powell DS, Rosner IA. A systematic investigation of the differential roles for ventral tegmentum serotonin 1- and 2-type receptors on food intake in the rat. Brain Res 2016; 1648:54-68. [PMID: 27431937 PMCID: PMC5018453 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Central serotonin (5-HT) pathways are known to influence feeding and other ingestive behaviors. Although the ventral tegmentum is important for promoting the seeking and consumption of food and drugs of abuse, the roles of 5-HT receptor subtypes in this region on food intake have yet to be comprehensively examined. In these experiments, food restricted rats were given 2-h access to rat chow; separate groups of non-restricted animals had similar access to a sweetened fat diet. Feeding and locomotor activity were monitored following ventral tegmentum stimulation or blockade of 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, or 5-HT2C receptors. 5-HT1A receptor stimulation transiently inhibited rearing behavior and chow intake in food-restricted rats, and had a biphasic effect on non-restricted rats offered the palatable diet. 5-HT1B receptor agonism transiently inhibited feeding in restricted animals, but did not affect intake of non-restricted rats. In contrast, 5-HT1B receptor antagonism decreased palatable feeding. Although stimulation of ventral tegmental 5-HT2B receptors with BW723C86 did not affect hunger-driven food intake, it significantly affected palatable feeding, with a trend for an increasing intake at 2.0µg/side but not at 5.0µg/side. Antagonism of the same receptor modestly but significantly inhibited feeding of the palatable diet at 5.0µg/side ketanserin. Neither stimulation nor blockade of 5-HT2A or 5-HT2C receptors caused prolonged effects on intake or locomotion. These data suggest that serotonin's effects on feeding within the ventral tegmentum depend upon the specific receptor targeted, as well as whether intake is motivated by food restriction or the palatable nature of the offered diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne E Pratt
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States.
| | - Kara A Clissold
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Peagan Lin
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Amanda E Cain
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Alexa F Ciesinski
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Thomas R Hopkins
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Adeolu O Ilesanmi
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Erin A Kelly
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | | | - Daniel S Powell
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Ian A Rosner
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
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77
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Drew Sayer R, Tamer GG, Chen N, Tregellas JR, Cornier MA, Kareken DA, Talavage TM, McCrory MA, Campbell WW. Reproducibility assessment of brain responses to visual food stimuli in adults with overweight and obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:2057-63. [PMID: 27542906 PMCID: PMC5039059 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The brain's reward system influences ingestive behavior and subsequently obesity risk. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a common method for investigating brain reward function. This study sought to assess the reproducibility of fasting-state brain responses to visual food stimuli using BOLD fMRI. METHODS A priori brain regions of interest included bilateral insula, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, caudate, and putamen. Fasting-state fMRI and appetite assessments were completed by 28 women (n = 16) and men (n = 12) with overweight or obesity on 2 days. Reproducibility was assessed by comparing mean fasting-state brain responses and measuring test-retest reliability of these responses on the two testing days. RESULTS Mean fasting-state brain responses on day 2 were reduced compared with day 1 in the left insula and right amygdala, but mean day 1 and day 2 responses were not different in the other regions of interest. With the exception of the left orbitofrontal cortex response (fair reliability), test-retest reliabilities of brain responses were poor or unreliable. CONCLUSIONS fMRI-measured responses to visual food cues in adults with overweight or obesity show relatively good mean-level reproducibility but considerable within-subject variability. Poor test-retest reliability reduces the likelihood of observing true correlations and increases the necessary sample sizes for studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Drew Sayer
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Gregory G Tamer
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Ningning Chen
- Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Jason R Tregellas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Marc-Andre Cornier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - David A Kareken
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Thomas M Talavage
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Megan A McCrory
- Department of Nutrition, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Wayne W Campbell
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
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78
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Thienel M, Fritsche A, Heinrichs M, Peter A, Ewers M, Lehnert H, Born J, Hallschmid M. Oxytocin's inhibitory effect on food intake is stronger in obese than normal-weight men. Int J Obes (Lond) 2016; 40:1707-1714. [PMID: 27553712 PMCID: PMC5116063 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2016.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Animal studies and pilot experiments in men indicate that the hypothalamic neuropeptide oxytocin limits food intake, and raise the question of its potential to improve metabolic control in obesity. Subjects/Methods: We compared the effect of central nervous oxytocin administration (24 IU) via the intranasal route on ingestive behaviour and metabolic function in 18 young obese men with the results in a group of 20 normal-weight men. In double-blind, placebo-controlled experiments, ad libitum food intake from a test buffet was examined in fasted subjects 45 min after oxytocin administration, followed by the assessment of postprandial, reward-driven snack intake. Energy expenditure was repeatedly assessed by indirect calorimetry and blood was sampled to determine concentrations of blood glucose and hormones. Results: Oxytocin markedly reduced hunger-driven food intake in the fasted state in obese but not in normal-weight men, and led to a reduction in snack consumption in both groups, whereas energy expenditure remained generally unaffected. Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis secretion and the postprandial rise in plasma glucose were blunted by oxytocin in both groups. Conclusions: Oxytocin exerts an acutely inhibitory impact on food intake that is enhanced rather than decreased in obese compared with normal-weight men. This pattern puts it in contrast to other metabolically active neuropeptides and bodes well for clinical applications of oxytocin in the treatment of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Thienel
- Department of Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - A Fritsche
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - M Heinrichs
- Department of Psychology, Laboratory for Biological and Personality Psychology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Freiburg Brain Imaging Center, University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - A Peter
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - M Ewers
- Department of Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - H Lehnert
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - J Born
- Department of Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - M Hallschmid
- Department of Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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79
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Uddin GM, Youngson NA, Sinclair DA, Morris MJ. Head to Head Comparison of Short-Term Treatment with the NAD(+) Precursor Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN) and 6 Weeks of Exercise in Obese Female Mice. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:258. [PMID: 27594836 PMCID: PMC4990541 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is well known to be a major cause of several chronic metabolic diseases, which can be partially counteracted by exercise. This is due, in part, to an upregulation of mitochondrial activity through increased nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Recent studies have shown that NAD+ levels can be increased by using the NAD+ precursor, nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) leading to the suggestion that NMN could be a useful intervention in diet related metabolic disorders. In this study we compared the metabolic, and especially mitochondrial-associated, effects of exercise and NMN in ameliorating the consequences of high-fat diet (HFD) induced obesity in mice. Sixty female 5 week old C57BL6/J mice were allocated across five groups: Chow sedentary: CS; Chow exercise: CEX; HFD sedentary: HS; HFD NMN: HNMN; HFD exercise: HEX (12/group). After 6 weeks of diet, exercise groups underwent treadmill exercise (15 m/min for 45 min), 6 days per week for 6 weeks. NMN or vehicle (500 mg/kg body weight) was injected (i.p.) daily for the last 17 days. No significant alteration in body weight was observed in response to exercise or NMN. The HFD significantly altered adiposity, glucose tolerance, plasma insulin, NADH levels and citrate synthase activity in muscle and liver. HEX and HNMN groups both showed significantly improved glucose tolerance compared to the HS group. NAD+ levels were increased significantly both in muscle and liver by NMN whereas exercise increased NAD+ only in muscle. Both NMN and exercise ameliorated the HFD-induced reduction in liver citrate synthase activity. However, exercise, but not NMN, ameliorated citrate synthase activity in muscle. Overall these data suggest that while exercise and NMN-supplementation can induce similar reversal of the glucose intolerance induced by obesity, they are associated with tissue-specific effects and differential alterations to mitochondrial function in muscle and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golam M Uddin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Neil A Youngson
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - David A Sinclair
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSWAustralia; Department of Genetics, Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MAUSA
| | - Margaret J Morris
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW Australia
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80
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Hardaway JA, Jensen J, Kim M, Mazzone CM, Sugam JA, Diberto JF, Lowery-Gionta EG, Hwa LS, Pleil KE, Bulik CM, Kash TL. Nociceptin receptor antagonist SB 612111 decreases high fat diet binge eating. Behav Brain Res 2016; 307:25-34. [PMID: 27036650 PMCID: PMC4896639 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Binge eating is a dysregulated form of feeding behavior that occurs in multiple eating disorders including binge-eating disorder, the most common eating disorder. Feeding is a complex behavioral program supported through the function of multiple brain regions and influenced by a diverse array of receptor signaling pathways. Previous studies have shown the overexpression of the opioid neuropeptide nociceptin (orphanin FQ, N/OFQ) can induce hyperphagia, but the role of endogenous nociceptin receptor (NOP) in naturally occurring palatability-induced hyperphagia is unknown. In this study we adapted a simple, replicable form of binge eating of high fat food (HFD). We found that male and female C57BL/6J mice provided with daily one-hour access sessions to HFD eat significantly more during this period than those provided with continuous 24h access. This form of feeding is rapid and entrained. Chronic intermittent HFD binge eating produced hyperactivity and increased light zone exploration in the open field and light-dark assays respectively. Treatment with the potent and selective NOP antagonist SB 612111 resulted in a significant dose-dependent reduction in binge intake in both male and female mice, and, unlike treatment with the serotonin selective reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine, produced no change in total 24-h food intake. SB 612111 treatment also significantly decreased non-binge-like acute HFD consumption in male mice. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that high fat binge eating is modulated by NOP signaling and that the NOP system may represent a promising novel receptor to explore for the treatment of binge eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Andrew Hardaway
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA; UNC Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer Jensen
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA; UNC Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michelle Kim
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA; UNC Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Christopher M Mazzone
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA; UNC Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jonathan A Sugam
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA; UNC Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey F Diberto
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA; UNC Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Emily G Lowery-Gionta
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA; UNC Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lara S Hwa
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA; UNC Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kristen E Pleil
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA; UNC Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Cynthia M Bulik
- UNC Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA; UNC Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas L Kash
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA; UNC Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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81
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Kaakoush NO, Martire SI, Raipuria M, Mitchell HM, Nielsen S, Westbrook RF, Morris MJ. Alternating or continuous exposure to cafeteria diet leads to similar shifts in gut microbiota compared to chow diet. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 61. [PMID: 26767716 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Overconsumption of energy-rich food is a major contributor to the obesity epidemic. The eating habits of many people are characterized by the cycling between overconsumption of energy-rich foods and dieting, the effects of which on the microbiota are currently unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS We compared the fecal microbiota of rats either continuously fed chow or palatable cafeteria diet to a "cycled" group switched between the two diets (chow for 4, cafeteria for 3 days/wk, n = 12/group) over 16 wk. Enriched bacterial metabolic pathways were predicted, and a range of metabolic parameters was correlated to microbial taxa and pathways. Cycled rats showed large excursions in food intake on each diet switch. When switched from chow to cafeteria, they overconsumed, and when switched back to chow they underconsumed relative to those maintained on the two diets. Metabolic parameters of cycled rats were intermediate between those of the other diet groups (p < 0.05). The microbiota of cycled rats was nearly indistinguishable from rats under constant cafeteria diet, and both groups were significantly different to the chow group. Correlation analyses identified microbial metabolic pathways associated with an obese phenotype. CONCLUSION These data suggest that continuous or intermittent exposure to palatable foods have similar effects on the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem O Kaakoush
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Australia, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Mukesh Raipuria
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, NSW, Australia
| | - Hazel M Mitchell
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Australia, NSW, Australia
| | - Shaun Nielsen
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Australia, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Margaret J Morris
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, NSW, Australia
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82
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Vollbrecht PJ, Mabrouk OS, Nelson AD, Kennedy RT, Ferrario CR. Pre-existing differences and diet-induced alterations in striatal dopamine systems of obesity-prone rats. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:670-7. [PMID: 26847484 PMCID: PMC4855850 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interactions between pre-existing differences in mesolimbic function and neuroadaptations induced by consumption of fatty, sugary foods are thought to contribute to human obesity. This study examined basal and cocaine-induced changes in striatal neurotransmitter levels without diet manipulation and D2 /D3 dopamine receptor-mediated transmission prior to and after consumption of "junk-foods" in obesity-prone and obesity-resistant rats. METHODS Microdialysis and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry were used to determine basal and cocaine-induced changes in neurotransmitter levels in real time with cocaine-induced locomotor activity. Sensitivity to the D2 /D3 dopamine receptor agonist quinpirole was examined before and after restricted junk-food exposure. Selectively bred obesity-prone and obesity-resistant rats were used. RESULTS Cocaine-induced locomotion was greater in obesity-prone rats versus obesity-resistant rats prior to diet manipulation. Basal and cocaine-induced increases in dopamine and serotonin levels did not differ. Obesity-prone rats were more sensitive to the D2 receptor-mediated effects of quinpirole, and junk-food produced modest alterations in quinpirole sensitivity in obesity-resistant rats. CONCLUSIONS These data show that mesolimbic systems differ prior to diet manipulation in susceptible versus resistant rats, and that consumption of fatty, sugary foods produce different neuroadaptations in these populations. These differences may contribute to enhanced food craving and an inability to limit food intake in susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Vollbrecht
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Omar S. Mabrouk
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Andrew D. Nelson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Robert T. Kennedy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Carrie R. Ferrario
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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83
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Urban LE, Weber JL, Heyman MB, Schichtl RL, Verstraete S, Lowery NS, Das SK, Schleicher MM, Rogers G, Economos C, Masters WA, Roberts SB. Energy Contents of Frequently Ordered Restaurant Meals and Comparison with Human Energy Requirements and U.S. Department of Agriculture Database Information: A Multisite Randomized Study. J Acad Nutr Diet 2016; 116:590-8.e6. [PMID: 26803805 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excess energy intake from meals consumed away from home is implicated as a major contributor to obesity, and ∼50% of US restaurants are individual or small-chain (non-chain) establishments that do not provide nutrition information. OBJECTIVE To measure the energy content of frequently ordered meals in non-chain restaurants in three US locations, and compare with the energy content of meals from large-chain restaurants, energy requirements, and food database information. DESIGN A multisite random-sampling protocol was used to measure the energy contents of the most frequently ordered meals from the most popular cuisines in non-chain restaurants, together with equivalent meals from large-chain restaurants. SETTING Meals were obtained from restaurants in San Francisco, CA; Boston, MA; and Little Rock, AR, between 2011 and 2014. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Meal energy content determined by bomb calorimetry. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS PERFORMED Regional and cuisine differences were assessed using a mixed model with restaurant nested within region×cuisine as the random factor. Paired t tests were used to evaluate differences between non-chain and chain meals, human energy requirements, and food database values. RESULTS Meals from non-chain restaurants contained 1,205±465 kcal/meal, amounts that were not significantly different from equivalent meals from large-chain restaurants (+5.1%; P=0.41). There was a significant effect of cuisine on non-chain meal energy, and three of the four most popular cuisines (American, Italian, and Chinese) had the highest mean energy (1,495 kcal/meal). Ninety-two percent of meals exceeded typical energy requirements for a single eating occasion. CONCLUSIONS Non-chain restaurants lacking nutrition information serve amounts of energy that are typically far in excess of human energy requirements for single eating occasions, and are equivalent to amounts served by the large-chain restaurants that have previously been criticized for providing excess energy. Restaurants in general, rather than specific categories of restaurant, expose patrons to excessive portions that induce overeating through established biological mechanisms.
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84
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Melasch J, Rullmann M, Hilbert A, Luthardt J, Becker GA, Patt M, Villringer A, Arelin K, Meyer PM, Lobsien D, Ding YS, Müller K, Sabri O, Hesse S, Pleger B. The central nervous norepinephrine network links a diminished sense of emotional well-being to an increased body weight. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015; 40:779-87. [PMID: 26620766 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The neurobiological mechanisms linking obesity to emotional distress remain largely undiscovered. METHODS In this pilot study, we combined positron emission tomography, using the norepinephrine transporter (NET) tracer [(11)C]-O-methylreboxetine, with functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging, the Beck depression inventory (BDI), and the impact of weight on quality of life-Lite questionnaire (IWQOL-Lite), to investigate the role of norepinephrine in the severity of depression (BDI), as well as in the loss of emotional well-being with body weight (IWQOL-Lite). RESULTS In a small group of lean-to-morbidly obese individuals (n=20), we show that an increased body mass index (BMI) is related to a lowered NET availability within the hypothalamus, known as the brain's homeostatic control site. The hypothalamus displayed a strengthened connectivity in relation to the individual hypothalamic NET availability to the anterior insula/frontal operculum, as well as the medial orbitofrontal cortex, assumed to host the primary and secondary gustatory cortex, respectively (n=19). The resting-state activity in these two regions was correlated positively to the BMI and IWQOL-Lite scores, but not to the BDI, suggesting that the higher the resting-state activity in these regions, and hence the higher the BMI, the stronger the negative impact of the body weight on the individual's emotional well-being was. CONCLUSIONS This pilot study suggests that the loss in emotional well-being with weight is embedded within the central norepinephrine network.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Melasch
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, University Medical Centre, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - M Rullmann
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, University Medical Centre, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - A Hilbert
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, University Medical Centre, Leipzig, Germany
| | - J Luthardt
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - G A Becker
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - M Patt
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - A Villringer
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, University Medical Centre, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - K Arelin
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - P M Meyer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - D Lobsien
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Y-S Ding
- Department of Radiology, Psychiatry, and Chemistry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - K Müller
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - O Sabri
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, University Medical Centre, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - S Hesse
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, University Medical Centre, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - B Pleger
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, University Medical Centre, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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85
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Vollbrecht PJ, Nobile CW, Chadderdon AM, Jutkiewicz EM, Ferrario CR. Pre-existing differences in motivation for food and sensitivity to cocaine-induced locomotion in obesity-prone rats. Physiol Behav 2015; 152:151-60. [PMID: 26423787 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a significant problem in the United States, with roughly one third of adults having a body mass index (BMI) over thirty. Recent evidence from human studies suggests that pre-existing differences in the function of mesolimbic circuits that mediate motivational processes may promote obesity and hamper weight loss. However, few preclinical studies have examined pre-existing neurobehavioral differences related to the function of mesolimbic systems in models of individual susceptibility to obesity. Here, we used selectively bred obesity-prone and obesity-resistant rats to examine 1) the effect of a novel "junk-food" diet on the development of obesity and metabolic dysfunction, 2) over-consumption of "junk-food" in a free access procedure, 3) motivation for food using instrumental procedures, and 4) cocaine-induced locomotor activity as an index of general mesolimbic function. As expected, eating a sugary, fatty, "junk-food" diet exacerbated weight gain and increased fasted insulin levels only in obesity-prone rats. In addition, obesity-prone rats continued to over-consume junk-food during discrete access testing, even when this same food was freely available in the home cage. Furthermore, when asked to press a lever to obtain food in an instrumental task, rates of responding were enhanced in obesity-prone versus obesity-resistant rats. Finally, obesity-prone rats showed a stronger locomotor response to 15 mg/kg cocaine compared to obesity-resistant rats prior to any diet manipulation. This enhanced sensitivity to this dose of cocaine is indicative of basal differences in the function of mesolimbic circuits in obesity-prone rats. We speculate that pre-existing differences in motivational systems may contribute to over-consumption and enhanced motivation in susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cameron W Nobile
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Carrie R Ferrario
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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86
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Abstract
The gastrointestinal hormone peptide tyrosine tyrosine 3-36 (PYY(3-36)) has attained broad recognition with respect to its involvement in energy homeostasis and the control of food intake. It is mainly secreted by distal intestinal enteroendocrine L-cells in response to eating and exerts neurally mediated, paracrine and endocrine effects on various target organs. In addition to its gastrointestinal effects, PYY(3-36) has long been known to inhibit food intake. Recent closer examination of the effects of PYY(3-36) revealed that this gut-derived peptide also influences a wide spectrum of behavioral and cognitive functions that are pivotal for basic processes of perception and judgment, including central information processing, salience learning, working memory, and behavioral responding to novelty. Here, we review the effects of PYY(3-36) that go beyond food intake and provide a conceptual framework suggesting that several apparently unrelated behavioral actions of PYY(3-36) may actually reflect different manifestations of modulating the central dopamine system.
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87
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Macedo IC, Rozisky JR, Oliveira C, Oliveira CM, Laste G, Nonose Y, Santos VS, Marques PR, Ribeiro MFM, Caumo W, Torres ILS. Chronic stress associated with hypercaloric diet changes the hippocampal BDNF levels in male Wistar rats. Neuropeptides 2015; 51:75-81. [PMID: 25963531 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Chronic stress, whether associated with obesity or not, leads to different neuroendocrine and psychological changes. Obesity or being overweight has become one of the most serious worldwide public health problems. Additionally, it is related to a substantial increase in daily energy intake, which results in substituting nutritionally adequate meals for snacks. This metabolic disorder can lead to morbidity, mortality, and reduced quality of life. On the other hand, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is widely expressed in all brain regions, particularly in the hypothalamus, where it has important effects on neuroprotection, synaptic plasticity, mammalian food intake-behavior, and energy metabolism. BDNF is involved in many activities modulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effect of obesity associated with chronic stress on the BDNF central levels of rats. Obesity was controlled by analyzing the animals' caloric intake and changes in body weight. As a stress parameter, we analyzed the relative adrenal gland weight. We found that exposure to chronic restraint stress during 12 weeks increases the adrenal gland weight, decreases the BDNF levels in the hippocampus and is associated with a decrease in the calorie and sucrose intake, characterizing anhedonia. These effects can be related stress, a phenomenon that induces depression-like behavior. On the other hand, the rats that received the hypercaloric diet had an increase in calorie intake and became obese, which was associated with a decrease in hypothalamus BDNF levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- I C Macedo
- Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation Laboratory: Animal Models, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences - Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil; Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil
| | - J R Rozisky
- Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation Laboratory: Animal Models, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil; Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medical Sciences - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil
| | - C Oliveira
- Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation Laboratory: Animal Models, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil; Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medical Sciences - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil
| | - C M Oliveira
- Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation Laboratory: Animal Models, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil; Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medical Sciences - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil
| | - G Laste
- Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation Laboratory: Animal Models, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil; Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medical Sciences - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Y Nonose
- Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation Laboratory: Animal Models, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil; Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil
| | - V S Santos
- Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation Laboratory: Animal Models, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil; Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil
| | - P R Marques
- Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation Laboratory: Animal Models, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil; Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medical Sciences - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil
| | - M F M Ribeiro
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences - Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil; Neuro-Humoral Interaction Laboratory, Department of Physiology - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil
| | - W Caumo
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil
| | - I L S Torres
- Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation Laboratory: Animal Models, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences - Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil; Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medical Sciences - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil.
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88
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Abstract
Levels of obesity have reached epidemic proportions on a global scale, which has led to considerable increases in health problems and increased risk of several diseases, including cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases, cancer and diabetes mellitus. People with obesity consume more food than is needed to maintain an ideal body weight, despite the discrimination that accompanies being overweight and the wealth of available information that overconsumption is detrimental to health. The relationship between energy expenditure and energy intake throughout an individual's lifetime is far more complicated than previously thought. An improved comprehension of the relationships between taste, palatability, taste receptors and hedonic responses to food might lead to increased understanding of the biological underpinnings of energy acquisition, as well as why humans sometimes eat more than is needed and more than we know is healthy. This Review discusses the role of taste receptors in the tongue, gut, pancreas and brain and their hormonal involvement in taste perception, as well as the relationship between taste perception, overeating and the development of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Santa-Cruz Calvo
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Biomedical Research Center, Room 09B133, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 100, Baltimore, MD 21224-6825, USA
| | - Josephine M Egan
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Biomedical Research Center, Room 09B133, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 100, Baltimore, MD 21224-6825, USA
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89
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Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease that can be treated with pharmacologic and/or lifestyle interventions, but in most cases it does not get cured. One of the few interventions, however, that can remit diabetes is the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery. Approximately 63 % of patients undergoing RYGB surgery experience diabetes remission, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Some studies implicate enterohepatic pathways with bile acids, fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19), and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) being the primary components. Here, we discuss these enterohepatic changes and highlight the roles of bile acids, FGF19, and GLP-1 in diabetes remission. We also describe how we can now actually predict, prior to surgery, the probability for remitting diabetes after RYGB surgery by using the DiaRem score. Deeper understanding of the mechanisms of diabetes remission by RYGB surgery could provide the basis for developing more effective interventions for curing the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Argyropoulos
- Institute of Obesity, Geisinger Health System, 100 North Academy Avenue, Danville, PA, 17822, USA,
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90
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Münzberg H, Laque A, Yu S, Rezai-Zadeh K, Berthoud HR. Appetite and body weight regulation after bariatric surgery. Obes Rev 2015; 16 Suppl 1:77-90. [PMID: 25614206 PMCID: PMC4784979 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Bariatric surgery continues to be remarkably efficient in treating obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus and a debate has started whether it should remain the last resort only or also be used for the prevention of metabolic diseases. Intense research efforts in humans and rodent models are underway to identify the critical mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects with a view towards non-surgical treatment options. This non-systematic review summarizes and interprets some of this literature, with an emphasis on changes in the controls of appetite. Contrary to earlier views, surgery-induced reduction of energy intake and subsequent weight loss appear to be the main drivers for rapid improvements of glycaemic control. The mechanisms responsible for suppression of appetite, particularly in the face of the large weight loss, are not well understood. Although a number of changes in food choice, taste functions, hedonic evaluation, motivation and self-control have been documented in both humans and rodents after surgery, their importance and relative contribution to diminished appetite has not yet been demonstrated. Furthermore, none of the major candidate mechanisms postulated in mediating surgery-induced changes from the gut and other organs to the brain, such as gut hormones and sensory neuronal pathways, have been confirmed yet. Future research efforts should focus on interventional rather than descriptive approaches in both humans and rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Münzberg
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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91
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Martire SI, Westbrook RF, Morris MJ. Effects of long-term cycling between palatable cafeteria diet and regular chow on intake, eating patterns, and response to saccharin and sucrose. Physiol Behav 2015; 139:80-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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92
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Bouret S, Levin BE, Ozanne SE. Gene-environment interactions controlling energy and glucose homeostasis and the developmental origins of obesity. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:47-82. [PMID: 25540138 PMCID: PMC4281588 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00007.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) often occur together and affect a growing number of individuals in both the developed and developing worlds. Both are associated with a number of other serious illnesses that lead to increased rates of mortality. There is likely a polygenic mode of inheritance underlying both disorders, but it has become increasingly clear that the pre- and postnatal environments play critical roles in pushing predisposed individuals over the edge into a disease state. This review focuses on the many genetic and environmental variables that interact to cause predisposed individuals to become obese and diabetic. The brain and its interactions with the external and internal environment are a major focus given the prominent role these interactions play in the regulation of energy and glucose homeostasis in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Bouret
- The Saban Research Institute, Neuroscience Program, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Inserm U837, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, University Lille 2, Lille, France; Neurology Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, East Orange, New Jersey; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and University of Cambridge Institute of Metabolic Science and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Barry E Levin
- The Saban Research Institute, Neuroscience Program, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Inserm U837, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, University Lille 2, Lille, France; Neurology Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, East Orange, New Jersey; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and University of Cambridge Institute of Metabolic Science and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Susan E Ozanne
- The Saban Research Institute, Neuroscience Program, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Inserm U837, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, University Lille 2, Lille, France; Neurology Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, East Orange, New Jersey; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and University of Cambridge Institute of Metabolic Science and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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93
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Ginane C, Bonnet M, Baumont R, Revell DK. Feeding behaviour in ruminants: a consequence of interactions between a reward system and the regulation of metabolic homeostasis. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/an14481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Feeding behaviour, through both diet selection and food intake, is the predominant way that an animal attempts to fulfil its metabolic requirements and achieve homeostasis. In domestic herbivores across the wide range of production practices, voluntary feed intake is arguably the most important factor in animal production, and a better understanding of systems involved in intake regulation can have important practical implications in terms of performance, health and welfare. In this review, we provide a conceptual framework that highlights the critical involvement and interconnections of two major regulatory systems of feeding behaviour: the reward and the homeostatic systems. A review of the literature on ruminants and rodents provides evidence that feeding behaviour is not only shaped by homeostatic needs but also by hedonic and motivational incentives associated with foods through experiences and expectations of rewards. The different brain structures and neuronal/hormonal pathways involved in these two regulatory systems is evidence of their different influences on feeding behaviours that help explain deviation from behaviour based solely on satisfying nutritional needs, and offers opportunities to influence feeding motivation to meet applied goals in livestock production. This review further highlights the key contribution of experience in the short (behavioural learning) and long term (metabolic learning), including the critical role of fetal environment in shaping feeding behaviour both directly by food cue–consequence pairings and indirectly via modifications of metabolic functioning, with cascading effects on energy balance and body reserves and, consequently, on feeding motivation.
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94
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Oliveira CD, Oliveira CMD, de Macedo IC, Quevedo AS, Filho PRM, Silva FRD, Vercelino R, de Souza ICC, Caumo W, Torres ILS. Hypercaloric diet modulates effects of chronic stress: a behavioral and biometric study on rats. Stress 2015; 18:514-23. [PMID: 26364693 DOI: 10.3109/10253890.2015.1079616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic disease that has been associated with chronic stress and hypercaloric diet (HD) consumption. Increased ingestion of food containing sugar and fat ingredients (comfort food) is proposed to "compensate" chronic stress effects. However, this eating habit may increase body fat depositions leading to obesity. This study evaluated behavioral/physiological parameters seeking to establish whether there is an association between the effects of HD intake and stress, and to test the hypothesis that the development of anxious behavior and obesity during chronic stress periods depends on the type of diet. Sixty-day-old male Wistar rats (n = 100) were divided into four groups: standard chow, hypercaloric diet, chronic stress/standard chow and chronic stress/hypercaloric diet. Chronic stress was induced by restraint stress exposure for 1 h/day, for 80 d. At the end of this period, rat behavior was evaluated using open-field and plus-maze tests. The results showed that HD alone increased weight gain and adipose deposition in subcutaneous and mesenteric areas. However, stress reduced weight gain and adipose tissue in these areas. HD also increased naso-anal length and concurrent stress prevented this. Behavioral data indicated that stress increased anxiety-like behaviors and comfort food reduced these anxiogenic effects; locomotor activity increased in rats fed with HD. Furthermore, HD decreased corticosterone levels and stress increased adrenal weight. The data indicate that when rats are given HD and experience chronic stress this association reduces the pro-obesogenic effects of HD, and decreases adrenocortical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla de Oliveira
- a Pharmacology of Pain and Neuromodulation Laboratory: Animal Models, Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Basic Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul , ICBS , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil
- b Medicine School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil
- c Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil , and
| | - Cleverson Moraes de Oliveira
- a Pharmacology of Pain and Neuromodulation Laboratory: Animal Models, Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Basic Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul , ICBS , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil
- b Medicine School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil
- c Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil , and
| | - Isabel Cristina de Macedo
- a Pharmacology of Pain and Neuromodulation Laboratory: Animal Models, Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Basic Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul , ICBS , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil
- c Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil , and
- d Institute of Basic Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil
| | - Alexandre S Quevedo
- a Pharmacology of Pain and Neuromodulation Laboratory: Animal Models, Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Basic Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul , ICBS , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil
- b Medicine School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil
- c Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil , and
| | - Paulo Ricardo Marques Filho
- a Pharmacology of Pain and Neuromodulation Laboratory: Animal Models, Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Basic Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul , ICBS , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil
- b Medicine School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil
- c Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil , and
| | - Fernanda Ribeiro da Silva
- a Pharmacology of Pain and Neuromodulation Laboratory: Animal Models, Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Basic Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul , ICBS , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil
- b Medicine School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil
- c Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil , and
| | - Rafael Vercelino
- a Pharmacology of Pain and Neuromodulation Laboratory: Animal Models, Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Basic Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul , ICBS , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil
- d Institute of Basic Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil
| | - Izabel C Custodio de Souza
- a Pharmacology of Pain and Neuromodulation Laboratory: Animal Models, Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Basic Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul , ICBS , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil
- b Medicine School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil
| | - Wolnei Caumo
- a Pharmacology of Pain and Neuromodulation Laboratory: Animal Models, Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Basic Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul , ICBS , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil
- b Medicine School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil
| | - Iraci L S Torres
- a Pharmacology of Pain and Neuromodulation Laboratory: Animal Models, Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Basic Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul , ICBS , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil
- b Medicine School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil
- c Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil , and
- d Institute of Basic Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil
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95
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Frankort A, Roefs A, Siep N, Roebroeck A, Havermans R, Jansen A. Neural predictors of chocolate intake following chocolate exposure. Appetite 2014; 87:98-107. [PMID: 25528694 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.12.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that one's brain response to high-calorie food cues can predict long-term weight gain or weight loss. The neural correlates that predict food intake in the short term have, however, hardly been investigated. This study examined which brain regions' activation predicts chocolate intake after participants had been either exposed to real chocolate or to control stimuli during approximately one hour, with interruptions for fMRI measurements. Further we investigated whether the variance in chocolate intake could be better explained by activated brain regions than by self-reported craving. In total, five brain regions correlated with subsequent chocolate intake. The activation of two reward regions (the right caudate and the left frontopolar cortex) correlated positively with intake in the exposure group. The activation of two regions associated with cognitive control (the left dorsolateral and left mid-dorsolateral PFC) correlated negatively with intake in the control group. When the regression analysis was conducted with the exposure and the control group together, an additional region's activation (the right anterior PFC) correlated positively with chocolate intake. In all analyses, the intake variance explained by neural correlates was above and beyond the variance explained by self-reported craving. These results are in line with neuroimaging research showing that brain responses are a better predictor of subsequent intake than self-reported craving. Therefore, our findings might provide for a missing link by associating brain activation, previously shown to predict weight change, with short-term intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Frankort
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Roefs
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
| | - Nicolette Siep
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Alard Roebroeck
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Remco Havermans
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Anita Jansen
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands
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96
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Wendland BE, Atkinson L, Steiner M, Fleming AS, Pencharz P, Moss E, Gaudreau H, Silveira PP, Arenovich T, Matthews SG, Meaney MJ, Levitan RD. Low maternal sensitivity at 6 months of age predicts higher BMI in 48 month old girls but not boys. Appetite 2014; 82:97-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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97
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Rossetti C, Halfon O, Boutrel B. Controversies about a common etiology for eating and mood disorders. Front Psychol 2014; 5:1205. [PMID: 25386150 PMCID: PMC4209809 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and depression represent a growing health concern worldwide. For many years, basic science and medicine have considered obesity as a metabolic illness, while depression was classified a psychiatric disorder. Despite accumulating evidence suggesting that obesity and depression may share commonalities, the causal link between eating and mood disorders remains to be fully understood. This etiology is highly complex, consisting of multiple environmental and genetic risk factors that interact with each other. In this review, we sought to summarize the preclinical and clinical evidence supporting a common etiology for eating and mood disorders, with a particular emphasis on signaling pathways involved in the maintenance of energy balance and mood stability, among which orexigenic and anorexigenic neuropeptides, metabolic factors, stress responsive hormones, cytokines, and neurotrophic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Rossetti
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Halfon
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Boutrel
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland ; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland
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98
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Hunschede S, El Khoury D, Antoine-Jonville S, Smith C, Thomas S, Anderson GH. Acute changes in substrate oxidation do not affect short-term food intake in healthy boys and men. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2014; 40:168-77. [PMID: 25603432 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2014-0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The acute relationship between substrate oxidation as measured by respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and food intake (FI) has not been defined. The purpose of the study was to determine acute relationships between RER, modified by exercise and a glucose load, and FI and net energy balance (NEB) in physically active normal-weight boys and men. In a crossover design, 15 boys (aged 9-12 years) and 15 men (aged 20-30 years) were randomly assigned to 4 conditions: (i) water and rest, (ii) glucose-drink and rest, (iii) water and exercise, and (iv) glucose-drink and exercise. Indirect calorimetry was used to determine RER, energy expenditure, and carbohydrate and fat oxidation. Subjective appetite and blood glucose were also measured. RER was higher after glucose (0.91 ± 0.01) compared with water (0.87 ± 0.01) (p < 0.0001), and after exercise (0.91 ± 0.01) compared with rest (0.88 ± 0.01) (p = 0.0043) in men (0.91 ± 0.01) compared with boys (0.88 ± 0.01) (p = 0.0002). FI (kcal·m(-2)) did not differ between boys and men. Glucose (582 ± 24 kcal·m(-2)) reduced FI compared with water (689 ± 25 kcal·m(-2)) (p < 0.0001), and further decreased FI when combined with exercise (554 ± 34 kcal·m(-2)) (p = 0.0303). NEB was reduced with exercise (573 ± 25 kcal·m(-2)) compared with the sedentary condition (686 ± 24 kcal·m(-2)) (p < 0.0001), but was higher after the glucose drink (654 ± 27 kcal·m(-2)) compared with water (605 ± 25 kcal·m(-2)) (p = 0.0267). No correlations were found between RER and FI or NEB in boys and men, except in the control condition of resting with water. In conclusion, the short-term modification of substrate oxidation by glucose and/or exercise in normal weight and active boys and men did not affect FI and NEB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Hunschede
- a Department for Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada
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99
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Simon JJ, Skunde M, Hamze Sinno M, Brockmeyer T, Herpertz SC, Bendszus M, Herzog W, Friederich HC. Impaired Cross-Talk between Mesolimbic Food Reward Processing and Metabolic Signaling Predicts Body Mass Index. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:359. [PMID: 25368558 PMCID: PMC4201102 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The anticipation of the pleasure derived from food intake drives the motivation to eat, and hence facilitate overconsumption of food, which ultimately results in obesity. Brain imaging studies provide evidence that mesolimbic brain regions underlie both general as well as food-related anticipatory reward processing. In light of this knowledge, the present study examined the neural responsiveness of the ventral striatum (VS) in participants with a broad BMI spectrum. The study differentiated between general (i.e., monetary) and food-related anticipatory reward processing. We recruited a sample of volunteers with greatly varying body weights, ranging from a low BMI (below 20 kg/m(2)) over a normal (20-25 kg/m(2)) and overweight (25-30 kg/m(2)) BMI, to class I (30-35 kg/m(2)) and class II (35-40 kg/m(2)) obesity. A total of 24 participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing both a food and monetary incentive delay task, which allows to measure neural activation during the anticipation of rewards. After the presentation of a cue indicating the amount of food or money to be won, participants had to react correctly in order to earn "snack points" or "money coins," which could then be exchanged for real food or money, respectively, at the end of the experiment. During the anticipation of both types of rewards, participants displayed activity in the VS, a region that plays a pivotal role in the anticipation of rewards. Additionally, we observed that specifically anticipatory food reward processing predicted the individual BMI (current and maximum lifetime). This relation was found to be mediated by impaired hormonal satiety signaling, i.e., increased leptin levels and insulin resistance. These findings suggest that heightened food reward motivation contributes to obesity through impaired metabolic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe J Simon
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Mandy Skunde
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Maria Hamze Sinno
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Timo Brockmeyer
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Sabine C Herpertz
- Department of General Adult Psychiatry, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Martin Bendszus
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Wolfgang Herzog
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Hans-Christoph Friederich
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
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Davis C, Loxton NJ. A psycho-genetic study of hedonic responsiveness in relation to "food addiction". Nutrients 2014; 6:4338-53. [PMID: 25325253 PMCID: PMC4210920 DOI: 10.3390/nu6104338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
While food addiction has no formally-recognized definition, it is typically operationalized according to the diagnostic principles established by the Yale Food Addiction Scale-an inventory based on the symptom criteria for substance dependence in the DSM-IV. Currently, there is little biologically-based research investigating the risk factors for food addiction. What does exist has focused almost exclusively on dopaminergic reward pathways in the brain. While brain opioid signaling has also been strongly implicated in the control of food intake, there is no research examining this neural circuitry in the association with food addiction. The purpose of the study was therefore to test a model predicting that a stronger activation potential of opioid circuitry-as indicated by the functional A118G marker of the mu-opioid receptor gene-would serve as an indirect risk factor for food addiction via a heightened hedonic responsiveness to palatable food. Results confirmed these relationships. In addition, our findings that the food-addiction group had significantly higher levels of hedonic responsiveness to food suggests that this bio-behavioral trait may foster a proneness to overeating, to episodes of binge eating, and ultimately to a compulsive and addictive pattern of food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Davis
- School of Kinesiology & Health Sciences, 343 Bethune College, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
| | - Natalie J Loxton
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, 176 Messines Ridge Road Mt Gravatt, Queensland 4122, Australia.
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