Inflammation, oxidative stress, and obesity

The Combination of Resveratrol and Conjugated Linoleic Acid Dienes Enhances the Individual Effects of These Molecules on De Novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes

Consuming food containing ingredients with a documented impact on lipid metabolism can help fight overweight and obesity. The simplest way to reduce the level of fatty acids is to block their synthesis or increase the rate of their degradation. This study aimed to determine the effect of resveratrol, cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), trans-10, cis-12 CLA, and various variants of their combinations on de novo fatty acid biosynthesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The influence of the above-mentioned bioactive substances on cells grown under standard conditions and after induction of oxidative stress was measured. The effect of the tested compounds on the expression of selected genes related to the de novo fatty acid biosynthesis process (Fasn, Acc1, Acly, Prkaa1, Prkaa2, Prkaca, Srebp1) was evaluated. As part of the conducted experiments, how the level of the corresponding mRNA translates into the content of selected proteins (acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC) and fatty acid synthase (FASN) was studied. It was found that the inhibition of fatty acid biosynthesis processes was stronger in the case of the combination of the tested CLA isomers (cis-9, trans-11 CLA, trans-10, cis-12 CLA) with resveratrol than in cases of their individual action.

LncRNAs Involved in Antioxidant Response Regulation as Biomarkers of Gestational Diabetes: A Study on H19, MALAT1 and MEG3

Recent findings highlighted the potential of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) as novel indicators of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), as they demonstrate altered expression in metabolic disorders, oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation (IFM). The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic potential and prognostic significance of the OS/IFM-related lncRNAs H19, MALAT1 and MEG3 in GDM and their correlations with redox status-related parameters. The relative quantification of selected lncRNAs from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of GDM patients and controls (n = 50 each) was performed by qPCR. The expression levels were tested for correlations with metal ion concentrations, NRF2 expression, activities of glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), serum thiol content, protein carbonyl level and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. MALAT1 and H19 were significantly downregulated in GDM patients (p = 0.0095 and p = 0.012, respectively). A correlation was observed between H19 expression and zinc levels in both GDM patients and controls. MALAT1 expression positively correlated with NFE2L2 levels in GDM patients (p = 0.026), while H19 exhibited a positive correlation with GR activity in controls (p = 0.018) and an inverse correlation with SOD activity (p = 0.048). Our data show the disturbance of OS/IFM-lncRNAs in GDM pathogenesis and illustrate the biomarker potential of the analyzed lncRNAs, as well as of certain redox status parameters.

Exposure to ambient particulate matter and ovarian reserve impairment among reproductive age women in China

Ovarian aging, characterized by a decline in ovarian reserve, is a critical concern in female reproductive health. However, the evidence linking ambient air pollution exposure with ovarian reserve impairment remains limited. We aimed to estimate the association between exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and respirable particulate matter (PM10) and key indicators of ovarian reserve, including antral follicle count (AFC), ovarian volume (OV), anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol (E2), luteinizing hormone (LH), FSH/LH ratio, and inhibin B (INHB). The cohort consisted of women attending an infertility clinic at the Tongji Reproductive and Environmental (TREE) study between 2018 and 2020. We used multivariate linear and Poisson regression models to estimate the association between PM2.5 and PM10 exposure and these ovarian reserve indicators. Our results showed that PM2.5 and PM10 exposure were associated with a reduction in AFC and an increase in E2 levels, highlighting the adverse effects of ambient air pollution on ovarian reserve. Our findings have important public health implications, emphasizing the urgent need for interventions to safeguard female reproductive health and reduce exposure to ambient air pollution.

The role and mechanism of various trace elements in atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is a slow and complex disease that involves various factors, including lipid metabolism disorders, oxygen-free radical production, inflammatory cell infiltration, platelet adhesion and aggregation, and local thrombosis. Trace elements play a crucial role in human health. Many trace elements, especially metallic ones, not only maintain the normal functions of organs but also participate in basic metabolic processes. The latest studies have revealed a close correlation between trace elements and the occurrence and progression of atherosclerosis. The imbalance of these trace elements can induce atherosclerosis or accelerate its progression through various mechanisms, which poses a significant threat to human health. Therefore, exploring the specific mechanism of trace elements on atherosclerosis is highly significant. In this review, we summarized the roles and mechanisms of iron, copper, zinc, magnesium, and selenium homeostasis and imbalance in atherosclerosis development, in order to identify novel targets and therapeutic strategies for treating atherosclerosis.

Linear relationship between triglyceride-glucose-body mass index and myopia in United States adolescents

PURPOSE

To determine the relationship between the triglyceride-glucose-body mass index (TyG-BMI) and the incidence of myopia in United States (US) adolescents.

METHODS

In this cross-sectional study, we utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, with a focus on adolescents aged 12-19 years. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to determine the relationship between TyG-BMI and myopia. Furthermore, a restricted cubic spline function logistic regression model was used to explore the linear relationship between changes in TyG-BMI and myopia. Lastly, stratified analyses and interaction term tests were performed.

RESULTS

The incidence of myopia was noted to be 42.17% among US adolescents. TyG-BMI was significantly and linearly associated with myopia in adolescents (p < 0.05). Compared with adolescents in the low TyG-BMI group, those in the high TyG-BMI group exhibited a 20% higher risk of developing myopia (OR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.0-1.5, p for trend < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

TyG-BMI is significantly and positively associated with myopia incidence in US adolescents. The higher incidence of myopia in the high TyG-BMI group suggests the importance of metabolic health for myopia development. Controlling metabolic health factors is essential for preventing myopia in adolescents.

Metabolic effects of physical exercise on zebrafish (Danio rerio) fed a high-fat diet

The present study aimed to establish zebrafish as an experimental model for investigations into obesity and physical exercise, as well as to assess the effects of these factors on metabolism. The experiment spanned twelve weeks, comprising a feeding trial during which the last four weeks incorporated a physical exercise protocol. This protocol involved placing fifteen animals in a five-liter aquarium, where they were subjected to swimming at an approximate speed of 0.08 m/s for 30 min daily. Throughout the experiment, histological analyses of visceral, subcutaneous, and hepatic adipose tissues were conducted, along with biochemical analyses of total cholesterol and its fractions, triglycerides, glucose, lactate, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. Additionally, oxidative stress markers, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and catalase activity and the formation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, were investigated. The results revealed that the group fed a high-fat diet exhibited an increase in ROS production and SOD activity. In contrast, the group administered the high-fat diet and subjected to physical exercise demonstrated a notable reduction in visceral adipocyte area, hepatic steatosis levels, ALT levels, and SOD activity. These findings indicate that physical exercise has a positive effect on obesity and oxidative stress in zebrafish, providing promising evidence for future investigations in this field.

Anti-Obesity Effects Evaluation of a Blackcurrant Leaf Standardized Hydro-Alcoholic Extract in Wistar Rat Subjected to a High-Fat Diet

Blackcurrant (BC) extract was reported to exert anti-obesity effects. However, it is unknown whether BC extract with a composition close to the totum differentially affects obesity when compared to one of its active compounds. We evaluated the anti-obesity effects of a BC standardized hydro-alcoholic leaf extract (BC-HLE) in an HFD-induced obesity rat model and compared them with quercetin (QUE). Thirty-six 12-week-old Wistar rats were divided into six groups: control, HFD, BC-HLE- (41 and 50 mg/kg) and QUE- (0.9 and 50 mg/kg) supplemented HFD rats for 12 weeks. HFD rats developed a moderate obesity, associated with a gut dysbiosis and a change in their total antioxidant capacity. The increase in body weight gain was prevented only by the low dose of BC-HLE and the high dose of QUE. The impaired glucose tolerance by HFD was attenuated by the low dose of QUE. Hepatic glutathione peroxidase activity was increased in the HFD group and only BC-HLE supplementation counteracted this change. The low BC-HLE dose tended to reduce the HFD-induced gut dysbiosis. These findings suggest that while QUE has beneficial effects on obesity-related disorders, the BC-HLE may offer even greater overall benefits and could contribute to preventing obesity and related conditions.

Mitochondrial Health Markers and Obesity-Related Health in Human Population Studies: A Narrative Review of Recent Literature

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

This narrative review summarizes current literature on the relationship of mitochondrial biomarkers with obesity-related characteristics, including body mass index and body composition.

RECENT FINDINGS

Mitochondria, as cellular powerhouses, play a pivotal role in energy production and the regulation of metabolic process. Altered mitochondrial functions contribute to obesity, yet evidence of the intricate relationship between mitochondrial dynamics and obesity-related outcomes in human population studies is scarce and warrants further attention. We discuss emerging evidence linking obesity and related health outcomes to impaired oxidative phosphorylation pathways, oxidative stress and mtDNA variants, copy number and methylation, all hallmark of suboptimal mitochondrial function. We also explore the influence of dietary interventions and metabolic and bariatric surgery procedures on restoring mitochondrial attributes of individuals with obesity. Finally, we report on the potential knowledge gaps in the mitochondrial dynamics for human health for future study.

The joint effect of vitamin-D status and tobacco exposure on overweight and obesity in children

This study aimed to explore the combined effects of serum vitamin-D level and tobacco exposure on the risk of overweight and obesity in children. This cross-sectional study analysed the data of 11 636 children aged 2-17 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys database between 2007 and 2018. Univariable and multivariate weighted logistic regression models were used to analyse the associations of serum vitamin-D or cotinine levels with overweight and obesity in children as well as the combined effects of serum vitamin-D and cotinine on the risk of overweight and obesity in children. Subgroup analysis was performed in terms of gender, age, race and household smokers. OR with corresponding 95 % CI was presented. The elevated risk of overweight and obesity in children was found in those with serum vitamin-D < 20 ng/ml (OR = 1·44, 95 % CI: 1·29, 1·61). Also, the odds of overweight and obesity in children was 1·14 (OR = 1·14, 95 % CI: 1·01, 1·29) in children with cotinine ≥ 0·05 ng/ml. Relative to participants with serum vitamin-D ≥ 20 ng/ml and cotinine < 0·05 ng/ml, increased risk of overweight and obesity was identified in those with serum vitamin-D < 20 ng/ml and cotinine < 0·05 ng/ml (OR = 1·45, 95 % CI: 1·26, 1·68) and serum vitamin-D < 20 ng/ml and cotinine ≥ 0·05 ng/ml (OR = 1·62, 95 % CI: 1·38, 1·91). Serum vitamin-D and cotinine exposure had combined effects on the risk of overweight and obesity in children.

Overlapping and Distinct Physical and Biological Phenotypes in Pure Frailty and Obese Frailty

BACKGROUND

Pure frailty and obese frailty are common types of frailty syndrome. However, the overlapping and distinct characteristics between pure frailty and obese frailty remain unclear. This study aims to reveal the overlapping/distinct physical and biological phenotypes of pure frailty and obese frailty, providing theoretical support for their prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.

METHOD

Mice were fed either a normal or high-fat diet and assessed at 20 months of age. They were assigned to one of the four groups: control, obesity, pure frailty, and obese frailty. Grip strength, walking speed, physical activity, endurance, and body weight were measured to determine pure frailty and obese frailty. Physical and biological phenotypes were assessed.

RESULTS

Distinct physical phenotypes were observed between pure frailty and obese frailty in terms of body weight, lean mass, fat mass, fat mass in tissue, grip strength, endurance, and physical activity, while walking speed overlapped. In biological phenotypes, levels of Smad2/3, FoxO3a, P62, LAMP-2, and cathepsin L expression were distinct, while AKT, p-AKT, mTOR, p-mTOR, p-Smad2/3, p-FoxO3a, Beclin-1, ATG7, and LC3 overlapped.

CONCLUSION

Distinct physical phenotypes observed in obese frailty are primarily attributable to the effect of obesity, with further impairment of muscle function resulting from the combined effects of frailty syndromes and obesity. Pure frailty and obese frailty share overlapping biological phenotypes, particularly in the regulation of muscle protein synthesis. Moreover, the interaction between obesity and frailty syndromes gives rise to both overlapping and distinct biological phenotypes, especially in the regulation of specific degradation signaling proteins.

Effect of White Tea on Leptin and Asprosin Levels in Rats Feeding a High-Fat Diet

BACKGROUND

Currently, obesity affects over 600 million individuals and is responsible for numerous severe health conditions, particularly diabetes and metabolic syndrome. The objective of our study was to examine the impact of white tea, known for its potent antioxidant properties, on the reduction in body weight as well as the levels of leptin and asprosin.

METHODS

A total of 72 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to 9 groups, with each group consisting of 8 rats. The groups were partitioned into two in order to examine the preventative and therapeutic effects of white tea on obesity. During this study, the case groups were administered white tea together with a high-fat diet, whereas the positive control group was administered orlistat along with a high-fat diet through oral gavage. After the experiment concluded, the levels of leptin, asprosin, and insulin hormones were evaluated in serum samples collected from rats using the ELISA method.

RESULTS

The findings demonstrated that the administration of white tea led to a significant decrease in body weight, serum leptin, and asprosin levels, as well as oxidative stress indicators, in rats that were fed a high-fat diet.

CONCLUSIONS

Utilizing natural chemicals, such as white tea, which possess minimal side effects and have powerful antioxidant activity, can mitigate the detrimental consequences associated with obesity.

Association between subjective walking speed and metabolic diseases in individuals with obesity: a cross-sectional analysis

The association between subjective walking speed and metabolic diseases has received limited attention, particularly in individuals with obesity. We aimed to clarify this association using comprehensive health checkup data of participants with obesity. In total, 8578 individuals with a body mass index ≥ 25.0 kg/m2, 9626 individuals with waist circumference ≥ 85 cm in men and ≥ 90 cm in women, and 6742 individuals who met both criteria of body mass index and waist circumference were included in this cross-sectional analysis. Subjective walking speed was investigated using the question "Is your walking speed faster than the speed of those of your age and sex?" in a health examination questionnaire. Metabolic diseases were defined according to the guidelines for each disease, and modified Poisson regression analyses were performed. In the model adjusted for age and sex, individuals with obesity based on body mass index and fast subjective walking speed showed significantly lower risk of diabetes mellitus (risk ratio [RR] 0.70; 95% CI 0.63-0.77) and dyslipidemia (RR 0.97; 95% CI 0.94-1.00). Similarly, among those with obesity based on waist circumference and both body mass index and waist circumference, fast subjective walking speed showed a significant negative association with hypertension (RR 0.94; 95% CI 0.90-0.97 and RR 0.95; 95% CI 0.92-0.99, respectively), diabetes mellitus (RR 0.70; 95% CI 0.64-0.77 and RR 0.70; 95% CI 0.63-0.77, respectively), and dyslipidemia (RR 0.96; 95% CI 0.94-0.99 and RR 0.96; 95% CI 0.94-0.99, respectively). Thus, among individuals with obesity, the odds of metabolic diseases were lower if their subjective walking speed was fast. This study contributes to earlier prevention of the cascade of diseases that begin with obesity.

Regulating Lipid Metabolism in Gout: A New Perspective with Therapeutic Potential

Gout is a metabolic disease characterized by inflammatory arthritis caused by abnormal uric acid metabolism. It is often complicated with cardio-renal damage and vascular lesions. In recent years, the relationship between lipid metabolism and gout has attracted increasing attention. Changes in blood lipids in gout patients are often clinically detectable and closely related to uric acid metabolism and inflammatory response in gout. With the development of lipidomics, the changes in small lipid molecules and their metabolic pathways have been gradually discovered, yielding a greater understanding of the lipid metabolism changes in gout patients and their potential role in gout development. Through searching the literature on lipid metabolism in gout since 2000 in PubMed and Web of Science, this article reviewed lipid metabolism changes in gout patients and their role in the risk of gout, uric acid metabolism, inflammatory response, and comorbidities. Additionally, the strategies to regulate the abnormal lipid metabolism in gout have also been summarized from the aspects of drugs, diet, and exercise. These will provide a new perspective for understanding gout pathogenesis and its treatment and management.

Acute inflammation upregulates FAHFAs in adipose tissue and in co-cultured adipocytes

Since the discovery of fatty acid hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs), significant progress has been made in understanding their regulation, biochemistry, and physiological activities. Here, we contribute to this understanding by revealing that inflammation induces the production of fatty acid hydroxy stearic acids (FAHSAs) and fatty acid hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids (FAHODEs) in white adipose tissue depots and in adipocytes co-cultured with macrophages. In LPS-induced co-culture systems, we confirm that adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) is required for inflammation-induced FAHFA generation and demonstrate that inflammation is necessary for producing hydroxy fatty acids. Chemically synthesized FAHODEs show anti-inflammatory activities in vivo, but only at supraphysiological concentrations. While endogenous FAHFAs are unlikely to be anti-inflammatory due to their low concentrations, conversion of pro-inflammatory hydroxy fatty acids into FAHFAs may modulate inflammation. We test this concept by showing the pro-inflammatory lipids-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4)-are converted into FAHFAs in cell culture, and that two LTB4-derived FAHFAs have are modestly anti- not pro-inflammatory. Further research is needed to establish whether these increased FAFHA levels have a role in inflammation or are simply markers of inflammation, but the discovery of significant increases in FAHFA upon acute inflammation advances our knowledge of FAHFAs.

Anti-oxidative activity of probiotics; focused on cardiovascular disease, cancer, aging, and obesity

By disturbing the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in the cell, a condition called oxidative stress is created, causing severe damage to the nucleic acid, protein, and lipid of the host cell, and as a result, endangers the viability of the host cell. A relationship between oxidative stress and several different diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and obesity has been reported. Therefore, maintaining this prooxidant-antioxidant balance is vital for the cell. Probiotics as one of the potent antioxidants have recently received attention. Many health-promoting and beneficial effects of probiotics are known, and it has been found that the consumption of certain strains of probiotics alone or in combination with food exerts antioxidant efficacy and reduces oxidative damage. Studies have reported that certain probiotic strains implement their antioxidant effects by producing metabolites and antioxidant enzymes, increasing the antioxidant capacity, and reducing host oxidant metabolites. Therefore, we aimed to review and summarize the latest anti-oxidative activity of probiotics and its efficacy in aging, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and obesity.

Recent updates on the influence of iron and magnesium on vascular, renal, and adipose inflammation and possible consequences for hypertension

The inflammatory status of the kidneys, vasculature, and perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) has a significant influence on blood pressure and hypertension. Numerous micronutrients play an influential role in hypertension-driving inflammatory processes, and recent reports have provided bases for potential targeted modulation of these micronutrients to reduce hypertension. Iron overload in adipose tissue macrophages and adipocytes engenders an inflammatory environment and may contribute to impaired anticontractile signalling, and thus a treatment such as chelation therapy may hold a key to reducing blood pressure. Similarly, magnesium intake has proven to greatly influence inflammatory signalling and concurrent hypertension in both healthy animals and in a model for chronic kidney disease, demonstrating its potential clinical utility. These findings highlight the importance of further research to determine the efficacy of micronutrient-targeted treatments for the amelioration of hypertension and their potential translation into clinical application.

Relationship between systemic biomarker of lipid peroxidation 4-hydroxynonenal and lipidomic profile of morbidly obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery

Obesity is characterized by fat accumulation, impaired metabolism and oxidative stress, frequently associated with lipid peroxidation and generation of bioactive 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE). This study aimed to evaluate the impact of bariatric surgery-induced weight loss on lipid peroxidation and associated perturbations in lipid profile. Plasma samples of twenty obese individuals before and 6 months after bariatric surgery were collected in addition to samples of ten healthy controls. HILIC-LC-MS/MS platform was used to characterize phospholipid profile, while lipid peroxidation markers 15-F2t-IsoP, 10-F4t-NeuroP and reactive aldehyde 4-HNE were quantified by RP-LC-MS/MS and GC-MS, respectively. Six months post-surgery lipid peroxidation markers decreased significantly and the BMI of morbidly obese patients decreased by 13 on average. Lipidomics analysis, identified 117 phospholipid species from seven classes, and showed obesity-associated lipidome perturbations, particularly in ether-linked phosphatidylethanolamines (PEo). A total of 45 lipid species were found to be significantly altered with obesity, while 10 lipid species correlated with lipid peroxidation markers. Sample pairwise analyses indicated an interesting link between 4-HNE and the amount of two PEos, PEo (38:2) and PEo (36:2). The results indicate that weight loss-induced improvement of redox homeostasis together with changes in lipid metabolites may serve as markers of metabolic improvement. However, further studies are needed to understand the role of obesity-induced oxidative stress on ether lipid biosynthesis and lipidome perturbations, as well as the impact of bariatric surgery on metabolic improvement.

Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Inflammatory Markers in Obese Patients with Acute and Chronic Orthopedic Conditions

Numerous studies have shown that vitamin D may play an important role in modulating the inflammatory process. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of vitamin D supplementation on inflammatory markers in patients with orthopedic disorders and obesity. Thirty-three obese subjects were included in the study and were divided into two groups based on their medical condition: acute orthopedic diseases and chronic orthopedic diseases. Inclusion criteria for the research included age 18-75 years, BMI > 30 kg/m2, vitamin D deficiency, and no previous vitamin D supplementation. Samples were collected before and after 3 months of 4000 IU/day vitamin D supplementation. The study used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and measured serum levels of markers such as chitinase-3-like protein 1 (YKL-40), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 17 (IL-17), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), and adiponectin. After 3 months of vitamin D supplementation, a statistically significant increase in vitamin D and IL-17 levels was observed in the group with acute orthopedic diseases. Similarly, after supplementation, a statistically significant increase in vitamin D, IL-6 and TNF-α levels was observed in the group with chronic orthopedic diseases. Moreover, after vitamin D supplementation, statistically significantly higher adiponectin levels were observed in the chronic orthopedic group than in the acute orthopedic group. Despite high-dose vitamin D supplementation, inflammatory markers increased in acute and chronic orthopedic conditions. Based on our study, vitamin D does not reduce inflammation in patients with orthopedic conditions and obesity.

The Relationship Between Lycopene and Metabolic Diseases

Background: Metabolic syndrome, obesity, and type 2 diabetes are closely related. They are characterized by chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. Obesity is the most important risk factor for metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Metabolic syndrome is characterized by insulin resistance and elevated blood glucose levels, among other conditions. These disorders contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes, which can exacerbate other metabolic problems. Methods: Numerous studies indicate that diet and nutrients can have a major impact on preventing and treating these conditions. One such ingredient is lycopene. It is a naturally occurring carotenoid with a unique chemical structure. It exhibits strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties due to its conjugated double bonds and its ability to neutralize reactive oxygen species. Its properties make lycopene indirectly affect many cellular processes. The article presents studies in animal models and humans on the activity of this carotenoid in metabolic problems. Results: The findings suggest that lycopene's antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities make it a promising candidate for the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. Conclusions: This review underscores the potential of lycopene as a beneficial dietary supplement in improving metabolic health and reducing the risk of associated chronic diseases. The conditions described are population diseases, so research into compounds with properties such as lycopene is growing in popularity.

Antarctic Krill Euphausia superba Oil Supplementation Attenuates Hypercholesterolemia, Fatty Liver, and Oxidative Stress in Diet-Induced Obese Mice

BACKGROUND

Several Previous studies indicate that consuming krill oil may aid in reducing hypercholesterolemia and improving cholesterol metabolism. Therefore, our study was designed to investigate the effectiveness of Antarctic krill oil (Euphausia superba) (ESKO) in combating obesity and lowering fat/lipid/cholesterol levels.

METHODS

The study aimed to investigate the molecular docking model targeting 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR) using ESKO-derived eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and astaxanthin. In this study, histological alterations in the liver of the obesity model (ICR male mouse), obesity-related or antioxidant markers in both liver and serum, the molecular mechanisms in HepG2 cells and liver tissue, and HMGCR activity were analyzed.

RESULTS

Our findings revealed that a high-fat diet (HFD) significantly led to increased oxidative stress, obesity-related indicators, and cardiovascular-associated risk indices. However, ESKO effectively mitigated HFD-induced oxidative stress, fat accumulation, and the suppression of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) or activation of related molecular pathways. This was achieved through improvements in metabolic parameters, including CD36/liver X receptor α (LXRα)/sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP1c), proprotein convertase subtilsin/kexin type 9 (PCSK-9), and HMGCR, ultimately ameliorating HFD-induced hypercholesterolemia and obesity.

CONCLUSIONS

These beneficial findings indicate that ESKO might have significant potential for preventing and treating obesity-related disorders.

Association between Dietary Antioxidants and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in South Korea: Insights from a Comprehensive Cross-Sectional Analysis

Background/Objectives: The multifactorial nature of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) implicates genetic, environmental, and dietary habits. Antioxidants found in foods have garnered attention for their potential role in mitigating ASCVD risk by combating oxidative stress. This study seeks to confirm the findings of previous research through a large-scale cross-sectional analysis performed in a unique population with Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data to explore the association between the composite dietary antioxidant index (CDAI) and ASCVD prevalence among middle- and old-aged individuals in South Korea. Methods: This study includes data from 2016 to 2021. The CDAI was calculated based on nutrition intake, including zinc, beta-carotene, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, and docosahexaenoic acid. This cross-sectional analysis explored the relationship between the CDAI and ASCVD after adjusting for relevant covariates. Logistic regression models were employed, and subgroup analyses by sex were conducted to discern sex-specific effects. Results: A total of 19,818 individuals were analyzed, with 7.0% of them diagnosed with ASCVD. CDAI distribution and antioxidant analyses revealed higher CDAI levels in non-ASCVD individuals. Standardized antioxidant values increased across CDAI quartiles. Initially, a significant association (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 0.96 [0.94-0.99]) was found between the CDAI and ASCVD, which was attenuated after adjusting for covariates (1.0 [0.98-1.02]). Subgroup analyses by sex showed nuanced associations, with the CDAI potentially reducing the risk of ASCVD in men (0.71 [0.53-0.94]) while increasing it in women (1.4 [1.01-1.95]). Conclusions: This study provides valuable insights into the association between dietary antioxidant intake and the risk of ASCVD, highlighting sex-specific differences.

Lung cancer cell-derived exosomes: progress on pivotal role and its application in diagnostic and therapeutic potential

Lung cancer is frequently detected in an advanced stage and has an unfavourable prognosis. Conventional therapies are ineffective for the treatment of metastatic lung cancer. While certain molecular targets have been identified as having a positive response, the absence of appropriate drug carriers prevents their effective utilization. Lung cancer cell-derived exosomes (LCCDEs) have gained attention for their involvement in the development of cancer, as well as their potential for use in diagnosing, treating, and predicting the outcome of lung cancer. This is due to their biological roles and their inherent ability to transport biomolecules from the donor cells. Lung cancer-associated cell-derived extracellular vesicles (LCCDEVs) have the ability to enhance cell proliferation and metastasis, influence angiogenesis, regulate immune responses against tumours during the development of lung cancer, control drug resistance in lung cancer treatment, and are increasingly recognised as a crucial element in liquid biopsy evaluations for the detection of lung cancer. Therapeutic exosomes, which possess inherent intercellular communication capabilities, are increasingly recognised as effective vehicles for targeted drug delivery in precision medicine for tumours. This is due to their exceptional biocompatibility, minimal immunogenicity, low toxicity, prolonged circulation in the bloodstream, biodegradability, and ability to traverse different biological barriers. Currently, multiple studies are being conducted to create new means of diagnosing and predicting outcomes using LCCDEs, as well as to develop techniques for utilizing exosomes as effective carriers for medication delivery. This paper provides an overview of the current state of lung cancer and the wide range of applications of LCCDEs. The encouraging findings and technologies suggest that the utilization of LCCDEs holds promise for the clinical treatment of lung cancer patients.

Relation of the intense physical exercise and asprosin concentrations in type 2 diabetic rats

AIM

Asprosin, a protein hormone, is released by unilocular adipocytes in reaction to low blood sugar. We aimed to examine how exercise affects asprosin hormone levels and associated organs, including the liver and pancreas, in diabetes.

METHODS

Twenty-one male Wistar albino rats were firstly allocated into two main groups: control (n = 7) and diabetes (n = 14). Then, the diabetes group was further separated into two subgroups: sedentary (n = 7) and exercise (n = 7). The exercise group participated in a swimming training regimen (30 min/daily, six weeks). Serum levels of asprosin and various other biochemical parameters were evaluated through commercial ELISA kits. The liver was analyzed histopathologically, and pancreatic islet cells were examined for Cas-3 immune expression.

RESULTS

Asprosin and total oxidant status decreased significantly in the exercise diabetic subgroup (p < 0.05). Glucose, insulin, creatinine, IL-6, and HomaIR concentrations decreased slightly with exercise (p > 0.05). Liver tissue injury scores and Cas-3 immune expression in pancreas islet cells decreased in exercise diabetic rats.

CONCLUSIONS

Reducing asprosin may lower glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR. Physical activity decreases asprosin and total oxidative status, fostering anti-apoptosis and tissue healing in diabetes, potentially enhancing health. Monitoring asprosin levels offers insights into diabetes progression. Our findings imply that asprosin can be a therapeutic target for diabetes.

Effects of Maternal Obesity on Oxidative Parameters in Maternal and Cord Blood Samples

Aim The purpose of this study was to analyze oxidative stress parameters in maternal and cord blood samples from both obese and nonobese women. Methods Our study included 30 obese and 35 nonobese pregnant women aged 18-40. We analyzed and compared oxidative stress parameters, including thiol/disulfide balance markers (native thiol, total thiol, and disulfide), albumin, ischemia-modified albumin (IMA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), catalase, ceruloplasmin, and intracellular glutathione levels. Results The comparison of maternal blood oxidative stress parameters between obese and nonobese pregnant women showed significantly higher levels of disulfide, catalase (kU/L), and ceruloplasmin (U/L) in the obese group (p = 0.005, p = 0.001, p < 0.001, respectively). Similarly, in cord blood, disulfide (µmol/L), IMA, catalase (kU/L), and (U/L) levels were significantly higher in the obese group (p < 0.001, p = 0.049, p < 0.001, p = 0.023, respectively), while albumin levels were significantly higher in the nonobese group (p = 0.003). Conclusions Our results suggest a strong association between maternal obesity and increased oxidative stress in both mothers and their offspring. Elevated oxidative stress levels may contribute to adverse maternal and fetal clinical outcomes. Therefore, we conclude that maintaining healthy weight control during reproductive age is crucial for ensuring maternal and fetal well-being.

Capsinoids Increase Antioxidative Enzyme Activity and Prevent Obesity-Induced Cardiac Injury without Positively Modulating Body Fat Accumulation and Cardiac Oxidative Biomarkers

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Capsinoids are potential antioxidant agents capable of reducing oxidative damage and the resulting complications triggered by obesity. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of capsinoids on adiposity and biomarkers of cardiac oxidative stress in obese rats induced by a high-fat diet.

METHODS

Male Wistar rats were exposed to a high-fat diet for 27 consecutive weeks. After the characterization of obesity (week 19), some of the obese animals began to receive capsinoids (10 mg/kg/day) by orogastric gavage. Adiposity and comorbidities were assessed. In the heart, remodeling, injury, and biomarkers of oxidative stress were determined.

RESULTS

The treatment did not reduce obesity-induced adiposity but was efficient in reducing cholesterol levels. Capsinoid treatment did not cause a difference in heart and LV mass, despite having reduced troponin I concentrations. Furthermore, capsinoids did not reduce the increase in the advanced oxidation of protein products and carbonylated proteins caused by obesity in cardiac tissue. In addition, obese rats treated with capsinoids presented high levels of malondialdehyde and greater antioxidant enzyme activity compared to untreated obese rats.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, treatment with capsinoids increases antioxidative enzyme activity and prevents obesity-induced cardiac injury without positively modulating body fat accumulation and cardiac oxidative biomarkers.

Disruption of perinatal myeloid niches impacts the aging clock of pancreatic β cells

Perinatal expansion of pancreatic β cells is critical to metabolic adaptation. Yet, mechanisms surveying the fidelity by which proliferative events generate functional β cell pools remain unknown. We have previously identified a CCR2+ myeloid niche required for peri-natal β cell replication, with β cells dynamically responding to loss and repopulation of these myeloid cells with growth arrest and rebound expansion, respectively. Here, using a timed single-cell RNA-sequencing approach, we show that transient disruption of perinatal CCR2+ macrophages change islet β cell repertoires in young mice to resemble those of aged mice. Gene expression profiling and functional assays disclose prominent mitochondrial defects in β cells coupled to impaired redox states, NAD depletion, and DNA damage, leading to accelerated islets' dysfunction with age. These findings reveal an unexpected vulnerability of mitochondrial β cells' bioenergetics to the disruption of perinatal CCR2+ macrophages, implicating these cells in surveying early in life both the size and energy homeostasis of β cells populations.

The relationship between body roundness index and depression: A cross-sectional study using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2018

BACKGROUND

Depression is linked to obesity. The body roundness index (BRI) provides a more accurate assessment of body and visceral fat levels than the body mass index or waist circumference. However, the association between BRI and depression is unclear. Therefore, we investigated this relationship using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database.

METHODS

In this population-based cross-sectional study, data from 18,654 adults aged ≥20 years from the NHANES 2011-2018 were analyzed. Covariates, including age, gender, race/ethnicity, education level, marital status, poverty-income ratio, alcohol status, smoking status, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, energy intake, physical activity, total cholesterol, and triglycerides were adjusted in multivariable logistic regression models. In addition, smooth curve fitting, subgroup analysis, and interaction testing were conducted.

RESULTS

After adjusting for covariates, BRI was positively correlated with depression. For each one-unit increase in BRI, the prevalence of depression increased by 8 % (odds ratio = 1.08, 95 % confidence interval = 1.05-1.10, P < 0.001).

LIMITATIONS

As this was a cross-sectional study, we could not determine a causal relationship between BRI and depression. Patients with depression in this study were not clinically diagnosed with major depressive disorder.

CONCLUSION

BRI levels were positively related to an increased prevalence of depression in American adults. BRI may serve as a simple anthropometric index to predict depression.

Harnessing myelin water fraction as an imaging biomarker of human cerebral aging, neurodegenerative diseases, and risk factors influencing myelination: A review

Myelin water fraction (MWF) imaging has emerged as a promising magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) biomarker for investigating brain function and composition. This comprehensive review synthesizes the current state of knowledge on MWF as a biomarker of human cerebral aging, neurodegenerative diseases, and risk factors influencing myelination. The databases used include Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, and PubMed. We begin with a brief discussion of the theoretical foundations of MWF imaging, including its basis in MR physics and the mathematical modeling underlying its calculation, with an overview of the most adopted MRI methods of MWF imaging. Next, we delve into the clinical and research applications that have been explored to date, highlighting its advantages and limitations. Finally, we explore the potential of MWF to serve as a predictive biomarker for neurological disorders and identify future research directions for optimizing MWF imaging protocols and interpreting MWF in various contexts. By harnessing the power of MWF imaging, we may gain new insights into brain health and disease across the human lifespan, ultimately informing novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Soybean oil induces neuroinflammatory response through brain-gut axis under high-fat diet

Neuroinflammation is considered the principal pathogenic mechanism underlying neurodegenerative diseases, and the incidence of brain disorders is closely linked to dietary fat consumption and intestinal health. To investigate this relationship, 60 8-week-old C57BL/6J mice were subjected to a 20-week dietary intervention, wherein they were fed lard and soybean oil, each at 15% and 35% fat energy. At a dietary fat energy level of 35%, inflammation was observed in both the soybean oil and lard groups. Nevertheless, inflammation was more pronounced in the mice that were administered soybean oil. The process by which nerve cell structure is compromised, inflammatory factors are upregulated, brain antioxidant capacity is diminished, and the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB p65 inflammatory pathway is activated resulting in damage to the brain-gut barrier. This, in turn, leads to a reduction in the abundance of Akkermansia and unclassified_f_Lachnospiraceae, as well as an increase in Dubosiella abundance, ultimately resulting in brain inflammation and damage. These results suggested that soybean oil induces more severe neuroinflammation compared to lard. Our study demonstrated that, at a dietary fat energy level of 35%, compared to soybean oil, lard could be the healthier option, the outcomes would help provide a reference basis for the selection of residents' daily dietary oil.

A Systematic Review of Proteomics in Obesity: Unpacking the Molecular Puzzle

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

The present study aims to review the existing literature to identify pathophysiological proteins in obesity by conducting a systematic review of proteomics studies. Proteomics may reveal the mechanisms of obesity development and clarify the links between obesity and related diseases, improving our comprehension of obesity and its clinical implications.

RECENT FINDINGS

Most of the molecular events implicated in obesity development remain incomplete. Proteomics stands as a powerful tool for elucidating the intricate interactions among proteins in the context of obesity. This methodology has the potential to identify proteins involved in pathological processes and to evaluate changes in protein abundance during obesity development, contributing to the identification of early disease predisposition, monitoring the effectiveness of interventions and improving disease management overall. Despite many non-targeted proteomic studies exploring obesity, a comprehensive and up-to-date systematic review of the molecular events implicated in obesity development is lacking. The lack of such a review presents a significant challenge for researchers trying to interpret the existing literature. This systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines and included sixteen human proteomic studies, each of which delineated proteins exhibiting significant alterations in obesity. A total of 41 proteins were reported to be altered in obesity by at least two or more studies. These proteins were involved in metabolic pathways, oxidative stress responses, inflammatory processes, protein folding, coagulation, as well as structure/cytoskeleton. Many of the identified proteomic biomarkers of obesity have also been reported to be dysregulated in obesity-related disease. Among them, seven proteins, which belong to metabolic pathways (aldehyde dehydrogenase and apolipoprotein A1), the chaperone family (albumin, heat shock protein beta 1, protein disulfide-isomerase A3) and oxidative stress and inflammation proteins (catalase and complement C3), could potentially serve as biomarkers for the progression of obesity and the development of comorbidities, contributing to personalized medicine in the field of obesity. Our systematic review in proteomics represents a substantial step forward in unravelling the complexities of protein alterations associated with obesity. It provides valuable insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying obesity, thereby opening avenues for the discovery of potential biomarkers and the development of personalized medicine in obesity.

Combination of Gold Nanoparticles with Carnitine Attenuates Brain Damage in an Obesity Animal Model

Obesity causes inflammation in the adipose tissue and can affect the central nervous system, leading to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Therefore, it becomes necessary to seek new therapeutic alternatives. Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) could take carnitine to the adipose tissue, thus increasing fatty acid oxidation, reducing inflammation, and, consequently, restoring brain homeostasis. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of GNPs associated with carnitine on the neurochemical parameters of obesity-induced mice. Eighty male Swiss mice that received a normal lipid diet (control group) or a high-fat diet (obese group) for 10 weeks were used. At the end of the sixth week, the groups were divided for daily treatment with saline, GNPs (70 µg/kg), carnitine (500 mg/kg), or GNPs associated with carnitine, respectively. Body weight was monitored weekly. At the end of the tenth week, the animals were euthanized and the mesenteric fat removed and weighed; the brain structures were separated for biochemical analysis. It was found that obesity caused oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction in brain structures. Treatment with GNPs isolated reduced oxidative stress in the hippocampus. Carnitine isolated decreased the accumulation of mesenteric fat and oxidative stress in the hippocampus. The combination of treatments reduced the accumulation of mesenteric fat and mitochondrial dysfunction in the striatum. Therefore, these treatments in isolation, become a promising option for the treatment of obesity.

A Case-Control Study Supports Genetic Contribution of the PON Gene Family in Obesity and Metabolic Dysfunction Associated Steatotic Liver Disease

The paraoxonase (PON) gene family (including PON1, PON2, and PON3), is known for its anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, protecting against metabolic diseases such as obesity and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). In this study, the influence of common and rare PON variants on both conditions was investigated. A total of 507 healthy weight individuals and 744 patients with obesity including 433 with histological liver assessment, were sequenced with single-molecule molecular inversion probes (smMIPs), allowing the identification of genetic contributions to obesity and MASLD-related liver features. Polymorphisms rs705379 and rs854552 in the PON1 gene displayed significant association with MASLD stage and fibrosis, respectively. Additionally, rare PON1 variants were strongly associated with obesity. This study thereby reinforces the genetic foundation of PON1 in obesity and various MASLD-related liver features, by extending previous findings from common variants to include rare variants. Additionally, rare and very rare variants in PON2 were discovered to be associated with MASLD-related hepatic fibrosis. Notably, we are the first to report an association between naturally occurring rare PON2 variants and MASLD-related liver fibrosis. Considering the critical role of liver fibrosis in MASLD outcome, PON2 emerges as a possible candidate for future research endeavors including exploration of biomarker potential.

Lipid-Lowering and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Campomanesia adamantium Leaves in Adipocytes and Caenorhabditis elegans

Obesity is a pandemic disease characterized by lipid accumulation, increased proinflammatory cytokines, and reactive oxygen species. It is associated with the development of comorbidities that lead to death. Additionally, drug treatments developed to control obesity are insufficient and have a variety of adverse effects. Thus, the search for new anti-obesity therapies is necessary. Campomanesia adamantium is a species from the Brazilian Cerrado that has the potential to treat obesity, as described by the antihyperlipidemic activity of its roots. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the activity of the aqueous extract of C. adamantium leaves (AECa) on the control of reactive species in vitro, on lipid accumulation in adipocytes and Caenorhabditis elegans, and on the production of proinflammatory cytokines in adipocytes. The antioxidant capacity of AECa was observed by its action in scavenging DPPH• free radical, iron-reducing power, and inhibition of β-carotene bleaching. AECa reduced lipid accumulation in preadipocytes and in C. elegans. Moreover, AECa reduced the production of the proinflammatory cytokines MCP-1, TNF-α, and IL-6 in adipocytes. In summary, the antioxidant activity and the ability of AECa to reduce the accumulation of lipids and proinflammatory cytokines indicate, for the first time, the anti-obesity potential of C. adamantium leaves.

Lifestyle and metabolic factors affect risk for meningioma in women: a prospective population-based study (The Cohort of Norway)

Background

Meningioma is the most common primary brain tumor, with a clear preponderance in women. Obesity is considered a risk factor for the development of meningioma. Obesity is also the clinical hallmark of metabolic syndrome, characterized by glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Lifestyle and metabolic factors directly impact overweight and obesity and are therefore potential risk factors for meningioma development. The aim of this study is to assess lifestyle and metabolic factors for meningioma risk in women.

Methods

The Cohort of Norway (CONOR) is a nationwide health survey, conducted between 1994 and 2003, including anthropometric measures, blood tests, and health questionnaires. Linkage to the National Cancer Registry enabled the identification of intracranial meningioma during follow-up until December 2018.

Results

A total of 81,652 women were followed for a combined total of 1.5 million years, and 238 intracranial meningiomas were identified. Increasing levels of physical activity (HR 0.81; 95% CI 0.68-0.96; p trend <0.02) and parity (HR 0.83; 95% CI 0.71-0.97; p trend <0.03) were negatively associated with meningioma risk. Diabetes mellitus or glucose intolerance increased the risk for meningioma (HR 2.54; 95% CI 1.60-4.05). Overweight and obesity were not associated with meningioma risk, nor was metabolic syndrome. However, participants without metabolic dysfunction had a reduced meningioma risk, while participants with all five metabolic factors present had a 4-fold risk increase for meningioma (HR 4.28; 95% CI 1.34-13.68).

Conclusion

Lifestyle factors seem to significantly influence meningioma risk. However, disentangling the complex associations and interactions between factors for meningioma risk will be a challenging task for future studies.

Placental mitochondrial impairment and its association with maternal metabolic dysfunction

The placenta plays an essential role in pregnancy, leading to proper fetal development and growth. As an organ with multiple physiological functions for both mother and fetus, it is a highly energetic and metabolically demanding tissue. Mitochondrial physiology plays a crucial role in the metabolism of this organ and thus any alteration leading to mitochondrial dysfunction has a severe outcome in the development of the fetus. Pregnancy-related pathological states with a mitochondrial dysfunction outcome include preeclampsia and gestational diabetes mellitus. In this review, we address the role of mitochondrial morphology, metabolism and physiology of the placenta during pregnancy, highlighting the roles of the cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast. We also describe the relationship between preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, gestational diabesity and pre-pregnancy maternal obesity with mitochondrial dysfunction.

Is oxidative stress - antioxidants imbalance the physiopathogenic core in pediatric obesity?

Despite the early recognition of obesity as an epidemic with global implications, research on its pathogenesis and therapeutic approach is still on the rise. The literature of the 21st century records an excess weight found in up to 1/3 of children. Both the determining factors and its systemic effects are multiple and variable. Regarding its involvement in the potentiation of cardio-vascular, pulmonary, digestive, metabolic, neuro-psychic or even dermatological diseases, the information is already broadly outlined. The connection between the underlying disease and the associated comorbidities seems to be partially attributable to oxidative stress. In addition to these, and in the light of the recent COVID-19 pandemic, the role played by oxidative stress in the induction, maintenance and potentiation of chronic inflammation among overweight children and adolescents becomes a topic of interest again. Thus, this review's purpose is to update general data on obesity, with an emphasis on the physiopathological mechanisms that underlie it and involve oxidative stress. At the same time, we briefly present the latest principles of pathology diagnosis and management. Among these, we will mainly emphasize the impact played by endogenous and exogenous antioxidants in the evolutionary course of pediatric obesity. In order to achieve our objectives, we will refer to the most recent studies published in the specialized literature.

The impact of magnesium biotinate and arginine silicate complexes on metabolic dysfunctions, antioxidant activity, inflammation, and neuromodulation in high-fat diet-fed rats

Biotin and arginine play crucial roles in lipid metabolism and may offer promising interventions against obesity. This study examined the combined effect of magnesium biotinate (MgB) and inositol-stabilized arginine silicate complex (ASI) on obesity-related oxidative imbalance, inflammation, lipid metabolism and neuromodulation in rats on a high-fat diet (HFD). Forty rats were divided into five groups: (a) control: rats were fed a standard diet containing 12% of energy from fat; (b) HFD: rats were fed the HFD with 42% of energy from fat; (c) HFD + MgB: rats were fed the HFD and given 0.31 mg/kg body weight (BW) MgB, (d) HFD + ASI: rats were fed the HFD and were given 12.91 mg/kg BW ASI), and (e) HFD + MgB + ASI: rats were fed the HFD and given 0.31 mg/kg BW MgB and 12.91 mg/kg BW ASI). The combined administration of MgB and ASI reduced the levels of serum cholesterol, free fatty acid (FFA), and malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as liver inflammatory cytokines, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1-c (SREBP-1c), and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) proteins (P < 0.001) compared to HFD rats without supplementation. Moreover, this combination increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes (P < 0.05) and boosted the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), serotonin, dopamine (P < 0.001), as well as liver insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) (P < 0.001). These findings suggest that combining MgB and ASI could deter liver fat accumulation and enhance lipid metabolism in HFD-fed rats by modulating various metabolic pathways and neuromodulators related to energy metabolism. This combination demonstrates potential in addressing obesity and its related metabolic dysfunctions.

Plasma Antioxidant Capacity Is Related to Dietary Intake, Body Composition, and Stage of Reproductive Aging in Women

BACKGROUND

women aging is a normal process of life; however, hormonal changes create an imbalance between prooxidants and antioxidants and could be measured as the antioxidant capability (AC) of an organism.

OBJECTIVE

to find the association between plasma AC levels, dietary intakes, and body composition in 18-64-year-old women living in the northeast of Mexico.

METHODS

A total of n = 514 women (18-64 years old) were grouped according to STRAW criteria as reproductive, menopausal transition, and postmenopausal. Anthropometrics, body mass index (BMI), weight-hip ratio (WHR), and weight-height ratio WHtR were determined, and percentage of body fat was analyzed by bioelectrical impedance. Dietary intake of macronutrients and vitamins A, E, and C were analyzed by a 3-day food recall. The AC status in plasma was analyzed by the ORACFL assay.

RESULTS

Plasma AC levels were higher in postmenopausal women (815 µmol TE/L), and menopausal transition women (806 µmol TE/L) than in reproductive women (633 µmol TE/L). BMI was overweight (>25 kg/m2) in all three groups. WHtR and WHR are above the healthy limit of 0.5 and 0.8, respectively for both menopausal transition and postmenopausal women. In reproductive women, negative relationships were calculated between plasma AC and age (Rho = -0.250, p = 0.007), BMI (Rho = -0.473, p < 0.001), WHtR (Rho = -0.563, p < 0.001), WHR (Rho = -0.499, p < 0.001), and % body fat (Rho = -0.396, p < 0.001). A negative association was determined between plasma AC and WHtR in reproductive women (B = -2.718, p = 0.026). No association resulted for those in menopausal transition, and a positive association was obtained between plasma AC and protein (B = 0.001, p = 0.024) and vitamin E (B = 0.003, p = 0.013) intakes in postmenopausal women.

CONCLUSIONS

the antioxidant capability (AC) in plasma was lower in reproductive women, and anthropometric parameters marking decreased physical fitness were associated with decreased AC.

Monitoring of bone matrix acidification by TRAP and ERK biomarkers in the chronic hypercholesterolemia male rats

Background

Hypercholesterolemia is frequently linked to an elevated risk of cardiovascular diseases, including heart attacks and strokes. Additionally, it could be connected to a higher susceptibility to osteoporosis. Hypercholesterolemia can stimulate the differentiation and activity of osteoclasts, leading to enhanced bone reabsorption and a subsequent net loss of bone tissue.

Aim

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of a high-cholesterol diet on osteoporosis in male rats with differences in biological and oxidative indicators in the hypercholesterolemia diet in male rats.

Methods

The samples in this study were twenty male rats, ranging between 1.5 and 2 months, were separated into two groups. In one group, 10 rats were fed a regular diet, while in another group, 10 rats were fed a high-cholesterol diet (2%) over the course of 8 weeks. Samples of blood were obtained at the last stage of the experiment. To calculate physiological and biological markers including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), hormones, malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione (GSH).

Results

The results of this study demonstrated a decrease in GSH levels, an increase in ERKs, no significant change in serum TRAP levels, an increase in MDA levels in the blood, and elevated levels of parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and vitamin D in the cholesterol group.

Conclusion

Increased oxidative stress, altered signaling, and disruptions in calcium/bone metabolism associated with cholesterol-related conditions and monitoring biomarker ERK can provide valuable information about disease progression.

Adrenomedullin improved endothelial dysfunction via receptor-Akt pathway in rats with obesity-related hypertension

Obesity-related hypertension (OH) is accompanied by obvious endothelial dysfunction, which contributes to increased peripheral vascular resistance and hypertension. Adrenomedullin (ADM), a multifunctional active peptide, is elevated in obese humans. The OH rats induced by high fat diet (HFD) for 28 weeks and the human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs)-treated by palmitic acid (PA) were used to investigate the effects of ADM on endothelial dysfunction and the underlying mechanisms. Vascular reactivity was assessed using mesenteric arteriole rings, and the protein expression levels were examined by Western blot analysis. Compared with the control rats, OH rats exhibited hypertension and endothelial dysfunction, along with reduced eNOS protein expression and Akt activation, and increased protein expression of proinflammatory cytokines and ROS levels. Four-week ADM administration improved hypertension and endothelial function, increased eNOS protein expression and Akt activation, and attenuated endothelial inflammation and oxidative stress in OH rats. In vitro experiment, the antagonism of ADM receptors with ADM22-52 and the suppression of Akt signaling with A6730 significantly blocked ADM-caused increase of NO content and activation of eNOS and Akt, and inhibited the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effect of ADM in PA-stimulated HUVECs. These data indicate that endothelial dysfunction in OH rats is partially attributable to the decreased NO level, and the increased inflammation and oxidative stress. ADM improves endothelial function and exerts hypotensive effect depending on the increase of NO, and its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effect via receptor-Akt pathway.

Intermittent fasting, exercise, and dietary modification induce unique transcriptomic signatures of multiple tissues governing metabolic homeostasis during weight loss and rebound weight gain

Obesity and its related metabolic diseases bring great challenges to public health. In-depth understanding on the efficacy of weight-loss interventions is critical for long-term weight control. Our study demonstrated the comparable efficacy of exercise (EX), intermittent fasting (IF), or the change of daily diet from an unhealthy to a normal chow (DR) for weight reduction, but largely divergently affected metabolic status and transcriptome of subcutaneous fat, scapular brown fat, skeletal muscles and liver in high-fat-high-fructose diet (HFHF) induced obese mice. EX and IF reduced systematic inflammation, improved glucose and lipid metabolism in liver and muscle, and amino acid metabolism and thermogenesis in adipose tissues. EX exhibited broad regulatory effects on TCA cycle, carbon metabolism, thermogenesis, propanoate-, fatty acid and amino acid metabolism across multiple tissues. IF prominently affected genes involved in mitophagy and autophagy in adipose tissues and core genes involved in butanoate metabolism in liver. DR, however, failed to improve metabolic homeostasis and biological dysfunctions in obese mice. Notably, by exploring potential inter-organ communication, we identified an obesity-resistant-like gene profile that were strongly correlated with HFHF induced metabolic derangements and could predict the degree of weight regain induced by the follow-up HFHF diet. Among them, 12 genes (e.g., Gdf15, Tfrc, Cdv3, Map2k4, and Nqo1) were causally associated with human metabolic traits, i.e., BMI, body fat mass, HbA1C, fasting glucose, and cholesterol. Our findings provide critical groundwork for improved understanding of the impacts of weight-loss interventions on host metabolism. The identified genes predicting weight regain may be considered regulatory targets for improving long-term weight control.

The Impact of Weight Loss on Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Mitochondrial Function in Subjects with Obesity

Inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial function are implicated in the development of obesity and its comorbidities. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of weight loss through calorie restriction on the metabolic profile, inflammatory and oxidative stress parameters, and mitochondrial respiration in an obese population. A total of 109 subjects underwent two cycles of a very low-calorie diet alternated with a low-calorie diet (24 weeks). We analyzed biochemical and inflammatory parameters in serum, as well as oxidative stress markers, mRNA antioxidant gene expression, and mitochondrial respiration in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). After the intervention, there was an improvement in both insulin resistance and lipid profiles, including cholesterol subfractions. Weight loss produced a significant reduction in mitochondrial ROSs content and an increase in glutathione levels, coupled with an enhancement in the mRNA expression of antioxidant systems (SOD1, GSR, and CAT). In addition, a significant improvement in basal oxygen consumption, maximal respiration, and ATP production was observed. These findings demonstrate that moderate weight loss can improve insulin resistance, lipid profiles and subfractions, inflammatory and oxidative stress parameters, and mitochondrial respiration. Therefore, we can affirm that dietary intervention can simultaneously achieve significant weight loss and improve metabolic profile and mitochondrial function in obesity.

Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) extract reverts glycaemic imbalance and cognitive impairment in an animal model of obesity

The rates of overweight and obesity around the world have increased in past years. The body's adipose tissue stimulates the antioxidant and oxidation imbalance capacity at the cellular level. This scenario favors an inflammatory low-grade systemic condition starting with insulin resistance, which in turn may involve diabetes mellitus type 2 and cognitive decline afterward. Neurological diseases have been correlated to senile age diseases over time. This scenario calls for a change in the incidence of obesity in the younger generation. An unhealthy dietary consumption together with sedentary habits might lead to poor gut absorption of nutrients. Several plants and foods have bioactive compounds that can reduce or inhibit radical scavengers, reactive oxygen species, and metal ion complexes that threaten the cerebral defense system. The bitter acids from hops (Humulus lupulus L.) have been demonstrated to have promising effects on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism improvement, reducing inflammatory responses through alpha acids, beta acids, and analogs action. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the bioactivity of hop bitter acids in obese and lean mice. For that, a dry hop extract (DHE) was obtained by applying carbon dioxide as the fluid of supercritical extraction. Afterward, seventy-eight male mice of the C57BL/6J strain were weighed and randomly distributed into six groups of 13 animals each according to the diet offered: (NO) normolipidic diet, (NO1) normolipidic diet containing 0.35% alpha acids, (NO2) normolipidic diet containing 3.5% alpha acids, (HP) hyperlipidic diet, (HP1) hyperlipidic diet containing 0.35% alpha acids, and (HP2) hyperlipidic diet containing 3.5% alpha acids. After applying the glycemic tolerance and insulin tolerance tests, a better stabilization of glycemia levels and weight gain among those animals fed with DHE (NO2 and HP2) were observed in comparison to the obese control group (HP) (p < 0.05). There was also an amelioration of antioxidant capacity observed by checking the enzymatic profile by SOD and an apparent mitigation of brain degeneration by checking GSK3β and p-IRS1 proteins expression (p < 0.05). The y-maze cognitive test applied to highlight possible obesity-harmful animal brains did not indicate a statistical difference between the groups. Although the weekly dietary intake between the obese HP2 group (33.32 ± 4.11, p < 0.05) and control HP (42.3 ± 5.88, p < 0.05) was different. The bioactive compounds present in DHE have demonstrated relevant effects on glycemic control, insulin signaling, and the consequent modulatory action of the obesity-related markers with the brain's inflammatory progression.

Source and level of dietary iron influence semen quality by affecting inflammation, oxidative stress and iron utilization levels in boars

BACKGROUND

Boars fed a mixed form of inorganic and organic iron in excess of the NRC recommended levels still develop anemia, which suggested that the current level and form of iron supplementation in boar diets may be inappropriate. Therefore, 56 healthy Topeka E line boars aged 15-21 months were randomly divided into 5 groups: basal diet supplemented with 96 mg/kg ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) and 54 mg/kg glycine chelated iron (Gly-Fe, control); 80 mg/kg or 115 mg/kg Gly-Fe; 80 mg/kg or 115 mg/kg methionine hydroxyl analogue chelated iron (MHA-Fe, from Calimet-Fe) for 16 weeks. The effects of dietary iron supplementation with different sources and levels on semen quality in boars were investigated.

RESULTS

1) Serum Fe and hemoglobin concentrations were not affected by reduced dietary iron levels in the 80 mg/kg or 115 mg/kg Gly-Fe and MHA-Fe groups compared with the control group (P > 0.05). 2) Serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) and sperm malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the 80 mg/kg or 115 mg/kg MHA-Fe groups were lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05), and higher serum superoxide dismutase levels and lower MDA levels in the 115 mg/kg MHA-Fe group (P < 0.05). 3) Boars in the 80 mg/kg or 115 mg/kg Gly-Fe and MHA-Fe groups had lower serum hepcidin (P < 0.01), ferritin (P < 0.05), and transferrin receptor (P < 0.01) concentrations, and boars in the 115 mg/kg MHA-Fe group had higher seminal plasma Fe concentrations compared with the control group. 4) Boars in the 80 mg/kg and 115 mg/kg MHA-Fe groups had lower abnormal sperm rate and in situ oscillating sperm ratio compared to the control group at weeks 12 and/or 16 of the trial. However, the effect of Gly-Fe on improving semen quality in boars was not evident. 5) Serum IL-6 level was positively correlated with hepcidin concentration (P < 0.05), which in turn was significantly positively correlated with abnormal sperm rate (P < 0.05). Furthermore, significant correlations were also found between indicators of iron status and oxidative stress and semen quality parameters.

CONCLUSIONS

Dietary supplementation with 80 mg/kg or 115 mg/kg MHA-Fe did not induce iron deficiency, but rather reduced serum inflammatory levels and hepcidin concentration, alleviated oxidative stress, increased body iron utilization, and improved semen quality in adult boars.

Hepatic Oxidative Stress and Cell Death Influenced by Dietary Lipid Levels in a Fresh Teleost

Ferroptosis is a form of regulated cell death characterized by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, affecting physiological and pathological processes. Fatty liver disease associated with metabolic dysfunction is a common pathological condition in aquaculture. However, the exact role and mechanism of ferroptosis in its pathogenesis and progression remains unclear. In this study, an experiment was conducted using different dietary lipid levels in the feeding of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) for 11 weeks. The results revealed that the growth performance and whole-body protein content significantly increased with the elevation of dietary lipid levels up to 12%. The activities of antioxidant enzymes as well as the content of GSH (glutathione) in the liver initially increased but later declined as the lipid levels increased; the contents of MDA (malondialdehyde) and GSSG (oxidized glutathione) demonstrated an opposite trend. Moreover, elevating lipid levels in the diet significantly increased liver Fe2+ content, as well as the expressions of TF (Transferrin), TFR (Transferrin receptor), ACSL4 (acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4), LPCAT3 (lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 3), and LOX12 (Lipoxygenase-12), while decreasing the expressions of GPX4 (glutathione peroxidase 4) and SLC7A11 (Solute carrier family 7 member 11). In conclusion, the optimal lipid level is 12.2%, determined by WG-based linear regression. Excess lipid-level diets can up-regulate the ACSL4/LPCAT3/LOX12 axis, induce hepatic oxidative stress and cell death through a ferroptotic-like program, and decrease growth performance.

Serum Biomarkers to Dynamically Predict the Risk of Cardiovascular Events in Patients under Oncologic Therapy. A Multicenter Observational Study

Background

Serum biomarkers have been investigated as predictive risk factors for cancer-related cardiovascular (CV) risk, but their analysis is limited to their baseline level rather than their overtime change. Besides historically validated causal factors, inflammatory and oxidative stress (OS) related markers seem to be correlated to CV events but this association needs to be further explored. We conducted an observational study to determine the predictive role of the longitudinal changes of commonly used and OS-related biomarkers during the cancer treatment period.

Methods

Patients undergoing anticancer therapies, either aged 75+ years old or younger with an increased CV risk according to European Society of Cardiology guidelines, were enrolled. We assessed the predictive value of biomarkers for the onset of CV events at baseline and during therapy using Cox model, Subpopulation Treatment-Effect Pattern Plot (STEPP) method and repeated measures analysis of longitudinal data.

Results

From April 2018 to August 2021, 182 subjects were enrolled, of whom 168 were evaluable. Twenty-eight CV events were recorded after a median follow up of 9.2 months (Interquartile range, IQR: 5.1-14.7). Fibrinogen and troponin levels were independent risk factors for CV events. Specifically, patients with higher than the median levels of fibrinogen and troponin at baseline had higher risk compared with patients with values below the medians, hazard ratio (HR) = 3.95, 95% CI, 1.25-12.45 and HR = 2.48, 0.67-9.25, respectively. STEPP analysis applied to Cox model showed that cumulative event-free survival at 18 and 24 months worsened almost linearly as median values of fibrinogen increased. Repeated measure analysis showed an increase over time of D-Dimer (p-interaction event*time = 0.08), systolic (p = 0.07) and diastolic (p = 0.05) blood pressure and a decrease of left ventricular ejection fraction (p = 0.15) for subjects who experienced a CV event.

Conclusions

Higher levels of fibrinogen and troponin at baseline and an increase over time of D-Dimer and blood pressure are associated to a higher risk of CV events in patients undergoing anticancer therapies. The role of OS in fibrinogen increase and the longitudinal monitoring of D-dimer and blood pressure levels should be further assessed.

Circulating Selenium Level Was Positively Related to Visceral Adiposity Index with a Non-linear Trend: a Nationwide Study of the General Population

Selenium plays a role in obesity. However, whether circulating selenium levels are related to the visceral adiposity index (VAI), an indicator of obesity, is still unknown. Based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2018, data from 12,777 individuals aged ≥ 20 years were analyzed to clarify this question. In fully adjusted models of multivariate regression analysis, natural logarithm (Ln) selenium was positively related to Ln VAI (β = 0.41; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.27, 0.55; P < 0.001). Compared with the lowest quartile of Ln selenium, the highest quartile was also positively associated with Ln VAI (β = 0.16; 95% CI, 0.11, 0.21; P < 0.001). Moreover, we found that this positive connection was non-linear. When Ln selenium was less than the inflection point, Ln selenium was positively related to Ln VAI (β = 0.41; 95% CI, 0.31, 0.52; P < 0.001). However, when Ln selenium was greater than or equal to the inflection point, Ln selenium was not significantly related to Ln VAI (β = -0.15; 95% CI, -0.56, 0.25; P = 0.455). In subgroup analysis, significant interactions were observed with age and sex (P for interaction < 0.05). Stronger interactions were observed among middle-aged participants (β = 0.65; 95% CI, 0.31, 0.98; P = 0.002) and males (β = 0.61; 95% CI, 0.43, 0.79; P < 0.001). Overall, circulating selenium levels were positively related to VAI, with a non-linear trend. Prospective studies and interventional experiments are necessary to verify the possible mechanisms.

The Impact of Vitamin D and L-Cysteine Co-Supplementation on Upregulating Glutathione and Vitamin D-Metabolizing Genes and in the Treatment of Circulating 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D Deficiency

Vitamin D receptors are expressed in many organs and tissues, which suggests that vitamin D (VD) affects physiological functions beyond its role in maintaining bone health. Deficiency or inadequacy of 25(OH)VD is widespread globally. Population studies demonstrate that a positive association exists between a high incidence of VD deficiency and a high incidence of chronic diseases, including dementia, diabetes, and heart disease. However, many subjects have difficulty achieving the required circulating levels of 25(OH)VD even after high-dose VD supplementation, and randomized controlled clinical trials have reported limited therapeutic success post-VD supplementation. Thus, there is a discordance between the benefits of VD supplementation and the prevention of chronic diseases in those with VD deficiency. Why this dissociation exists is currently under debate and is of significant public interest. This review discusses the downregulation of VD-metabolizing genes needed to convert consumed VD into 25(OH)VD to enable its metabolic action exhibited by subjects with metabolic syndrome, obesity, and other chronic diseases. Research findings indicate a positive correlation between the levels of 25(OH)VD and glutathione (GSH) in both healthy and diabetic individuals. Cell culture and animal experiments reveal a novel mechanism through which the status of GSH can positively impact the expression of VD metabolism genes. This review highlights that for better success, VD deficiency needs to be corrected at multiple levels: (i) VD supplements and/or VD-rich foods need to be consumed to provide adequate VD, and (ii) the body needs to be able to upregulate VD-metabolizing genes to convert VD into 25(OH)VD and then to 1,25(OH)2VD to enhance its metabolic action. This review outlines the association between 25(OH)VD deficiency/inadequacy and decreased GSH levels, highlighting the positive impact of combined VD+LC supplementation on upregulating GSH, VD-metabolizing genes, and VDR. These effects have the potential to enhance 25(OH)VD levels and its therapeutic efficacy.

Association of Biomarkers for Dyslipidemia, Inflammation, and Oxidative Stress with Endothelial Dysfunction in Obese Youths: A Case-Control Study

Objective

The United Arab Emirates (UAE), with its characteristic local population, geography, and history, presents several risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in obese individuals. Obesity and its associated complications, including diabetes, atherogenic dyslipidemia, and CVDs leading to significant health risks. In the present study, "Youths" defined as young people between 18 and 22 years. We assessed dyslipidemia, inflammation, and oxidative stress biomarker levels and their association with endothelial dysfunction (ED) in both overweight/obese and normal weight youths of UAE.

Methods

There were 160 youths with overweight/obese (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) patients and healthy age- and sex-matched normal weight (BMI ≤ 24.9 kg/m2) as controls participated in this study. The anthropometric data and blood samples were collected to assess the biomarkers for dyslipidemia, inflammation, oxidative stress, ED from all the youths.

Results

The overall mean age and male-to-female ratio were 20±1.5years and 1.0:1.2, respectively. There was statistically significant difference in HDL-C (p<0.001), triglycerides (TG) (p<0.001), ApoA (p=0.002), ApoB/ApoA ratio (p=0.009) between the overweight/obese and normal weight youths. Among, inflammatory markers: hs-CRP, IL-6, TNF-α also showed significant p<0.001 and oxidative stress markers: DNA/RNA Damage, catalase and nitric oxide (NO) showed significant p<0.001 between groups. Spearman correlation of ED markers with lipid profile markers showed Vitamin C levels positively correlated with HDL-C (p<0.001) and negatively correlated with glucose (p<0.001). ICAM-1showed significant negative correlation with HDL-C (p<0.01) and ApoA (p<0.001) but positive correlation with TG (p<0.01) and HbA1c (p<0.001) among groups. Spearman correlation of ED markers with inflammatory/oxidative stress biomarkers showed Vitamin C levels negatively correlated with ferritin (p < 0.001), NO (p < 0.001), GGT (p < 0.001), and ALT (p < 0.001) levels. The ICAM-1showed significant positive correlation with hs-CRP (p < 0.01), IL-6 (p < 0.001), TNF-α (p < 0.01), GGT (p < 0.05), and ALT (p < 0.05) in both groups.

Conclusion

This study revealed a strong link between the biomarkers of dyslipidemia, inflammation, and oxidative stress with ED in overweight/obese patients. This study might be used to predict future cardiovascular events in this population.