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Ji H, Kim A, Ebinger JE, Niiranen TJ, Claggett BL, Merz CNB, Cheng S. Cardiometabolic Risk-Related Blood Pressure Trajectories Differ by Sex. Hypertension 2020; 75:e6-e9. [PMID: 32063062 PMCID: PMC7286096 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.14570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Ji
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Andy Kim
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Barbara Streisand Women’s Heart Center, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joseph E. Ebinger
- Hypertension Center of Excellence, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Teemu J. Niiranen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Brian L. Claggett
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C. Noel Bairey Merz
- Barbara Streisand Women’s Heart Center, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Susan Cheng
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Barbara Streisand Women’s Heart Center, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Heterogeneity in Trajectories of Systolic Blood Pressure among Young Adults in Qingdao Port Cardiovascular Health Study. Glob Heart 2020; 15:20. [PMID: 32489793 PMCID: PMC7218791 DOI: 10.5334/gh.764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Although increased age is associated with higher systolic blood pressure (SBP) in general, there may be variation across individuals in how SBP changes over time. The goal of this paper is to identify heterogeneity in SBP trajectories among young adults with similar initial values and identify personal characteristics associated with different trajectory patterns. This may have important implications for prevention and prognosis. Methods: A cohort of 12,468 individuals aged 18–35 years in the Qingdao Port Cardiovascular Health Study in China was followed yearly during 2000–2011. Individuals were categorized into three strata according to their baseline SBP: ≤110 mmHg, 111–130 mmHg, and >130 mmHg. Within each stratum, group-based trajectory analyses were conducted to identify distinct SBP trajectory patterns, and their association with sociodemographic and baseline health characteristics was assessed by ordinal logistic regression. Results: Five distinct groups of individuals exhibiting divergent patterns of increasing, stable or decreasing SBP trends were identified within each stratum. This is a first report to identify a subgroup with decreasing trend in SBP. Individuals with more advanced age, having less than high school education, family history of cardiovascular diseases, greater body mass index, greater waist circumference, and hyperlipidemia at baseline were more likely to experience trajectories of higher SBP within each stratum. Conclusions: The diverging trajectories among young adults with similar initial SBP highlight the need for prevention and feasibility of effective blood pressure control, while the identified risk factors may inform targeted interventions.
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Byambasukh O, Snieder H, Corpeleijn E. Relation Between Leisure Time, Commuting, and Occupational Physical Activity With Blood Pressure in 125 402 Adults: The Lifelines Cohort. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e014313. [PMID: 32067583 PMCID: PMC7070226 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.014313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background Whether all domains of daily-life moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) are associated with lower blood pressure (BP) and how this association depends on age and body mass index remains unclear. Methods and Results In the population-based Lifelines cohort (N=125 402), MVPA was assessed by the Short Questionnaire to Assess Health-Enhancing Physical Activity, a validated questionnaire in different domains such as commuting, leisure-time, and occupational PA. BP was assessed using the last 3 of 10 measurements after 10 minutes' rest in the supine position. Hypertension was defined as systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg and/or use of antihypertensives. In regression analysis, higher commuting and leisure-time but not occupational MVPA related to lower BP and lower hypertension risk. Commuting-and-leisure-time MVPA was associated with BP in a dose-dependent manner. β Coefficients (95% CI) from linear regression analyses were -1.64 (-2.03 to -1.24), -2.29 (-2.68 to -1.90), and finally -2.90 (-3.29 to -2.50) mm Hg systolic BP for the low, middle, and highest tertile of MVPA compared with "No MVPA" as the reference group after adjusting for age, sex, education, smoking and alcohol use. Further adjustment for body mass index attenuated the associations by 30% to 50%, but more MVPA remained significantly associated with lower BP and lower risk of hypertension. This association was age dependent. β Coefficients (95% CI) for the highest tertiles of commuting-and-leisure-time MVPA were -1.67 (-2.20 to -1.15), -3.39 (-3.94 to -2.82) and -4.64 (-6.15 to -3.14) mm Hg systolic BP in adults <40, 40 to 60, and >60 years, respectively. Conclusions Higher commuting and leisure-time but not occupational MVPA were significantly associated with lower BP and lower hypertension risk at all ages, but these associations were stronger in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyuntugs Byambasukh
- Department of EpidemiologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
- Department of Internal MedicineMongolian National University of Medical SciencesUlaanbaatarMongolia
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of EpidemiologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Eva Corpeleijn
- Department of EpidemiologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
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The age-related blood pressure trajectories from young-old adults to centenarians: A cohort study. Int J Cardiol 2019; 296:141-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Awareness of hypertension and related factors in northeastern China: a cross-sectional study. J Hum Hypertens 2019; 34:43-50. [PMID: 31548618 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-019-0263-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Timely awareness of hypertension is among the most crucial components in reducing the burden of hypertension. However, there is limited information about the awareness of hypertension in northern China. Therefore, in this cross-sectional study, we aimed to investigate the awareness of hypertension and its associated factors in the Jilin province in China; the study was conducted between July 2014 and December 2015 in four cities and four rural counties in the Jilin province as part of a national study. A stratified multistage random-sampling method was used to select a representative sample: a total of 15,206 participants aged ≥15 years were initially recruited, among which 14,956 were finally included in the survey. The awareness of hypertension in the Jilin province was found to be 42.3%. Moreover, the awareness of hypertension was associated with age, sex, region, marital status, body mass index, and family history of hypertension or coronary artery disease. Employment was associated with a lower awareness in rural areas, whereas high education was associated with a higher awareness in urban areas. Policies targeting specific subgroups may be helpful in increasing the awareness of hypertension in the Jilin province.
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Li WW, Vittinghoff E, Fukuoka Y. Predictors for Blood Pressure Reduction in American Latinos: Secondary Analysis of the Adelgaza Program Data. HISPANIC HEALTH CARE INTERNATIONAL 2019; 18:77-84. [PMID: 31505970 DOI: 10.1177/1540415319869936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about factors that predict blood pressure (BP) reduction in overweight American Latinos. The aim of this secondary analysis was to explore predictors of changes in mean systolic and diastolic BPs over an 8-week weight loss intervention period in a sample of 54 overweight American Latinos using data collected during the Adelgaza trial. Baseline BP, exercise energy use (in units of metabolic equivalent of task), weight change, average daily intake of calories from beverages, average daily intake of calories from fat, age, and gender were considered as potential predictors of reductions in BP, as measured at baseline, 3, and 8 weeks. Baseline characteristics were as follows: mean age 45.3 (SD = 10.8) years, 31.5% male, 61.1% born in the United States. Mean baseline systolic and diastolic BPs were 122.1 (SD = 14.4) mmHg and 76.6 (SD = 9.8) mmHg, respectively. Both baseline systolic and diastolic BPs predicted reductions in systolic BP after adjusting for other factors (p < .001). None of the nine variables predicted reductions in diastolic BP (p > .05). This finding suggests that overweight American Latinos with higher baseline systolic or diastolic BP should be identified and provided with early intervention education to achieve better hypertension management or prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Wen Li
- San Francisco State University, San Francisco CA, USA
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Isolated systolic hypertension in the young: a position paper endorsed by the European Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens 2019; 36:1222-1236. [PMID: 29570514 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
: Whether isolated systolic hypertension in the young (ISHY) implies a worse outcome and needs antihypertensive treatment is still a matter for dispute. ISHY is thought to have different mechanisms than systolic hypertension in the elderly. However, findings from previous studies have provided inconsistent results. From the analysis of the literature, two main lines of research and conceptualization have emerged. Simultaneous assessment of peripheral and central blood pressure led to the identification of a condition called pseudo or spurious hypertension, which was considered an innocent condition. However, an increase in pulse wave velocity has been found by some authors in about 20% of the individuals with ISHY. In addition, obesity and metabolic disturbances have often been documented to be associated with ISHY both in children and young adults. The first aspect to consider whenever evaluating a person with ISHY is the possible presence of white-coat hypertension, which has been frequently found in this condition. In addition, assessment of central blood pressure is useful for identifying ISHY patients whose central blood pressure is normal. ISHY is infrequently mentioned in the guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of hypertension. According to the 2013 European Guidelines on the management of hypertension, people with ISHY should be followed carefully, modifying risk factors by lifestyle changes and avoiding antihypertensive drugs. Only future clinical trials will elucidate if a benefit can be achieved with pharmacological treatment in some subgroups of ISHY patients with associated risk factors and/or high central blood pressure.
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Gender Difference of the Relationship between Arterial Stiffness and Blood Pressure Variability in Participants in Prehypertension. Int J Hypertens 2019; 2019:7457385. [PMID: 31341663 PMCID: PMC6614963 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7457385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim. The association of pressure load with elasticity in vascular system has not been studied fully. We proposed a hypothesis whether gender could modify the association of blood pressure variability (BPV) and arterial stiffness assessed by carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (CF-PWV) in prehypertensive patients. Methods. 24h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (24h-ABPM) and CF-PWV were measured in 723 participants with prehypertension. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses of these clinical and biological parameters were performed in total population, male and female. Results. A total of 723 participants (mean age 59.76 ± 12.37years, male 329 and female 394) were enrolled into the study. Compared with female, body mass index (BMI), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), uric acid (UA), and homocysteine (HCY) were significantly higher (all p < 0.05). Arterial stiffness (CF-PWV, male versus female, 10.89 ± 2.50 versus 10.33 ± 2.13 m/s, p=0.004) and BPVs (male versus female, 24 h SBPV 13.2 ± 5.11 versus 13.03 ± 5.20; 24 h DBPV 10.34 ± 3.87 versus 9.64 ± 3.59; N SBPV 11.90 ± 6.60 versus 10.94 ± 4.79; N DBPV 9.64 ± 5.87 versus 8.20 ± 4.48, all p<0.05) were higher in male. Multivariable linear regression analysis showed that 24 h BPV were linearly and positively related to CF-PWV in total population (24h SBPV, B=0.033; 24 h DBPV, B=0.035, both P<0.05) and female (24h SBPV, B=0.041; 24h DBPV, B=0.067, both P<0.05) independent of traditional risk factors and medications. Conclusion. BPV was independently associated with arterial stiffness in total population and the relation was modified by gender. 24 h BPVs in prehypertensive patients were useful to identify the early arterial stiffness. Clinical Trials Registration. This trial was registered with Clinical Trials.gov Identifier: NCT02569268.
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Borda MG, Santacruz JM, Aarsland D, Camargo-Casas S, Cano-Gutierrez CA, Suárez-Monsalve S, Campos-Fajardo S, Pérez-Zepeda MU. ASSOCIATION OF DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS AND SUBJECTIVE MEMORY COMPLAINTS WITH THE INCIDENCE OF COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT IN OLDER ADULTS WITH HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE. Eur Geriatr Med 2019; 10:413-420. [PMID: 31186819 PMCID: PMC6557430 DOI: 10.1007/s41999-019-00185-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE High blood pressure is a relevant risk factor for vascular damage, leading to development of depressive symptoms and dementia in older adults. Moreover, subjective memory complaints are recognized as an early marker of cognitive impairment. However, it has been established that subjective memory complaints could also be a reflection of depressive symptoms. The objective of this paper is to assess the impact of depressive symptoms and subjective memory complaints on the incidence of cognitive impairment in older adults with high blood pressure. METHODS This is a secondary analysis of the Mexican Health and Aging Study, a representative cohort composed by individuals aged ≥ 50 years. Participants with cognitive impairment in 2012 were excluded since the outcome was incident cognitive impairment in 2015. Four groups were created according to depressive symptomatology and subjective memory complaints status, analyses were stratified according to blood pressure status. The odds incident cognitive impairment was estimated through logistic regression models. RESULTS A total of 6,327 participants were included, from which 6.44% developed cognitive impairment. No differences were seen regarding the development of cognitive impairment in participants without high blood pressure. However, increased risk was evident in those with both high blood pressure and depressive symptoms (OR=2.1, 95% CI 1.09 - 4.09, p =0.026) as with high blood pressure, depressive symptoms and subjective memory complaints (OR=1.91, 9% CI 1.4 - 3.2, p= 0.001). CONCLUSION Individuals with high blood pressure have a higher risk of developing incident cognitive impairment when depressive symptoms and/or subjective memory complaints are present. Our results suggest that a sequence of events related to altered cerebral vascular dynamics is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Germán Borda
- Centre for Age-Related Medicine (SESAM), Stavanger University Hospital. Stavanger, Norway
- Semillero de Neurociencias y Envejecimiento, Ageing Institute, Medical School, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. Bogotá, Colombia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - José Manuel Santacruz
- Cognition and Memory Center, Intellectus. Hospital Universitario San Ignacio. Bogotá Colombia
- Psychiatry Department, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio. Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Dag Aarsland
- Centre for Age-Related Medicine (SESAM), Stavanger University Hospital. Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, King’s College. London, United Kingdom
| | - Sandy Camargo-Casas
- Semillero de Neurociencias y Envejecimiento, Ageing Institute, Medical School, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carlos Alberto Cano-Gutierrez
- Semillero de Neurociencias y Envejecimiento, Ageing Institute, Medical School, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. Bogotá, Colombia
- Geriatrics Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio. Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Silvia Suárez-Monsalve
- Semillero de Neurociencias y Envejecimiento, Ageing Institute, Medical School, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Santiago Campos-Fajardo
- Semillero de Neurociencias y Envejecimiento, Ageing Institute, Medical School, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Mario Ulises Pérez-Zepeda
- Semillero de Neurociencias y Envejecimiento, Ageing Institute, Medical School, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. Bogotá, Colombia
- Geriatric Epidemiology Research Department, Instituto Nacional De Geriatría. Mexico D.F, Mexico
- Geriatric Medicine Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Bowling CB, Davis BR, Luciano A, Simpson LM, Sloane R, Pieper CF, Einhorn PT, Oparil S, Muntner P. Sustained blood pressure control and coronary heart disease, stroke, heart failure, and mortality: An observational analysis of ALLHAT. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2019; 21:451-459. [PMID: 30864748 DOI: 10.1111/jch.13515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Achieving blood pressure (BP) control is associated with lower cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, but less is known about CVD risk associated with sustained BP control over time. This observational analysis of the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) was restricted to participants with four to seven visits with systolic BP (SBP) measurements during a 22-month period (n = 24 309). The authors categorized participants as having sustained BP control (SBP < 140 mm Hg) at 100%, 75% to <100%, 50% to <75%, and <50% of visits during this period. Outcomes included fatal coronary heart disease (CHD)/nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, heart failure (HF), a composite CVD outcome (fatal CHD/nonfatal MI, stroke, or HF), and mortality. Hazard ratios (HRs) for the association of category of sustained BP control for each outcome were obtained using proportional hazards models. SBP control was present among 20.0% of participants at 100%, 16.4% at 75% to less than 100%, 27.0% at 50% to less than 75%, and 36.6% at less than 50% of visits. Compared to those with SBP control at 100% visits, adjusted HR (95% CI) among those with SBP control at <50% of visits was 1.16 (0.93-1.44) for fatal CHD/nonfatal MI, 1.71 (1.26-2.32) for stroke, 1.63 (1.30-2.06) for HF, 1.39 (1.20-1.62) for the composite CVD outcome, and 1.14 (0.99-1.30) for mortality. Sustained SBP control may be beneficial for preventing stroke, HF, and CVD outcomes in adults taking antihypertensive medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Barrett Bowling
- Durham Veterans Affairs Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC), Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Barry R Davis
- The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas
| | - Alison Luciano
- Center for Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Lara M Simpson
- The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas
| | - Richard Sloane
- Center for Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Carl F Pieper
- Center for Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Deptartment of Biostatistics and BioInformtics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Paula T Einhorn
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Suzanne Oparil
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Paul Muntner
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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Mill JG, Baldo MP, Molina MDCB, Schmidt MI, Barreto SM, Chor D, Griep RH, Matos SM, Ribeiro ALP, Duncan BB, Aquino EM, Lotufo PA, Bensenor I. Sex-specific patterns in the association between salt intake and blood pressure: The ELSA-Brasil study. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2019; 21:502-509. [DOI: 10.1111/jch.13509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- José Geraldo Mill
- Department of Physiological Sciences; Federal University of Espírito Santo; Vitória Brazil
| | - Marcelo P. Baldo
- Department of Pathophysiology; Montes Claros State University; Montes Claros Brazil
- Department of Medicine; Faculdades Integradas Pitágoras; Montes Claros Brazil
| | | | - Maria Inês Schmidt
- Hospital das Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Sandhi M. Barreto
- Hospital das Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Dora Chor
- National School of Public Health; Oswaldo Cruz Foundation; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Rosane H. Griep
- National School of Public Health; Oswaldo Cruz Foundation; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Sheila M. Matos
- Institute of Collective Health; Federal University of Bahia; Salvador Brazil
| | - Antonio Luiz P. Ribeiro
- Hospital das Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Bruce B. Duncan
- Hospital das Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Estela M. Aquino
- Institute of Collective Health; Federal University of Bahia; Salvador Brazil
| | - Paulo A. Lotufo
- Faculty of Medicine, Hospital Universitário; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Isabela Bensenor
- Faculty of Medicine, Hospital Universitário; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
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Khokhar D, Nowson CA, Margerison C, West M, Campbell KJ, Booth AO, Grimes CA. The Digital Education to Limit Salt in the Home Program Improved Salt-Related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors in Parents. J Med Internet Res 2019; 21:e12234. [PMID: 30801255 PMCID: PMC6409510 DOI: 10.2196/12234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Currently, Australian children and adults are eating too much salt, increasing their risk of cardiovascular-related conditions. Web-based programs provide an avenue to engage the parents of primary schoolchildren in salt-specific messages, which may positively impact their own salt-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors (KABs). Objective This pilot study aimed to determine whether parents’ salt-related KABs improved following participation in the Digital Education to LImit Salt in the Home (DELISH) Web-based education program. Methods The DELISH program was a 5-week, home-delivered, Web-based intervention, with a pre- and posttest design, targeting schoolchildren aged 7 to 10 years and their parents. Parents received weekly Web-based educational newsletters and text messages and completed online pre- and postprogram surveys assessing salt-related KABs. Upon completion of the program, all parents were also invited to complete an online evaluation survey. Changes in KABs outcomes were assessed using McNemar tests and paired t tests. Results Of the 80 parents that commenced the program, 73 parents (mean age 41.0, SD 7.0 years; 86% (63/73) females) completed both pre- and postsurveys. Overall, mean score for salt-related knowledge improved (+3.6 [standard error (SE) 0.41] points), and mean behavior score also improved (+4.5 [SE 0.61] points), indicating a higher frequency of engaging in behaviors to reduce salt in the diet, and mean attitude score decreased (−0.7 [SE 0.19] points), representing lower importance of using salt to enhance the taste of food (all P<.001). Following participation, the proportion of parents aware of the daily salt intake recommendation increased from 40% (29/73) to 74% (54/73) (P<.001), and awareness of bread as the main source of salt increased from 58% (42/73) to 95% (69/73) (P<.001). The proportion of parents who agreed that salt should be used in cooking to enhance the flavor of food decreased from 30% (22/73) to 11% (8/73) (P=.002) and the proportion who agreed that sodium information displayed on food labels was difficult to understand decreased from 52% (38/73) to 32% (23/73) (P=.009). There was a reduction in the proportion of parents who reported adding salt during cooking (55% [40/73] vs 41% [30/73]; P=.03) and at the table (32% [23/73] vs 18% [13/73]; P=.002). Of the 16 parents who completed the evaluation survey, 75% (12/16) enjoyed the program, and all parents found the newsletters to be useful. Almost all parents (15/16, 94%) agreed that the DELISH program would be useful to other parents. Conclusions The improvement in salt-related KABs in the DELISH program indicates the potential for online technology, to disseminate simple salt reduction education messages to families with primary school–aged children. Future work should seek to improve the quality of data collected by including a larger sample size and a control group to integrate the program within the school setting to enable wider dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durreajam Khokhar
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Australia
| | - Caryl Anne Nowson
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Australia
| | - Claire Margerison
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Australia
| | - Madeline West
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Australia
| | - Karen J Campbell
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Australia
| | - Alison Olivia Booth
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Australia
| | - Carley Ann Grimes
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Australia
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McLeod KJ, Stromhaug A. Reversal of cognitive impairment in a hypotensive elderly population using a passive exercise intervention. Clin Interv Aging 2017; 12:1859-1866. [PMID: 29158668 PMCID: PMC5683775 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s147959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cognitive decline in the elderly is strongly associated with cerebral hypoperfusion, a condition that can be reversed with exercise. Adhering to a traditional exercise regimen, however, is challenging for this population. Objective In a pilot clinical study, we evaluated the ability of a “passive” exercise regimen (noninvasive calf muscle pump stimulation) to normalize blood pressure in a chronically hypotensive elderly population and enhance cognitive function. Participants and methods Ten elderly (82.5±7.5 years) men and women volunteers, residing in a senior living facility in upstate New York, were divided into control (N=5) and intervention (N=5) groups based on initial diastolic blood pressure (DBP); participants with initial DBP <65 mmHg became intervention participants, and those with initial DBP >65 mmHg enrolled in the control group. Body mass, blood pressure, and executive function (using incongruent Stroop and Trailmaking B test) were evaluated weekly for 4 months. Results At initiation of the study, time to complete the executive function tests in the hypotensive group was almost twice that of the control group. Daily calf muscle pump stimulation (passive exercise) for 1 hour/day, or less, was found to be sufficient to normalize DBP and significantly improve performance on the executive function tests.
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McLeod KJ, Jain T. Postural Hypotension and Cognitive Function in Older Adults. Gerontol Geriatr Med 2017; 3:2333721417733216. [PMID: 28979924 PMCID: PMC5617084 DOI: 10.1177/2333721417733216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cognitive decline in the elderly is associated with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. While many forms of exercise can slow or reverse cognitive decline, compliance in unsupervised exercise programs is poor. Objective: We address whether passive exercise, that is, muscle stimulation, is capable of reversing postural hypotension in an older adult population sufficiently to significantly improve cognitive function as measured by executive function tests. Subjects and Methods: In this study, 50- to 80-year-old women underwent cognitive testing, long-duration cardiac hemodynamic recordings during quiet sitting, and 60 min of soleus muscle stimulation with continued hemodynamic recording. Results: Two thirds of our subjects were hypotensive (diastolic blood pressure [DBP] < 70 mmHg) after 30 min of quiet sitting. Cognitive performance was significantly better in individuals with higher DBPs (0.79 s per 1-mmHg increase in DBP). Soleus muscle stimulation resulted in an average increase in DBP of 6.1 mmHg, which could translate into a 30% or greater improvement in cognitive performance. Conclusions: Incongruent Stroop testing provides high statistical power for distinguishing differential cognitive responses to resting DBP levels. These results set the stage to investigate whether regular use of calf muscle pump stimulation could effectively reverse age-related cognitive impairment.
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O'Rourke MF, Adji A. Pressure Paradox: High Pulse Pressure and Low Mean Pressure Are Favorable Features in Young Adults. Hypertension 2017; 70:HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.09720. [PMID: 28739978 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.09720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael F O'Rourke
- From the St Vincent's Clinic, Sydney, Australia (M.F.O., A.A.); University of New South Wales/VCCRI, Australia (M.F.O.); and FMHS, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia (A.A.).
| | - Audrey Adji
- From the St Vincent's Clinic, Sydney, Australia (M.F.O., A.A.); University of New South Wales/VCCRI, Australia (M.F.O.); and FMHS, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia (A.A.)
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Abbott T, Pearse R, Archbold R, Wragg A, Kam E, Ahmad T, Khan A, Niebrzegowska E, Rodseth R, Devereaux P, Ackland G. Association between preoperative pulse pressure and perioperative myocardial injury: an international observational cohort study of patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth 2017; 119:78-86. [DOI: 10.1093/bja/aex165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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The association of adiposity, physical fitness, vitamin D levels and haemodynamic parameters in young Saudi females. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2017; 13:51-57. [PMID: 31435302 PMCID: PMC6695083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives In this study, we assessed the possible association of adiposity, physical fitness, vitamin D levels and haemodynamic parameters as intermediate risk factors for cardiovascular health in young Saudi women. Methods A total of 87 young healthy Saudi women were recruited in this cross-sectional study during 2014–2015. The body weight, height, waist and hip circumference, and plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH] D) levels were measured. The exercise stress test was performed to determine the pulse rate, blood pressure (BP), ECG, and VO2max. Multiple linear regression models were generated for the resting (r) and maximum (m) diastolic (D) and systolic (s) arterial BP and pulse rate (PR), adiposity markers, VO2max, and plasma levels of 25(OH) D. Results A multiple linear regression model was significant for the rDBP, mDBP, rSBP, and mSBP with adjusted R2 (6.5, 10.2, 8.3, and 4.5%, respectively). Except for VO2max in the mDBP model, none of the included risk factors were significant according to the t-test. Conclusion This study showed the association of high adiposity and decreased physical fitness with haemodynamic parameters in young Saudi women. An exaggerated exercise DBP might predict future cardiovascular risk in unfit young women.
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Smitson CC, Scherzer R, Shlipak MG, Psaty BM, Newman AB, Sarnak MJ, Odden MC, Peralta CA. Association of Blood Pressure Trajectory With Mortality, Incident Cardiovascular Disease, and Heart Failure in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Am J Hypertens 2017; 30:587-593. [PMID: 28338937 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpx028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Common blood pressure (BP) trajectories are not well established in elderly persons, and their association with clinical outcomes is uncertain. METHODS We used hierarchical cluster analysis to identify discrete BP trajectories among 4,067 participants in the Cardiovascular Health Study using repeated BP measures from years 0 to 7. We then evaluated associations of each BP trajectory cluster with all-cause mortality, incident cardiovascular disease (CVD, defined as stroke or myocardial infarction) (N = 2,837), and incident congestive heart failure (HF) (N = 3,633) using Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS Median age was 77 years at year 7. Over a median 9.3 years of follow-up, there were 2,475 deaths, 659 CVD events, and 1,049 HF events. The cluster analysis identified 3 distinct trajectory groups. Participants in cluster 1 (N = 1,838) had increases in both systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) BPs, whereas persons in cluster 2 (N = 1,109) had little change in SBP but declines in DBP. Persons in cluster 3 (N = 1,120) experienced declines in both SBP and DBP. After multivariable adjustment, clusters 2 and 3 were associated with increased mortality risk relative to cluster 1 (hazard ratio = 1.21, 95% confidence interval: 1.06-1.37 and hazard ratio = 1.20, 95% confidence interval: 1.05-1.36, respectively). Compared to cluster 1, cluster 3 had higher rates of incident CVD but associations were not statistically significant in demographic-adjusted models (hazard ratio = 1.16, 95% confidence interval: 0.96-1.39). Findings were similar when stratified by use of antihypertensive therapy. CONCLUSIONS Among community-dwelling elders, distinct BP trajectories were identified by integrating both SBP and DBP. These clusters were found to have differential associations with outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C. Smitson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Rebecca Scherzer
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael G. Shlipak
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Bruce M. Psaty
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anne B. Newman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mark J. Sarnak
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michelle C. Odden
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Carmen A. Peralta
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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T-cell involvement in sex differences in blood pressure control. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 130:773-83. [PMID: 27128802 DOI: 10.1042/cs20150620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension affects one-third of adults in the Western world and is the most common independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and the leading cause of premature death globally. Despite available therapeutic options, approximately half of the hypertensive population taking medication does not achieve adequate blood pressure (BP) control leaving them at increased risk of chronic kidney disease, renal failure, stroke, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, aneurysm and peripheral artery disease. New therapeutic options need to be identified for the treatment of hypertension in order to increase the percentage of individuals with controlled BP. There is a growing basic science literature regarding the role of T-cells in the pathogenesis of hypertension and BP control; however, the majority of this literature has been performed exclusively in males despite the fact that both men and women develop hypertension. This is especially problematic since hypertension is well recognized as having distinct sex differences in the prevalence, absolute BP values and molecular mechanisms contributing to the pathophysiology of the disease. The purpose of this article is to review the available literature regarding sex differences in T-cells in hypertension followed by highlighting the potential pathways that may result in sex-specific effects on T-cell activation and differentiation.
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Korytkowski MT, Forman DE. Management of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in the Older Adult Patient With Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2017; 40:476-484. [PMID: 28325797 DOI: 10.2337/dc16-0815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
: Older adults with diabetes are at higher risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) than younger adults with diabetes and older adults without diabetes. The rationale to implement ASCVD risk-lowering therapies in older adults with diabetes is compelling. Recommendations for lifestyle modification, lipid-lowering therapy, blood pressure management, blood glucose control, and aspirin therapy are often based on studies that show their efficacy in younger populations. However, the risks associated with each of these interventions increase with age, and favorable risk-to-benefit ratios demonstrated in younger adults with diabetes are less certain in older populations. The variability in health status among older adults is pertinent. Those with robust health are more likely to tolerate and derive benefit from many therapies when compared with those who have more complex health including frailty. Age- and/or frailty-stratified data to help clarify these relationships are sparse. In this Perspective, current recommendations for modifying ASCVD risk are described with a review of the pertinent literature that guides their application in older adults. A pragmatic approach to the treatment of ASCVD risk factors in older adults with diabetes is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary T Korytkowski
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Daniel E Forman
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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Barsha G, Denton KM, Mirabito Colafella KM. Sex- and age-related differences in arterial pressure and albuminuria in mice. Biol Sex Differ 2016; 7:57. [PMID: 27895890 PMCID: PMC5109725 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-016-0110-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Animal models have become valuable experimental tools for understanding the pathophysiology and therapeutic interventions in cardiovascular disease. Yet to date, few studies document the age- and sex-related differences in arterial pressure, circadian rhythm, and renal function in normotensive mice under basal conditions, across the life span. We hypothesized that mice display similar sex- and age-related differences in arterial pressure and renal function to humans. Methods Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and circadian rhythm of arterial pressure were measured over 3 days via radiotelemetry, in 3- and 5-month-old (adult) and 14- and 18-month-old (aged) FVB/N and in 5-month-old (adult) C57BL/6 male and female normotensive mice. In FVB/N mice, albuminuria from 24-h urine samples as well as body, heart, and kidney weights were measured at each age. Results Twenty-four-hour MAP was greater in males than females at 3, 5, and 14 months of age. A similar sex difference in arterial pressure was observed in C57BL/6 mice at 5 months of age. In FVB/N mice, 24-h MAP increased with age, with females displaying a greater increase between 3 and 18 months of age than males, such that MAP was no longer different between the sexes at 18 months of age. A circadian pattern was observed in arterial pressure, heart rate, and locomotor activity, with values for each greater during the active (night/dark) than the inactive (day/light) period. The night-day dip in MAP was greater in males and increased with age in both sexes. Albuminuria was greater in males than females, increased with age in both sexes, and rose to a greater level in males than females at 18 months of age. Conclusions Arterial pressure and albuminuria increase in an age- and sex-specific manner in mice, similar to patterns observed in humans. Thus, mice represent a useful model for studying age and sex differences in the regulation of arterial pressure and renal disease. Understanding the mechanisms that underlie the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease may lead to new and better-tailored therapies for men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giannie Barsha
- Cardiovascular Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk (Building 13F), Clayton, VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Kate M Denton
- Cardiovascular Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk (Building 13F), Clayton, VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Katrina M Mirabito Colafella
- Cardiovascular Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk (Building 13F), Clayton, VIC 3800 Australia
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Abstract
Objectives: The positive association between adiposity and hypertension is well recognized. However, not all overweight individuals have elevated blood pressure (BP). Moreover, different factors may be associated with high BP in normal-weight versus overweight individuals. The aim of the current study was to examine the influence of adiposity on the relationship between SBP and underlying haemodynamic mechanisms in young adults. Method: Data from 2502 patients were available from the Enigma study. Detailed demographic, biochemical, and haemodynamic data were obtained in all individuals. Data were analysed between lower and upper tertiles of BMI and SBP, separately for each sex. Results: In normal-weight individuals, cardiac output (CO) was elevated in those with higher SBP, independently of body size. Moreover, higher CO was associated with an increased stroke volume in men (P < 0.001), but an increased heart rate in women (P = 0.002). In contrast, in overweight individuals, peripheral vascular resistance (PVR) was elevated in men with higher SBP (P = 0.02) and those with lower SBP had the lowest PVR of all groups. In linear regression analyses, there was a stronger association between SBP and CO in normal-weight individuals, but a stronger association between SBP and PVR in overweight individuals. Conclusion: Different haemodynamic mechanisms are associated with elevated SBP in young adults, depending on body size and sex. These data suggest the need for differential approaches to the identification and management of young adults with elevated BP.
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Van Kempen TA, Narayan A, Waters EM, Marques-Lopes J, Iadecola C, Glass MJ, Pickel VM, Milner TA. Alterations in the subcellular distribution of NADPH oxidase p47(phox) in hypothalamic paraventricular neurons following slow-pressor angiotensin II hypertension in female mice with accelerated ovarian failure. J Comp Neurol 2016; 524:2251-65. [PMID: 26659944 PMCID: PMC4892978 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
At younger ages, women have a lower risk for hypertension than men, but this sexual dimorphism declines with the onset of menopause. These differences are paralleled in rodents following "slow-pressor" angiotensin II (AngII) administration: young male and aged female mice, but not young females, develop hypertension. There is also an established sexual dimorphism both in the cardiovascular response to the neurohypophyseal hormone arginine vasopressin (AVP) and in the expression of oxidative stress. We examined the relationship between AngII-mediated hypertension and the cellular distribution of the superoxide generating NADPH oxidase (NOX) in AVP-expressing hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) neurons in "menopausal" female mice. Dual-labeling immunoelectron microscopy was used to determine whether the subcellular distribution of the organizer/adapter NOX p47(phox) subunit is altered in PVN dendrites following AngII administered (14 days) during the "postmenopausal" stage of accelerated ovarian failure (AOF) in young female mice treated with 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide. Slow-pressor AngII elevated blood pressure in AOF females and induced a significant increase in near plasmalemmal p47(phox) and a decrease in cytoplasmic p47(phox) in PVN AVP dendrites. These changes are the opposite of those observed in AngII-induced hypertensive male mice (Coleman et al. [2013] J. Neurosci. 33:4308-4316) and may be ascribed in part to baseline differences between young females and males in the near plasmalemmal p47(phox) on AVP dendrites seen in the present study. These findings highlight fundamental differences in the neural substrates of oxidative stress in the PVN associated with AngII hypertension in postmenopausal females compared with males. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:2251-2265, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey A. Van Kempen
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 East 61st Street, New York, NY 10065
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10021
| | - Ankita Narayan
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 East 61st Street, New York, NY 10065
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10021
| | - Elizabeth M. Waters
- Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| | - Jose Marques-Lopes
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 East 61st Street, New York, NY 10065
| | - Costantino Iadecola
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 East 61st Street, New York, NY 10065
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10021
| | - Michael J. Glass
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 East 61st Street, New York, NY 10065
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10021
| | - Virginia M. Pickel
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 East 61st Street, New York, NY 10065
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10021
| | - Teresa A. Milner
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 East 61st Street, New York, NY 10065
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10021
- Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
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Zhou B, Webster J, Fu LY, Wang HL, Wu XM, Wang WL, Shi JP. Intake of low sodium salt substitute for 3years attenuates the increase in blood pressure in a rural population of North China — A randomized controlled trial. Int J Cardiol 2016; 215:377-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Dobrowolski LC, van Huis M, van der Lee JH, Peters Sengers H, Liliën MR, Cransberg K, Cornelissen M, Bouts AH, de Fijter JW, Berger SP, van Zuilen A, Nurmohamed SA, Betjes MH, Hilbrands L, Hoitsma AJ, Bemelman FJ, Krediet P, Groothoff JW. Epidemiology and management of hypertension in paediatric and young adult kidney transplant recipients in The Netherlands. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2016; 31:1947-1956. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfw225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Ma WF, Liang Y, Zhu J, Yang YM, Tan HQ, Yu LT, Gao X, Feng GX, Li JD. Comparison of 4 Admission Blood Pressure Indexes for Predicting 30-Day Mortality in Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Am J Hypertens 2016; 29:332-9. [PMID: 26158853 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpv109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We compared admission systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), pulse pressure (PP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) in predicting 30-day all-cause mortality in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) without cardiogenic shock. METHODS A retrospective study was performed in 7,033 consecutive STEMI patients. Multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) with a 10mm Hg increment and quartiles of each blood pressure were determined by Cox proportional hazard analyses; Wald χ (2) tests were used to compare the strength of relationships. RESULTS Totally 593 (8.4%) patients died during follow-up. Of 4 indexes, only SBP (HR 0.94 per 10mm Hg, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.91 to 0.98; P = 0.001) and PP (HR 0.89 per 10 mmHg, 95% CI 0.85 to 0.94; P < 0.001) were significantly associated with 30-day all-cause mortality; these in the highest vs. lowest quartiles of SBP (≥140 vs. <110mm Hg) and PP (≥60 vs. <40mm Hg) had HRs of mortality of 0.70 (95% CI 0.55 to 0.87; P = 0.003) and 0.60 (95% CI 0.47 to 0.75; P < 0.001), respectively. Compared with SBP, PP was a better predictor for mortality no matter in men (χ (2) = 5.9 for per 10mm Hg, χ (2) = 10.8 for quartiles) or women (χ (2) = 15.1 for per 10mm Hg, χ (2) = 19.5 for quartiles), and the relationship remained significant after adjustment of SBP. There was a pattern of declining risk with increasing blood pressures for mortality, and this trend was mainly observed in age groups of more than 70 years. CONCLUSIONS Pulse pressure was an independent predictor of mortality in patients with STEMI, and low admission blood pressure should serve as a warning sign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-fang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Emergency and Critical Care Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Emergency and Critical Care Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Emergency and Critical Care Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-min Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Emergency and Critical Care Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-qiong Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Emergency and Critical Care Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-tian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Emergency and Critical Care Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Emergency and Critical Care Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-xun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Emergency and Critical Care Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Emergency and Critical Care Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Linneberg A, Jacobsen RK, Skaaby T, Taylor AE, Fluharty ME, Jeppesen JL, Bjorngaard JH, Åsvold BO, Gabrielsen ME, Campbell A, Marioni RE, Kumari M, Marques-Vidal P, Kaakinen M, Cavadino A, Postmus I, Ahluwalia TS, Wannamethee SG, Lahti J, Räikkönen K, Palotie A, Wong A, Dalgård C, Ford I, Ben-Shlomo Y, Christiansen L, Kyvik KO, Kuh D, Eriksson JG, Whincup PH, Mbarek H, de Geus EJC, Vink JM, Boomsma DI, Smith GD, Lawlor DA, Kisialiou A, McConnachie A, Padmanabhan S, Jukema JW, Power C, Hyppönen E, Preisig M, Waeber G, Vollenweider P, Korhonen T, Laatikainen T, Salomaa V, Kaprio J, Kivimaki M, Smith BH, Hayward C, Sørensen TIA, Thuesen BH, Sattar N, Morris RW, Romundstad PR, Munafò MR, Jarvelin MR, Husemoen LLN. Effect of Smoking on Blood Pressure and Resting Heart Rate: A Mendelian Randomization Meta-Analysis in the CARTA Consortium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 8:832-41. [PMID: 26538566 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.115.001225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking is an important cardiovascular disease risk factor, but the mechanisms linking smoking to blood pressure are poorly understood. METHODS AND RESULTS Data on 141 317 participants (62 666 never, 40 669 former, 37 982 current smokers) from 23 population-based studies were included in observational and Mendelian randomization meta-analyses of the associations of smoking status and smoking heaviness with systolic and diastolic blood pressure, hypertension, and resting heart rate. For the Mendelian randomization analyses, a genetic variant rs16969968/rs1051730 was used as a proxy for smoking heaviness in current smokers. In observational analyses, current as compared with never smoking was associated with lower systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure and lower hypertension risk, but with higher resting heart rate. In observational analyses among current smokers, 1 cigarette/day higher level of smoking heaviness was associated with higher (0.21 bpm; 95% confidence interval 0.19; 0.24) resting heart rate and slightly higher diastolic blood pressure (0.05 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval 0.02; 0.08) and systolic blood pressure (0.08 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval 0.03; 0.13). However, in Mendelian randomization analyses among current smokers, although each smoking increasing allele of rs16969968/rs1051730 was associated with higher resting heart rate (0.36 bpm/allele; 95% confidence interval 0.18; 0.54), there was no strong association with diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, or hypertension. This would suggest a 7 bpm higher heart rate in those who smoke 20 cigarettes/day. CONCLUSIONS This Mendelian randomization meta-analysis supports a causal association of smoking heaviness with higher level of resting heart rate, but not with blood pressure. These findings suggest that part of the cardiovascular risk of smoking may operate through increasing resting heart rate.
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Mirmiran P, Golzarand M, Bahadoran Z, Ataee M, Azizi F. Paradoxical association of dairy intake between men and women with the incidence of hypertension: A three-year follow up in Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Nutr Diet 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1747-0080.12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Parvin Mirmiran
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Mahdieh Golzarand
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Centre, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Obesity Research Centre, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Zahra Bahadoran
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Centre, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Obesity Research Centre, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Maryam Ataee
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Centre, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Fereidoun Azizi
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Centre, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
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Wang L, Shen C, Yang S, Chen Y, Guo D, Jin Y, He L, Chen J, Zhao X, Zhao H, Yao Y. Association study of NOS3 gene polymorphisms and hypertension in the Han Chinese population. Nitric Oxide 2015; 51:1-6. [PMID: 26391643 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have reported that NOS3 plays an important role in cardiovascular pathology, whereas the association of NOS3 and hypertension (HT) has been controversial between African Americans and European whites. Here, we aimed to further investigate the genetic effect of unexplored loci at NOS3 on the susceptibility of HT in the Han Chinese population. METHODS AND RESULTS The association of three polymorphisms; rs4496877, rs1808593 and rs3918186 to HT was tested in a case control study that included 2012 HT cases and 2210 controls. Association analysis showed that there was no significant association between rs4496877, rs1808593 and rs3918186 of NOS3 and HT in the whole study population. Stratification analysis indicated that rs3918186 was significantly associated with HT in the ≥55-year-old population (OR = 1.245, 95% CI = 1.010-1.534, P = 0.04). The rs4496877 and rs1808593 were significantly associated with HT in the male population (P = 0.015) and <55-year-old population (P = 0.025), respectively (OR = 3.254, 95% CI = 1.257-8.425 and OR = 1.683, 95% CI = 1.066-2.657, respectively). Quantitative trait analysis showed that there were significant differences in systolic blood pressure (SBP) among the genotypes (AA, AT and TT) of rs3918186 in the non-intervention populations (P = 0.016). GMDR analysis showed that drinking and rs3918186 had significant interaction effects for risk of HT. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study indicated that the rs4496877, rs1808593 and rs3918186 polymorphisms of NOS3 contribute to the genetic susceptibility of HT and that rs3918186 was associated with SBP in the Chinese population. Age and gender might modify the genetic effect of NOS3 on HT, and drinking significantly interacts with rs3918186.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhong Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, China
| | - Chong Shen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Song Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Yixing People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, People's Hospital of Yixing City, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Yanchun Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Yixing People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, People's Hospital of Yixing City, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Daoxia Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, China
| | - Yuelong Jin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, China
| | - Lianping He
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, China
| | - Jinfeng Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xianghai Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Yixing People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, People's Hospital of Yixing City, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Hailong Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yingshui Yao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, China.
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Cumulative Blood Pressure in Early Adulthood and Cardiac Dysfunction in Middle Age: The CARDIA Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 65:2679-87. [PMID: 26112189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cumulative blood pressure (BP) exposure may adversely influence myocardial function, predisposing individuals to heart failure later in life. OBJECTIVES This study sought to investigate how cumulative exposure to higher BP influences left ventricular (LV) function during young to middle adulthood. METHODS The CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults) study prospectively enrolled 5,115 healthy African Americans and whites in 1985 and 1986 (baseline). At the year 25 examination, LV function was measured by 2-dimensional echocardiography; cardiac deformation was assessed in detail by speckle-tracking echocardiography. We used cumulative exposure of BP through baseline and up to the year 25 examination (millimeters of mercury × year) to represent long-term exposure to BP levels. Linear regression and logistic regression were used to quantify the association of BP measured repeatedly through early adulthood (18 to 30 years of age) up to middle age (43 to 55 years). RESULTS Among 2,479 participants, cumulative BP measures were not related to LV ejection fraction; however, high cumulative exposure to systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were associated with lower longitudinal strain rate (both p < 0.001). For diastolic function, higher cumulative exposures to SBP and DBP were associated with low early diastolic longitudinal peak strain rate. Of note, higher DBP (per SD increment) had a stronger association with diastolic dysfunction compared with SBP. CONCLUSIONS Higher cumulative exposure to BP over 25 years from young adulthood to middle age is associated with incipient LV systolic and diastolic dysfunction in middle age.
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Sex differences in NMDA GluN1 plasticity in rostral ventrolateral medulla neurons containing corticotropin-releasing factor type 1 receptor following slow-pressor angiotensin II hypertension. Neuroscience 2015; 307:83-97. [PMID: 26306872 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
There are profound, yet incompletely understood, sex differences in the neurogenic regulation of blood pressure. Both corticotropin signaling and glutamate receptor plasticity, which differ between males and females, are known to play important roles in the neural regulation of blood pressure. However, the relationship between hypertension and glutamate plasticity in corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-receptive neurons in brain cardiovascular regulatory areas, including the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), is not understood. In the present study, we used dual-label immuno-electron microscopy to analyze sex differences in slow-pressor angiotensin II (AngII) hypertension with respect to the subcellular distribution of the obligatory NMDA glutamate receptor subunit 1 (GluN1) subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) in the RVLM and PVN. Studies were conducted in mice expressing the enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) under the control of the CRF type 1 receptor (CRF1) promoter (i.e., CRF1-EGFP reporter mice). By light microscopy, GluN1-immunoreactivity (ir) was found in CRF1-EGFP neurons of the RVLM and PVN. Moreover, in both regions tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) was found in CRF1-EGFP neurons. In response to AngII, male mice showed an elevation in blood pressure that was associated with an increase in the proportion of GluN1 on presumably functional areas of the plasma membrane (PM) in CRF1-EGFP dendritic profiles in the RVLM. In female mice, AngII was neither associated with an increase in blood pressure nor an increase in PM GluN1 in the RVLM. Unlike the RVLM, AngII-mediated hypertension had no effect on GluN1 localization in CRF1-EGFP dendrites in the PVN of either male or female mice. These studies provide an anatomical mechanism for sex-differences in the convergent modulation of RVLM catecholaminergic neurons by CRF and glutamate. Moreover, these results suggest that sexual dimorphism in AngII-induced hypertension is reflected by NMDA receptor trafficking in presumptive sympathoexcitatory neurons in the RVLM.
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Hunter A, Holdsworth DA, D'Arcy J, Bailey K, Casadei B. Hypertension in the military patient. J ROY ARMY MED CORPS 2015; 161:200-5. [PMID: 26253125 DOI: 10.1136/jramc-2015-000506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension and hypertension-related diseases are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. A diagnosis of hypertension can have serious occupational implications for military personnel. This article examines the diagnosis and management of hypertension in military personnel, in the context of current international standards. We consider the consequences of hypertension in the military environment and potential military-specific issues relating to hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alys Hunter
- MDHU Portsmouth, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, UK
| | - D A Holdsworth
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - J D'Arcy
- RCDM (Oxford), John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - K Bailey
- AMD, Marlborough Lines, Andover, UK
| | - B Casadei
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
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Awotidebe A, Monyeki MA, Moss SJ, Strydom GL, Amstrong M, Kemper HCG. Relationship of adiposity and cardiorespiratory fitness with resting blood pressure of South African adolescents: the PAHL Study. J Hum Hypertens 2015. [DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2015.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Liu J, Sui X, Lavie CJ, Zhou H, Park YMM, Cai B, Liu J, Blair SN. Effects of cardiorespiratory fitness on blood pressure trajectory with aging in a cohort of healthy men. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014; 64:1245-1253. [PMID: 25236517 PMCID: PMC4171684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.06.1184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the trajectory of blood pressure (BP) with aging is well known, there is a lack of data on how cardiorespiratory fitness (hereafter referred to as fitness) affects age-associated changes in BP. OBJECTIVES The objective of the study was to investigate whether fitness alters the aging-BP trajectory. METHODS A cohort from the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study totaling 13,953 men between 20 and 90 years of age who did not have hypertension, cardiovascular disease, or cancer completed 3 to 28 (mean of 3.8) follow-up medical examinations between 1970 and 2006. Fitness was measured by a maximal treadmill exercise test. Longitudinal data were analyzed using linear mixed models. RESULTS Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) tended to increase until nearly 60 years of age, when a decrease was observed. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) tended to increase over all age periods. On multivariate analysis, average SBP increased by 0.30 mm Hg (95% confidence interval: 0.29 to 0.31) with 1-year age increment after adjusting for body fat percent, fitness, resting heart rate, glucose level, triglyceride level, cholesterol level, current smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, and parental history of hypertension. DBP had a yearly increase of 0.14 mm Hg (95% confidence interval: 0.13 to 0.15) before age 60 years. Overall, abnormal SBP (>120 mm Hg) began to occur at approximately 50 years of age and abnormal DBP (>80 mm Hg) began to occur at 60 years of age. Men with higher fitness levels experienced abnormal SBP later than those with low fitness levels. CONCLUSIONS Our findings underscore the potential modifying effect of fitness on BP trajectory with aging over the male adult life span. Improving fitness levels might extend the normal SBP and DBP ranges, delaying the development of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiu Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - Xuemei Sui
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - Carl J. Lavie
- John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, Ochsner Clinical School, University of Queensland School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA and the Department of Preventive Medicine, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Haiming Zhou
- Department of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - Yong-Moon Mark Park
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - Bo Cai
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - Jihong Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - Steven N. Blair
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
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Cheng S, Claggett B, Correia AW, Shah AM, Gupta DK, Skali H, Ni H, Rosamond WD, Heiss G, Folsom AR, Coresh J, Solomon SD. Temporal trends in the population attributable risk for cardiovascular disease: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Circulation 2014; 130:820-8. [PMID: 25210095 PMCID: PMC4161984 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.113.008506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extent to which the relative contributions of traditional cardiovascular risk factors to incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) may have changed over time remains unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS We studied 13 541 participants (56% women, 26% black) in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, aged 52 to 66 years and free of CVD at exams in 1987 through 1989, 1990 through 1992, 1993 through 1995, or 1996 through 1998. At each examination, we estimated the population attributable risks (PAR) of traditional risk factors (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, and smoking) for the 10-year incidence of CVD. Overall, the PAR of all risk factors combined appeared to decrease from the late 1980s to the late 1990s (0.58 to 0.53). The combined PAR was higher in women than men in 1987 through 1989 (0.68 versus 0.51, P<0.001) but not by the late 1990s (0.58 versus 0.48, P=0.08). The combined PAR was higher in blacks than whites in the late 1980s (0.67 versus 0.57, P=0.049), and this difference was more pronounced by the late 1990s (0.67 versus 0.48, P=0.002). By the late 1990s, the PAR of hypertension had become higher in women than men (P=0.02) and also appeared higher in blacks than whites (P=0.08). By the late 1990s, the PAR of diabetes mellitus remained higher in women than men (P<0.0001) and in blacks than whites (P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The contribution to CVD of all traditional risk factors combined is greater in blacks than whites, and this difference may be increasing. The contributions of hypertension and diabetes mellitus remain especially high, in women as well as blacks. These findings underscore the continued need for individual as well as population approaches to CVD risk factor modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Cheng
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.C., B.C., A.M.S., D.K.G., H.S., S.D.S.); NMR Group Inc, Somerville, MA (A.W.C.); National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (H.N.); the Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (W.D.R., G.H.); the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (A.R.F.); the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (J.C.); and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (J.C.).
| | - Brian Claggett
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.C., B.C., A.M.S., D.K.G., H.S., S.D.S.); NMR Group Inc, Somerville, MA (A.W.C.); National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (H.N.); the Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (W.D.R., G.H.); the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (A.R.F.); the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (J.C.); and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (J.C.)
| | - Andrew W Correia
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.C., B.C., A.M.S., D.K.G., H.S., S.D.S.); NMR Group Inc, Somerville, MA (A.W.C.); National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (H.N.); the Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (W.D.R., G.H.); the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (A.R.F.); the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (J.C.); and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (J.C.)
| | - Amil M Shah
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.C., B.C., A.M.S., D.K.G., H.S., S.D.S.); NMR Group Inc, Somerville, MA (A.W.C.); National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (H.N.); the Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (W.D.R., G.H.); the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (A.R.F.); the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (J.C.); and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (J.C.)
| | - Deepak K Gupta
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.C., B.C., A.M.S., D.K.G., H.S., S.D.S.); NMR Group Inc, Somerville, MA (A.W.C.); National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (H.N.); the Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (W.D.R., G.H.); the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (A.R.F.); the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (J.C.); and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (J.C.)
| | - Hicham Skali
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.C., B.C., A.M.S., D.K.G., H.S., S.D.S.); NMR Group Inc, Somerville, MA (A.W.C.); National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (H.N.); the Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (W.D.R., G.H.); the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (A.R.F.); the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (J.C.); and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (J.C.)
| | - Hanyu Ni
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.C., B.C., A.M.S., D.K.G., H.S., S.D.S.); NMR Group Inc, Somerville, MA (A.W.C.); National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (H.N.); the Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (W.D.R., G.H.); the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (A.R.F.); the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (J.C.); and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (J.C.)
| | - Wayne D Rosamond
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.C., B.C., A.M.S., D.K.G., H.S., S.D.S.); NMR Group Inc, Somerville, MA (A.W.C.); National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (H.N.); the Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (W.D.R., G.H.); the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (A.R.F.); the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (J.C.); and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (J.C.)
| | - Gerardo Heiss
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.C., B.C., A.M.S., D.K.G., H.S., S.D.S.); NMR Group Inc, Somerville, MA (A.W.C.); National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (H.N.); the Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (W.D.R., G.H.); the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (A.R.F.); the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (J.C.); and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (J.C.)
| | - Aaron R Folsom
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.C., B.C., A.M.S., D.K.G., H.S., S.D.S.); NMR Group Inc, Somerville, MA (A.W.C.); National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (H.N.); the Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (W.D.R., G.H.); the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (A.R.F.); the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (J.C.); and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (J.C.)
| | - Josef Coresh
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.C., B.C., A.M.S., D.K.G., H.S., S.D.S.); NMR Group Inc, Somerville, MA (A.W.C.); National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (H.N.); the Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (W.D.R., G.H.); the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (A.R.F.); the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (J.C.); and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (J.C.)
| | - Scott D Solomon
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.C., B.C., A.M.S., D.K.G., H.S., S.D.S.); NMR Group Inc, Somerville, MA (A.W.C.); National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (H.N.); the Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (W.D.R., G.H.); the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (A.R.F.); the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (J.C.); and the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (J.C.)
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Boytsov SA, Balanova YA, Shalnova SA, Deev AD, Artamonova GV, Gatagonova TM, Duplyakov DV, Efanov AY, Zhernakova YV, Konradi AO, Libis RA, Minakov AV, Nedogoda SV, Oshchepkova EV, Romanchuk SA, Rotar OP, Trubacheva IA, Chazova IE, Shlyakhto EV, Muromtseva GA, Evstifeeva SE, Kapustina AV, Konstantinov VV, Oganov RG, Mamedov MN, Baranova EI, Nazarova OA, Shutemova OA, Furmenko GI, Babenko NI, Azarin OG, Bondartsov LV, Khvostikova AE, Ledyaeva AA, Chumachek EV, Isaeva EN, Basyrova IR, Kondratenko VY, Lopina EA, Safonova DV, Skripchenko AE, Indukaeva EV, Cherkass NV, Maksimov SA, Danilchenko YV, Mulerova TA, Shalaev SV, Medvedeva IV, Shava VG, Storozhok MA, Tolparov GV, Astakhova ZT, Toguzova ZA, Kaveshnikov VS, Karpov RS, Serebryakova VN. ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION AMONG INDIVIDUALS OF 25–64 YEARS OLD: PREVALENCE, AWARENESS, TREATMENT AND CONTROL. BY THE DATA FROM ECCD. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.15829/1728-8800-2014-4-4-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Aim. To study prevalence of arterial hypertension (AH), mean values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP), awareness of patients about their disease, medication consumption (MC) and efficacy of treatment in several regions of Russia.Material and methods. Representative selections were made in 9 regions of Russia: men (n=5563), women (n=9737) of 25–64 y.o., studied in 2012–2013 with the response 80%. Systematic stratified multilevel random selection was formed with localilty criteria (Kisch method). The Questionnaire on the presence of AH included: awareness of the patient about his disease, drug intake. BP measurement was performed on the right arm by automatic tonometer Omron in sitting position after 5 minutes resting. The mean value of two measurements was used. BP defined as SBP ≥140 mmHg, DBP ≥90 mmHg, or if the patient had taken antihypertensive therapy. Efficacy of treatment — the part of patients (in %) who reached target BP. Control group — part of patients (in %) with BP <140/90 mmHg. Statistic data calculation was done with computer-based statistic software — SAS with standardising by age stratification of Europe.Results. Mean SBP and DBP were 130,7±0,1 mmHg and 81,6±0,1 mmHg respectively. Prevalence of AH — 44%, higher in men (p<0,001). Prevalence of AH was higher in rural area citizens in men — 51,8% vs 47,5% (р<0,02) and in women — 42,9% vs 40,2% (р<0,05). Awareness was 67,5% in men, 78,9% in women. Medications were taken by 60,9% of women and 39,5% of men. Effectively treated were 53,5% of women and 41,4% of men. With the age the part of effectively treated decreases (p<0,0005). BP is under control only in 1/3 of women and 14,4% of men.Conclusion. The role of AH as one of the main modifiable risk factors of cardiovascular diseases is proved, however it is depressing that the percent of controlled AH is low. BP control is the main task of outpatient surveillance at every local outpatient department, where now less than a half of those affected are being observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. A. Boytsov
- FSBI State Scientific-Research Centre for Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Health, Moscow
| | - Yu. A. Balanova
- FSBI State Scientific-Research Centre for Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Health, Moscow
| | - S. A. Shalnova
- FSBI State Scientific-Research Centre for Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Health, Moscow
| | - A. D. Deev
- FSBI State Scientific-Research Centre for Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Health, Moscow
| | - G. V. Artamonova
- FSBI Scientific-Research Institute for Complex Cardiovascular Problems of SD RAMS, Kemerovo
| | | | - D. V. Duplyakov
- SBHI Samara Region Clinical Cardiological Dispensary, Samara
| | | | - Yu. V. Zhernakova
- FSBI Russian Cardiologic Scientific-Production Complex of the Ministry of Helath, Moscow
| | - A. O. Konradi
- FSBI The Almazov Medical Research Centre, Saint-Petersburg
| | - R. A. Libis
- SBEI HPE Orenburg State Medical Academy, Orenburg
| | | | | | - E. V. Oshchepkova
- FSBI Russian Cardiologic Scientific-Production Complex of the Ministry of Helath, Moscow
| | | | - O. P. Rotar
- FSBI The Almazov Medical Research Centre, Saint-Petersburg
| | | | - I. E. Chazova
- FSBI Russian Cardiologic Scientific-Production Complex of the Ministry of Helath, Moscow
| | | | - G. A. Muromtseva
- FSBI State Scientific-Research Centre for Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Health
| | - S. E. Evstifeeva
- FSBI State Scientific-Research Centre for Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Health
| | - A. V. Kapustina
- FSBI State Scientific-Research Centre for Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Health
| | - V. V. Konstantinov
- FSBI State Scientific-Research Centre for Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Health
| | - R. G. Oganov
- FSBI State Scientific-Research Centre for Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Health
| | - M. N. Mamedov
- FSBI State Scientific-Research Centre for Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Health
| | - E. I. Baranova
- Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. акад. И.П. Павлова
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - A. E. Skripchenko
- FSBI Scientific-Research Institute for Complex Cardiovascular Problems of SD RAMS
| | - E. V. Indukaeva
- FSBI Scientific-Research Institute for Complex Cardiovascular Problems of SD RAMS
| | - N. V. Cherkass
- FSBI Scientific-Research Institute for Complex Cardiovascular Problems of SD RAMS
| | - S. A. Maksimov
- FSBI Scientific-Research Institute for Complex Cardiovascular Problems of SD RAMS
| | - Ya. V. Danilchenko
- FSBI Scientific-Research Institute for Complex Cardiovascular Problems of SD RAMS
| | - T. A. Mulerova
- FSBI Scientific-Research Institute for Complex Cardiovascular Problems of SD RAMS
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89
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Hypertensive subjects with type-2 diabetes, the sympathetic nervous system, and treatment implications. Int J Cardiol 2014; 174:702-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.04.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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90
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Dickie K, Micklesfield LK, Chantler S, Lambert EV, Goedecke JH. Meeting physical activity guidelines is associated with reduced risk for cardiovascular disease in black South African women; a 5.5-year follow-up study. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:498. [PMID: 24886324 PMCID: PMC4051116 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Low levels of physical activity (PA) have been associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D), but few studies have examined whether meeting international PA guidelines is associated with reduced risk in a black South African (SA) population. The aims of this study were to compare body composition and cardio-metabolic risk factors for CVD and T2D between active and inactive groups (part 1, cross-sectional analysis) and, to determine whether PA level predicts changes in body composition and cardio-metabolic risk factors for CVD and T2D at follow-up after 5.5-years (part 2, longitudinal analysis). Methods Part 1 included a sample of 240 apparently healthy black SA women (26 ± 7 years) who underwent the following measurements at baseline: PA (Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ)), body composition and regional fat distribution (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and computerised tomography), blood pressure, fasting glucose, insulin and lipid concentrations. For part 2, a sub-sample of women (n = 57) underwent the same measurements after a 5.5-year period. Results At baseline, 61% of women were classified as meeting the guidelines for moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) according to GPAQ. Women who were active had significantly lower body weight (p < 0.001), body fat (BMI, fat mass, % body fat, waist circumference, central and appendicular fat mass, all p < 0.001), and measures of insulin resistance (fasting serum insulin and HOMA-IR, both p = 0.01), and higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p = 0.041), compared to the inactive group. At follow-up, all body fat measures increased significantly in both groups and diastolic blood pressure decreased significantly in those who were active at baseline, but did not change in those who were inactive. Conclusions Meeting PA guidelines was associated with decreased risk for CVD and T2D in black SA women, but did not prevent the increase in body fat over time. Interventions promoting physical activity to specifically address obesity in this high-risk group are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Julia H Goedecke
- UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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91
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Hiremath P, Bauer M, Aguirre AD, Cheng HW, Unno K, Patel RB, Harvey BW, Chang WT, Groarke JD, Liao R, Cheng S. Identifying early changes in myocardial microstructure in hypertensive heart disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97424. [PMID: 24831515 PMCID: PMC4022613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The transition from healthy myocardium to hypertensive heart disease is characterized by a series of poorly understood changes in myocardial tissue microstructure. Incremental alterations in the orientation and integrity of myocardial fibers can be assessed using advanced ultrasonic image analysis. We used a modified algorithm to investigate left ventricular myocardial microstructure based on analysis of the reflection intensity at the myocardial-pericardial interface on B-mode echocardiographic images. We evaluated the extent to which the novel algorithm can differentiate between normal myocardium and hypertensive heart disease in humans as well as in a mouse model of afterload resistance. The algorithm significantly differentiated between individuals with uncomplicated essential hypertension (N = 30) and healthy controls (N = 28), even after adjusting for age and sex (P = 0.025). There was a trend in higher relative wall thickness in hypertensive individuals compared to controls (P = 0.08), but no difference between groups in left ventricular mass (P = 0.98) or total wall thickness (P = 0.37). In mice, algorithm measurements (P = 0.026) compared with left ventricular mass (P = 0.053) more clearly differentiated between animal groups that underwent fixed aortic banding, temporary aortic banding, or sham procedure, on echocardiography at 7 weeks after surgery. Based on sonographic signal intensity analysis, a novel imaging algorithm provides an accessible, non-invasive measure that appears to differentiate normal left ventricular microstructure from myocardium exposed to chronic afterload stress. The algorithm may represent a particularly sensitive measure of the myocardial changes that occur early in the course of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranoti Hiremath
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael Bauer
- The Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Aaron D. Aguirre
- The Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hui-Wen Cheng
- The Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kazumasa Unno
- The Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ravi B. Patel
- The Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bethany W. Harvey
- The Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Wei-Ting Chang
- The Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John D. Groarke
- The Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ronglih Liao
- The Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Susan Cheng
- The Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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92
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O'Rourke MF. Pulsatile and Steady-State Pressure Trends in Children: Is the Future Now?: Comment on the Paper by Zachariah and Kovacikova [Pulse 2014;2:57-62]. Pulse (Basel) 2014; 2:63-8. [PMID: 26587446 DOI: 10.1159/000371626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael F O'Rourke
- St. Vincent's Clinic, University of New South Wales, and Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, N.S.W., Australia
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93
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Doumas M, Papademetriou V, Faselis C, Kokkinos P. Gender differences in hypertension: myths and reality. Curr Hypertens Rep 2014; 15:321-30. [PMID: 23749317 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-013-0359-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Life expectancy is longer in women compared to men, and cardiovascular events occur at a lower rate and at a later age in females than males. The impact of gender on the prevalence, the presentation, and the long-term outcome of cardiovascular disease has long been a topic of active research. Gender differences have been found in several studies but opposite findings also exist. The impact of gender in hypertension and antihypertensive therapy remains poorly clarified. The prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control rates of hypertension exhibit some differences between the two sexes, which are age-dependent. The female advantage in the cardiovascular risk of hypertensive patients might be attenuated by comorbidities and target organ damage. Another aspect of major clinical importance is whether gender differences exist on the effects of antihypertensive agents in blood pressure reduction and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The aim of this review is to critically evaluate recent data regarding gender differences in hypertension and incorporate new data into the body of existing knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Doumas
- Veteran Affairs Medical Center and George Washington University, 50 Irwing Street NW, Washington, DC 20422, USA.
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94
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Chrysant SG, Chrysant GS. The age-related hemodynamic changes of blood pressure and their impact on the incidence of cardiovascular disease and stroke: new evidence. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2014; 16:87-90. [PMID: 24373633 PMCID: PMC8031888 DOI: 10.1111/jch.12253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There is a linear change in blood pressure (BP) with the advancement of age from predominantly diastolic BP (DBP) in the young to predominantly systolic BP (SBP) in the old. This change is caused by the stiffening of the large arteries and the loss of elastic recoil as a result of replacement of the elastic fibers with collagen fibers. The result of this ageing process leads to an increase in pulse wave velocity and widening of pulse pressure. These hemodynamic changes are associated with an increased incidence in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and strokes. Recently, an inverse relationship with stroke risk was noted when the DBP was <71 mm Hg in persons older than 60 years. Accordingly, when treating SBP in the elderly, care should be taken not to lower the DBP below this level in order to minimize the risk for CVD and stoke.
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95
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Maric-Bilkan C, Gilbert EL, Ryan MJ. Impact of ovarian function on cardiovascular health in women: focus on hypertension. Int J Womens Health 2014; 6:131-9. [PMID: 24493934 PMCID: PMC3908909 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s38084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Arterial blood pressure levels and the prevalence of hypertension are generally lower in premenopausal women compared with age-matched men. The lower blood pressure levels in premenopausal women are associated with a lower risk of the development and progression of cardiovascular disease. In contrast, menopause, a state characterized by a physiologic reduction in ovarian hormone levels, is associated with progressive increases in blood pressure and an overall increase in the risk of cardiovascular disease. These observations suggest an association between blood pressure regulation and changes in ovarian hormone levels, estrogens in particular. In addition to menopause, the risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease is also dramatically increased in premenopausal women with chronic diseases such as diabetes and systemic lupus erythematosus. Studies suggest that these chronic diseases may be associated with an imbalance in ovarian hormones, which may explain the increased risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease in these women. However, the use of hormone therapy to manage the risk and prevent the development of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases in women remains controversial. The precise mechanisms by which estrogens contribute to the regulation of blood pressure are still not completely understood. However, accumulating evidence suggests that modulating the activity of locally active hormone systems is one of the major mechanisms by which estrogens exert their effects on target organs, including the vasculature, kidneys, and immune system. In particular, the interaction between estrogens and the renin-angiotensin system has been implicated in the regulation of blood pressure and cardiovascular function in both humans and experimental models. This review summarizes our current understanding of the mechanisms by which estrogens regulate blood pressure and the potential use of hormone therapy in prevention of hypertension and consequent cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Maric-Bilkan
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Emily L Gilbert
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Michael J Ryan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
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96
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Hulmán A, Tabák AG, Nyári TA, Vistisen D, Kivimäki M, Brunner EJ, Witte DR. Effect of secular trends on age-related trajectories of cardiovascular risk factors: the Whitehall II longitudinal study 1985-2009. Int J Epidemiol 2014; 43:866-77. [PMID: 24464190 PMCID: PMC4052135 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyt279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secular trends in cardiovascular risk factors have been described, but few studies have examined simultaneously the effects of both ageing and secular trends within the same cohort. METHODS Development of cardiovascular risk factors over the past three decades was analysed using serial measurements from 10 308 participants aged from 35 to 80 years over 25 years of follow-up from five clinical examination phases of the Whitehall II study. Changes of body mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure and total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol distribution characteristics were analysed with quantile regression models in the 57-61 age group. Age-related trajectories of risk factors were assessed by fitting mixed-effects models with adjustment for year of birth to reveal secular trends. RESULTS Average body mass index and waist circumference increased faster with age in women than in men, but the unfavourable secular trend was more marked in men. Distributions showed a fattening of the right tail in each consecutive phase, meaning a stronger increase in higher percentiles. Despite the higher obesity levels in younger birth cohorts, total cholesterol decreased markedly in the 57-61 age group along the entire distribution rather than in higher extremes only. CONCLUSION The past three decades brought strong and heterogeneous changes in cardiovascular risk factor distributions. Secular trends appear to modify age-related trajectories of cardiovascular risk factors, which may be a source of bias in longitudinal analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Hulmán
- Department of Medical Physics and Medical Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK, First Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University Faculty of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary, Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark and Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Adam G Tabák
- Department of Medical Physics and Medical Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK, First Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University Faculty of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary, Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark and Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé, Strassen, LuxembourgDepartment of Medical Physics and Medical Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK, First Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University Faculty of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary, Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark and Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Tibor A Nyári
- Department of Medical Physics and Medical Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK, First Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University Faculty of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary, Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark and Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Dorte Vistisen
- Department of Medical Physics and Medical Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK, First Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University Faculty of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary, Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark and Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Mika Kivimäki
- Department of Medical Physics and Medical Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK, First Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University Faculty of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary, Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark and Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Eric J Brunner
- Department of Medical Physics and Medical Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK, First Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University Faculty of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary, Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark and Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Daniel R Witte
- Department of Medical Physics and Medical Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK, First Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University Faculty of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary, Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark and Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé, Strassen, Luxembourg
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97
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Abstract
Hypertension is a complex and multifaceted disease, and there are well established sex differences in many aspects of blood pressure (BP) control. The intent of this review is to highlight recent work examining sex differences in the molecular mechanisms of BP control in hypertension to assess whether the "one-size-fits-all" approach to BP control is appropriate with regard to sex.
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98
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Parekh N, Lin Y, Vadiveloo M, Hayes RB, Lu-Yao GL. Metabolic dysregulation of the insulin-glucose axis and risk of obesity-related cancers in the Framingham heart study-offspring cohort (1971-2008). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013; 22:1825-36. [PMID: 24064521 PMCID: PMC6785178 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity-related dysregulation of the insulin-glucose axis is hypothesized in carcinogenesis. We studied impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and other markers of insulin-glucose metabolism in the Framingham Heart Study-Offspring Cohort, which uniquely tracks these markers and cancer >37 years. METHODS Participants were recruited between 1971 and 1975 and followed until 2008 (n = 4,615; mean age 66.8 years in 2008). Serum glucose, insulin, and hemoglobin A1c were determined from fasting blood in quart-annual exams. Lifestyle and demographic information was self-reported. HRs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of cancer risk were computed using time-dependent survival analysis (SASv9.3), while accounting for temporal changes for relevant variables. RESULTS We identified 787 obesity-related cancers, including 136 colorectal, 217 breast, and 219 prostate cancers. Absence versus presence of IFG 10 to 20 years and 20+ years before the event or last follow-up was associated with 44% (95% CI, 1.15-1.79) and 57% (95% CI, 1.17-2.11) increased risk of obesity-related cancers, respectively. When time-dependent variables were used, after adjusting for age, sex, smoking, alcohol, and body mass index, IFG was associated with a 27% increased risk of obesity-related cancer (HR = 1.27; CI, 1.1-1.5). Associations were stronger in smokers (HR = 1.41; CI, 1.13-1.76). Increased risk was noted among persons with higher insulin (HR = 1.47; CI, 1.15-1.88) and hemoglobin A1c (HR = 1.54; CI, 1.13-2.10) for the highest (≥ 5.73%) versus lowest (≤ 5.25%) category. A >2-fold increase in colorectal cancer risk was observed for all blood biomarkers of insulin-glucose metabolism, particularly with earlier IFG exposure. Nonsignificant increased risk of breast and prostate cancer was observed for blood biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS Earlier IFG exposure (>10 years before) increased obesity-related cancer risk, particularly for colorectal cancer. IMPACT Our study explicitly recognizes the importance of prolonged IFG exposure in identifying links between glucose dysregulation and obesity-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyati Parekh
- Nutrition, Food Studies, and Public Health, Steinhardt School, New York University
- Population Health, Langone School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Yong Lin
- Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Rutgers University
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Maya Vadiveloo
- Nutrition, Food Studies, and Public Health, Steinhardt School, New York University
| | - Richard B. Hayes
- Population Health, Langone School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Grace L. Lu-Yao
- Medicine, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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99
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Joffres M, Falaschetti E, Gillespie C, Robitaille C, Loustalot F, Poulter N, McAlister FA, Johansen H, Baclic O, Campbell N. Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment and control in national surveys from England, the USA and Canada, and correlation with stroke and ischaemic heart disease mortality: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2013; 3:e003423. [PMID: 23996822 PMCID: PMC3758966 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Comparison of recent national survey data on prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in England, the USA and Canada, and correlation of these parameters with each country stroke and ischaemic heart disease (IHD) mortality. DESIGN Non-institutionalised population surveys. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS England (2006 n=6873), the USA (2007-2010 n=10 003) and Canada (2007-2009 n=3485) aged 20-79 years. OUTCOMES Stroke and IHD mortality rates were plotted against countries' specific prevalence data. RESULTS Mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) was higher in England than in the USA and Canada in all age-gender groups. Mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was similar in the three countries before age 50 and then fell more rapidly in the USA, being the lowest in the USA. Only 34% had a BP under 140/90 mm Hg in England, compared with 50% in the USA and 66% in Canada. Prehypertension and stages 1 and 2 hypertension prevalence figures were the highest in England. Hypertension prevalence (≥140 mm Hg SBP and/or ≥90 mm Hg DBP) was lower in Canada (19·5%) than in the USA (29%) and England (30%). Hypertension awareness was higher in the USA (81%) and Canada (83%) than in England (65%). England also had lower levels of hypertension treatment (51%; USA 74%; Canada 80%) and control (<140/90 mm Hg; 27%; the USA 53%; Canada 66%). Canada had the lowest stroke and IHD mortality rates, England the highest and the rates were inversely related to the mean SBP in each country and strongly related to the blood pressure indicators, the strongest relationship being between low hypertension awareness and stroke mortality. CONCLUSIONS While the current prevention efforts in England should result in future-improved figures, especially at younger ages, these data still show important gaps in the management of hypertension in these countries, with consequences on stroke and IHD mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Joffres
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Emanuela Falaschetti
- Imperial Clinical Trial Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Cathleen Gillespie
- Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Cynthia Robitaille
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fleetwood Loustalot
- Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Neil Poulter
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Finlay A McAlister
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Helen Johansen
- Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Ottawa, Epidemiology & Community Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Oliver Baclic
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Norm Campbell
- Departments of Medicine, Community Health Sciences and of Physiology and Pharmacology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Canada Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Brinson KN, Elmarakby AA, Tipton AJ, Crislip GR, Yamamoto T, Baban B, Sullivan JC. Female SHR have greater blood pressure sensitivity and renal T cell infiltration following chronic NOS inhibition than males. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 305:R701-10. [PMID: 23883679 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00226.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide is a critical regulator of blood pressure (BP) and inflammation, and female spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) have higher renal nitric oxide bioavailability than males. We hypothesize that female SHR will have a greater rise in BP and renal T cell infiltration in response to nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition than males. Both male and female SHR displayed a dose-dependent increase in BP to the nonspecific NOS inhibitor N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME: 2, 5, and 7 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1) for 4 days each); however, females exhibited a greater increase in BP than males. Treatment of male and female SHR with 7 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1) L-NAME for 2 wk significantly increased BP in both sexes; however, prior exposure to L-NAME only increased BP sensitivity to chronic NOS inhibition in females. L-NAME-induced hypertension increased renal T cell infiltration and indices of renal injury in both sexes, yet female SHR exhibited greater increases in Th17 cells and greater decreases in regulatory T cells than males. Chronic L-NAME was also associated with larger increases in renal cortical adhesion molecule expression in female SHR. The use of triple therapy to block L-NAME-mediated increases in BP attenuated L-NAME-induced increases in renal T cell counts and normalized adhesion molecule expression in SHR, suggesting that L-NAME-induced increases in renal T cells were dependent on both increases in BP and NOS inhibition. Our data suggest that NOS is critical in the ability of SHR, females in particular, to maintain BP and limit a pro-inflammatory renal T cell profile.
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