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Zaghlool SB, Sharma S, Molnar M, Matías-García PR, Elhadad MA, Waldenberger M, Peters A, Rathmann W, Graumann J, Gieger C, Grallert H, Suhre K. Revealing the role of the human blood plasma proteome in obesity using genetic drivers. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1279. [PMID: 33627659 PMCID: PMC7904950 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21542-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood circulating proteins are confounded readouts of the biological processes that occur in different tissues and organs. Many proteins have been linked to complex disorders and are also under substantial genetic control. Here, we investigate the associations between over 1000 blood circulating proteins and body mass index (BMI) in three studies including over 4600 participants. We show that BMI is associated with widespread changes in the plasma proteome. We observe 152 replicated protein associations with BMI. 24 proteins also associate with a genome-wide polygenic score (GPS) for BMI. These proteins are involved in lipid metabolism and inflammatory pathways impacting clinically relevant pathways of adiposity. Mendelian randomization suggests a bi-directional causal relationship of BMI with LEPR/LEP, IGFBP1, and WFIKKN2, a protein-to-BMI relationship for AGER, DPT, and CTSA, and a BMI-to-protein relationship for another 21 proteins. Combined with animal model and tissue-specific gene expression data, our findings suggest potential therapeutic targets further elucidating the role of these proteins in obesity associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaza B Zaghlool
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sapna Sharma
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Bavaria, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Bavaria, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Megan Molnar
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Bavaria, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Pamela R Matías-García
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Bavaria, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Bavaria, Germany
- TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mohamed A Elhadad
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Bavaria, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Bavaria, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Bavaria, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Bavaria, Germany
- German Research Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Bavaria, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- German Research Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Rathmann
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Johannes Graumann
- Scientific Service Group Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, W.G. Kerckhoff Institute, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Max Planck Institute of Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Bavaria, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Bavaria, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Harald Grallert
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Bavaria, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Bavaria, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Karsten Suhre
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar.
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52
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Umans BD, Battle A, Gilad Y. Where Are the Disease-Associated eQTLs? Trends Genet 2021; 37:109-124. [PMID: 32912663 PMCID: PMC8162831 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Most disease-associated variants, although located in putatively regulatory regions, do not have detectable effects on gene expression. One explanation could be that we have not examined gene expression in the cell types or conditions that are most relevant for disease. Even large-scale efforts to study gene expression across tissues are limited to human samples obtained opportunistically or postmortem, mostly from adults. In this review we evaluate recent findings and suggest an alternative strategy, drawing on the dynamic and highly context-specific nature of gene regulation. We discuss new technologies that can extend the standard regulatory mapping framework to more diverse, disease-relevant cell types and states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Umans
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Alexis Battle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Yoav Gilad
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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53
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Leandro J, Bender A, Dodatko T, Argmann C, Yu C, Houten SM. Glutaric aciduria type 3 is a naturally occurring biochemical trait in inbred mice of 129 substrains. Mol Genet Metab 2021; 132:139-145. [PMID: 33483254 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The glutaric acidurias are a group of inborn errors of metabolism with different etiologies. Glutaric aciduria type 3 (GA3) is a biochemical phenotype with uncertain clinical relevance caused by a deficiency of succinyl-CoA:glutarate-CoA transferase (SUGCT). SUGCT catalyzes the succinyl-CoA-dependent conversion of glutaric acid into glutaryl-CoA preventing urinary loss of the organic acid. Here, we describe the presence of a GA3 trait in mice of 129 substrains due to SUGCT deficiency, which was identified by screening of urine organic acid profiles obtained from different inbred mouse strains including 129S2/SvPasCrl. Molecular and biochemical analyses in an F2 population of the parental C57BL/6J and 129S2/SvPasCrl strains (B6129F2) confirmed that the GA3 trait occurred in Sugct129/129 animals. We evaluated the impact of SUGCT deficiency on metabolite accumulation in the glutaric aciduria type 1 (GA1) mouse model. We found that GA1 mice with SUGCT deficiency have decreased excretion of urine 3-hydroxyglutaric acid and decreased levels glutarylcarnitine in urine, plasma and kidney. Our work demonstrates that SUGCT contributes to the production of glutaryl-CoA under conditions of low and pathologically high glutaric acid levels. Our work also highlights the notion that unexpected biochemical phenotypes can occur in widely used inbred animal lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Leandro
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Aaron Bender
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Tetyana Dodatko
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Carmen Argmann
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Chunli Yu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Mount Sinai Genomics, Inc, Stamford, CT 06902, USA
| | - Sander M Houten
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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54
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Cohain AT, Barrington WT, Jordan DM, Beckmann ND, Argmann CA, Houten SM, Charney AW, Ermel R, Sukhavasi K, Franzen O, Koplev S, Whatling C, Belbin GM, Yang J, Hao K, Kenny EE, Tu Z, Zhu J, Gan LM, Do R, Giannarelli C, Kovacic JC, Ruusalepp A, Lusis AJ, Bjorkegren JLM, Schadt EE. An integrative multiomic network model links lipid metabolism to glucose regulation in coronary artery disease. Nat Commun 2021; 12:547. [PMID: 33483510 PMCID: PMC7822923 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20750-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated plasma cholesterol and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are associated with coronary artery disease (CAD). Individuals treated with cholesterol-lowering statins have increased T2D risk, while individuals with hypercholesterolemia have reduced T2D risk. We explore the relationship between lipid and glucose control by constructing network models from the STARNET study with sequencing data from seven cardiometabolic tissues obtained from CAD patients during coronary artery by-pass grafting surgery. By integrating gene expression, genotype, metabolomic, and clinical data, we identify a glucose and lipid determining (GLD) regulatory network showing inverse relationships with lipid and glucose traits. Master regulators of the GLD network also impact lipid and glucose levels in inverse directions. Experimental inhibition of one of the GLD network master regulators, lanosterol synthase (LSS), in mice confirms the inverse relationships to glucose and lipid levels as predicted by our model and provides mechanistic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariella T Cohain
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Science and Institute for Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - William T Barrington
- Department of Human Genetics/Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel M Jordan
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Science and Institute for Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Noam D Beckmann
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Science and Institute for Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Carmen A Argmann
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Science and Institute for Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Sander M Houten
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Science and Institute for Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Alexander W Charney
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Science and Institute for Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Raili Ermel
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Oscar Franzen
- Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Simon Koplev
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Science and Institute for Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Carl Whatling
- Translational Science, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gillian M Belbin
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Science and Institute for Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Jialiang Yang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Science and Institute for Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Ke Hao
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Science and Institute for Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Eimear E Kenny
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Science and Institute for Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Zhidong Tu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Science and Institute for Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Science and Institute for Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Li-Ming Gan
- Early Clinical Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ron Do
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Science and Institute for Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Chiara Giannarelli
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Science and Institute for Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Jason C Kovacic
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Arno Ruusalepp
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Department of Human Genetics/Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Johan L M Bjorkegren
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Science and Institute for Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Clinical Gene Networks AB, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Eric E Schadt
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Science and Institute for Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Sema4, Stamford, CT, USA.
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55
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Genetics of Polygenic Metabolic Liver Disease. SYSTEMS MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.11596-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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56
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Režen T, Razpotnik R, Ferk P, Juvan P, Rozman D. From Whole Liver to Single Cell Transcriptomics in Sex-Dependent Liver Pathologies. SYSTEMS MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.11646-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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57
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Winkels H, Wolf D. Heterogeneity of T Cells in Atherosclerosis Defined by Single-Cell RNA-Sequencing and Cytometry by Time of Flight. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 41:549-563. [PMID: 33267666 PMCID: PMC7837690 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.312137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The infiltration and accumulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory leukocytes within the intimal layer of the arterial wall is a hallmark of developing and progressing atherosclerosis. While traditionally perceived as macrophage- and foam cell-dominated disease, it is now established that atherosclerosis is a partial autoimmune disease that involves the recognition of peptides from ApoB (apolipoprotein B), the core protein of LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol particles, by CD4+ T-helper cells and autoantibodies against LDL and ApoB. Autoimmunity in the atherosclerotic plaque has long been understood as a pathogenic T-helper type-1 driven response with proinflammatory cytokine secretion. Recent developments in high-parametric cell immunophenotyping by mass cytometry, single-cell RNA-sequencing, and in tools exploring antigen-specificity have established the existence of several unforeseen layers of T-cell diversity with mixed TH1 and T regulatory cells transcriptional programs and unpredicted fates. These findings suggest that pathogenic ApoB-reactive T cells evolve from atheroprotective and immunosuppressive CD4+ T regulatory cells that lose their protective properties over time. Here, we discuss T-cell heterogeneity in atherosclerosis with a focus on plasticity, antigen-specificity, exhaustion, maturation, tissue residency, and its potential use in clinical prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Winkels
- Department of Cardiology, Clinic III for Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Germany. Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Wolf
- Department of Cardiology, Clinic III for Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Germany. Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
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58
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Atherosclerosis in Different Vascular Locations Unbiasedly Approached with Mouse Genetics. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11121427. [PMID: 33260687 PMCID: PMC7760563 DOI: 10.3390/genes11121427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis in different vascular locations leads to distinct clinical consequences, such as ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction. Genome-wide association studies in humans revealed that genetic loci responsible for carotid plaque and coronary artery disease were not overlapping, suggesting that distinct genetic pathways might be involved for each location. While elevated plasma cholesterol is a common risk factor, plaque development in different vascular beds is influenced by hemodynamics and intrinsic vascular integrity. Despite the limitation of species differences, mouse models provide platforms for unbiased genetic approaches. Mouse strain differences also indicate that susceptibility to atherosclerosis varies, depending on vascular locations, and that the location specificity is genetically controlled. Quantitative trait loci analyses in mice suggested candidate genes, including Mertk and Stab2, although how each gene affects the location-specific atherosclerosis needs further elucidation. Another unbiased approach of single-cell transcriptome analyses revealed the presence of a small subpopulation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), which are “hyper-responsive” to inflammatory stimuli. These cells are likely the previously-reported Sca1+ progenitor cells, which can differentiate into multiple lineages in plaques. Further spatiotemporal analyses of the progenitor cells are necessary, since their distribution pattern might be associated with the location-dependent plaque development.
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59
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Karunakaran D, Nguyen MA, Geoffrion M, Vreeken D, Lister Z, Cheng HS, Otte N, Essebier P, Wyatt H, Kandiah JW, Jung R, Alenghat FJ, Mompeon A, Lee R, Pan C, Gordon E, Rasheed A, Lusis AJ, Liu P, Matic LP, Hedin U, Fish JE, Guo L, Kolodgie F, Virmani R, van Gils JM, Rayner KJ. RIPK1 Expression Associates With Inflammation in Early Atherosclerosis in Humans and Can Be Therapeutically Silenced to Reduce NF-κB Activation and Atherogenesis in Mice. Circulation 2020; 143:163-177. [PMID: 33222501 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.118.038379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic activation of the innate immune system drives inflammation and contributes directly to atherosclerosis. We previously showed that macrophages in the atherogenic plaque undergo RIPK3 (receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 3)-MLKL (mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein)-dependent programmed necroptosis in response to sterile ligands such as oxidized low-density lipoprotein and damage-associated molecular patterns and that necroptosis is active in advanced atherosclerotic plaques. Upstream of the RIPK3-MLKL necroptotic machinery lies RIPK1 (receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1), which acts as a master switch that controls whether the cell undergoes NF-κB (nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells)-dependent inflammation, caspase-dependent apoptosis, or necroptosis in response to extracellular stimuli. We therefore set out to investigate the role of RIPK1 in the development of atherosclerosis, which is driven largely by NF-κB-dependent inflammation at early stages. We hypothesize that, unlike RIPK3 and MLKL, RIPK1 primarily drives NF-κB-dependent inflammation in early atherogenic lesions, and knocking down RIPK1 will reduce inflammatory cell activation and protect against the progression of atherosclerosis. METHODS We examined expression of RIPK1 protein and mRNA in both human and mouse atherosclerotic lesions, and used loss-of-function approaches in vitro in macrophages and endothelial cells to measure inflammatory responses. We administered weekly injections of RIPK1 antisense oligonucleotides to Apoe-/- mice fed a cholesterol-rich (Western) diet for 8 weeks. RESULTS We find that RIPK1 expression is abundant in early-stage atherosclerotic lesions in both humans and mice. Treatment with RIPK1 antisense oligonucleotides led to a reduction in aortic sinus and en face lesion areas (47.2% or 58.8% decrease relative to control, P<0.01) and plasma inflammatory cytokines (IL-1α [interleukin 1α], IL-17A [interleukin 17A], P<0.05) in comparison with controls. RIPK1 knockdown in macrophages decreased inflammatory genes (NF-κB, TNFα [tumor necrosis factor α], IL-1α) and in vivo lipopolysaccharide- and atherogenic diet-induced NF-κB activation. In endothelial cells, knockdown of RIPK1 prevented NF-κB translocation to the nucleus in response to TNFα, where accordingly there was a reduction in gene expression of IL1B, E-selectin, and monocyte attachment. CONCLUSIONS We identify RIPK1 as a central driver of inflammation in atherosclerosis by its ability to activate the NF-κB pathway and promote inflammatory cytokine release. Given the high levels of RIPK1 expression in human atherosclerotic lesions, our study suggests RIPK1 as a future therapeutic target to reduce residual inflammation in patients at high risk of coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denuja Karunakaran
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada (D.K., M.-A.N., M.G., Z.L., H.W., J.W.K., R.J., A.M., A.R., P.L., K.J.R.).,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia (D.K., N.O., P.E., E.G.)
| | - My-Anh Nguyen
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada (D.K., M.-A.N., M.G., Z.L., H.W., J.W.K., R.J., A.M., A.R., P.L., K.J.R.).,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., K.J.R.)
| | - Michele Geoffrion
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada (D.K., M.-A.N., M.G., Z.L., H.W., J.W.K., R.J., A.M., A.R., P.L., K.J.R.)
| | - Dianne Vreeken
- Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (D.V., J.M.v.G.)
| | - Zachary Lister
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada (D.K., M.-A.N., M.G., Z.L., H.W., J.W.K., R.J., A.M., A.R., P.L., K.J.R.)
| | - Henry S Cheng
- Toronto General Research Hospital Institute, University Health Network, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C.)
| | - Nicola Otte
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia (D.K., N.O., P.E., E.G.)
| | - Patricia Essebier
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia (D.K., N.O., P.E., E.G.)
| | - Hailey Wyatt
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada (D.K., M.-A.N., M.G., Z.L., H.W., J.W.K., R.J., A.M., A.R., P.L., K.J.R.)
| | - Joshua W Kandiah
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada (D.K., M.-A.N., M.G., Z.L., H.W., J.W.K., R.J., A.M., A.R., P.L., K.J.R.)
| | - Richard Jung
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada (D.K., M.-A.N., M.G., Z.L., H.W., J.W.K., R.J., A.M., A.R., P.L., K.J.R.)
| | - Francis J Alenghat
- Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (F.J.A., J.E.F.)
| | - Ana Mompeon
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada (D.K., M.-A.N., M.G., Z.L., H.W., J.W.K., R.J., A.M., A.R., P.L., K.J.R.)
| | - Richard Lee
- Cardiovascular Antisense Drug Discovery Group, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA (R.L.)
| | - Calvin Pan
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (C.P., A.J.L.)
| | - Emma Gordon
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia (D.K., N.O., P.E., E.G.)
| | - Adil Rasheed
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada (D.K., M.-A.N., M.G., Z.L., H.W., J.W.K., R.J., A.M., A.R., P.L., K.J.R.)
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (C.P., A.J.L.)
| | - Peter Liu
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada (D.K., M.-A.N., M.G., Z.L., H.W., J.W.K., R.J., A.M., A.R., P.L., K.J.R.)
| | - Ljubica Perisic Matic
- Vascular Surgery Division, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Sweden (L.P.M.)
| | | | - Jason E Fish
- Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (F.J.A., J.E.F.)
| | - Liang Guo
- CVPath Institute Inc., Gaithersburg, MD (L.G., F.K., R.V.)
| | - Frank Kolodgie
- CVPath Institute Inc., Gaithersburg, MD (L.G., F.K., R.V.)
| | - Renu Virmani
- CVPath Institute Inc., Gaithersburg, MD (L.G., F.K., R.V.)
| | | | - Katey J Rayner
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada (D.K., M.-A.N., M.G., Z.L., H.W., J.W.K., R.J., A.M., A.R., P.L., K.J.R.).,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., K.J.R.)
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Rau CD, Gonzales NM, Bloom JS, Park D, Ayroles J, Palmer AA, Lusis AJ, Zaitlen N. Modeling epistasis in mice and yeast using the proportion of two or more distinct genetic backgrounds: Evidence for "polygenic epistasis". PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1009165. [PMID: 33104702 PMCID: PMC7644088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The majority of quantitative genetic models used to map complex traits assume that alleles have similar effects across all individuals. Significant evidence suggests, however, that epistatic interactions modulate the impact of many alleles. Nevertheless, identifying epistatic interactions remains computationally and statistically challenging. In this work, we address some of these challenges by developing a statistical test for polygenic epistasis that determines whether the effect of an allele is altered by the global genetic ancestry proportion from distinct progenitors. Results We applied our method to data from mice and yeast. For the mice, we observed 49 significant genotype-by-ancestry interaction associations across 14 phenotypes as well as over 1,400 Bonferroni-corrected genotype-by-ancestry interaction associations for mouse gene expression data. For the yeast, we observed 92 significant genotype-by-ancestry interactions across 38 phenotypes. Given this evidence of epistasis, we test for and observe evidence of rapid selection pressure on ancestry specific polymorphisms within one of the cohorts, consistent with epistatic selection. Conclusions Unlike our prior work in human populations, we observe widespread evidence of ancestry-modified SNP effects, perhaps reflecting the greater divergence present in crosses using mice and yeast. Many statistical tests which link genetic markers in the genome to differences in traits rely on the assumption that the same polymorphism will have identical effects in different individuals. However, there is substantial evidence indicating that this is not the case. Epistasis is the phenomenon in which multiple polymorphisms interact with one another to amplify or negate each other’s effects on a trait. We hypothesized that individual SNP effects could be changed in a polygenic manner, such that the proportion of as genetic ancestry, rather than specific markers, might be used to capture epistatic interactions. Motivated by this possibility, we develop a new statistical test that allowed us to examine the genome to identify polymorphisms which have different effects depending on the ancestral makeup of each individual. We use our test in two different populations of inbred mice and a yeast panel and demonstrate that these sorts of variable effect polymorphisms exist in 14 different physical traits in mice and 38 phenotypes in yeast as well as in murine gene expression. We use the term “polygenic epistasis” to distinguish these interactions from the more conventional two- or multi-locus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph D. Rau
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Natalia M. Gonzales
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Joshua S. Bloom
- Department of Human Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Danny Park
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Julien Ayroles
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States of America
| | - Abraham A. Palmer
- Department of Psychiatry, and Institute for Genomic Medicine, UCSD, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Aldons J. Lusis
- Department of Human Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Noah Zaitlen
- Department of Neurology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Suppression of inflammatory arthritis in human serum paraoxonase 1 transgenic mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16848. [PMID: 33033318 PMCID: PMC7546628 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74016-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Paraoxonase 1(PON1) is an HDL-associated protein, which metabolizes inflammatory, oxidized lipids associated with atherosclerotic plaque development. Because oxidized lipid mediators have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), we evaluated the role of PON1 in murine inflammatory arthritis. K/BxN serum transfer (STIA) or collagen antibody transfer (CAIA) was used for arthritis induction in B6 mice homozygous for the PON1 human transgene [PON1Tg], PON1 knock-out mice [PON1KO], and wild type littermate control mice [WT]. Experiments were also performed in K/BxN mice with chronic arthritis, and in RA patients and healthy controls. Arthritis activity in K/BxN mice was associated with a marked dyslipidemia, lower PON1 activity and higher bioactive lipid mediators (BLM), as well as a dysregulated hepatic lipid gene expression profile. Higher serum PON1 activity correlated with lower BLM and lower arthritis activity in both K/BxN mice and RA patients. Overexpression of the human PON1 transgene was associated with reduced inflammatory arthritis, which correlated strongly with higher circulating PON1 activity, upregulation of the hepatic glutathione pathway, and reduction of circulating BLM. These results implicate PON1 as a potential novel therapeutic target for joint disease in RA with potential for vascular benefit, which warrants further investigation.
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Lindsey ML, Deleon-Pennell KY, Bradshaw AD, Larue RAC, Anderson DR, Thiele GM, Baicu CF, Jones JA, Menick DR, Zile MR, Spinale FG. Focusing Heart Failure Research on Myocardial Fibrosis to Prioritize Translation. J Card Fail 2020; 26:876-884. [PMID: 32446948 PMCID: PMC7584737 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) has traditionally been defined by symptoms of fluid accumulation and poor perfusion, but it is now recognized that specific HF classifications hold prognostic and therapeutic relevance. Specifically, HF with reduced ejection fraction is characterized by reduced left ventricular systolic pump function and dilation and HF with preserved ejection fraction is characterized primarily by abnormal left ventricular filling (diastolic failure) with relatively preserved left ventricular systolic function. These forms of HF are distributed equally among patients with HF and likely require distinctly different strategies to mitigate the morbidity, mortality, and medical resource utilization of this disease. In particular, HF is a significant medical issue within the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) hospital system and constitutes a major translational research priority for the VA. Because a common underpinning of both HF with reduced ejection fraction and HF with preserved ejection fraction seems to be changes in the structure and function of the myocardial extracellular matrix, a conference was convened sponsored by the VA, entitled, "Targeting Myocardial Fibrosis in Heart Failure" to explore the extracellular matrix as a potential therapeutic target and to propose specific research directions. The conference was conceptually framed around the hypothesis that although HF with reduced ejection fraction and HF with preserved ejection fraction clearly have distinct mechanisms, they may share modifiable pathways and biological mediators in common. Inflammation and extracellular matrix were identified as major converging themes. A summary of our discussion on unmet challenges and possible solutions to move the field forward, as well as recommendations for future research opportunities, are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merry L Lindsey
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska; Research Service, Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska.
| | - Kristine Y Deleon-Pennell
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Research Service, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Amy D Bradshaw
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Research Service, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - R Amanda C Larue
- Research Service, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Daniel R Anderson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Geoffrey M Thiele
- Research Service, Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska; Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Catalin F Baicu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Jeffrey A Jones
- Research Service, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina; Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Donald R Menick
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Research Service, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Michael R Zile
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Research Service, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Francis G Spinale
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC and William Jennings Bryan Dorn VA Medical Center, Columbia, South Carolina
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Sex differences in human adipose tissue gene expression and genetic regulation involve adipogenesis. Genome Res 2020; 30:1379-1392. [PMID: 32967914 PMCID: PMC7605264 DOI: 10.1101/gr.264614.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sex differences in adipose tissue distribution and function are associated with sex differences in cardiometabolic disease. While many studies have revealed sex differences in adipocyte cell signaling and physiology, there is a relative dearth of information regarding sex differences in transcript abundance and regulation. We investigated sex differences in subcutaneous adipose tissue transcriptional regulation using omic-scale data from ∼3000 geographically and ethnically diverse human samples. We identified 162 genes with robust sex differences in expression. Differentially expressed genes were implicated in oxidative phosphorylation and adipogenesis. We further determined that sex differences in gene expression levels could be related to sex differences in the genetics of gene expression regulation. Our analyses revealed sex-specific genetic associations, and this finding was replicated in a study of 98 inbred mouse strains. The genes under genetic regulation in human and mouse were enriched for oxidative phosphorylation and adipogenesis. Enrichment analysis showed that the associated genetic loci resided within binding motifs for adipogenic transcription factors (e.g., PPARG and EGR1). We demonstrated that sex differences in gene expression could be influenced by sex differences in genetic regulation for six genes (e.g., FADS1 and MAP1B). These genes exhibited dynamic expression patterns during adipogenesis and robust expression in mature human adipocytes. Our results support a role for adipogenesis-related genes in subcutaneous adipose tissue sex differences in the genetic and environmental regulation of gene expression.
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Tuominen I, Fuqua BK, Pan C, Renaud N, Wroblewski K, Civelek M, Clerkin K, Asaryan A, Haroutunian SG, Loureiro J, Borawski J, Roma G, Knehr J, Carbone W, French S, Parks BW, Hui ST, Mehrabian M, Magyar C, Cantor RM, Ukomadu C, Lusis AJ, Beaven SW. The Genetic Architecture of Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Fibrosis in Mice. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 11:199-220. [PMID: 32866618 PMCID: PMC7674618 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Liver fibrosis is a multifactorial trait that develops in response to chronic liver injury. Our aim was to characterize the genetic architecture of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis using the Hybrid Mouse Diversity Panel, a panel of more than 100 genetically distinct mouse strains optimized for genome-wide association studies and systems genetics. METHODS Chronic liver injury was induced by CCl4 injections twice weekly for 6 weeks. Four hundred thirty-seven mice received CCl4 and 256 received vehicle, after which animals were euthanized for liver histology and gene expression. Using automated digital image analysis, we quantified fibrosis as the collagen proportionate area of the whole section, excluding normal collagen. RESULTS We discovered broad variation in fibrosis among the Hybrid Mouse Diversity Panel strains, demonstrating a significant genetic influence. Genome-wide association analyses revealed significant and suggestive loci underlying susceptibility to fibrosis, some of which overlapped with loci identified in mouse crosses and human population studies. Liver global gene expression was assessed by RNA sequencing across the strains, and candidate genes were identified using differential expression and expression quantitative trait locus analyses. Gene set enrichment analyses identified the underlying pathways, of which stellate cell involvement was prominent, and coexpression network modeling identified modules associated with fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide a rich resource for the design of experiments to understand mechanisms underlying fibrosis and for rational strain selection when testing antifibrotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iina Tuominen
- Department of Medicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases at UCLA and Pfleger Liver Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Brie K Fuqua
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Calvin Pan
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Nicole Renaud
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Kevin Wroblewski
- Department of Medicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases at UCLA and Pfleger Liver Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mete Civelek
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kara Clerkin
- Department of Medicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases at UCLA and Pfleger Liver Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ashot Asaryan
- Department of Medicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases at UCLA and Pfleger Liver Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sara G Haroutunian
- Department of Medicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases at UCLA and Pfleger Liver Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Joseph Loureiro
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jason Borawski
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | - Samuel French
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Brian W Parks
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Simon T Hui
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Margarete Mehrabian
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Clara Magyar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Rita M Cantor
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Chinweike Ukomadu
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Simon W Beaven
- Department of Medicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases at UCLA and Pfleger Liver Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California.
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Govindarajulu M, Pinky PD, Steinke I, Bloemer J, Ramesh S, Kariharan T, Rella RT, Bhattacharya S, Dhanasekaran M, Suppiramaniam V, Amin RH. Gut Metabolite TMAO Induces Synaptic Plasticity Deficits by Promoting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:138. [PMID: 32903435 PMCID: PMC7437142 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysbiosis of gut microbiota is strongly associated with metabolic diseases including diabetes mellitus, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. Recent studies indicate that Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a gut microbe-dependent metabolite is implicated in the development of age-related cognitive decline. However, the mechanisms of the impact of TMAO on neuronal function has not been elucidated. In the current study, we investigated the relationship between TMAO and deficits in synaptic plasticity in an Alzheimer’s model (3×Tg-AD) and insulin resistance (Leptin deficient db/db) mouse by measuring plasma and brain levels of TMAO. We observed increased TMAO levels in the plasma and brain of both db/db and 3×Tg-AD mice in comparison to wild-type mice. Besides, TMAO levels further increased as mice progressed in age. Deficits in synaptic plasticity, in the form of reduced long-term potentiation (LTP), were noted in both groups of mice in comparison to wild-type mice. To further explore the impact of TMAO on neuronal function, we utilized an ex-vivo model by incubating wild-type hippocampal brain slices with TMAO and found impaired synaptic transmission. We observed that TMAO induced the PERK-EIF2α-ER stress signaling axis in TMAO treated ex-vivo slices as well as in both db/db and 3×Tg-AD mice. Lastly, we also observed altered presynaptic and reduced postsynaptic receptor expression. Our findings suggest that TMAO may induce deficits in synaptic plasticity through the ER stress-mediated PERK signaling pathway. Our results offer novel insight into the mechanism by which TMAO may induce cognitive deficits by promoting ER stress and identifies potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Govindarajulu
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Center for Neuroscience, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Priyanka D Pinky
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Center for Neuroscience, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Ian Steinke
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Jenna Bloemer
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Touro College of Pharmacy, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sindhu Ramesh
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Center for Neuroscience, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Thiruchelvan Kariharan
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Robert T Rella
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Subhrajit Bhattacharya
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Center for Neuroscience, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Muralikrishnan Dhanasekaran
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Center for Neuroscience, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Vishnu Suppiramaniam
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Center for Neuroscience, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Rajesh H Amin
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Center for Neuroscience, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
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Genetics of Anthracycline-Mediated Cardiotoxicity: Current Status and Challenges. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12170-020-00647-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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67
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Yokota T, McCourt J, Ma F, Ren S, Li S, Kim TH, Kurmangaliyev YZ, Nasiri R, Ahadian S, Nguyen T, Tan XHM, Zhou Y, Wu R, Rodriguez A, Cohn W, Wang Y, Whitelegge J, Ryazantsev S, Khademhosseini A, Teitell MA, Chiou PY, Birk DE, Rowat AC, Crosbie RH, Pellegrini M, Seldin M, Lusis AJ, Deb A. Type V Collagen in Scar Tissue Regulates the Size of Scar after Heart Injury. Cell 2020; 182:545-562.e23. [PMID: 32621799 PMCID: PMC7415659 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Scar tissue size following myocardial infarction is an independent predictor of cardiovascular outcomes, yet little is known about factors regulating scar size. We demonstrate that collagen V, a minor constituent of heart scars, regulates the size of heart scars after ischemic injury. Depletion of collagen V led to a paradoxical increase in post-infarction scar size with worsening of heart function. A systems genetics approach across 100 in-bred strains of mice demonstrated that collagen V is a critical driver of postinjury heart function. We show that collagen V deficiency alters the mechanical properties of scar tissue, and altered reciprocal feedback between matrix and cells induces expression of mechanosensitive integrins that drive fibroblast activation and increase scar size. Cilengitide, an inhibitor of specific integrins, rescues the phenotype of increased post-injury scarring in collagen-V-deficient mice. These observations demonstrate that collagen V regulates scar size in an integrin-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Yokota
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; UCLA Cardiovascular Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Letters and Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jackie McCourt
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, CA 90095, USA
| | - Feiyang Ma
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Letters and Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Shuxun Ren
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Shen Li
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; UCLA Cardiovascular Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Letters and Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Tae-Hyung Kim
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yerbol Z Kurmangaliyev
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rohollah Nasiri
- California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 11365-11155, Iran
| | - Samad Ahadian
- California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Thang Nguyen
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xing Haw Marvin Tan
- California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yonggang Zhou
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; UCLA Cardiovascular Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Letters and Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rimao Wu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; UCLA Cardiovascular Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Letters and Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Abraham Rodriguez
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; UCLA Cardiovascular Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Letters and Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Whitaker Cohn
- Passarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Behaviour, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yibin Wang
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Julian Whitelegge
- Passarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Behaviour, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sergey Ryazantsev
- California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Radiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael A Teitell
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Pei-Yu Chiou
- California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - David E Birk
- University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Amy C Rowat
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, CA 90095, USA; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rachelle H Crosbie
- Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, CA 90095, USA
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Letters and Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Marcus Seldin
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Arjun Deb
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; UCLA Cardiovascular Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Letters and Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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68
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Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. Complex diseases with highly heterogenous disease progression among patient populations, cardiovascular diseases feature multifactorial contributions from both genetic and environmental stressors. Despite significant effort utilizing multiple approaches from molecular biology to genome-wide association studies, the genetic landscape of cardiovascular diseases, particularly for the nonfamilial forms of heart failure, is still poorly understood. In the past decade, systems-level approaches based on omics technologies have become an important approach for the study of complex traits in large populations. These advances create opportunities to integrate genetic variation with other biological layers to identify and prioritize candidate genes, understand pathogenic pathways, and elucidate gene-gene and gene-environment interactions. In this review, we will highlight some of the recent progress made using systems genetics approaches to uncover novel mechanisms and molecular bases of cardiovascular pathophysiological manifestations. The key technology and data analysis platforms necessary to implement systems genetics will be described, and the current major challenges and future directions will also be discussed. For complex cardiovascular diseases, such as heart failure, systems genetics represents a powerful strategy to obtain mechanistic insights and to develop individualized diagnostic and therapeutic regiments, paving the way for precision cardiovascular medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph D. Rau
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Medicine, Physiology
- Current address: Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Aldons J. Lusis
- Department of Human Genetics and Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Yibin Wang
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Medicine, Physiology
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69
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Zhao Y, Wang Z. Impact of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) metaorganismal pathway on cardiovascular disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 5. [PMID: 32587943 DOI: 10.21037/jlpm.2020.01.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Host-microbes interaction plays a crucial role in cardiovascular disease (CVD) pathogenesis, mechanistically via metaorganismal pathways. The trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) metaorganismal pathway is the most deeply investigated one, which comprises trimethylamine precursors, such as choline, trimethylamine lyase, trimethylamine, host liver FMO3, TMAO, and downstream effectors involving unfolded protein response (UPR), NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome. Accumulating data from clinical investigations of CVD patient cohorts and rodent models have supported the critical role of this metaorganismal pathway in the pathogenesis of CVD. We summarize an array of significant animal studies especially for arthrosclerosis with an emphasis on downstream molecular effectors of this metaorganismal pathway. We highlight clinical investigations of the prognostic value of plasma TMAO levels in predicting prospective risk for future major adverse cardiac events (MACE) indicated by composite end points of myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, heart failure (HF), other ischemic cardiovascular events, or death. Further, we discuss the latest advances of preclinical models targeting the gut microbiota trimethylamine lyase of the TMAO metaorganismal pathway for CVD intervention, as well as the catalog of gut microbiota TMA lyase genes and microbes in the human gut as the prerequisite for potential clinical intervention. In-depth characterization of TMAO metaorganismal pathway holds great promise for CVD clinical metagenomics, diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhong Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Zeneng Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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70
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Abstract
Sleep is a ubiquitous and complex behavior in both its manifestation and regulation. Despite its essential role in maintaining optimal performance, health, and well-being, the genetic mechanisms underlying sleep remain poorly understood. Here, we review the forward genetic approaches undertaken in the last four years to elucidate the genes and gene pathways affecting sleep and its regulation. Despite an increasing number of studies and mining large databases, a coherent picture on “sleep” genes has yet to emerge. We highlight the results achieved by using unbiased genetic screens mainly in humans, mice, and fruit flies with an emphasis on normal sleep and make reference to lessons learned from the circadian field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Jan
- Centre for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Bruce F O'Hara
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40515, USA
| | - Paul Franken
- Centre for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
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71
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Mouse Systems Genetics as a Prelude to Precision Medicine. Trends Genet 2020; 36:259-272. [PMID: 32037011 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mouse models have been instrumental in understanding human disease biology and proposing possible new treatments. The precise control of the environment and genetic composition of mice allows more rigorous observations, but limits the generalizability and translatability of the results into human applications. In the era of precision medicine, strategies using mouse models have to be revisited to effectively emulate human populations. Systems genetics is one promising paradigm that may promote the transition to novel precision medicine strategies. Here, we review the state-of-the-art resources and discuss how mouse systems genetics helps to understand human diseases and to advance the development of precision medicine, with an emphasis on the existing resources and strategies.
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72
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Yang TL, Shen H, Liu A, Dong SS, Zhang L, Deng FY, Zhao Q, Deng HW. A road map for understanding molecular and genetic determinants of osteoporosis. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2020; 16:91-103. [PMID: 31792439 PMCID: PMC6980376 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-019-0282-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a highly prevalent disorder characterized by low bone mineral density and an increased risk of fracture, termed osteoporotic fracture. Notably, bone mineral density, osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture are highly heritable; however, determining the genetic architecture, and especially the underlying genomic and molecular mechanisms, of osteoporosis in vivo in humans is still challenging. In addition to susceptibility loci identified in genome-wide association studies, advances in various omics technologies, including genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, proteomics and metabolomics, have all been applied to dissect the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. However, each technology individually cannot capture the entire view of the disease pathology and thus fails to comprehensively identify the underlying pathological molecular mechanisms, especially the regulatory and signalling mechanisms. A change to the status quo calls for integrative multi-omics and inter-omics analyses with approaches in 'systems genetics and genomics'. In this Review, we highlight findings from genome-wide association studies and studies using various omics technologies individually to identify mechanisms of osteoporosis. Furthermore, we summarize current studies of data integration to understand, diagnose and inform the treatment of osteoporosis. The integration of multiple technologies will provide a road map to illuminate the complex pathogenesis of osteoporosis, especially from molecular functional aspects, in vivo in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tie-Lin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Center of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Department of Global Biostatistics and Data Science, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Anqi Liu
- Center of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Department of Global Biostatistics and Data Science, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Shan-Shan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fei-Yan Deng
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Hong-Wen Deng
- Center of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Department of Global Biostatistics and Data Science, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.
- School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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Ectopic expression of the Stabilin2 gene triggered by an intracisternal A particle (IAP) element in DBA/2J strain of mice. Mamm Genome 2020; 31:2-16. [PMID: 31912264 PMCID: PMC7060167 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-019-09824-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stabilin2 (Stab2) encodes a large transmembrane protein which is predominantly expressed in the liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and functions as a scavenger receptor for various macromolecules including hyaluronans (HA). In DBA/2J mice, plasma HA concentration is ten times higher than in 129S6 or C57BL/6J mice, and this phenotype is genetically linked to the Stab2 locus. Stab2 mRNA in the LSECs was significantly lower in DBA/2J than in 129S6, leading to reduced STAB2 proteins in the DBA/2J LSECs. We found a retrovirus-derived transposable element, intracisternal A particle (IAP), in the promoter region of Stab2DBA which likely interferes with normal expression in the LSECs. In contrast, in other tissues of DBA/2J mice, the IAP drives high ectopic Stab2DBA transcription starting within the 5′ long terminal repeat of IAP in a reverse orientation and continuing through the downstream Stab2DBA. Ectopic transcription requires the Stab2-IAP element but is dominantly suppressed by the presence of loci on 59.7–73.0 Mb of chromosome (Chr) 13 from C57BL/6J, while the same region in 129S6 requires additional loci for complete suppression. Chr13:59.9–73 Mb contains a large number of genes encoding Krüppel-associated box-domain zinc-finger proteins that target transposable elements-derived sequences and repress their expression. Despite the high amount of ectopic Stab2DBA transcript in tissues other than liver, STAB2 protein was undetectable and unlikely to contribute to the plasma HA levels of DBA/2J mice. Nevertheless, the IAP insertion and its effects on the transcription of the downstream Stab2DBA exemplify that stochastic evolutional events could significantly influence susceptibility to complex but common diseases.
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74
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Maazi H, Hartiala JA, Suzuki Y, Crow AL, Shafiei Jahani P, Lam J, Patel N, Rigas D, Han Y, Huang P, Eskin E, Lusis AJ, Gilliland FD, Akbari O, Allayee H. A GWAS approach identifies Dapp1 as a determinant of air pollution-induced airway hyperreactivity. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008528. [PMID: 31869344 PMCID: PMC6944376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways with contributions from genes, environmental exposures, and their interactions. While genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in humans have identified ~200 susceptibility loci, the genetic factors that modulate risk of asthma through gene-environment (GxE) interactions remain poorly understood. Using the Hybrid Mouse Diversity Panel (HMDP), we sought to identify the genetic determinants of airway hyperreactivity (AHR) in response to diesel exhaust particles (DEP), a model traffic-related air pollutant. As measured by invasive plethysmography, AHR under control and DEP-exposed conditions varied 3-4-fold in over 100 inbred strains from the HMDP. A GWAS with linear mixed models mapped two loci significantly associated with lung resistance under control exposure to chromosomes 2 (p = 3.0x10-6) and 19 (p = 5.6x10-7). The chromosome 19 locus harbors Il33 and is syntenic to asthma association signals observed at the IL33 locus in humans. A GxE GWAS for post-DEP exposure lung resistance identified a significantly associated locus on chromosome 3 (p = 2.5x10-6). Among the genes at this locus is Dapp1, an adaptor molecule expressed in immune-related and mucosal tissues, including the lung. Dapp1-deficient mice exhibited significantly lower AHR than control mice but only after DEP exposure, thus functionally validating Dapp1 as one of the genes underlying the GxE association at this locus. In summary, our results indicate that some of the genetic determinants for asthma-related phenotypes may be shared between mice and humans, as well as the existence of GxE interactions in mice that modulate lung function in response to air pollution exposures relevant to humans. The genetic factors that modulate risk of asthma through gene-environment (GxE) interactions are poorly understood, due in large part to the inherent difficulties in carrying out such studies in humans. To address these challenges, we used the Hybrid Mouse Diversity Panel to elucidate the genetic architecture of asthma-related phenotypes in mice and identify loci that are associated with airway hyperreactivity (AHR) under control exposure conditions and in response to diesel exhaust particles (DEP), as a model traffic-related air pollutant. In the absence of exposure, we identified two loci on chromosomes 2 and 19 for AHR. The locus on chromosome 19 harbors Il33 and is syntenic to association signals observed for asthma at the IL33 locus in humans. In response to DEP exposure, we mapped AHR to a region on chromosome 3 and used a genetically modified mouse model to functionally demonstrate that Dapp1 is one of the genes underlying the GxE association at this locus. Collectively, our results support the concept that some of the genetic determinants for asthma-related phenotypes may be shared between mice and humans as well as the existence of GxE interactions in mice that modulate lung function in response to air pollution exposures relevant to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Maazi
- Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jaana A. Hartiala
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yuzo Suzuki
- Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Amanda L. Crow
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Pedram Shafiei Jahani
- Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Lam
- Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Nisheel Patel
- Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Diamanda Rigas
- Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Pin Huang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Eleazar Eskin
- Department of Computer Science and Inter-Departmental Program in Bioinformatics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Aldons. J. Lusis
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Frank D. Gilliland
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Omid Akbari
- Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (OA); (HA)
| | - Hooman Allayee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (OA); (HA)
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75
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Abstract
Maintenance of systemic homeostasis and the response to nutritional and environmental challenges require the coordination of multiple organs and tissues. To respond to various metabolic demands, higher organisms have developed a system of inter-organ communication through which one tissue can affect metabolic pathways in a distant tissue. Dysregulation of these lines of communication contributes to human pathologies, including obesity, diabetes, liver disease and atherosclerosis. In recent years, technical advances such as data-driven bioinformatics, proteomics and lipidomics have enabled efforts to understand the complexity of systemic metabolic cross-talk and its underlying mechanisms. Here, we provide an overview of inter-organ signals and their roles in metabolic control, and highlight recent discoveries in the field. We review peptide, small-molecule and lipid mediators secreted by metabolic tissues, as well as the role of the central nervous system in orchestrating peripheral metabolic functions. Finally, we discuss the contributions of inter-organ signalling networks to the features of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Priest
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peter Tontonoz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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76
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Blencowe M, Karunanayake T, Wier J, Hsu N, Yang X. Network Modeling Approaches and Applications to Unravelling Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E966. [PMID: 31771247 PMCID: PMC6947017 DOI: 10.3390/genes10120966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a progressive condition of the liver encompassing a range of pathologies including steatosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Research into this disease is imperative due to its rapid growth in prevalence, economic burden, and current lack of FDA approved therapies. NAFLD involves a highly complex etiology that calls for multi-tissue multi-omics network approaches to uncover the pathogenic genes and processes, diagnostic biomarkers, and potential therapeutic strategies. In this review, we first present a basic overview of disease pathogenesis, risk factors, and remaining knowledge gaps, followed by discussions of the need and concepts of multi-tissue multi-omics approaches, various network methodologies and application examples in NAFLD research. We highlight the findings that have been uncovered thus far including novel biomarkers, genes, and biological pathways involved in different stages of NAFLD, molecular connections between NAFLD and its comorbidities, mechanisms underpinning sex differences, and druggable targets. Lastly, we outline the future directions of implementing network approaches to further improve our understanding of NAFLD in order to guide diagnosis and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montgomery Blencowe
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, 610 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (M.B.); (T.K.); (J.W.); (N.H.)
- Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, 610 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Tilan Karunanayake
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, 610 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (M.B.); (T.K.); (J.W.); (N.H.)
| | - Julian Wier
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, 610 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (M.B.); (T.K.); (J.W.); (N.H.)
| | - Neil Hsu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, 610 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (M.B.); (T.K.); (J.W.); (N.H.)
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, 610 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (M.B.); (T.K.); (J.W.); (N.H.)
- Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, 610 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Interdepartmental Program of Bioinformatics, University of California, Los Angeles, 610 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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77
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Thompson MJ, Chwiałkowska K, Rubbi L, Lusis AJ, Davis RC, Srivastava A, Korstanje R, Churchill GA, Horvath S, Pellegrini M. A multi-tissue full lifespan epigenetic clock for mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 10:2832-2854. [PMID: 30348905 PMCID: PMC6224226 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human DNA-methylation data have been used to develop highly accurate biomarkers of aging ("epigenetic clocks"). Recent studies demonstrate that similar epigenetic clocks for mice (Mus Musculus) can be slowed by gold standard anti-aging interventions such as calorie restriction and growth hormone receptor knock-outs. Using DNA methylation data from previous publications with data collected in house for a total 1189 samples spanning 193,651 CpG sites, we developed 4 novel epigenetic clocks by choosing different regression models (elastic net- versus ridge regression) and by considering different sets of CpGs (all CpGs vs highly conserved CpGs). We demonstrate that accurate age estimators can be built on the basis of highly conserved CpGs. However, the most accurate clock results from applying elastic net regression to all CpGs. While the anti-aging effect of calorie restriction could be detected with all types of epigenetic clocks, only ridge regression based clocks replicated the finding of slow epigenetic aging effects in dwarf mice. Overall, this study demonstrates that there are trade-offs when it comes to epigenetic clocks in mice. Highly accurate clocks might not be optimal for detecting the beneficial effects of anti-aging interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Thompson
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Karolina Chwiałkowska
- Centre for Bioinformatics and Data Analysis, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Liudmilla Rubbi
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Medicine, and Department of Human Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Richard C Davis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Medicine, and Department of Human Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | - Ron Korstanje
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA
| | | | - Steve Horvath
- Department of Human Genetics and Biostatistics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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78
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Abstract
The common forms of metabolic diseases are highly complex, involving hundreds of genes, environmental and lifestyle factors, age-related changes, sex differences and gut-microbiome interactions. Systems genetics is a population-based approach to address this complexity. In contrast to commonly used 'reductionist' approaches, such as gain or loss of function, that examine one element at a time, systems genetics uses high-throughput 'omics' technologies to quantitatively assess the many molecular differences among individuals in a population and then to relate these to physiologic functions or disease states. Unlike genome-wide association studies, systems genetics seeks to go beyond the identification of disease-causing genes to understand higher-order interactions at the molecular level. The purpose of this review is to introduce the systems genetics applications in the areas of metabolic and cardiovascular disease. Here, we explain how large clinical and omics-level data and databases from both human and animal populations are available to help researchers place genes in the context of pathways and networks and formulate hypotheses that can then be experimentally examined. We provide lists of such databases and examples of the integration of reductionist and systems genetics data. Among the important applications emerging is the development of improved nutritional and pharmacological strategies to address the rise of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Seldin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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79
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Clifford RE, Hertzano R, Ohlemiller KK. Untangling the genomics of noise-induced hearing loss and tinnitus: Contributions of Mus musculus and Homo sapiens. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2019; 146:4007. [PMID: 31795683 PMCID: PMC7273513 DOI: 10.1121/1.5132552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic trauma is a feature of the industrial age, in general, and mechanized warfare, in particular. Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) and tinnitus have been the number 1 and number 2 disabilities at U.S. Veterans hospitals since 2006. In a reversal of original protocols to identify candidate genes associated with monogenic deafness disorders, unbiased genome-wide association studies now direct animal experiments in order to explore genetic variants common in Homo sapiens. However, even these approaches must utilize animal studies for validation of function and understanding of mechanisms. Animal research currently focuses on genetic expression profiles since the majority of variants occur in non-coding regions, implying regulatory divergences. Moving forward, it will be important in both human and animal research to define the phenotypes of hearing loss and tinnitus, as well as exposure parameters, in order to extricate genes related to acoustic trauma versus those related to aging. It has become clear that common disorders like acoustic trauma are influenced by large numbers of genes, each with small effects, which cumulatively lead to susceptibility to a disorder. A polygenic risk score, which aggregates these small effect sizes of multiple genes, may offer a more accurate description of risk for NIHL and/or tinnitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Royce E Clifford
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Ronna Hertzano
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, James T. Frenkil Building, 16 South Eutaw Street, Suite 500, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Kevin K Ohlemiller
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, Central Institute for the Deaf at Washington University School of Medicine, Fay and Carl Simons Center for Hearing and Deafness, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Park S, Ranjbarvaziri S, Lay FD, Zhao P, Miller MJ, Dhaliwal JS, Huertas-Vazquez A, Wu X, Qiao R, Soffer JM, Rau C, Wang Y, Mikkola HKA, Lusis AJ, Ardehali R. Genetic Regulation of Fibroblast Activation and Proliferation in Cardiac Fibrosis. Circulation 2019; 138:1224-1235. [PMID: 29950403 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.118.035420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic diversity and the heterogeneous nature of cardiac fibroblasts (CFbs) have hindered characterization of the molecular mechanisms that regulate cardiac fibrosis. The Hybrid Mouse Diversity Panel offers a valuable tool to examine genetically diverse cardiac fibroblasts and their role in fibrosis. METHODS Three strains of mice (C57BL/6J, C3H/HeJ, and KK/HlJ) were selected from the Hybrid Mouse Diversity Panel and treated with either isoproterenol (ISO) or saline by an intraperitoneally implanted osmotic pump. After 21 days, cardiac function and levels of fibrosis were measured by echocardiography and trichrome staining, respectively. Activation and proliferation of CFbs were measured by in vitro and in vivo assays under normal and injury conditions. RNA sequencing was done on isolated CFbs from each strain. Results were analyzed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis and validated by reverse transcription-qPCR, immunohistochemistry, and ELISA. RESULTS ISO treatment in C57BL/6J, C3H/HeJ, and KK/HlJ mice resulted in minimal, moderate, and extensive levels of fibrosis, respectively (n=7-8 hearts per condition). Isolated CFbs treated with ISO exhibited strain-specific increases in the levels of activation but showed comparable levels of proliferation. Similar results were found in vivo, with fibroblast activation, and not proliferation, correlating with the differential levels of cardiac fibrosis after ISO treatment. RNA sequencing revealed that CFbs from each strain exhibit unique gene expression changes in response to ISO. We identified Ltbp2 as a commonly upregulated gene after ISO treatment. Expression of LTBP2 was elevated and specifically localized in the fibrotic regions of the myocardium after injury in mice and in human heart failure patients. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the importance of genetic variation in cardiac fibrosis by using multiple inbred mouse strains to characterize CFbs and their response to ISO treatment. Our data suggest that, although fibroblast activation is a response that parallels the extent of scar formation, proliferation may not necessarily correlate with levels of fibrosis. In addition, by comparing CFbs from multiple strains, we identified pathways as potential therapeutic targets and LTBP2 as a marker for fibrosis, with relevance to patients with underlying myocardial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuin Park
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine (S.P., S.R., P.Z., M.J.M., J.S.D., A.H.-V., X.W., R.Q., J.M.S., A.J.L., R.A.), University of California, Los Angeles.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research (S.P., S.R., F.D.L., P.Z., M.J.M., J.S.D., R.Q., J.M.S., H.K.A.M., R.A.), University of California, Los Angeles.,Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology Graduate Program (S.P., S.R., R.A.), University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Sara Ranjbarvaziri
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine (S.P., S.R., P.Z., M.J.M., J.S.D., A.H.-V., X.W., R.Q., J.M.S., A.J.L., R.A.), University of California, Los Angeles.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research (S.P., S.R., F.D.L., P.Z., M.J.M., J.S.D., R.Q., J.M.S., H.K.A.M., R.A.), University of California, Los Angeles.,Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology Graduate Program (S.P., S.R., R.A.), University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Fides D Lay
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine (S.P., S.R., P.Z., M.J.M., J.S.D., A.H.-V., X.W., R.Q., J.M.S., A.J.L., R.A.), University of California, Los Angeles.,Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology (F.D.L., H.K.A.M.), University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Peng Zhao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine (S.P., S.R., P.Z., M.J.M., J.S.D., A.H.-V., X.W., R.Q., J.M.S., A.J.L., R.A.), University of California, Los Angeles.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research (S.P., S.R., F.D.L., P.Z., M.J.M., J.S.D., R.Q., J.M.S., H.K.A.M., R.A.), University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Mark J Miller
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine (S.P., S.R., P.Z., M.J.M., J.S.D., A.H.-V., X.W., R.Q., J.M.S., A.J.L., R.A.), University of California, Los Angeles.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research (S.P., S.R., F.D.L., P.Z., M.J.M., J.S.D., R.Q., J.M.S., H.K.A.M., R.A.), University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Jasmeet S Dhaliwal
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine (S.P., S.R., P.Z., M.J.M., J.S.D., A.H.-V., X.W., R.Q., J.M.S., A.J.L., R.A.), University of California, Los Angeles.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research (S.P., S.R., F.D.L., P.Z., M.J.M., J.S.D., R.Q., J.M.S., H.K.A.M., R.A.), University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Adriana Huertas-Vazquez
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine (S.P., S.R., P.Z., M.J.M., J.S.D., A.H.-V., X.W., R.Q., J.M.S., A.J.L., R.A.), University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Xiuju Wu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine (S.P., S.R., P.Z., M.J.M., J.S.D., A.H.-V., X.W., R.Q., J.M.S., A.J.L., R.A.), University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Rong Qiao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine (S.P., S.R., P.Z., M.J.M., J.S.D., A.H.-V., X.W., R.Q., J.M.S., A.J.L., R.A.), University of California, Los Angeles.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research (S.P., S.R., F.D.L., P.Z., M.J.M., J.S.D., R.Q., J.M.S., H.K.A.M., R.A.), University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Justin M Soffer
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine (S.P., S.R., P.Z., M.J.M., J.S.D., A.H.-V., X.W., R.Q., J.M.S., A.J.L., R.A.), University of California, Los Angeles.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research (S.P., S.R., F.D.L., P.Z., M.J.M., J.S.D., R.Q., J.M.S., H.K.A.M., R.A.), University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Christoph Rau
- Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (C.R., Y.W.), University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Yibin Wang
- Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (C.R., Y.W.), University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Hanna K A Mikkola
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research (S.P., S.R., F.D.L., P.Z., M.J.M., J.S.D., R.Q., J.M.S., H.K.A.M., R.A.), University of California, Los Angeles.,Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology (F.D.L., H.K.A.M.), University of California, Los Angeles.,Molecular Biology Institute (H.K.A.M., A.J.L., R.A.), University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine (S.P., S.R., P.Z., M.J.M., J.S.D., A.H.-V., X.W., R.Q., J.M.S., A.J.L., R.A.), University of California, Los Angeles.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics (A.J.L.), University of California, Los Angeles.,Molecular Biology Institute (H.K.A.M., A.J.L., R.A.), University of California, Los Angeles.,Department of Human Genetics (A.J.L.), University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Reza Ardehali
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine (S.P., S.R., P.Z., M.J.M., J.S.D., A.H.-V., X.W., R.Q., J.M.S., A.J.L., R.A.), University of California, Los Angeles.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research (S.P., S.R., F.D.L., P.Z., M.J.M., J.S.D., R.Q., J.M.S., H.K.A.M., R.A.), University of California, Los Angeles.,Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology Graduate Program (S.P., S.R., R.A.), University of California, Los Angeles.,Molecular Biology Institute (H.K.A.M., A.J.L., R.A.), University of California, Los Angeles
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Provencher S, Archer SL, Ramirez FD, Hibbert B, Paulin R, Boucherat O, Lacasse Y, Bonnet S. Standards and Methodological Rigor in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Preclinical and Translational Research. Circ Res 2019; 122:1021-1032. [PMID: 29599278 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.312579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology and the management of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), significant therapeutic gaps remain for this devastating disease. Yet, few innovative therapies beyond the traditional pathways of endothelial dysfunction have reached clinical trial phases in PAH. Although there are inherent limitations of the currently available models of PAH, the leaky pipeline of innovative therapies relates, in part, to flawed preclinical research methodology, including lack of rigour in trial design, incomplete invasive hemodynamic assessment, and lack of careful translational studies that replicate randomized controlled trials in humans with attention to adverse effects and benefits. Rigorous methodology should include the use of prespecified eligibility criteria, sample sizes that permit valid statistical analysis, randomization, blinded assessment of standardized outcomes, and transparent reporting of results. Better design and implementation of preclinical studies can minimize inherent flaws in the models of PAH, reduce the risk of bias, and enhance external validity and our ability to distinguish truly promising therapies form many false-positive or overstated leads. Ideally, preclinical studies should use advanced imaging, study several preclinical pulmonary hypertension models, or correlate rodent and human findings and consider the fate of the right ventricle, which is the major determinant of prognosis in human PAH. Although these principles are widely endorsed, empirical evidence suggests that such rigor is often lacking in pulmonary hypertension preclinical research. The present article discusses the pitfalls in the design of preclinical pulmonary hypertension trials and discusses opportunities to create preclinical trials with improved predictive value in guiding early-phase drug development in patients with PAH, which will need support not only from researchers, peer reviewers, and editors but also from academic institutions, funding agencies, and animal ethics authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steeve Provencher
- From the Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec Research Center (S.P., R.P., O.B., S.B.), Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec Research Center (S.P., R.P., O.B., Y.L., S.B.), and Department of Medicine (S.P., R.P., O.B., Y.L., S.B.), Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada (S.L.A.); Division of Cardiology (F.D.R., B.H.), CAPITAL Research Group (F.D.R., B.H.), and Vascular Biology and Experimental Medicine Laboratory (B.H.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada; and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (B.H.) and School of Epidemiology and Public Health (F.D.R.) University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen L Archer
- From the Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec Research Center (S.P., R.P., O.B., S.B.), Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec Research Center (S.P., R.P., O.B., Y.L., S.B.), and Department of Medicine (S.P., R.P., O.B., Y.L., S.B.), Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada (S.L.A.); Division of Cardiology (F.D.R., B.H.), CAPITAL Research Group (F.D.R., B.H.), and Vascular Biology and Experimental Medicine Laboratory (B.H.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada; and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (B.H.) and School of Epidemiology and Public Health (F.D.R.) University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - F Daniel Ramirez
- From the Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec Research Center (S.P., R.P., O.B., S.B.), Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec Research Center (S.P., R.P., O.B., Y.L., S.B.), and Department of Medicine (S.P., R.P., O.B., Y.L., S.B.), Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada (S.L.A.); Division of Cardiology (F.D.R., B.H.), CAPITAL Research Group (F.D.R., B.H.), and Vascular Biology and Experimental Medicine Laboratory (B.H.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada; and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (B.H.) and School of Epidemiology and Public Health (F.D.R.) University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benjamin Hibbert
- From the Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec Research Center (S.P., R.P., O.B., S.B.), Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec Research Center (S.P., R.P., O.B., Y.L., S.B.), and Department of Medicine (S.P., R.P., O.B., Y.L., S.B.), Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada (S.L.A.); Division of Cardiology (F.D.R., B.H.), CAPITAL Research Group (F.D.R., B.H.), and Vascular Biology and Experimental Medicine Laboratory (B.H.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada; and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (B.H.) and School of Epidemiology and Public Health (F.D.R.) University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roxane Paulin
- From the Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec Research Center (S.P., R.P., O.B., S.B.), Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec Research Center (S.P., R.P., O.B., Y.L., S.B.), and Department of Medicine (S.P., R.P., O.B., Y.L., S.B.), Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada (S.L.A.); Division of Cardiology (F.D.R., B.H.), CAPITAL Research Group (F.D.R., B.H.), and Vascular Biology and Experimental Medicine Laboratory (B.H.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada; and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (B.H.) and School of Epidemiology and Public Health (F.D.R.) University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olivier Boucherat
- From the Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec Research Center (S.P., R.P., O.B., S.B.), Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec Research Center (S.P., R.P., O.B., Y.L., S.B.), and Department of Medicine (S.P., R.P., O.B., Y.L., S.B.), Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada (S.L.A.); Division of Cardiology (F.D.R., B.H.), CAPITAL Research Group (F.D.R., B.H.), and Vascular Biology and Experimental Medicine Laboratory (B.H.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada; and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (B.H.) and School of Epidemiology and Public Health (F.D.R.) University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yves Lacasse
- From the Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec Research Center (S.P., R.P., O.B., S.B.), Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec Research Center (S.P., R.P., O.B., Y.L., S.B.), and Department of Medicine (S.P., R.P., O.B., Y.L., S.B.), Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada (S.L.A.); Division of Cardiology (F.D.R., B.H.), CAPITAL Research Group (F.D.R., B.H.), and Vascular Biology and Experimental Medicine Laboratory (B.H.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada; and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (B.H.) and School of Epidemiology and Public Health (F.D.R.) University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sébastien Bonnet
- From the Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec Research Center (S.P., R.P., O.B., S.B.), Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec Research Center (S.P., R.P., O.B., Y.L., S.B.), and Department of Medicine (S.P., R.P., O.B., Y.L., S.B.), Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada (S.L.A.); Division of Cardiology (F.D.R., B.H.), CAPITAL Research Group (F.D.R., B.H.), and Vascular Biology and Experimental Medicine Laboratory (B.H.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada; and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (B.H.) and School of Epidemiology and Public Health (F.D.R.) University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Wang J, Huertas-Vazquez A, Wang Y, Lusis AJ. Isoproterenol-Induced Cardiac Diastolic Dysfunction in Mice: A Systems Genetics Analysis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 6:100. [PMID: 31417910 PMCID: PMC6684968 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined an isoproterenol heart failure model across a panel of diverse inbred strains of mice, the Hybrid Mouse Diversity Panel (HMDP), using left atrial (LA) and lung weights as well as echocardiogram parameters as surrogates for cardiac diastolic function. We identified gene transcripts that significantly correlated with diastolic function. In addition, we mapped echocardiographic parameters associated with diastolic function. We identified a locus near Tns3-Hus1 to be associated with baseline E/A ratio in mice (p = 1.65E-06), the syntenic region of which was recently associated with E/A ratio in a genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis of the EchoGen consortium in humans. We also identified a locus near Cdkn2a-Cdkn2b, which is a region syntenic to the human 9p21 locus, to be associated with week 3 A/E ratio (p = 2.15E-06). Our study is the first study to map diastolic dysfunction in mice, in which a locus was found to be shared with a recent human GWAS on diastolic function. Moreover, our cardiac transcriptome correlation and eQTL analysis generated hypotheses for future basic investigations. These results showed that, although technical and physiological challenges limit diastolic function assessment in mice and humans, future investigations examining the genetic architecture of diastolic function among a diverse mouse population, such as the HMDP, in controlled experimental settings, offer distinct advantages in understanding the genetic determinants of diastolic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Adriana Huertas-Vazquez
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yibin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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83
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Leon-Mimila P, Wang J, Huertas-Vazquez A. Relevance of Multi-Omics Studies in Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 6:91. [PMID: 31380393 PMCID: PMC6656333 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death around the world. Despite the larger number of genes and loci identified, the precise mechanisms by which these genes influence risk of cardiovascular disease is not well understood. Recent advances in the development and optimization of high-throughput technologies for the generation of “omics data” have provided a deeper understanding of the processes and dynamic interactions involved in human diseases. However, the integrative analysis of “omics” data is not straightforward and represents several logistic and computational challenges. In spite of these difficulties, several studies have successfully applied integrative genomics approaches for the investigation of novel mechanisms and plasma biomarkers involved in cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we summarized recent studies aimed to understand the molecular framework of these diseases using multi-omics data from mice and humans. We discuss examples of omics studies for cardiovascular diseases focused on the integration of genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics. This review also describes current gaps in the study of complex diseases using systems genetics approaches as well as potential limitations and future directions of this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Leon-Mimila
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jessica Wang
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Adriana Huertas-Vazquez
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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84
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Blázquez-Medela AM, Jumabay M, Rajbhandari P, Sallam T, Guo Y, Yao J, Vergnes L, Reue K, Zhang L, Yao Y, Fogelman AM, Tontonoz P, Lusis AJ, Wu X, Boström KI. Noggin depletion in adipocytes promotes obesity in mice. Mol Metab 2019; 25:50-63. [PMID: 31027994 PMCID: PMC6600080 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity has increased to pandemic levels and enhanced understanding of adipose regulation is required for new treatment strategies. Although bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) influence adipogenesis, the effect of BMP antagonists such as Noggin is largely unknown. The aim of the study was to define the role of Noggin, an extracellular BMP inhibitor, in adipogenesis. METHODS We generated adipose-derived progenitor cells and a mouse model with adipocyte-specific Noggin deletion using the AdiponectinCre transgenic mouse, and determined the adipose phenotype of Noggin-deficiency. RESULTS Our studies showed that Noggin is expressed in progenitor cells but declines in adipocytes, possibly allowing for lipid accumulation. Correspondingly, adipocyte-specific Noggin deletion in vivo promoted age-related obesity in both genders with no change in food intake. Although the loss of Noggin caused white adipose tissue hypertrophy, and whitening and impaired function in brown adipose tissue in both genders, there were clear gender differences with the females being most affected. The females had suppressed expression of brown adipose markers and thermogenic genes including peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC1alpha) and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) as well as genes associated with adipogenesis and lipid metabolism. The males, on the other hand, had early changes in a few BAT markers and thermogenic genes, but the main changes were in the genes associated with adipogenesis and lipid metabolism. Further characterization revealed that both genders had reductions in VO2, VCO2, and RER, whereas females also had reduced heat production. Noggin was also reduced in diet-induced obesity in inbred mice consistent with the obesity phenotype of the Noggin-deficient mice. CONCLUSIONS BMP signaling regulates female and male adipogenesis through different metabolic pathways. Modulation of adipose tissue metabolism by select BMP antagonists may be a strategy for long-term regulation of age-related weight gain and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Blázquez-Medela
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Medet Jumabay
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | - Tamer Sallam
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yina Guo
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jiayi Yao
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Laurent Vergnes
- Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Karen Reue
- Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yucheng Yao
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alan M Fogelman
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Peter Tontonoz
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xiuju Wu
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Kristina I Boström
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, USA.
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85
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Norheim F, Hasin-Brumshtein Y, Vergnes L, Chella Krishnan K, Pan C, Seldin MM, Hui ST, Mehrabian M, Zhou Z, Gupta S, Parks BW, Walch A, Reue K, Hofmann SM, Arnold AP, Lusis AJ. Gene-by-Sex Interactions in Mitochondrial Functions and Cardio-Metabolic Traits. Cell Metab 2019; 29:932-949.e4. [PMID: 30639359 PMCID: PMC6447452 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We studied sex differences in over 50 cardio-metabolic traits in a panel of 100 diverse inbred strains of mice. The results clearly showed that the effects of sex on both clinical phenotypes and gene expression depend on the genetic background. In support of this, genetic loci associated with the traits frequently showed sex specificity. For example, Lyplal1, a gene implicated in human obesity, was shown to underlie a sex-specific locus for diet-induced obesity. Global gene expression analyses of tissues across the panel implicated adipose tissue "beiging" and mitochondrial functions in the sex differences. Isolated mitochondria showed gene-by-sex interactions in oxidative functions, such that some strains (C57BL/6J) showed similar function between sexes, whereas others (DBA/2J and A/J) showed increased function in females. Reduced adipose mitochondrial function in males as compared to females was associated with increased susceptibility to obesity and insulin resistance. Gonadectomy studies indicated that gonadal hormones acting in a tissue-specific manner were responsible in part for the sex differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frode Norheim
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology and Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yehudit Hasin-Brumshtein
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology and Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Laurent Vergnes
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Karthickeyan Chella Krishnan
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology and Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Calvin Pan
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology and Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marcus M Seldin
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology and Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Simon T Hui
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology and Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Margarete Mehrabian
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology and Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology and Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sonul Gupta
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology and Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brian W Parks
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Axel Walch
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Karen Reue
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Susanna M Hofmann
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, München 80336, Germany; Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Ludwig Maximilian Universität (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Arthur P Arnold
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology and Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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86
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Geoghegan G, Simcox J, Seldin MM, Parnell TJ, Stubben C, Just S, Begaye L, Lusis AJ, Villanueva CJ. Targeted deletion of Tcf7l2 in adipocytes promotes adipocyte hypertrophy and impaired glucose metabolism. Mol Metab 2019; 24:44-63. [PMID: 30948248 PMCID: PMC6531814 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Activation of the Wnt-signaling pathway is known to inhibit differentiation in adipocytes. However, there is a gap in our understanding of the transcriptional network regulated by components of the Wnt-signaling pathway during adipogenesis and in adipocytes during postnatal life. The key intracellular effectors of the Wnt-signaling pathway occur through TCF transcription factors such as TCF7L2 (transcription factor-7-like 2). Several genetic variants in proximity to TCF7L2 have been linked to type 2 diabetes through genome-wide association studies in various human populations. Our work aims to functionally characterize the adipocyte specific gene program regulated by TCF7L2 and understand how this program regulates metabolism. METHODS We generated Tcf7l2F/F mice and assessed TCF7L2 function in isolated adipocytes and adipose specific knockout mice. ChIP-sequencing and RNA-sequencing was performed on the isolated adipocytes with control and TCF7L2 knockout cells. Adipose specific TCF7L2 knockout mice were challenged with high fat diet and assessed for body weight, glucose tolerance, and lipolysis. RESULTS Here we report that TCF7L2 regulates adipocyte size, endocrine function, and glucose metabolism. Tcf7l2 is highly expressed in white adipose tissue, and its expression is suppressed in genetic and diet-induced models of obesity. Genome-wide distribution of TCF7L2 binding and gene expression analysis in adipocytes suggests that TCF7L2 directly regulates genes implicated in cellular metabolism and cell cycle control. When challenged with a high-fat diet, conditional deletion of TCF7L2 in adipocytes led to impaired glucose tolerance, impaired insulin sensitivity, promoted weight gain, and increased adipose tissue mass. This was accompanied by reduced expression of triglyceride hydrolase, reduced fasting-induced free fatty acid release, and adipocyte hypertrophy in subcutaneous adipose tissue. CONCLUSIONS Together our studies support that TCF7L2 is a central transcriptional regulator of the adipocyte metabolic program by directly regulating the expression of genes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Geoghegan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Judith Simcox
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Marcus M Seldin
- Department of Human Genetics/Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Timothy J Parnell
- Bioinformatics Shared Resources, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Chris Stubben
- Bioinformatics Shared Resources, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Steven Just
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Lori Begaye
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Department of Human Genetics/Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Claudio J Villanueva
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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87
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Salimova E, Nowak KJ, Estrada AC, Furtado MB, McNamara E, Nguyen Q, Balmer L, Preuss C, Holmes JW, Ramialison M, Morahan G, Rosenthal NA. Variable outcomes of human heart attack recapitulated in genetically diverse mice. NPJ Regen Med 2019; 4:5. [PMID: 30854227 PMCID: PMC6399323 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-019-0067-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical variation in patient responses to myocardial infarction (MI) has been difficult to model in laboratory animals. To assess the genetic basis of variation in outcomes after heart attack, we characterized responses to acute MI in the Collaborative Cross (CC), a multi-parental panel of genetically diverse mouse strains. Striking differences in post-MI functional, morphological, and myocardial scar features were detected across 32 CC founder and recombinant inbred strains. Transcriptomic analyses revealed a plausible link between increased intrinsic cardiac oxidative phosphorylation levels and MI-induced heart failure. The emergence of significant quantitative trait loci for several post-MI traits indicates that utilizing CC strains is a valid approach for gene network discovery in cardiovascular disease, enabling more accurate clinical risk assessment and prediction. Mice from a genetically diverse panel of inbred strains show a variety of biological outcomes after a heart attack (myocardial infarction), just as humans do. This ‘Collaborative Cross’ mouse resource—which is already widely used in other disciplines of biomedical research—thus provides a tractable system for investigating the genetic factors contributing to acute and chronic presentations of heart disease. Ekaterina Salimova from Monash University in Clayton, Australia, and colleagues experimentally induced myocardial infarctions in the 32 founder or recombinant strains from the Collaborative Cross. They documented large differences in survival, cardiac dilation and scar size among different strains. Gene expression profiling and quantitative trait locus mapping revealed a large number of candidate genes and molecular pathways linked to adverse outcomes. These could offer promising drug targets for treating the damage wrought by heart attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Salimova
- 1Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC Australia.,2Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC Australia
| | - Kristen J Nowak
- 3Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA Australia.,4QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA Australia.,5Office of Population Health Genomics, Division of Public and Aboriginal Health, Western Australian Department of Health, East Perth, WA Australia
| | - Ana C Estrada
- 6Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Medicine, and Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Milena B Furtado
- 1Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC Australia.,7The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME USA
| | - Elyshia McNamara
- 3Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA Australia.,4QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA Australia
| | - Quang Nguyen
- 4QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA Australia
| | - Lois Balmer
- 4QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA Australia.,8School of Medical and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Christoph Preuss
- 9National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jeffrey W Holmes
- 6Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Medicine, and Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Mirana Ramialison
- 1Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC Australia
| | - Grant Morahan
- 3Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA Australia.,4QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA Australia
| | - Nadia A Rosenthal
- 1Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC Australia.,7The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME USA.,9National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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88
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Bagnati M, Moreno-Moral A, Ko JH, Nicod J, Harmston N, Imprialou M, Game L, Gil J, Petretto E, Behmoaras J. Systems genetics identifies a macrophage cholesterol network associated with physiological wound healing. JCI Insight 2019; 4:e125736. [PMID: 30674726 PMCID: PMC6413785 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.125736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Among other cells, macrophages regulate the inflammatory and reparative phases during wound healing but genetic determinants and detailed molecular pathways that modulate these processes are not fully elucidated. Here, we took advantage of normal variation in wound healing in 1,378 genetically outbred mice, and carried out macrophage RNA-sequencing profiling of mice with extreme wound healing phenotypes (i.e., slow and fast healers, n = 146 in total). The resulting macrophage coexpression networks were genetically mapped and led to the identification of a unique module under strong trans-acting genetic control by the Runx2 locus. This macrophage-mediated healing network was specifically enriched for cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthetic processes. Pharmacological blockage of fatty acid synthesis with cerulenin resulted in delayed wound healing in vivo, and increased macrophage infiltration in the wounded skin, suggesting the persistence of an unresolved inflammation. We show how naturally occurring sequence variation controls transcriptional networks in macrophages, which in turn regulate specific metabolic pathways that could be targeted in wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bagnati
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom (UK)
| | | | - Jeong-Hun Ko
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom (UK)
| | - Jérôme Nicod
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Martha Imprialou
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom (UK)
| | - Laurence Game
- Genomics Laboratory, Medical Research Council (MRC) London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jesus Gil
- Cell Proliferation Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (LMS), London, UK
| | - Enrico Petretto
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jacques Behmoaras
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom (UK)
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89
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90
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Pamir N, Pan C, Plubell DL, Hutchins PM, Tang C, Wimberger J, Irwin A, Vallim TQDA, Heinecke JW, Lusis AJ. Genetic control of the mouse HDL proteome defines HDL traits, function, and heterogeneity. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:594-608. [PMID: 30622162 PMCID: PMC6399512 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m090555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
HDLs are nanoparticles with more than 80 associated proteins, phospholipids, cholesterol, and cholesteryl esters. The potential inverse relation of HDL to coronary artery disease (CAD) and the effects of HDL on myriad other inflammatory conditions warrant a better understanding of the genetic basis of the HDL proteome. We conducted a comprehensive genetic analysis of the regulation of the proteome of HDL isolated from a panel of 100 diverse inbred strains of mice (the hybrid mouse diversity panel) and examined protein composition and efflux capacity to identify novel factors that affect the HDL proteome. Genetic analysis revealed widely varied HDL protein levels across the strains. Some of this variation was explained by local cis-acting regulation, termed cis-protein quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Variations in apoA-II and apoC-3 affected the abundance of multiple HDL proteins, indicating a coordinated regulation. We identified modules of covarying proteins and defined a protein-protein interaction network that describes the protein composition of the naturally occurring subspecies of HDL in mice. Sterol efflux capacity varied up to 3-fold across the strains, and HDL proteins displayed distinct correlation patterns with macrophage and ABCA1-specific cholesterol efflux capacity and cholesterol exchange, suggesting that subspecies of HDL participate in discrete functions. The baseline and stimulated sterol efflux capacity phenotypes were associated with distinct QTLs with smaller effect size, suggesting a multigenetic regulation. Our results highlight the complexity of HDL particles by revealing the high degree of heterogeneity and intercorrelation, some of which is associated with functional variation, and support the concept that HDL-cholesterol alone is not an accurate measure of HDL’s properties, such as protection against CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Pamir
- Department of Medicine, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Calvin Pan
- Departments of Genetics University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Deanna L Plubell
- Department of Medicine, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | | | - Chongren Tang
- Department of Medicine University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Jake Wimberger
- Department of Medicine University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Angela Irwin
- Department of Medicine University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Jay W Heinecke
- Department of Medicine University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Departments of Genetics University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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Abstract
One of the most fruitful resources for systems genetic studies of nonhuman mammals is a panel of inbred strains that exhibits significant genetic diversity between strains but genetic stability (isogenicity) within strains. These characteristics allow for fine mapping of complex phenotypes (QTLs) and provide statistical power to identify loci which contribute nominally to the phenotype. This type of resource also allows the planning and performance of investigations using the same genetic backgrounds over several generations of the test animals. Often, rats are preferred over mice for physiologic and behavioral studies because of their larger size and more distinguishable anatomy (particularly for their central nervous system). The Hybrid Rat Diversity Panel (HRDP) is a panel of inbred rat strains, which combines two recombinant inbred panels (the HXB/BXH, 30 strains; the LEXF/FXLE, 34 strains and 35 more strains of inbred rats which were selected for genetic diversity, based on their fully sequenced genomes and/or thorough genotyping). The genetic diversity and statistical power of this panel for mapping studies rivals or surpasses currently available panels in mouse. The genetic stability of this panel makes it particularly suitable for collection of high-throughput omics data as relevant technology becomes available for engaging in truly integrative systems biology. The PhenoGen website ( http://phenogen.org ) is the repository for the initial transcriptome data, making the raw data, the processed data, and the analysis results, e.g., organ-specific protein coding and noncoding transcripts, isoform analysis, expression quantitative trait loci, and co-expression networks, available to the research public. The data sets and tools being developed will complement current efforts to analyze the human transcriptome and its genetic controls (the Genotype-Tissue Expression Project (GTEx)) and allow for dissection of genetic networks that predispose to particular phenotypes and gene-by-environment interactions that are difficult or even impossible to study in humans. The HRDP is an essential population for exploring truly integrative systems genetics.
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92
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Orecchioni M, Ghosheh Y, Pramod AB, Ley K. Macrophage Polarization: Different Gene Signatures in M1(LPS+) vs. Classically and M2(LPS-) vs. Alternatively Activated Macrophages. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1084. [PMID: 31178859 PMCID: PMC6543837 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1066] [Impact Index Per Article: 213.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are found in tissues, body cavities, and mucosal surfaces. Most tissue macrophages are seeded in the early embryo before definitive hematopoiesis is established. Others are derived from blood monocytes. The macrophage lineage diversification and plasticity are key aspects of their functionality. Macrophages can also be generated from monocytes in vitro and undergo classical (LPS+IFN-γ) or alternative (IL-4) activation. In vivo, macrophages with different polarization and different activation markers coexist in tissues. Certain mouse strains preferentially promote T-helper-1 (Th1) responses and others Th2 responses. Their macrophages preferentially induce iNOS or arginase and have been called M1 and M2, respectively. In many publications, M1 and classically activated and M2 and alternatively activated are used interchangeably. We tested whether this is justified by comparing the gene lists positively [M1(=LPS+)] or negatively [M2(=LPS-)] correlated with the ratio of IL-12 and arginase 1 in transcriptomes of LPS-treated peritoneal macrophages with in vitro classically (LPS, IFN-γ) vs. alternatively activated (IL-4) bone marrow derived macrophages, both from published datasets. Although there is some overlap between in vivo M1(=LPS+) and in vitro classically activated (LPS+IFN-γ) and in vivo M2(=LPS-) and in vitro alternatively activated macrophages, many more genes are regulated in opposite or unrelated ways. Thus, M1(=LPS+) macrophages are not equivalent to classically activated, and M2(=LPS-) macrophages are not equivalent to alternatively activated macrophages. This fundamental discrepancy explains why most surface markers identified on in vitro generated macrophages do not translate to the in vivo situation. Valid in vivo M1/M2 surface markers remain to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Orecchioni
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Yanal Ghosheh
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Akula Bala Pramod
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Klaus Ley
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Klaus Ley
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93
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Systems Genetics Approach to Biomarker Discovery: GPNMB and Heart Failure in Mice and Humans. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2018; 8:3499-3506. [PMID: 30201759 PMCID: PMC6222577 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.200655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We describe a simple bioinformatics method for biomarker discovery that is based on the analysis of global transcript levels in a population of inbred mouse strains showing variation for disease-related traits. This method has advantages such as controlled environment and accessibility to heart and plasma tissue in the preclinical selection stage. We illustrate the approach by identifying candidate heart failure (HF) biomarkers by overlaying mouse transcriptome and clinical traits from 91 Hybrid Mouse Diversity Panel (HMDP) inbred strains and human HF transcriptome from the Myocardial Applied Genomics Network (MAGNet) consortium. We found that some of the top differentially expressed genes correlated with known human HF biomarkers, such as galectin-3 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1. Using ELISA assays, we investigated one novel candidate, Glycoprotein NMB, in a mouse model of chronic β-adrenergic stimulation by isoproterenol (ISO) induced HF. We observed significantly lower GPNMB plasma levels in the ISO model compared to the control group (p-value = 0.007). In addition, we assessed GPNMB plasma levels among 389 HF cases and controls from the METabolic Syndrome In Men (METSIM) study. Lower levels of GPNMB were also observed in patients with HF from the METSIM study compared to non-HF controls (p-value < 0.0001). In summary, we have identified several candidate biomarkers for HF using the cardiac transcriptome data in a population of mice that may be directly relevant and applicable to human populations.
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94
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Lau E, Paik DT, Wu JC. Systems-Wide Approaches in Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Models. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2018; 14:395-419. [PMID: 30379619 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-012418-013046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide a renewable supply of patient-specific and tissue-specific cells for cellular and molecular studies of disease mechanisms. Combined with advances in various omics technologies, iPSC models can be used to profile the expression of genes, transcripts, proteins, and metabolites in relevant tissues. In the past 2 years, large panels of iPSC lines have been derived from hundreds of genetically heterogeneous individuals, further enabling genome-wide mapping to identify coexpression networks and elucidate gene regulatory networks. Here, we review recent developments in omics profiling of various molecular phenotypes and the emergence of human iPSCs as a systems biology model of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Lau
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA;
| | - David T Paik
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA;
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA; .,Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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95
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Mouse genome-wide association studies and systems genetics uncover the genetic architecture associated with hepatic pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of a constrained ethyl antisense oligonucleotide targeting Malat1. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007732. [PMID: 30372444 PMCID: PMC6224167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) have demonstrated variation of efficacy in patient populations. This has prompted our investigation into the contribution of genetic architecture to ASO pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD). Genome wide association (GWA) and transcriptomic analysis in a hybrid mouse diversity panel (HMDP) were used to identify and validate novel genes involved in the uptake and efficacy of a single dose of a Malat1 constrained ethyl (cEt) modified ASO. The GWA of the HMDP identified two significant associations on chromosomes 4 and 10 with hepatic Malat1 ASO concentrations. Stabilin 2 (Stab2) and vesicle associated membrane protein 3 (Vamp3) were identified by cis-eQTL analysis. HMDP strains with lower Stab2 expression and Stab2 KO mice displayed significantly lower PK than strains with higher Stab2 expression and the wild type (WT) animals respectively, confirming the role of Stab2 in regulating hepatic Malat1 ASO uptake. GWA examining ASO efficacy uncovered three loci associated with Malat1 potency: Small Subunit Processome Component (Utp11l) on chromosome 4, Rho associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase 2 (Rock2) and Aci-reductone dioxygenase (Adi1) on chromosome 12. Our results demonstrate the utility of mouse GWAS using the HMDP in detecting genes capable of impacting the uptake of ASOs, and identifies genes critical for the activity of ASOs in vivo. Previous work in the clinic has clearly demonstrated differential patient response to antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) drugs. However, to date there has been no systematic evaluation of genes associated with this response in vivo. In this study, we utilized an advanced genetic methodology in mice to identify genes involved with the heterogeneity in both accumulation and potency of an ASO targeting metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (Malat1) in liver. Detailed analysis of ASO functionality in livers from 100 genetically distinct strains of inbred mice treated with either Malat1 or control ASO led to the selection of specific genetic regions associated with variation in ASO uptake and potency. Specifically, we identified regions on chromosomes 4 and 10 which highlighted two genes associated with variations in hepatic drug accumulation. Further, we established three regions on chromosome 4 and 12 linked to three genes associated with variability in hepatic ASO efficacy. We carried out additional functional validation of the isolated genes in mouse models and cell lines and confirmed that this methodology can be used to identify genes affecting ASO drug response. These results are particularly important for the design of antisense drugs with improved efficacy, safety, and tolerability.
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96
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Hiyari S, Green E, Pan C, Lari S, Davar M, Davis R, Camargo PM, Tetradis S, Lusis AJ, Pirih FQ. Genomewide Association Study Identifies Cxcl Family Members as Partial Mediators of LPS-Induced Periodontitis. J Bone Miner Res 2018; 33:1450-1463. [PMID: 29637625 PMCID: PMC8434897 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis (PD) is characterized by bacterial infection and inflammation of tooth-supporting structures and can lead to tooth loss. PD affects ∼47% of the US population over age 30 years and has a heritability of about 50%. Although the host immunoinflammatory response and genetic background play a role, little is known of the underlying genetic factors. We examined natural genetic variation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced PD across a panel of inbred mouse strains, the hybrid mouse diversity panel (HMDP). We observed a strain-dependent sixfold difference in LPS-induced bone loss across the HMDP with a heritability of 53%. We performed a genomewide association study (GWAS) using FAST-LMM, which corrects for population structure, and identified loci significantly associated with PD. We examined candidate genes at a locus on chromosome 5, which suggested a relationship between LPS-induced bone loss and, together with expression data, identified Cxcl family members as associated with PD. We observed an increase in Cxcl10 protein, as well as immune cells and pro-inflammatory cytokines in C57BL/6J (high bone loss strain) but not in A/J (low bone loss strain) after LPS injections. Genetic deletion of CXCR3 (Cxcl9 and10 receptor) demonstrated a ∼50% reduction in bone loss and reduced osteoclasts after LPS injections. Furthermore, WT mice treated with AMG-487 (a CXCR3 antagonist) showed a ∼45% reduction in bone loss and decreased osteoclasts after LPS injections. We conclude that CXCR3 is a strong candidate for modulating the host response in individuals susceptible to PD. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hiyari
- Section of Periodontics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Elissa Green
- Section of Periodontics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Calvin Pan
- Departments of Medicine, Cardiology, and Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Soma Lari
- Section of Periodontics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mina Davar
- Section of Periodontics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Richard Davis
- Departments of Medicine, Cardiology, and Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paulo M Camargo
- Section of Periodontics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sotirios Tetradis
- Section of Oral Radiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Departments of Medicine, Cardiology, and Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Flavia Q Pirih
- Section of Periodontics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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97
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Using the natural variation of mouse populations to understand host-gut microbiome interactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 28:61-71. [PMID: 32831858 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmod.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
One approach to understanding gut microbiome-host interactions, described in this review, is to examine how natural variation in a model organism, where environmental factors can be controlled, affects the microbiome and, in turn, how the microbiome is associated with physiological or clinical traits. A variation of this approach, termed "systems genetics" is to characterize both the microbiome and the host using various high throughput technologies, such as metabolomics or gene expression of the microbiome and the host. By relating variation in the microbiome and host functions to such "molecular phenotypes", hypotheses can be generated and then experimentally tested. To model human gut microbiome-host interactions in this way, the mouse is particularly useful given the extensive body of genetic resources and experimental tools that are available.
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98
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Link VM, Duttke SH, Chun HB, Holtman IR, Westin E, Hoeksema MA, Abe Y, Skola D, Romanoski CE, Tao J, Fonseca GJ, Troutman TD, Spann NJ, Strid T, Sakai M, Yu M, Hu R, Fang R, Metzler D, Ren B, Glass CK. Analysis of Genetically Diverse Macrophages Reveals Local and Domain-wide Mechanisms that Control Transcription Factor Binding and Function. Cell 2018; 173:1796-1809.e17. [PMID: 29779944 PMCID: PMC6003872 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Non-coding genetic variation is a major driver of phenotypic diversity and allows the investigation of mechanisms that control gene expression. Here, we systematically investigated the effects of >50 million variations from five strains of mice on mRNA, nascent transcription, transcription start sites, and transcription factor binding in resting and activated macrophages. We observed substantial differences associated with distinct molecular pathways. Evaluating genetic variation provided evidence for roles of ∼100 TFs in shaping lineage-determining factor binding. Unexpectedly, a substantial fraction of strain-specific factor binding could not be explained by local mutations. Integration of genomic features with chromatin interaction data provided evidence for hundreds of connected cis-regulatory domains associated with differences in transcription factor binding and gene expression. This system and the >250 datasets establish a substantial new resource for investigation of how genetic variation affects cellular phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena M Link
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Faculty of Biology, Division of Evolutionary Biology, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sascha H Duttke
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hyun B Chun
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Inge R Holtman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Emma Westin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marten A Hoeksema
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yohei Abe
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dylan Skola
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Casey E Romanoski
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jenhan Tao
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gregory J Fonseca
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ty D Troutman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nathanael J Spann
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tobias Strid
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mashito Sakai
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Miao Yu
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rong Hu
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rongxin Fang
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dirk Metzler
- Faculty of Biology, Division of Evolutionary Biology, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bing Ren
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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99
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Systems Analyses Reveal Physiological Roles and Genetic Regulators of Liver Lipid Species. Cell Syst 2018; 6:722-733.e6. [PMID: 29909277 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The genetics of individual lipid species and their relevance in disease is largely unresolved. We profiled a subset of storage, signaling, membrane, and mitochondrial liver lipids across 385 mice from 47 strains of the BXD mouse population fed chow or high-fat diet and integrated these data with complementary multi-omics datasets. We identified several lipid species and lipid clusters with specific phenotypic and molecular signatures and, in particular, cardiolipin species with signatures of healthy and fatty liver. Genetic analyses revealed quantitative trait loci for 68% of the lipids (lQTL). By multi-layered omics analyses, we show the reliability of lQTLs to uncover candidate genes that can regulate the levels of lipid species. Additionally, we identified lQTLs that mapped to genes associated with abnormal lipid metabolism in human GWASs. This work provides a foundation and resource for understanding the genetic regulation and physiological significance of lipid species.
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100
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Yuan JT, Gatti DM, Philip VM, Kasparek S, Kreuzman AM, Mansky B, Sharif K, Taterra D, Taylor WM, Thomas M, Ward JO, Holmes A, Chesler EJ, Parker CC. Genome-wide association for testis weight in the diversity outbred mouse population. Mamm Genome 2018; 29:310-324. [PMID: 29691636 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-018-9745-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Testis weight is a genetically mediated trait associated with reproductive efficiency across numerous species. We sought to evaluate the genetically diverse, highly recombinant Diversity Outbred (DO) mouse population as a tool to identify and map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with testis weight. Testis weights were recorded for 502 male DO mice and the mice were genotyped on the GIGAMuga array at ~ 143,000 SNPs. We performed a genome-wide association analysis and identified one significant and two suggestive QTLs associated with testis weight. Using bioinformatic approaches, we developed a list of candidate genes and identified those with known roles in testicular size and development. Candidates of particular interest include the RNA demethylase gene Alkbh5, the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor gene Cdkn2c, the dynein axonemal heavy chain gene Dnah11, the phospholipase D gene Pld6, the trans-acting transcription factor gene Sp4, and the spermatogenesis-associated gene Spata6, each of which has a human ortholog. Our results demonstrate the utility of DO mice in high-resolution genetic mapping of complex traits, enabling us to identify developmentally important genes in adult mice. Understanding how genetic variation in these genes influence testis weight could aid in the understanding of mechanisms of mammalian reproductive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Yuan
- Department of Computer Science, Program in Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT, 05753, USA
| | - Daniel M Gatti
- The Jackson Laboratory, 610 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA
| | - Vivek M Philip
- The Jackson Laboratory, 610 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA
| | - Steven Kasparek
- Department of Psychology, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT, 05753, USA
| | - Andrew M Kreuzman
- Program in Neuroscience, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT, 05753, USA
| | - Benjamin Mansky
- Program in Neuroscience, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT, 05753, USA
| | - Kayvon Sharif
- Program in Neuroscience, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT, 05753, USA
| | - Dominik Taterra
- Program in Neuroscience, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT, 05753, USA
| | - Walter M Taylor
- Program in Neuroscience, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT, 05753, USA
| | - Mary Thomas
- Program in Neuroscience, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT, 05753, USA
| | - Jeremy O Ward
- Department of Biology, Program in Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT, 05753, USA
| | - Andrew Holmes
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse (NIAAA), US National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elissa J Chesler
- The Jackson Laboratory, 610 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA
| | - Clarissa C Parker
- Department of Psychology, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT, 05753, USA. .,Program in Neuroscience, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT, 05753, USA.
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